Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
André-Louis Debierne (; 14 July 1874 – 31 August 1949) was a French chemist. He is often considered the discoverer of the element actinium, though H. W. Kirby disputed this in 1971 and gave credit instead to German chemist Friedrich Oskar Giesel.

Biography
Debierne studied at the elite École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris (ESPCI ParisTech). 

He was a student of Charles Friedel, was a close friend of Pierre and Marie Curie and was associated with their work. In 1899, he discovered the radioactive element actinium, as a result of continuing the work with pitchblende that the Curies had initiated.

After the death of Pierre Curie in 1906, Debierne helped Marie Curie carry on and worked with her in teaching and research.

In 1911, he and Marie Curie prepared radium in metallic form in visible amounts. They did not keep it metallic, however. Having demonstrated the metal's existence as a matter of scientific curiosity, they reconverted it into compounds with which they might continue their researches.

References

External links
 Biographical information

20th-century French chemists
1874 births
1949 deaths
Discoverers of chemical elements
Actinium
ESPCI Paris alumni
19th-century French chemists
The Oddities are a Canadian rap group from Toronto, Ontario. Members include Bookworm, J-StaRRRrrr!!!, Sny-Whip, JSN JNS, Psy, & Wysper.

History
Rap groups Awkward Why? and Dynasty began recording in 1996, and merged in 1998 to form the Oddities.

Oddities members have released a number of collaborative projects over the years, including in 2001 a 12" single, "Weak Days". Over time, other individuals participated in the group, including Kenny Neal (aka Bounce), Paul (pka Change), Naterrell, Retro Mosquito, and Bodible Oddities dancers Glizzii & Three (pka Daze).

The group's debut "family album", which showcased its members, was entitled "The Scenic Route", and was released on Battleaxe Records in 2003.  Bookworm produced the album.

Selected discography
"Alpha Flight" EP (Dynasty) - 1996
"Sprawl Xtreme: False Teeth" (Bookworm) maxi-single - 1997
"Claustrophonics" - 1997
"Six Bubbles" (Awkward Why?) - 1998
"Snidley's Lunchbox" EP - 1998
"Sprawlic Stream: Rites of Passage" (Bookworm) - 1999
"Paying for the Trip" (Bookworm) - 2000
"Weak Days" b/w "Pickup Rhyme" & "Hookers 'n Gin" 12" single - 2001
"The Scenic Route" - 2003/2004
"Rain All Day" (The Nope: Psy & Moka Only) maxi-single - 2009
"N.I.N.E." (Beatface: Book & Paul) - 2009
"Melba" (The Nope) - 2009
"Amy" (Beatface: Book & Paul) - 2011
"MODERNe" (The Nope) - 2011 (unreleased)
"Sinus" EP (The Nope) - 2014
"Extended PlayPen" (davepsy) - 2017
“Beyond the Arc” (davepsy) - 2020

Appearances
Jacked Surfing DVD 
"Muskoka Militia Vol. II" (2004)
"CBC Radio 3 - Just Concerts" (2003)

References

External links
Profile at Battleaxe Records
Profile at CBC
Profile at Urbnet RecordsArchived at the Wayback Machine
Profile at Urbnet Records

Canadian hip hop groups
1998 establishments in Ontario
Musical groups established in 1998
Musical groups from Toronto
Strathyre was a railway station located at the head of Loch Lubnaig, Stirling, in Strathyre.

History
This station opened on 1 June 1870 along with the first section of the Callander and Oban Railway, between Callander and Glenoglehead (originally named 'Killin').

The station was laid out with two platforms, one on either side of a crossing loop. There were sidings on the east side of the station.

Final closure came on 27 September 1965 following a landslide in Glen Ogle.

Signalling
Strathyre signal box, which replaced the original box on 13 May 1890, was located on the Up platform, on the east side of the railway. It had 12 levers.

References

Disused railway stations in Stirling (council area)
Beeching closures in Scotland
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1870
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1965
Former Caledonian Railway stations
1870 establishments in Scotland
1965 disestablishments in Scotland
K-1 is a , north-south state highway in southern Comanche County, Kansas, United States, that connects Oklahoma State Highway 34 (SH‑34),with U.S. Route 160/U.S. Route 183 (US‑160/US‑183).

Route description

K-1 begins at the Oklahoma state line, where it is a continuation of Oklahoma State Highway 34. From its southern terminus it heads in north, turning slightly to the northwest before heading directly north again. It passes through the unincorporated community of Buttermilk, which is the only community on the route. From Buttermilk, K-1 continues north until it reaches it northern terminus at an intersection with US‑160/US‑183, south of Coldwater. US‑160/US‑183 continues north to Coldwater and west to Protection.

The entire route of K-1 is paved with partial design bituminous pavement, a type of bituminous pavement that is not designed or constructed to carry the highway's expected traffic. Annual average daily traffic values for the highway rise slowly from 600 over the southernmost  of the route to 645 over the northernmost  of the route. K-1 highway is not a part of the United States National Highway System.

History
K‑1 highway was originally established sometime between 1918 and 1932. Originally, it ran much farther to the north than its current terminus, passing from the Oklahoma–Kansas border south of Coldwater north through Greensburg, Kinsley, western sections of Pawnee County, La Crosse, Hays, Plainville, Stockton, and Phillipsburg to a northern terminus just northeast of the town of Woodruff. It terminated at K-22, which was later known as U.S. Route 83, close to the border with Nebraska. In 1941, the majority of K‑1 (except the southernmost section) began to be replaced with US‑183, beginning with the section between Rozel and Plainville. By 1950, US‑183 had replaced all but the current alignment of K‑1. It was not until 1953 that the entirety of K-1 was paved, as the section of K-1 that comprises the current alignment was not paved until between 1950 and 1953. Since 1953, K-1 has remained at its current alignment.

Major intersections

See also

 List of state highways in Kansas
 List of highways numbered 1

References

External links

 Information at route56.com

001
U.S. Route 83
Transportation in Comanche County, Kansas
The Peel of Lumphanan, also known as the Peel Ring or Peel Bog of Lumphanan, is a defensive structure dating back to the 13th century. It is located near Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire, north-east Scotland.

The peel comprises a mound or motte, surrounded by two concentric ditches separated by a bank. The outer earth bank is about  high, the inner ditch or moat is  across, and the central mound measures . The outer ditch was described as shallow in 1960, and is now difficult to discern. On the top of the mound are the remains of a  thick wall, and the foundations of a house measuring around . The entrance was probably located to the west. The lower half of the motte consists of a natural mound; it was heightened when the castle was built.

A motte on this site is thought to have been in existence at the time of the Battle of Lumphanan. This battle was fought nearby in 1057, between King Macbeth and the future King Malcolm III. Macbeth was killed, and Macbeth's Stone, upon which he is said to have been beheaded, is located  to the south-west.

The present mound was constructed in the 13th century by the De Lundin family, who later adopted the name Durward from their hereditary position of royal ushers or door wards. The Durwards used the peel as a lodge for hunting parties from their main local residence at Coull Castle. Sir John de Melville paid homage to Edward I of England at the peel in 1296. The original ramparts may have been of turf rather than stone. The rectangular foundation is that of Halton House, which was built in the 15th century by Thomas Charteris of Kinfauns. The circular wall, originally thought to have been the curtain wall of a shell keep, was discovered through excavation in the 1970s to be of 18th-century date.

The site is under the guardianship of Historic Scotland, and is protected as a scheduled monument. It is considered to be of national importance as "a good surviving example of an earthwork castle with water-filled outer defences."

References

External links

Archaeological sites in Aberdeenshire
Scheduled monuments in Scotland
13th-century establishments in Scotland
Castles in Aberdeenshire
Historic Scotland properties in Aberdeenshire
Hunting lodges in Scotland
Constitutional liberalism is a form of government that upholds the principles of classical liberalism and the rule of law. It differs from liberal democracy in that it is not about the method of selecting government.

The journalist and scholar Fareed Zakaria explains that constitutional liberalism "is about government's goals. It refers to the tradition, deep in Western history, that seeks to protect an individual's autonomy and dignity against coercion, whatever the source—state, church, or society". In a constitutionally liberal state, a liberal market is regulated and protected at the level of the constitution and so trade is mostly free, but not entirely unhampered.

Throughout history, democracy is becoming more common around the world, but it has been in decline for the last 13 years. Freedom House reported that in 2018 there were 116 electoral democracies. Many of these countries are not constitutionally liberal and can be described as illiberal democracies. Constitutional liberalism is different from liberal constitutionalism. While the former asserts values of personal sovereignty at a constitutional level, the latter guards freedom to assert ones own values in the constitution.

See also 
 Classical liberalism
 Constitutionalism
 Democratic ideals
 History of democracy
 Illiberal democracy
 Liberal democracy
 Night-watchman state
 Social liberalism
 Totalitarianism

References

Further reading 
 Zakaria, Fareed (2007). The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad (Revised Edition).  W.W. Norton and Company.  .

Democracy
Elections
Liberalism

Political systems
Local elections were held in Malta on 11 April 2015.

In these local elections, 16-year-olds were allowed to vote for the first time. The voting age for parliamentary elections remained at 18.

Results

Full results

By Local Council

Notes

References

2015 elections in Europe
2015 in Malta
2015
April 2015 events in Europe
Ralphs Bay is a body of water in south-east Tasmania, Australia.  It is semi-enclosed by the Tranmere / Rokeby peninsula and the South Arm peninsula. Sea access to the bay is from the River Derwent.

Ralphs Bay is a shallow, windy bay, situated on the south-east of the Derwent Estuary, about 12 kilometres from the south-east of Hobart in Tasmania, Australia. The bay is sheltered by the low, grassy hills of Droughty Point to the north-west and the spit of South Arm and Opossum Bay to the south-west.

Ecology
The red-necked stint migrates from Siberia every year and most of the birds, which do that, find themselves in Ralphs Bay. It is also an important area for the spotted handfish. They are critically endangered and, because of the pollution in the River Derwent, live in majority at Ralphs Bay and its surrounding waters.

The bay is part of the South Arm Important Bird Area (IBA), identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance for the conservation of pied oystercatchers and of the migratory waders, or shorebirds, of the East Asian – Australasian Flyway.

Colonial history
Australia's first shore-based whaling station was established in Ralph's Bay at Trywork(s) Point. It was in operation by 27 September 1805 when the Rev Knopwood recorded in his diary,

The whaling station, which only operated in the winter months, had closed down by 1818.

Recent history
Since 2004  Ralphs Bay has been the focus of a local development debate.  Walker Corporation had planned a major development in the bay near Lauderdale.  The proposal included a canal development and a marina, to be known as "Lauderdale Quay".  It met strong opposition from the local community which was concerned that the development would destroy native wildlife habitat in the area and reduce public access to the foreshore.

On 22 October 2009 the Tasmanian Planning Commission released its Draft Integrated Assessment Report which highlighted significant planning issues that seem to indicate that approval will not be given for the proposal. On 23 June 2010 the Greens announced the legal confirmation of the Ralphs Bay Conservation Area as being 171 hectares and therefore preventing proposed canal housing estates.

Notes

External links 
 ABC 7:30 Report transcript, June 30 2004
 ABC 7:30 Report transcript, July 7 2006
 Ralphsbay.com
 Save Ralphs Bay - Community site against proposed development
 Walker Corporation - statement about proposed development

Bays of Tasmania
Beaches of Tasmania
Important Bird Areas of Tasmania
South Arm Peninsula
Whaling stations in Australia
Harardhere District () is a district in the north-central Mudug region of Somalia. Its capital is Harardhere. 

The district has been controlled by the Al Qa'ida-linked terrorist group al-Shabaab since at least 2012. In 2018, as US airstrike killed 80 al-Shabaab fighters at a training camp in a rural area outside the town.

References

External links
 Districts of Somalia
 Administrative map of Harardhere District

Districts of Somalia

Mudug
The Longford Prize is an annual award presented in the United Kingdom to an organization, group, or individuals working in the field of social or penal reform. It was established in 2002 in honor of Lord Longford, a lifelong penal reform campaigner. It is sponsored by both The Independent and The Daily Telegraph, organised in association with the Prison Reform Trust, and is presented at the annual Longford Lecture.

The prize is usually awarded to someone who has made a difference by their initiative and resourcefulness in prisoners' lives. The prize is sponsored by the McGrath Charitable Trust.

Nominations and judges
Candidates are nominated by the testimony of peers and/or persons who have benefited from their work. These submissions are reviewed by a panel of judges, members of the Prison Reform Trust and New Bridge. The panel is chaired by former prison governor and Longford Trust trustee, John Podmore.

In 2017, the judges for the Longford Prize were: Lord Ramsbotham (formerly His Majesty's Chief Inspector of Prisons), Chloe Billington, Mary Riddell, Peter Stanford, and a representative of the sponsors, The McGrath Charitable Trust.

Past winners

See also

 The Longford Trust
 The Longford Lectures
 Earl of Longford

References

External links
 Frank Longford Charitable Trust

Humanitarian and service awards
Human rights awards
Imprisonment and detention
Prison reform
Penal system in the United Kingdom
Andy Iwanchuk is a Canadian provincial politician. He was the Saskatchewan New Democratic Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan for the constituency of Saskatoon Fairview.

Iwanchuk grew up on a farm and later attended high school in North Battleford. He earned a Bachelor of Arts Advance Degree in Political Science and Sociology from the University of Saskatchewan. He worked for the United Way of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Legal Aid Commission and the Canadian Union of Public Employees.

Iwanchuk was first elected to the Legislative Assembly in March 2003 in a by-election, after the former MLA Chris Axworthy resigned. He was re-elected in the general election in November later that same year and then again in November 2007. While in office, he was the Opposition whip and serves as the critic responsible for labour. He lost his seat in the 2011 provincial election to the Saskatchewan Party candidate, Jennifer Campeau.

Iwanchuk's wife, Ann, was elected into Saskatoon City Council in a by-election on October 19, 2011.

References

Living people
People from North Battleford
Politicians from Saskatoon
Saskatchewan New Democratic Party MLAs
Canadian people of Ukrainian descent
21st-century Canadian politicians
Year of birth missing (living people)
Christian P. Robert is a French statistician, specializing in Bayesian statistics and Monte Carlo methods.

Career 

Christian Robert studied at ENSAE then defended his PhD in 1987 at Université de Rouen. He held temporary positions at Purdue and Cornell before being  an Associate Professor at Université Paris 6, and then Professor at Université de Rouen. He was also Professor of Statistics at École Polytechnique and director of Center for Research in Economics and Statistics.
As of 2021, he is Professor at CEREMADE, Université Paris-Dauphine and a part-time member of the Department of Statistics, University of Warwick.

Works 

Christian Robert is the author of several textbooks on Bayesian inference and Monte Carlo methods, including:

 Robert, Christian. The Bayesian choice: from decision-theoretic foundations to computational implementation. Springer Science & Business Media, 2007.
 Robert, Christian, and George Casella. Monte Carlo statistical methods. Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.
 Marin, Jean-Michel, and Christian P. Robert. Bayesian essentials with R. New York: Springer, 2014.

Service 

Robert served as the editor in chief of the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, from 2006 to 2009. He was president of the International Society for Bayesian Analysis in 2008. In 2016 he was joint program chair of the AIStats conference.

Awards 
 Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (1996)
 Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society (1998)
 International Society for Bayesian Analysis DeGroot prize for the Bayesian Choice (2003)
 Fellow of the American Statistical Association (2012)
 Fellow of the International Society for Bayesian Analysis (2014)

References 

1961 births
French statisticians
Living people
Fellows of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics
Academic staff of École Polytechnique
Academics of the University of Warwick
University of Rouen Normandy alumni
Burger King was a fast food restaurant chain in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Also known as Burger King Drive-Inn, it was founded by former Imperial Oil executives William R. Jarvis (1926-21 July 2014)
 and James Duncan Rae (3 September 1923 - 17 December 2014) in 1956. Among the first American-style fast food restaurants in Edmonton, it was not related to the worldwide Burger King chain. Company headquarters were in offices above one of the restaurants, at 9501 111 Avenue. Its signature items included a mushroom burger and a "Canadian Burger".

The restaurant was inspired by a visit Jarvis paid to Great Falls, Montana in 1953, when he stayed next to a Dairy Queen drive-in. After the chain turned down his request for a franchise, he and Rae formed their own Dairy Drive-In at 8705 118 Avenue. Two years later, when their lease expired, they hauled the building to a site at 112 Avenue, where it would become the first Burger King. It opened one year before the first outlet of what would become its main rival, A&W.

Jarvis and Rae acquired the rights to sell the then little-known Kentucky Fried Chicken in 1959. Many of their Burger King restaurants were dual-branded as "Burger King/Kentucky Fried Chicken". Chicken sales were slow at first, but by the mid-1960s, Edmonton had KFC's highest per capita sales in Canada.

In the mid-1960s, the US Burger King chain planned to expand to Canada, where Jarvis and Rae had copyrighted the name. In 1965-66, they reached an agreement that granted their rival the rights to the "Burger King" name for all of Canada except Alberta north of the 52nd parallel, passing through Innisfail, which was reserved in perpetuity for the local chain. The US chain entered the Canadian market in 1969 with a store in Windsor, Ontario.

By 1975, when McDonald's opened its first Edmonton restaurant near Capilano Mall, Burger King had 12 outlets. As the market became more competitive, the relationship between Burger King and Kentucky Fried Chicken deteriorated, with KFC attempting legal action to end the partnership. The matter was ultimately resolved in 1990, when KFC, by then under the ownership of PepsiCo, refused to extend the franchise, and Jarvis and Rae instead sold their remaining dual-branded restaurants to them. 

In August 1995, when two non-KFC Burger King restaurants were still in operation, they sold the naming rights for northern Alberta for $1 million to the US company. It immediately announced its intention to enter the market, the last region of North America where it had been unable to operate, other than Mattoon, Illinois, where another restaurant uses the name.

Several Burger King restaurants became Burger Barons.

See also
 Burger King legal issues
 List of hamburger restaurants

References

1956 establishments in Alberta
1995 disestablishments in Alberta
Restaurants established in 1956
Restaurants disestablished in 1995
Defunct restaurant chains in Canada
Restaurants in Alberta
Organizations based in Edmonton
Drive-in restaurants
Fast-food chains of Canada
Fast-food hamburger restaurants
Burger King
Joseph Lyu or Lyu Jye-cherng (; born 15 December 1956) is a Taiwanese business executive and politician.

Education
Lyu attended National Chengchi University and Northwestern University.

Career
Lyu worked for BNP Paribas and the Bank of New York Mellon, among other institutions. In July 2000, while serving as the vice president of KBC Bank in Taiwan, he accepted an appointment to the China Airlines board of directors. By 2002, Lyu was the vice chairman of the Commission of National Corporations, a division of the Ministry of Economic Affairs. In this position, he acted as the commission's spokesman, announcing several moves involving state-owned enterprises. Lyu was named to the board of the China Aviation Development Foundation (CADF) in June 2002. At the time, CADF held a majority of shares in China Airlines. After Mao Chi-kuo stepped down as chairman of Chunghwa Telecom in January 2003, Lyu was considered a potential successor. However, Lyu remained at the Commission of National Corporations for a time. Later that year, Lyu left both the Commission of National Corporations and China Airlines. In June 2004, Lyu succeeded Chen Mu-tsai as chairman and president of the Bank of Taiwan. Concurrently, Lyu also served on an economic advisory committee led by Lin Hsin-i. During his tenure, the merger of the Bank of Taiwan with the Central Trust of China was approved.

In January 2006, Lyu was appointed finance minister, replacing Lin Chuan. Lyu took office on 25 January 2006.  Lyu left the cabinet in September to chair King's Town Bank.  In January 2008, Lyu became the chairman of Mega Financial Holding Company. Wang Rong-jou replaced Lyu in July. In August 2016, Lyu was named to a government taskforce convened to probe the New York branch of Mega International Commercial Bank. Later, Lyu returned to Taiwan Financial Holding, and the Bank of Taiwan as chairman.

References

1956 births
Living people
Taiwanese Ministers of Finance
Taiwanese bankers
Bank presidents and chief executive officers
National Chengchi University alumni
Northwestern University alumni
Josh Lynn (born ) is an American college football coach and former player. He is the head football coach at West Texas A&M University, a position he held since 2023. Lynn served as the head football coach at his alma mater, Eastern New Mexico University, from 2012 to 2016, and the University of Nebraska–Kearney from 2017 to 2022.

Head coaching record

College

References

External links
 West Texas A&M profile

Year of birth missing (living people)
1970s births
Living people
American football tight ends
Delta State Statesmen football coaches
Eastern New Mexico Greyhounds football coaches
Eastern New Mexico Greyhounds football players
Nebraska–Kearney Lopers football coaches
New Mexico Military Broncos football coaches
West Texas A&M Buffaloes football coaches