Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
The highest-selling albums and EPs in the United States are ranked in the Billboard 200 chart, which is published by Billboard magazine. The data are compiled by Nielsen Soundscan based on each album's weekly physical and digital sales. In 2011, 30 albums advanced to the peak position of the chart.

Singer-songwriter Taylor Swift's Speak Now was the first album to reach the top in 2011, spending four consecutive weeks at the top with 259,000 copies sold, while Michael Bublé's Christmas was the last album to do so, also spending four consecutive weeks there and selling 448,000 copies. The most successful album of the year was Adele's  21, which spent 13 non-consecutive weeks at number one, and sold 5 million copies. The Billboard magazine mentioned 21 as the highest-selling album in the year since 2004, when Usher's Confessions reached sales of 8 million copies. Lady Gaga's Born This Way held the record for the highest first-week total in 2011, with 1,108,000 copies sold in its first week. Lil Wayne's Tha Carter IV had the second-highest first-week total in 2011, with 964,000 copies.

Chart history

See also
2011 in music
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 2011 (U.S.)

References 

2011
United States Albums
Chylismia claviformis subsp. peirsonii, commonly known as Peirson's brown-eyed evening primrose, is a subspecies of flowering plant in the family Onagraceae. It is native to the southern California desert regions of the United States.

Description 
Chylismia claviformis subsp. peirsonii is an annual herb that grows in sandy soils. It has a basal rosette of lanceolate to narrowly ovate leaves that are often toothed or lobed along the edges, and erect stems that can reach heights of up to 70 cm (27.5 in). The plant is generally covered in fine hairs. The attractive, bowl-shaped flowers have four petals and range in color from yellow to pale pink.

Distribution and habitat 
Chylismia claviformis subsp. peirsonii is primarily found in the desert regions of southern California, as well as northern Baja California, Mexico. It inhabits sandy flats, desert washes, and creosote-bush scrub. The subspecies is adapted to survive in arid environments with low precipitation and high temperatures.

Conservation 
Chylismia claviformis subsp. peirsonii is not currently listed as endangered or threatened. However, like many native species, it faces challenges due to habitat loss and fragmentation caused by urbanization and agriculture.

References

External links 
 

claviformis subsp. peirsonii
Flora of the California desert regions
Plant subspecies
The Max and Emma Sue McRae House in McRae, Georgia is a Classical Revival-style house built in 1897 which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

It was built in anticipation of the wedding of Max McRae (d.1951) and Emma Sue Griffith (1875-1972).  The couple married in 1898 and moved into the home.

It is located at 405 S. Second Ave. in McRae in Telfair County, Georgia.  The listing included two other contributing buildings:  an early 1900s gardening shed and a 1930s garage.  It also included a non-contributing modern swimming pool.

Notes

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Georgia (U.S. state)
Neoclassical architecture in Georgia (U.S. state)
Houses completed in 1897
Telfair County, Georgia
The Leitrim Senior Football Championship is an annual football competition contested by top-tier Leitrim GAA clubs. The Leitrim County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association has organised it since 1890.

St Mary's, Kiltoghert are the title holders (2022) defeating Mohill in the Final.

History
The 1962 championship had been declared null and void, but in March 2009 Melvin Gaels were declared as champions, ending the longest-running dispute the GAA had ever had.

The final play of the 1994 Leitrim Senior Football Championship between Allen Gaels and Aughawillan proved contentious as Martin McGowan of Allen Gaels, who was playing with a dislocated spine, stood to take a free. Aughawillan's full-back, Martin Flanagan, took up a position behind his goalkeeper, Martin Prior. McGowan struck the ball and expressed certainty that it was two yards over the bar. However, Aughawillan's Flanagan gave Prior "a bit of a hoosh" and Prior, with his shoulders close to level with the crossbar, caught the ball. Referee Enda Stenson did not penalise the move and then blew the final whistle. Thus Allen Gaels were denied a replay and Aughawillan secured a third consecutive championship title.

Honours
The trophy presented to the winners is the Fenagh Perpetual Cup. Presented to the county board by Fenagh man Dick Ellis. The winning club qualifies to represent their county in the Connacht Senior Club Football Championship. The winners can, in turn, go on to play in the All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship.

List of finals
(r) = replay

Notes
The name of the runner-up in some years is not given for a variety of reasons, such as the awarding of the championship to a team without a final being played, or the exact record of that year's championship being lost to history.

† The 1962 Championship had been declared null and void, but in March 2009 Melvin Gaels were declared as champions.

Wins listed by club

References

External links
Official Leitrim Website
Leitrim on Hoganstand
Leitrim Club GAA

 
Senior Gaelic football county championships
McMinnville may refer to:
McMinnville, Oregon, the county seat and largest city of Yamhill County, Oregon, United States
McMinnville, Tennessee, the largest city in and the county seat of Warren County, Tennessee, United States

See also
McMinnville UFO photographs
McMinnville and Manchester Railroad
McMinnville School District
McMinnville High School
McMinnville Opera House
McMinnville AVA
A sill plate or sole plate in construction and architecture is the bottom horizontal member of a wall or building to which vertical members are attached. The word "plate" is typically omitted in America and carpenters speak simply of the "sill". Other names are rat sill, ground plate, ground sill, groundsel, night plate, and midnight sill.

Sill plates are usually composed of lumber but can be any material. The timber at the top of a wall is often called a top plate, pole plate, mudsill, wall plate or simply "the plate".

Timber sills

In historic buildings the sills were almost always large, solid timbers framed together at the corners, carry the bents, and are set on the stone or brick foundation walls, piers, or piles (wood posts driven or set into the ground). The sill typically carries the wall framing (posts and studs) and floor joists.

There are rare examples of historic buildings in the U.S. where the floor joists land on the foundation and a plank sill or timber sill sit on top of the joists. Another rare, historic building technique is for the posts of a timber-frame building to land directly on a foundation or in the ground and the sills fit between the posts and are called interrupted sills.

Stick framing
In modern wood construction, sills usually come in sizes of 2×4, 2×6, 2×8, and 2×10. In stick framing, the sill is made of treated lumber, and is anchored to the foundation wall, often with J-bolts, to keep the building from coming off the foundation during a severe storm or earthquake. Building codes require that the bottom of the sill plate be kept 6 to 8 inches above the finished grade, to hinder termites, and to prevent the sill plate from rotting.

Automobiles
In automobiles, the sill plate is located underneath the door and sometimes displays the make or model of the vehicle.

Naval architecture
In naval architecture, sill also refers to the lower horizontal plate (frame) height, above which doors and access opening are fixed.

References

 Burrows, John (2005). Canadian Wood-Frame House Construction. Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, .

External links
 US Coast Guard Load Line Technical Manual 

Building engineering
Structural system
Woodworking
Architectural elements
Carpentry
Cup noodle is a registered trademark of Nissin Foods and is known as precooked Instant noodles with flavoring powder and/or seasoning sauce sold in a polystyrene, polyethylene, or paper cup. The flavoring can be in a separate packet or loose in the cup. Hot water is the only ingredient that is needed separately. Cooking takes 3–5 minutes. Now, many kinds of precooked instant noodle have been consumed around the world, as a popular staple.

History 

In 1971, Japanese food company Nissin Foods introduced Nissin Cup Noodles, a cup noodle to which boiling water is added to cook the noodles. A further innovation added dried vegetables to the cup, creating a complete instant soup dish. Both Cup Noodle and Cup Noodles are registered trademarks of Nissin Foods.

Precooked instant noodles sold in a cup by country

South Korea 

Keop-ramyeon is famous in South Korea. Popular instant noodles include Nongshim's Bowl Noodle Soup, Shin Cup Noodle Soup and Samyang's Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen.  South Korea has the largest quantity of consumption of instant noodle or precooked instant noodle's country per year. Based on market research, males consume more precooked instant noodle than females in South Korea. It is the second largest food type after steamed rice that contributes to the overall energy intake of individuals in South Korea. Furthermore, the younger generation (20 to 49 years old) are more likely to consume them and the demographic of consuming bowl-type noodles are the middle class or high class.

Mexico 
Precooked instant noodle was introduced in 1990 by Maruchan. Due to its popularity, instant noodles are often referred to simply as "Maruchan". Today, many local brands such as "La Moderna" and "Herdez" have developed their own instant noodles, along Nissin, which is also a newcomer.

Philippines 
Brands available in the Philippines include Lucky Me, Payless, Nissin (unrelated to Japan's Nissin Foods), QuickChow, Maggi and Ho-Mi. They are sold in packets, sealed paper cups, or sealed foam food containers.

Sweden 
Precooked instant noodles are usually sold for 10 SEK per package.

United Kingdom 

A common form of instant noodles in Britain is Pot Noodle, a cup noodle first marketed by Golden Wonder in 1977, and acquired by Unilever in 1995. These use artificial flavorings and are generally suitable for vegetarians (there is no chicken in "Chicken and mushroom flavour" Pot Noodles, for example) and are sold by virtually every major supermarket chain, general groceries shops, and convenience stores. Boiling water is added to the noodles to cook them.

United States 
In 1972, Nissin Foods introduced "Nissin Cup Noodles" in a foam food cup, which led to an upsurge in popularity. Soon after, many other competing companies were offering similar instant noodle products.

See also 
 Instant noodles

References 
9.

Noodles
Chinese noodles
Japanese inventions
Instant foods and drinks
Japanese noodles
Acartus hirtus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Farhoeus in 1872. It is the type species for the genus Acartus.

Diet The diet of the Acartus Hirtus is mostly unknown due to very little research done with this beetle.  It is speculated to be a herbivore in nature.

References

Beetles described in 1872
Acartus
The 1st Louisiana Infantry Battalion, officially known as the 1st Battalion, Louisiana Volunteers and often referred to as the Dreux-Rightor Battalion to distinguish it from units with similar designations, was an infantry battalion from Louisiana that served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.

History 
The five original companies of the battalion, the first volunteer companies to respond to the state's call for volunteers to serve in the Confederate army, were sent to Pensacola, Florida in mid-April 1861 to bring the 1st Louisiana Regulars, who had not finished their organization, up to strength. The New Orleans companies included some of the city's most prominent gentlemen. After the remainder of the 1st Louisiana Regulars companies arrived at Pensacola in late May, the five companies that became those of the battalion were sent to Virginia, where they arrived on 30 May. The companies were organized as the 1st Louisiana Infantry Battalion at Richmond on 11 June, with Orleans Cadets captain Charles Didier Dreux elected lieutenant colonel. The five companies were designated as follows:

The battalion was soon sent to join the Yorktown garrison. On 5 July, Dreux led a detachment composed of twenty picked men from each company to ambush Union soldiers near Newport News. In the resulting short skirmish, he and another man were killed, making Dreux the first Louisiana officer, and likely the first Confederate officer killed in the war. After Dreux's death, Major Nicholas H. Rightor succeeded to command and became lieutenant colonel. On 16 July, the battalion was increased to six companies by the transfer of Company C of the Louisiana Guards, who became Company C of the battalion, from the 1st Louisiana Infantry Regiment. The battalion remained on picket duty in the Virginia Peninsula until April 1862, when the Union Army of the Potomac launched the Peninsula campaign. The 1st Louisiana Battalion participated in a skirmish near the junction of the Warwick and Yorktown roads on 5 April. Except for Company D, the one-year terms of service of the companies of the battalion expired during the campaign, but they agreed to remain in service until the conclusion of the campaign. The 1st Battalion was disbanded on 1 May, just before the army retreated to Richmond after the Battle of Yorktown. 

Most men of the battalion reenlisted in a battery formed by Captain Charles E. Fenner of Company A. Company D was assigned to the 1st Louisiana Infantry Regiment. During its service, a total of 545 men served in the battalion. Besides Dreux and the other man killed on 5 July 1861, sixteen members of the battalion died of disease.

References

Citations

Bibliography 

 

Units and formations of the Confederate States Army from Louisiana
Military units and formations established in 1861
Military units and formations disestablished in 1862
"I Need to Know" is a song written by Tom Petty and recorded by American rock band Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers. It was released in 1978 as the first single from their second album You're Gonna Get It!.  It peaked at #41 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in 1978. This song as well as "Listen to Her Heart" was already being played live in concert as early as June 14, 1977, as is evidenced in a performance on Germany's music television show "Rockpalast".

Cash Box said that it is "hard driving rock 'n' roll" and that "the hook repeats hypnotically as the guitars drive the message home."  Record World called it an "energetic rocker."

Other versions
Stevie Nicks (of Fleetwood Mac) has been performing "I Need to Know" live in her solo concerts since 1981. Nicks also performed this song with Tom Petty together on Petty's 30th anniversary concert (which was filmed and released on DVD as Runnin' Down a Dream).

In 1981 the Swedish band Gyllene Tider recorded a version of the song with Swedish lyrics, written by singer Per Gessle (the male half of Roxette), named "Vill ha ett svar!"

Poison recorded a cover of the song for their 2007 album Poison'd!.

Hour of the Wolf recorded a cover for their 2012 greatest hits album, Decompositions Vol. II.

Following Petty's death on October 2, 2017, Local H have been playing the song in concert.

In 2020, Starcrawler previewed a cover of the song for Tom Petty's 70th Birthday Bash on SiriusXM, featuring Mike Campbell on rhythm guitar. The band later officially released the cover as a single on music streaming services.

All appearances
You're Gonna Get It!
Pack Up The Plantation: Live!
Greatest Hits
Playback
Anthology: Through The Years
The Live Anthology
This song is part of the soundtrack in Rock Band 3.

Charts

See also
1978 in music

References

1978 singles
Tom Petty songs
Songs written by Tom Petty
Song recordings produced by Denny Cordell
1977 songs
The hollow cathode effect allows electrical conduction at a lower voltage or with more current in a cold-cathode gas-discharge lamp when the cathode is a conductive tube open at one end than a similar lamp with a flat cathode.  The hollow cathode effect was recognized by Friedrich Paschen in 1916.

In a hollow cathode, the electron emitting surface is in the inside of the tube.  Several processes contribute to enhanced performance of a hollow cathode:

The pendulum effect, where an electron oscillates back and forth in the tube, creating secondary electrons along the way
The photoionization effect, where photons emitted in the tube cause further ionization
Stepwise ionization
Sputtering

The hollow cathode effect is utilized in the electrodes for neon signs, in hollow-cathode lamps, and more.

References

Atomic physics
Electrodes
Gas discharge lamps
Murray Vance (born 12 April 1980) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Carlton in the Australian Football League. Drafted with Carlton's first selection in 1998, Vance debuted the following year and played four senior games, but spent the majority of the season with the reserves, finishing second in their best and fairest. Plagued by injuries in 2000, he failed to play senior game that year. The following season Vance made just one senior appearance, before being dropped and again being beset by injuries. He was delisted by Carlton at the end of 2001 and went on to play for the Bendigo Bombers in the Victorian Football League.

Sources
Holmesby, Russell & Main, Jim (2009). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers. 8th ed. Melbourne: Bas Publishing.

Murray Vance's profile at Blueseum

Carlton Football Club players
Living people
1980 births
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Murray Bushrangers players
Bendigo Football Club players
Shepparton United Football Club players
The 2012 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup was a one-day cricket competition for sixteen international U-19 cricketing teams which was held in August 2012. It was the ninth edition of the Under-19 Cricket World Cup. The tournament was held in Australia for the second time after previously hosting it in 1988 with the tournament being held across three cities (Brisbane, Sunshine Coast and Townsville).

Six teams qualified from the qualifying event as they joined the full members that automatically qualified through to the World Cup. The teams were separated into four groups of four with the top two teams qualifying through to the Super League while the bottom two will compete in the Plate Championship. After finishing second in their group, India beat Australia in the final by six wickets to win their third title after previously winning in 2000 and 2008. India's Unmukt Chand scored 111 not out, facing 130 balls and was awarded Man of the Final. Australian captain Will Bosisto was awarded Man of the Series.
Canada was originally scheduled to be the host of the event, after being selected as hosts in 2007.

Qualification

16 teams participated in the competition. The 10 nations with ICC Full Membership automatically qualified for the tournament. Ten further teams competed in the qualifying event which was held in Ireland with only the top six teams qualifying through to the 2012 World Cup. Scotland (winners), Nepal, Ireland, Afghanistan, Papua New Guinea and Namibia all finished in the top 6 to book their spot into the World Cup.

Groups
The following groups were chosen for the World Cup 2012 by the International Cricket Council. The number alongside gives the rank of the team. The tournament will begin with a league stage consisting of four groups of four. Each team will play each of the other teams in its group once.

Group A
 (1)
 (8)
 (12)
 (13)

Group B
 (2)
 (7)
 (11)
 (14)

Group C
 (3)
 (6)
 (10)
 (15)

Group D
 (4)
 (5)
 (9)
 (16)

Squads

Each country selected a 15-man squad for the tournament.

Fixtures
Fixtures as follows:-

Warm-up games

Group stage

 The top 2 teams from each group qualified for the knock-out rounds of the tournament.
 The bottom 2 teams from each group take part in a Plate competition knock-out.

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Knockout stages

Plate Championship

9th place play-off quarter-finals

9th place play-off semi-finals

13th place play-off semi-finals

15th place play-off

13th place play-off

11th place play-off

Plate Final

Super League

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

5th place play-off semi-finals

7th place play-off

5th place play-off

3rd place play-off

Final

Final standings

 Qualify for the 2014 U-19 World Cup as full members.

See also

 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup
 International Cricket Council

References

External links
 Official website (archived September 2012)
 Tournament site on ESPN CricInfo

ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup
Icc Under-19 Cricket World Cup, 2012
ICC Under-19
Sport in Townsville
Cricket in Queensland
International cricket competitions in Australia
2012 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup
Coolgardie may refer to:

Coolgardie, Western Australia
Shire of Coolgardie
Coolgardie bioregion
Coolgardie woodlands
The Pacific EP is the debut extended play by indie rock band Holy Holy, released on 28 March 2014 by Wonderlick Entertainment and distributed by Sony Music Australia.

Release
The Pacific EP was released on CD, digital download and streaming on 28 March 2014. The EP was released by Wonderlick Entertainment, with distribution by Sony Music Australia.

Singles
The Pacific EP was preceded by three singles.

"Impossible Like You" was released in July 2013 as the EP's lead single.

"House of Cards" was released on 28 February 2014 as the EP's second single. 

"Impossible Like You" was re-released on 21 March 2014 as the EP's third and final single.

Critical reception

Labelling the release "pure quality", Liz Elleson of The Brag said: "The songwriting is simple but nostalgic and anthemic, and the EP as a whole is densely musical and texturally fascinating."

Ally Cole of AAA Backstage said: "The Pacific EP is a release full of crescendos. With lyrics covering themes of humanity in the unknown, mortality and divinity, the four songs drive home narratives with building soundtracks of duelling guitars, harmony-riddled vocals and commanding percussion." Cole continued, saying: "the strength of Holy Holy can simply be put down to a sheer dedication to craft. Their songs have a timeless quality, fusing impeccable songwriting, thought-provoking lyrics, near-flawless performances, and lush production."

Oliver Friend of Forte Magazine believed the EP would make many "indie festival fans very happy and excited" and labelled "House of Cards" the standout track.

Alexander Crowden from Beat Magazine said the EP sounded "something like all of the best indie-rock songs of the past two years combined into four tracks", before concluding the review by saying  "[The Pacific EP] is a creative and enjoyable first step".

Gemma Bastiani of The AU Review wrote "The Pacific makes its way into your head and swirls around until you are well and truly satisfied with your choice to listen." She added that the band had "manage[d] to pull off one of the hardest things in modern music: drawing clear inspiration from matured acts, while still sounding completely fresh and new."

Track listing

Personnel
Adapted from the EP's liner notes.

Musicians
Holy Holy
 Timothy Carroll – writing, vocals, guitar  
 Oscar Dawson – writing, guitar, keyboards , bass 
 Ryan Strathie – writing , drums 
 Matt Redlich – keyboard 

Other musicians
 Hannah Macklin – backing vocals 
 Joe Franklin – bass 
 Myka Wallace – drums

Technical
 William Bowden – mastering 
 Matt Redlich – mixing, production

Artwork
 Charles Hillhouse – cover
 Phoebe Jojo Dann – design

References

External links
 

2014 debut EPs
Holy Holy (Australian band) EPs
Albums produced by Matt Redlich
Sony Music Australia EPs
Wonderlick Entertainment EPs