Thaddeus Bulgarin (;   – ), born Jan Tadeusz Krzysztof Bułharyn, was a Polish and Russian writer, journalist and publisher. In addition to his newspaper work, he rejuvenated the Russian novel, and published the first theatrical almanac in Russian. During his life, his novels were translated and published in English, French, German, Swedish, Polish, and Czech. He served as a soldier under Napoleon, and in later life as an agent of the Czar's secret police. As a writer his self-imposed mission was to popularize the authoritarian policies of Alexander I and Nicholas I.

Life and career
Bulgarin was born in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, then part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, to a noble family in Perewsze, Minsk Voivodeship (now in Belarus), as a son of Benedykt and Aniela née Buczyńska. He came from a noble family with Lithuanian Tatar roots of the Bułat coat of arms. He received his name in honor of Tadeusz Kościuszko. According to some reports, his father Benedykt subsequently participated in the uprising of 1794 and was exiled to Siberia for killing the Russian general Voronov; according to others, he was only suspected of participating in the liberation movement and was arrested in 1796, but released already at the beginning of 1797.

Bulgarin's childhood passed on the estates of Makovishchi near Hlusk,  in the Orsha district,  in the Minsk district, Minsk and Nesvizh. From there, Bulgarin went with his mother as a child to Saint Petersburg, where he joined the cadet corps in 1798-1806. While studying, he began to write fairy tales and satires. He knew Russian poorly and at first he studied with difficulty and was ridiculed by the cadets, but gradually took root in the corps, under the influence of the corps literary traditions he began to compose fables and satires, and subsequently wrote a very flattering review of his history teacher G. V. Gerakov.

Napoleonic Wars 
In 1806, Bulgarin became a cornet in the Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich's Uhlan Regiment and immediately went on a campaign against the French. He was wounded in the Battle of Friedland and decorated for this battle.  He was awarded the Order of Saint Anna, 3rd class. His long-term journal colleague Grech reports: Although later he told me about his heroic deeds, but, according to his then colleagues, courage was not among his virtues: often, when a battle was hatching, he tried to be on duty at the stable. However, he was severely wounded in the stomach at Friedland.He participated in the Finnish War that was fought between the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Sweden. For one of the satires on the chief of the regiment, Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, he spent several months under arrest in the Kronstadt Fortress. He was sent to the Yamburg Dragoon Regiment, but did not get along here either. Due to some scandalous story on a "romantic lining", he was regarded poorly. For writing satires, he was discharged with the rank of lieutenant from the Imperial Russian Army in 1811.

Having lost his service, Bulgarin finds himself without money, toils for some time, and then goes to the Duchy of Warsaw. There he enters its army that was created by Napoleon - after the Peace of Tilsit (1807), France was an ally of the Russian Empire. As part of the Legion of the Vistula, he fought in Spain during the Peninsular War. In 1812, he fought in the campaign of 1812 against Russia in the Duchy's , part of Marshal Oudinot's II Corps. For his actions during the campaign of 1812, he was awarded the 5th Class Legion of Honour and promoted to the rank of captain.

According to one account, he was captured by Russian troops in 1812 during the Battle of Berezina. Another source writes that Bulgarin was in the battles of Bautzen and Kulm in 1813 and that he surrendered to the Prussian troops in 1814 and was then extradited to Russia.

From 1816 he lived in Saint Petersburg, the capital of the Russian Empire, and then in Vilnius. He managed the nearby family estate and published, initially anonymously, in Polish-language magazines published in Vilnius: Dziennik Wileński, , .

He significantly developed his literary and publishing activities in Saint Petersburg, where he went in 1819 and made friends with the leading local writers. He worked in the personal office of the Emperor of Russia. It is known that he held a pro-court position in his literary activity; he was a censor and informer of the imperial police. He helped Adam Mickiewicz escape from Russia. He was one of the top Russian conservatives. 

In 1820, Bulgarin travelled from Warsaw to St. Petersburg, where he published a critical review of Polish literature and started editing The Northern Archive. He also made friends with the playwright Alexander Griboyedov and the philologist Nikolay Gretsch. The latter helped him to edit the newspaper Northern Bee (1825–39), the literary journal Fatherland's Son (1825–59), and other reactionary periodicals.

Bulgarin's unscrupulous manners made him the most odious journalist in the Russian Empire. The leading Russian poets Alexander Pushkin and Mikhail Lermontov devoted critical epigrams to Bulgarin. Alexander Pushkin, in particular, ridiculed him in a number of epigrams, changing his name to Figlyarin (from a Russian word for "clown"). In turn, Bulgarin intensively criticized Pushkin in his works.  Bulgarin retorted with epigrams, in which Pushkin's name was rendered as Chushkin (from the Russian word for "nonsense").

Inspired by Sir Walter Scott, Bulgarin wrote the Vejeeghen (Vyzhigin) series of historical novels, which used to be popular in Russia and abroad. He followed these with two sententious novels Dmitry the Pretender (1830), about the False Dmitry I, and Mazepa (1834) about Ivan Mazepa. In 1837 he published under his own name a lengthy description of Imperial Russia, although much of the work was actually by Nikolai Alexeyevich Ivanov, then a Ph.D. student at Dorpat University.

Some of Bulgarin's stories are science fiction: Probable Tall-Tales is a far future story about the 29th century; Improbable Tall-Tales is a fantastic voyage into hollow Earth; The Adventures of Mitrofanushka on the Moon is a satire.

After Nicholas I's death, Bulgarin retired from the department of stud farms, in which he had been serving for many years, and withdrew to his manor in Karlova (Karlowa in German) a suburb of Tartu at the time, but now incorporated within the city.

Notes and references

Sources 

 
 
 

Journalists from the Russian Empire
19th-century journalists from the Russian Empire
Male writers from the Russian Empire
19th-century Polish journalists
Russian science fiction writers
Russian people of Polish descent
Journalists from Minsk
1789 births
1859 deaths