Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
The Volgograd Arena () is a football stadium in Volgograd, Russia. The stadium was one of the venues for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. It also hosts FC Rotor Volgograd. It has a capacity of 45,568 spectators.

History
The stadium was built on site of the demolished Central Stadium, at the foot of the Mamayev Kurgan memorial complex, near the Volga River. The previous stadium was built in 1958, on the site of a former oil depot. This area was undeveloped, occupied by randomly distributed low-value buildings, warehouses, barracks and ravines. During construction of the stadium, 300 unexploded bombs were discovered and removed from the site.

World Cup 2018 

The Arena was designed by PI Arena and GMP Architekten, the winner of an open tender. Stroytransgaz was the project's general construction contractor.
Initially, local authorities estimated the total project cost, including the construction works, at 10 billion rubles. In October 2014, the preliminary construction cost of the stadium for the 2018 FIFA World Cup was adjusted to 17 billion rubles.
The stadium's capacity is at 45,000 seats, including 2,280 seats in the media box, 640 seats in the VIP box, and 460 seats for people with limited mobility.
A special architectural feature of the stadium is its large roof resting on a cable frame, arranged in a “bicycle wheel” pattern created by steel-wire cables. The Volgograd Arena is shaped like an overturned truncated cone 49.5 m tall and about 303 m in diameter. The façade shape is dictated by the need to fit the building compactly into the available piece of land.
The stadium has 42 elevators, 24 of them adapted for people with disabilities. The Volgograd Arena is equipped with a sound system.

The stadium was inaugurated on April 3, 2018, shortly before the first FIFA World Cup match on April 21, 2018.
Football veterans, among them Alexander Nikitin and Valery Yesipov, were honored in an honoring ceremony before the first match.

Security 
By the opening of the 2018 FIFA World Cup, the stadium was equipped with alarm and public alert systems, metal detectors, indicators of hazardous liquids and explosives, and the facility was serviced by 30 posts of 24-hour security posts.

2018 FIFA World Cup

After 2018 FIFA World Cup 
After the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, the Arena reduced its seating capacity to 43,000 and  was handed over to the local Rotor Volgograd.

References

External links

Football venues in Russia
2018 FIFA World Cup stadiums
Sports venues completed in 2018
Buildings and structures in Volgograd
2018 establishments in Russia
Pleurodema tucumanum is a species of frog in the family Leptodactylidae.
It is endemic to Argentina.
Its natural habitats are temperate shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, pastureland, seasonally flooded agricultural land, and canals and ditches.

References

Pleurodema
Amphibians of Argentina
Endemic fauna of Argentina
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Amphibians described in 1927
The terpinenes are a group of isomeric hydrocarbons that are classified as monoterpenes.  They each have the same molecular formula and carbon framework, but they differ in the position of carbon-carbon double bonds.  α-Terpinene has been isolated from cardamom and marjoram oils, and from other natural sources.  β-Terpinene has no known natural source but has been prepared from sabinene.  γ-Terpinene and δ-terpinene (also known as terpinolene) have been isolated from a variety of plant sources.  They are all colorless liquids with a turpentine-like odor.

Production and uses
α-Terpinene is produced industrially by acid-catalyzed rearrangement of α-pinene.  It has perfume and flavoring properties but is mainly used to confer pleasant odor to industrial fluids.  Hydrogenation gives the saturated derivative p-menthane.

Biosynthesis of α-terpinene

The biosynthesis of α-terpinene and other terpenoids starts with the isomerization of geranyl pyrophosphate to linalyl pyrophosphate (LPP). LPP then forms a resonance-stabilized cation by loss of the pyrophosphate group. Cyclization is then completed thanks to this more favorable stereochemistry of the LPP cation, yielding a terpinyl cation. Finally, a 1,2-hydride shift via a Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement produces the terpinen-4-yl cation. It is the loss of a hydrogen from this cation that generates α-terpinene.

Plants that produce terpinene 
 Cuminum cyminum
 Melaleuca alternifolia
 Cannabis 
 Origanum syriacum
Coriandrum sativum

References 

Monoterpenes
Dienes
Cyclohexenes
Cyclohexadienes
Phenethyl alcohol, or 2-phenylethanol, is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is a colourless liquid with a pleasant floral odor. It occurs widely in nature, being found in a variety of essential oils. It is slightly soluble in water (2 ml per 100 ml of ), but miscible with most organic solvents. The molecule of phenethyl alcohol consists of a phenethyl group () attached to a hydroxyl group ().

Synthesis 
Phenethyl alcohol is prepared commercially via two routes. Most common is the Friedel-Crafts reaction between benzene and ethylene oxide in the presence of aluminium trichloride.
 
The reaction affords the aluminium alkoxide that is subsequently hydrolyzed to the desired product. The main side product is diphenylethane, which can be avoided by use of excess benzene. Hydrogenation of styrene oxide also affords phenethyl alcohol.

Laboratory methods
Phenethyl alcohol can also be prepared by the reaction between phenylmagnesium bromide and ethylene oxide:

Phenethyl alcohol can also be produced by biotransformation from L-phenylalanine using immobilized yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is also possible to produce phenethyl alcohol by the reduction of phenylacetic acid using sodium borohydride and iodine in THF.

Occurrence and uses
Phenethyl alcohol is found in extract of rose, carnation, hyacinth, Aleppo pine, orange blossom, ylang-ylang, geranium, neroli, and champaca. It is also an autoantibiotic produced by the fungus Candida albicans.

It is therefore a common ingredient in flavors and perfumery, particularly when the odor of rose is desired. It is used as an additive in cigarettes. It is also used as a preservative in soaps due to its stability in basic conditions. It is of interest due to its antimicrobial properties.

See also 
 1-Phenylethanol
 Congener
 Wine chemistry
 Phenethylamine

References 

Flavors
Perfume ingredients
Primary alcohols
Phenyl compounds
Jure Pavlović (born Split, Croatia 1985) graduated with a degree in film and TV directing from the Academy of Dramatic Art in Zagreb, Croatia. He took part in various international workshops, including Berlinale Talents, Sarajevo Talent Campus, Sources 2, and MAIA.

Pavlović's short films Half an Hour for Grandma (2010) and Umbrella (2012) were shown at more than 50 festivals, winning 6 awards. His third short film, Picnic (2015), premiered at the 65th Berlinale Berlin International Film Festival in the Generation 14+ programme. It went on to win different awards, including the Grand Prize– Best Narrative Short at Flickers – Rhode Island Film Festival (and was RIFF’s official Oscar submission), Grand Prix – Best film at the 24th Croatian Film Days (national short & medium FF), Best Short Film – Ljubljana International Film Festival, and others. The film won the European Film Award (EFA) for the Best European short film in 2015.

As of 2015, Pavlović was in development of his debut feature shot under the working title Just Close Your Eyes (Samo zatvori oči) and released in 2019 as Matriarch (Mater).

References

1985 births
Croatian film directors
Living people
Academy of Dramatic Art, University of Zagreb alumni
"It's the Falling in Love" is a song by American recording artist Michael Jackson with guest vocals by R&B singer–songwriter Patti Austin. It is the ninth track from his fifth studio album, Off the Wall (1979). It was written by Carole Bayer Sager and David Foster, with production by Quincy Jones.

Bayer Sager first recorded the song for her album ...Too in 1978, featuring background vocals by Michael McDonald and Bill Champlin.

The version of the song by Dee Dee Bridgewater is included on her 1979 album Bad for Me. Bee Gees protégé Samantha Sang also released a version of this song in 1979, which is now available only in Australia on her album The Ultimate Collection. Dionne Warwick also recorded the song for her 1980 album No Night So Long.

Personnel
Personnel as listed in the album's liner notes are:

 Patti Austin – lead vocals, background vocals
 Tom Bahler  – vocal arrangement
 David Foster – synthesizer, rhythm arrangement
 Gary Grant – trumpet
 Marlo Henderson – guitar
 Jerry Hey – horn arrangements, trumpet, flugelhorn
 Kim Hutchcroft – baritone saxophone, tenor saxophone, flute
 Michael Jackson – lead vocals, background vocals
 Louis Johnson – bass guitar
 Quincy Jones – producer, rhythm arrangements, vocal arrangements
 Greg Phillinganes – piano, Fender Rhodes
 Steve Porcaro – synthesizer, programming
 Bill Reichenbach Jr. – trombone
 John Robinson – drums
 The Seawind Horns  – horns
 Bruce Swedien –  recording engineer, audio mixer
 Wah Wah Watson – guitar
 Larry Williams – tenor saxophone, alto saxophone, flute

References

Michael Jackson songs
1979 songs
Song recordings produced by Quincy Jones
Songs written by Carole Bayer Sager
Songs written by David Foster
Rotner is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Karol Rotner, Israeli footballer
Pamela Rotner Sakamoto, American historian and writer

See also
Rottner
The 2006 London Marathon was the 26th running of the annual marathon race in London, United Kingdom, which took place on Sunday, 23 April. The elite men's race was won by Kenya's Felix Limo in a time of 2:06:39 hours and the women's race was won by Deena Kastor of the United States in 2:19:36.

In the wheelchair races, Britain's David Weir (1:29:48) and Italy's Francesca Porcellato (1:59:57) won the men's and women's divisions, respectively. Weir was the first person to complete the course in under one and a half hours.

Around 119,000 people applied to enter the race: 47,020 had their applications accepted and 33,578 started the race. A total of 32,924 runners, 22849 men and 10,075 women, finished the race.

Results

Men

Women

Wheelchair men

Wheelchair women

References

Results
Men's results. Association of Road Racing Statisticians. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
Women's results. Association of Road Racing Statisticians. Retrieved 2020-04-13.

External links

Official website

	

2006
London Marathon
Marathon
London Marathon
Craig Alexander may refer to:

Craig Alexander (cricketer) (born 1987), South African cricketer
Craig Alexander (triathlete) (born 1973), Australian Ironman and 70.3 world champion
Craig Alexander (arena football) from 1991 Dallas Texans season

See also
Paragortonia is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae, containing the following species:

 Paragortonia discoidea (Linsley, 1935)
 Paragortonia leptoforma Chemsak & Noguera, 2001

References

Trachyderini
Cerambycidae genera
Phetchabun Football Club (Thai สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดเพชรบูรณ์) is a Thailand semi professional football club based in Phetchabun Province. They currently play in Thai Football Amateur Tournament.

Stadium and locations

Season by season record

P = Played
W = Games won
D = Games drawn
L = Games lost
F = Goals for
A = Goals against
Pts = Points
Pos = Final position

QR1 = First Qualifying Round
QR2 = Second Qualifying Round
R1 = Round 1
R2 = Round 2
R3 = Round 3
R4 = Round 4

R5 = Round 5
R6 = Round 6
QF = Quarter-finals
SF = Semi-finals
RU = Runners-up
W = Winners

Players

Current squad

References

 http://www.smmsport.com/m/article.php?a=2017
 http://www.thailive.net/2016/09/03/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93/
 http://www.kondivision2.com/content-9085.html  
 Phetchabun news

External links 
official page

Association football clubs established in 2009
Football clubs in Thailand
Phetchabun province
2009 establishments in Thailand
Walter Arbuthnot Prideaux, CBE (4 January 1910 – 5 November 1995) was an English rower who won Silver Goblets at Henley Royal Regatta.

Life
Prideaux was born to Walter Treverbian Prideaux and his wife Marion Fenn Arbuthnot in 1910. He was educated Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1930 he was a member of the winning Cambridge boat in the Boat Race and won Silver Goblets at Henley Royal Regatta partnering Harold Rickett. He was in the winning Cambridge boat in the Boat Race again in 1931 
 
Prideaux became a solicitor.  In World War II he served with Kent Yeomanry and was awarded the T.D. and the M.C. He followed in a family tradition and was clerk of the Goldsmiths' Company from 1958.

Prideaux lived at Rusper, Horsham, West Sussex. He died at the age of 85.

Prideaux married Anne Cokayne, daughter of Francis Stewart Cokayne and Dorothy Emily Probyn, on 4 February 1937.

See also
List of Cambridge University Boat Race crews

References

1910 births
1995 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
British male rowers
Cambridge University Boat Club rowers
British Yeomanry officers
HMS Orpheus was a 36-gun Apollo-class fifth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy launched in 1809 from Deptford Dockyard. She was broken up in 1819.

Construction
Ordered on 27 February 1807 and laid down in August 1808 at Deptford Dockyard. Launched on 12 August 1809 and completed on 21 September 1809.

Service

Orpheus also saw service in the War of 1812. While in Long Island Sound, she chased the American privateer Holkar and ran her aground, before destroying Holkar by cannon fire.

Orpheus was part of the British patrolling squadron in Long Island Sound. When the British fleet encountered an American fleet, commanded by Stephen Decatur it chased them to New London where the American fleet escaped. The British squadron there formed a blockade, confining the American fleet until the end of the war.

On 27 April Orpheus chased the American ship Whampoa on shore near Newport, Rhode Island. Whampoa had been sailing from Lorient. The British took possession of Whampoa but then abandoned her due to fire from the shore.

Fate
She was broken up at Chatham Dockyard in August 1819.

Citations

References
 
 Gardiner, Robert; The Heavy Frigate, Conway Maritime Press, London 1994.
 Lyon, David and Winfield, Rif; The Sail and Steam Navy List, 1815–1889, Chatham Publishing, 2004. .
 
 
 Winfield, Rif; British Warships in the Age of Sail, 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates, 2nd edition, Seaforth Publishing, 2008. .

1809 ships
Ships built in Deptford
Apollo-class frigates
Frigates of the Royal Navy
War of 1812 ships of the United Kingdom
Miditerranean Pads is the twenty-first album by Klaus Schulze. It was originally released in 1990, and in 2005 was the twelfth Schulze album reissued by Revisited Records. This is the first of two reissues not to feature a bonus track (the other being Dosburg Online), though the first track is extended by two minutes.

Track listing
All tracks composed by Klaus Schulze.

References

External links
 Miditerranean Pads at the official site of Klaus Schulze
 

Klaus Schulze albums
1990 albums
Nqobile Sipamla (born 9 February 1984), is a South African actress, singer and business woman. She is best known for her roles in the television series Abo Mzala, MTV Shuga and Imbewu as thokozile.

Personal life
Sipamla was born on 9 February 1984 in Pimville, Soweto, South Africa. Then she received her senior certificate from National School of the Arts. In 2012, she graduated with a Honours Degree in Live Performance from AFDA, The School for the Creative Economy in Johannesburg.

Career
In 2008, she made television debut with the second season of SABC3 comedy serial On the Couch, where she played the role of "Khanyi". Then in 2010, she made the role as "Zulu Teacher" in the SABC2 drama series The Mating Game. In 2011, she received the role "Mrs Khumalo" to play in the M-Net soapie The Wild. In the same year, she joined with the SABC1/SABC2 sitcom Abo Mzala and played the role "Thuli". For her role, she was nominated for the Best Actress Award in TV Comedy category at the South African Film and Television Awards (SAFTA). In the meantime, she joined with the SABC1 drama Sokhulu & Partners for the role "Tendi Mhloko". Apart from that, she was an active member of the Performance Role Play Training Senior team for many years.

In 2015, she appeared in the season two of e.tv soapie Ashes to Ashes for the supportive role "Detective Zungu". After that role, she joined with two more soapies Uzalo and Roer Jou Voete. In 2017, she played the role "Mam Phumzile" in the fifth season of SABC1 drama serial MTV Shuga. In 2019, she returned to the show to reprise her role in the ninth season. In 2018, she appeared in the SABC2 police procedural series The Docket and Mzansi Magic drama iKhaya, where she played the role "Cebile Sebatjane" in the latter. Then in 2019, she played the role "Thokozile" in the second season of e.tv soap opera Imbewu. After receiving popularity for the role, she continued to play the role in third and fourth seasons until 2021. After the exit from the soapie, she joined with the SABC soapie Generations.

Apart from acting, she co-owns a media and communications company called "Refhuge".

Filmography

References

External links
 IMDb

1984 births
Living people
South African film actresses
South African television actresses
South African stage actresses
In numerical analysis and scientific computing, the trapezoidal rule is a numerical method to solve ordinary differential equations derived from the trapezoidal rule for computing integrals. The trapezoidal rule is an implicit second-order method, which can be considered as both a Runge–Kutta method and a linear multistep method.

Method 

Suppose that we want to solve the differential equation

The trapezoidal rule is given by the formula

where  is the step size.

This is an implicit method: the value  appears on both sides of the equation, and to actually calculate it, we have to solve an equation which will usually be nonlinear. One possible method for solving this equation is Newton's method. We can use the Euler method to get a fairly good estimate for the solution, which can be used as the initial guess of Newton's method. Cutting short, using only the guess from Eulers method is equivalent to performing Heun's method.

Motivation 

Integrating the differential equation from  to , we find that

The trapezoidal rule states that the integral on the right-hand side can be approximated as

Now combine both formulas and use that  and  to get the trapezoidal rule for solving ordinary differential equations.

Error analysis 

It follows from the error analysis of the trapezoidal rule for quadrature that the local truncation error  of the trapezoidal rule for solving differential equations can be bounded as:

Thus, the trapezoidal rule is a second-order method. This result can be used to show that the global error is  as the step size  tends to zero (see big O notation for the meaning of this).

Stability 

The region of absolute stability for the trapezoidal rule is

This includes the left-half plane, so the trapezoidal rule is A-stable. The second Dahlquist barrier states that the trapezoidal rule is the most accurate amongst the A-stable linear multistep methods. More precisely, a linear multistep method that is A-stable has at most order two, and the error constant of a second-order A-stable linear multistep method cannot be better than the error constant of the trapezoidal rule.

In fact, the region of absolute stability for the trapezoidal rule is precisely the left-half plane. This means that if the trapezoidal rule is applied to the linear test equation y''' = λy'', the numerical solution decays to zero if and only if the exact solution does.

Notes

References 
 .
 .

See also 
Crank–Nicolson method

Runge–Kutta methods
Payette High School is a public high school in the western United States, located in Payette, Idaho. It is well known for its large domed gymnasium, a former radar dome from the closed Baker Air Force Station in eastern Oregon; it was moved to PHS in the early 1970s.

Performing arts
Payette High School is the home of Pirate Theatre Company; it also offers several music classes: Choir, Guitar, Marching Band, Concert Band, and Jazz Band.

Notable alumni
 Harmon Killebrew - class of 1954 - Hall of Fame Major League Baseball player (1959–75)
 Jim McClure - class of 1942 - U.S. Senator (1973–91), U.S. House (1967–73)
 Sting Ray Robb - class of 2019 - racing driver

References

External links
Payette High School
Payette School District #371
Radomes.org – Baker Air Force Station

Public high schools in Idaho
Schools in Payette County, Idaho
Richard Sheepshanks (30 July 1794, in Leeds – 4 August 1855, in Reading) was a British astronomer.

Personal life
He was born the son of Joseph Sheepshanks, a Leeds textile manufacturer of the well-to-do Sheepshank family of Bilton, Harrogate. His brother was John Sheepshanks (clothing manufacturer and art collector), and his sister was Anne Sheepshanks (astronomical benefactor). He received his education at Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating in 1816. He was called to the bar in 1824 and took orders in Church of England in 1825, but did not practise either profession as the death of his father left him with sufficient wealth to pursue his scientific interests. He had six children from a relationship with an Irish dancer, one of whom was Eleanor Louisa Moravia Henry, also known as Nelly, mother of the painter Walter Sickert and the feminist Helena Swanwick. Sheepshanks gave financial support to the dancer and her husband, who in turn claimed paternity.

Professional life
From 1817 until his death Sheepshanks was a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was an active astronomer. He served as editor of Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society and greatly improved their content. In 1830 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1832, he got involved in the lawsuit of Edward Troughton against Sir James South, in which Troughton demanded payment for an equatorial mounting that he had supplied to South, but which South claimed to be defective. Sheepshanks informally served as legal counsel to Troughton; South's legal counsel was Drinkwater Bethune. Troughton prevailed in the lawsuit. In 1833, he recommended withholding publication of an early edition of Stephen Groombridge's star catalogue, which was being published posthumously, after discovering the edition contained errors.  A final corrected edition was later published in 1838 under the auspices of George Biddell Airy. In his later career he worked on establishing a standard of length for imperial measures. He was reportedly deeply sceptical of the work of Charles Babbage and of Babbage's ability to deliver a working Difference Engine or Analytical Engine. The two men publicly criticized each other.

Death and legacy
He suffered a stroke ("apoplexy") on 29 July 1855, died on 4 August, and was buried at Trinity College. There is a memorial notice at St. John's Church, Bilton in Harrogate. After his death, Richard's sister Anne Sheepshanks contributed a legacy towards research to be conducted by the Cambridge Observatory and a scholarship in her brother's name.

See also
Sheepshanks equatorial

External links

MNRAS 16 (1856) 90, obituary
More on South Versus Sheepshanks Authors: Hoskin, M. Journal: JOURN. HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY V.22, NO. 68/MAY, P.174, 1991

References

1794 births
1855 deaths
Scientists from Yorkshire
19th-century British astronomers
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
People from Harrogate
Fellows of the Royal Society
Committee members of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge