Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
Chamberlains v Lai [2006] NZSC 70, is an important case which lifted "barristerial immunity" in New Zealand as a defence to negligence claims against barristers for their actions in both civil and criminal proceedings, which had been a feature of New Zealand since the early 1970s.

Background 
Chamberlains (a law firm) represented the Lais' horticulture company, S and L Lai Limited, in defending a claim for breach of fiduciary duty heard in the High Court of New Zealand by Blanchard J, during November 1995. Near the end of the trial, the judge asked Mr and Mrs Lai whether they would personally guarantee the judgement if their company lost in court, a stipulation they agreed to after obtaining the advice of their lawyer, an employee of Chamberlains.

Unfortunately for the Lais, their company eventually lost in court, and judgement was entered against not only the company, but also against both of the Lais personally as well.

Subsequently, the Lais sued Chamberlains for negligence in contract and in tort, as well breach of fiduciary duty, for which Chamberlains filed a defence of "barristerial immunity". Salmon and Laurenson JJ heard the new case as a full bench of the High Court, ultimately deciding that they were bound to uphold the validity of the defence due to precedent set by the New Zealand Court of Appeal.

The Lais appealed to the New Zealand Court of Appeal and won by a 4-1 majority, Anderson P dissenting. Chamberlains subsequently filed an appeal with the Supreme Court of New Zealand.

Judgment 
The Supreme Court of New Zealand struck out the defence of "barristerial immunity" in Chamberlains v Lai [2006] NZSC 70, meaning the Lai's were able to sue their lawyers for damages on an action in negligence. This was based on the earlier decision by the UK House of Lords in Arthur J S Hall & Co (a firm) v Simons [2002] 3 All ER 673. This means that any barrister or solicitor before a Court in New Zealand may be liable in negligence for their actions. Despite being a civil case, the court held the ruling would apply to barristers both in civil and criminal proceedings, to avoid what was described in the principal judgement as "incongruity [that] would be exacerbated by the difficulties of classification of proceedings as civil or criminal”.

A key issue in this case was whether the striking out of immunity would interfere with finality in the court system. Overall, it was held that existing court powers relating to abuse of process would be sufficient to rein in any discrepancies. It was also held that the lawyer's duty to the court would remain paramount, and the striking out of immunity would not place an undue emphasis on the interests of the client. Elias CJ, in the majority opinion, described the duty to the court as the "rules by which the litigation must be conducted."

The majority opinion was delivered by Elias CJ on behalf of Keith and Gault JJ. Concurrences were delivered by Tipping J and Thomas J.

References 

Supreme Court of New Zealand cases
2006 in case law
2006 in New Zealand law
American Anarchist is a 2016 American documentary film written and directed by Charlie Siskel. The film centers on interviews with William Powell, author of the controversial 1971 book The Anarchist Cookbook.  The film premiered out of competition at the 73rd edition of the Venice Film Festival.

Content 
The film focuses primarily on an interview between Siskel and Powell, covering topics such as Powell's early life, what led him to write The Anarchist Cookbook, its publication and initial reception, Powell's post-book career as a teacher for emotionally disturbed children, Powell's personal life with his wife Ochan and son Colin, his renunciation of the book's contents, and the incidents where the book was found among the belongings of the perpetrators, including, but not limited to, the Columbine High School massacre, the Arapahoe High School shooting, and the 2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting, as well as a number of assassination attempts on government officials.

Reception 
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 67%, based on 12 reviews. On Metacritic it has a score of 58 out of 100 based on reviews from 5 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Matt Fagerholm writing for RogerEbert.com rated the film three out of four stars, and wrote: "American Anarchist presents us with a young man who believed he was living in the apocalypse, and whose book has gone on to have an apocalyptic effect on society."
Michael Rechtshaffen  of the Los Angeles Times wrote: "Although it occasionally feels as if the thoughtful Powell (who unexpectedly died last summer) is being forced into a repentant corner, the film remains a penetrating case study in taking ownership of one’s actions."
Ben Kenigsberg of The New York Times called it "A study in denial, American Anarchist may be illuminating for being unilluminating."

Death of William Powell 
William Powell died in July 2016, aged 66, before the release of the film.

References

External links  
 

2016 documentary films
American documentary films
Documentary films about anarchism
Documentary films about writers
Films about books
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
English-language documentary films
Eurybelodon is an extinct genus of proboscidean in the family Amebelodontidae.

Taxonomy
The type specimen, a partial upper tusk, was described from Black Butte in western Oregon in 1963. It was originally assigned to the genus Platybelodon, but was reclassified as a distinct genus after a 2016 analysis revealed key morphological differences between it and other amebelodontids.  Though it was originally classified in the family Gomphotheriidae with Platybelodon and Amebelodon, it was moved when the subfamily Amebelodontinae was elevated to a distinct family.

The genus name comes from the Greek eury, which means broad, and belodon, meaning front tooth. The specific name of the type species is dedicated to Jeheskel Shoshani, who made significant contributions to proboscidean research.

References

Amebelodontidae
Miocene proboscideans
Miocene mammals of North America
Prehistoric placental genera
Fossil taxa described in 2016
Artemidoros Aniketos (Greek: ; epithet means "the Invincible") was a king who ruled in the area of Gandhara and Pushkalavati in modern northern Pakistan and Afghanistan.

A son of Maues?
Artemidoros has a Greek name and has traditionally been seen as an Indo-Greek king. His remaining coins generally feature portraits of Artemidoros and Hellenistic deities and are typical of Indo-Greek rulers, but on a coin described by numismatician R. C. Senior, Artemidoros seems to claim to be the son of the Indo-Scythian king Maues. Not only does this coin enable a closer dating of Artemidoros; it also sheds new light on the transient ethnic identities during the decline of the Indo-Greek kingdom.

While Maues was 'Great King of Kings', Artemidoros only styled himself King; it appears as though he ruled only a smaller part of his father's dominions. He was either challenged by or ruled in tandem with other kings such as Menander II, whose coins have been found alongside his, and Apollodotus II.

New evaluation

In a 2009 article however, Bopearachchi disputes the interpretation of the coin according to which Artemidoros would be son of Maues. The analysis of several similar coins in good condition and cleaned-up reveals that the obverse should be read rajatirajasa moasa putrasa ca artemidorosa, the ca (pronounced "cha") meaning "and", which opens the way to a possible translation being "King of kings Maues, and the son of Artemidoros". This would suggest that the son of Artemidoros would have issued coins in the name of his father, recognizing at the same time the suzerainty of Maues. In that case, Artemidoros would have been a regular Indo-Greek king, whose son simply made a transition with the rule of Maues.

Time of rule
Bopearachchi has suggested a date of c. 85-80 BCE, but this was before the appearance of the Maues coin. Senior's dating is wider, c. 100–80 BCE, because Senior has given Maues an earlier date.

Coins
During the 1990s, several new types of Artemidoros' coins appeared, of variable quality. R. C. Senior has suggested that Artemidoros relied mostly on temporary mints, perhaps because he held no major cities. All his coins were Indian bilinguals.

Silver:

Obverse: diademed or helmeted bust of king.
Reverse: Artemis facing left or right, Nike facing left or right, or king on horseback.

Artemis, the eponymous goddess of hunting, is seen using a curved bow, which may have been typical of Scythian tribes and further supports his affiliation with them.

Bronzes:

Artemis / humped bull or Artemis / lion.

See also
 Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
 Seleucid Empire
 Greco-Buddhism
 Indo-Scythians
 Indo-Parthian Kingdom
 Kushan Empire

References

The Shape of Ancient Thought. Comparative studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies by Thomas McEvilley (Allworth Press and the School of Visual Arts, 2002) 
The Greeks in Bactria and India, W. W. Tarn, Cambridge University Press.

External links
Coins of Artemidoros
More Coins of Artemidoros

Indo-Greek kings
1st-century BC people
The Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Navy (, abbreviated KSAL or KASAL) is the highest position in the Indonesian Navy. The position is held by the four-star Admiral or Marine General, appointed by and reporting directly to the Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. Chief of Staff is assisted by Vice Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Navy, position is held by three-star Admiral or Marine General.

Responsibilities 
As stated by presidential decree 66/2019, the responsibilities of Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Navy are as follow:

 lead the navy on the power consolidation / development and operational readiness
 assist the Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces on policy development about navy's power posture, doctrine, strategy, and military operations
 assist the Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces on national defense component according to the navy need
 execute other navy duty mandated by the Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces

List of Chiefs of Staff

See also
Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces
Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Army
Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Air Force

References

Chiefs of Staff of the Indonesian Navy
Indonesia
J. B. Clark may refer to

 John Bates Clark (1847–1938), American economist
Joseph Benwell Clark (1857–1938), English painter and engraver
Chen Biao (; born 9 February 1971) is a Chinese fencer. He competed in the team foil event at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

References

External links
 

1971 births
Living people
Chinese male foil fencers
Olympic fencers for China
Fencers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Rocky Point is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in southern Pender County, North Carolina, United States.  It is part of the Wilmington Metropolitan Statistical Area. Rocky Point is situated on North Carolina Highway 210, North Carolina Highway 133 and U.S. Route 117.

The ZIP Code for Rocky Point is 28457.

Overview
Rocky Point is located at exit 408 off of Interstate 40. Rocky Point is just a two-stop-light town (three, counting the one off  I-40). The community is growing fairly rapidly. Land taxes are low, and the community is served by the Rocky Point Fire Department, Pender EMS and Fire, and the Pender County Sheriff's Office. The community, although very rural, is situated just 15–20 miles from the Atlantic Ocean, with Wrightsville Beach being the nearest public beach. Notably, it is also the home of beloved small town restaurant, Paul's Place Famous Hot Dogs.

History 

Rocky Point has been around since Colonial America, but did not get its name until 1875. Fertile soil has been favored in Rocky Point by farmers for the past 200 years for being so good for growing healthy crops. Plantations with slaves were fairly common up until the Civil War. The name of Rocky Point is not fully known but it is because of the local Miningquarry or digging to deepen the Cape Fear River and the piles/ hills of rock left over.

Schools 

 Rocky Point Elementary School
 Cape Fear Elementary School 
 Cape Fear Middle School
 Heide Trask High School

School system 
Rocky point schools are in the Pender County schools district with the chairperson of the board of education being Ken Smith.

Past Schools 
 Long Creek High School (1924-1993)
 PCTS(1929-1969)
 Rocky Point school(1925-1943)

Notable people
John Baptista Ashe, former U.S. Representative for Tennessee
William Shepperd Ashe, former U.S. Representative
Richard Brickhouse - A NASCAR driver who won the inaugural Talladega 500 in 1969

References

Unincorporated communities in North Carolina
Census-designated places in Pender County, North Carolina
Cape Fear (region)
Dollar Devils is a 1923 American silent drama film directed by Victor Schertzinger and starring Joseph J. Dowling, Miles McCarthy, and May Wallace. Oil is discovered outside a small New England town.

Plot
As described in a film magazine, Xannon Carthy (Dowling) is the leading spirit of Hemling, a small town where life is lived and enjoyed by a lot of people who know nothing and care less of "progress" in the big cities. But Heming gets its taste of industry and hustle when adventurer Bruce Merlin (Cooley) comes into town and starts an oil company. Bruce is a great favorite of Helen Andrews (Farrell), daughter of the town's banker, and therefore he receives sufficient financial backing. The contract for digging the well is awarded to Jim Biggers (Landis), who loves Helen but is now looked down by her as a "small town lout." Bruce of course plans a getaway with the money, but Jim interferes and saves the situation. The discovery of oil makes Hemling hum with activity, but all this passes, to the great delight of Xannon, when the wells quit spouting. As a result of a gentle push by the observant Xannon, Jim finds love in the arms of Helen's sister Amy (Novak).

Cast

Preservation
With no prints of Dollar Devils located in any film archives, it is a lost film.

References

Bibliography
 Munden, Kenneth White. The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States, Part 1. University of California Press, 1997.

External links

1923 films
1923 drama films
1920s English-language films
American silent feature films
Silent American drama films
Films directed by Victor Schertzinger
American black-and-white films
Films distributed by W. W. Hodkinson Corporation
1920s American films
The 2020 Paris–Roubaix Femmes was a one-day road cycling race scheduled to take place on 25 October 2020, on the same day as the postponed men's race, which had been rescheduled from its traditional date in April due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, on 9 October 2020, the race was cancelled due to an increase of coronavirus cases in France. The race would have been the first women's edition of Paris–Roubaix. 

The first edition of Paris–Roubaix Femmes subsequently took place in 2021.

Route 
The inaugural women's edition of Paris–Roubaix would have started in Denain and finished on the velodrome in Roubaix covering . It would have featured  of cobblestones, spread out over 17 sectors.

Teams
Eight UCI Women's WorldTeams and fifteen UCI Women's Continental Teams were due to make up the twenty-three competing teams.

UCI Women's WorldTeams

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

UCI Women's Continental Teams

See also 
 2020 in women's road cycling

References

External links
 

2020
Tour
2020 UCI Women's World Tour
Paris–Roubaix (women's race)
Mitad / Mitad (Half / Half), also titled as Mitad Mitad, is the second studio album by Héctor Acosta. It was released on April 15, 2008, by D.A.M Pruduction Inc, Venevision International Music, and Machete Music. The album included the singles Sin Perdón and Con Que Ojos. The album featured collaborations from the rap group El Pueblo and American bachata singer Romeo Santos.

Track listing

Charts

Sales and certifications

References

2008 albums
Héctor Acosta (singer) albums
Spanish-language albums
Jacqueline Casalegno (1 January 1926 – 23 January 2019) was a French businesswoman. She was the founder and CEO of the Cameroonian business Chanas Assurance.

Biography
Casalegno was the daughter of one of the first insurers in Cameroon. She founded Chanas Assurance after privatizing many Cameroonian agencies. She relinquished total control of the company in 2013. The clients consisted of 37% private Cameroonians, 20% the Casalegno group, 20% the Société Nationale des Hydrocarbures, 18% the OGAR Group, and 5% other European partners.

Casalegno died on 23 January 2019 at the age of 93.

References

1926 births
2019 deaths
Cameroonian women in business
Clarence E. Mathias (December 12, 1876 – December 9, 1935) was an American Sergeant Major serving in the United States Marine Corps during the Boxer Rebellion who received the Medal of Honor for bravery.

Biography
Mathias was born December 12, 1876, in Royalton, Pennsylvania, and after entering the Marine Corps he was sent as a private to China to fight in the Boxer Rebellion.

He died December 9, 1935, and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia. His grave can be found in section 6, lot 8681, map grid W/22.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Private, U.S. Marine Corps. Born: 12 December 1876, Royalton, Pa. Accredited to: Pennsylvania. G.O. No.: 55, 19 July 1901.

Citation:

In the presence of the enemy during the advance on Tientsin, China, 13 July 1900, Mathias distinguished himself by meritorious conduct.

See also

 List of Medal of Honor recipients
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Boxer Rebellion

References

External links
 
 

1876 births
1935 deaths
United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients
United States Marines
American military personnel of the Boxer Rebellion
People from Dauphin County, Pennsylvania
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Boxer Rebellion recipients of the Medal of Honor
Mark B. Moss is an American neurobiologist currently the Waterhouse Professor at Boston University.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Boston University faculty
American neuroscientists
Harvard Medical School alumni
Lymantria serva, the ficus tussock moth or serva tussock moth, is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1793 and is found in Nepal, Sri Lanka, Assam in India and Yunnan in China. It is possibly also found in Taiwan and Hongkong, but these records might be Lymantria iris.

Description
The length of the forewings is 17–19 mm for males and 26–36 mm for females. In the male, the body color is brownish. The abdomen slightly tinged with crimson. Forewing irrorated (sprinkled) with dark scales. There are indistinct double lunulate antemedial, medial, and postmedial lines present. The black lunule at the end of the cell, but no spot in the cell. Hindwings are pale brownish fuscous. In female, abdomen crimson, with a dark line on vertex and series of lateral black spots, the extremity is brownish. Hindwings with crimson suffused inner area.

Ecology
The larvae feed on Ficus species and Shorea robusta. The larvae have an exceptionally long development period with 10 to 12 instars. The sex pheromone 2-Methyl-(Z)-7-octadecene is known to be emitted by L. serva and allopatric with Lymantria lucescens.

References

Moths described in 1793
Lymantria
WestCity Waitakere is a major regional shopping centre located in Henderson, a suburb in Auckland, New Zealand. It is  west of the Auckland CBD, and is immediately adjacent to The Boundary.

The centre has a current catchment area of 174,340 persons, and annual turnover at the centre for 2006 was $161.10 million NZD with 8.5 million visitors per year.

In February 2017, it was announced that owner Scentre Group had sold the mall, at the time named Westfield WestCity, to the family-owned Australian business Angaet Group for $147 million AUD.

History and development
The shopping centre had its origins in the 1960s, when the Henderson Borough Council established it, with the first stage opened in 1968, with a Woolworth's store as the main tenant. The second and third stages followed by 1970, and by 1974 the centre rivalled LynnMall in size. In 1997, St Lukes Group redeveloped the centre and renamed it WestCity Shopping Centre, a name Westfield kept (plus the standardised 'Westfield' prefix) after purchase of the property. In 2000, Westfield began a 16-month, $80 million redevelopment program. The result was the first "Street" entertainment and leisure precinct in New Zealand, launched at WestCity in July 2001.

In a 2008 rating of New Zealand shopping centres by a RCG Retail, a retail expert group, Westfield WestCity received three out of four stars based on the criteria of amount of shopping area, economic performance, amenity and appeal as well as future growth prospects. The centre was renamed WestCity Waitakere after its sale to Angaet Group in 2017.

Transport
The mall is accessible via the adjacent Henderson railway station and multiple AT Metro bus services. It has a taxi stand on Railside Avenue and bike stands located around the mall.

Facilities
WestCity Waitakere has 130 stores across three floors, including an Event Cinemas cinema, a Countdown supermarket and The Warehouse. It also has a multistorey car park with 1,492 spaces and a children's play area.

See also
 List of shopping centres in New Zealand

References

External links
WestCity Waitakere website

Shopping centres in the Auckland Region
Shopping malls established in 1974
Henderson-Massey Local Board Area
1970s architecture in New Zealand
West Auckland, New Zealand
Zentner is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Alexi Zentner (born 1973), Canadian novelist
Ellen Zentner, American economist 
Eric Zentner (1981–2011), American fashion model
Jorge Zentner (born 1953), Argentine comic writer
Nick Zentner (born 1962), American geologist
Robin Zentner (born 1994), German football player
Si Zentner (1917–2000), American trombonist
Ty Zentner (born 1998), American football player
The Namp'o Shipyard Complex, located in Haean-dong, Hanggu-guyŏk, Namp'o, is one of North Korea's primary shipbuilding enterprises, building primarily cargo ships and fishing boats. Employing 7,000 workers, the facilities include drydocks, 19 cranes, various cutting machines and a 6,000-ton floating dock. Ships of up to 20,000 tons displacement can be built. Current production includes cargo ships of 14,000 and 20,000 tons, 1,500-ton destroyers and 82-ton patrol boats for the Korean People's Navy, dredgers, 3,750-ton stern trawlers, etc.

The facility is served by the Korean State Railway via the Namp'o Port station on the P'yŏngnam Line.

History
The site of the shipyard originally housed a small ironworks, which after the collapse of Japanese rule in Korea was developed into a shipyard to build and repair marine vessels of various sizes, with the first 1,000-ton ship being built in 1948. Since then, ships up to displacements over ten thousand of tons have been built there, and the facilities have been expanded several times. In addition to ship building and repair, the complex also houses a lighting equipment factory making light fixtures for use aboard marine vessels, as well as workshops for machining, casting, forging and welding components necessary for ship construction and repair, including propellers. The complex also houses research laboratories and a school for training shipbuilders and repair technicians.

Ships built at yard

 Nampo-class corvette

References

Shipbuilding companies of North Korea