Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
Robert S. Tine (1954–2019) was an American author of thriller and science fiction novels. He is best known for his pulp post-apocalyptic series "The Outrider", which he published under the pseudonym Richard Harding. He also penned several movie novelizations based on a slew of 80s and 90s blockbusters including Footloose, Basic Instinct and Universal Soldier.

Life
He was born Robert S. Tine in Providence, Rhode Island, and he grew up in Barrington, the Bahamas, Wales, South Africa, Swaziland, and Argentina.  He was a graduate of Columbia University in New York.  He also lived in Italy in the 1980s, where two of his novels were set: State of Grace (1980) and Black Market (1992).

In 2005 he moved from New York to Newburyport, Massachusetts, where he died in 2019.

Work
Throughout his life Tine published six novels of mainstream fiction, the latter of which garnered good reviews—particularly Black Market, set during the liberation of Rome in 1944. Publishers Weekly, in its review of Black Market, called Tine "a genius at characterization."

However, Tine's larger output by far was in the field of novelizations from movies (mostly science fiction, action, and neo-noir, but also four tie-ins to the John Hughes' Beethoven franchise) and TV shows such as JAG and Touched by an Angel.

"The Outrider"
Tine is most remembered today for his hard-boiled "Outrider" series, comprising five mass-market survival fiction novels published by Pinnacle in 1984 and 1985 under the pseudonym Richard Harding (not to be confused with author and war reporter Richard Harding Davis, 1864–1916).

Heavily inspired by George Miller's 1979 film Mad Max, "The Outrider" series is set in what is left of a dystopian United States following a nuclear apocalypse. The hero, the lonesome, rugged survivalist Bonner, is based in the ruins of Chicago, although his adventures take him through much of the ravaged country. He has been compared with other vigilante types such as those in Jerry Ahern's Survivalist and Defender series, James Axler's Deathlands and Outlanders series, and D.B. Drumm's Traveler. Instead of being on the search of loved ones, however, Bonner is "more like the stereotypical retired gunslinger who still finds himself pulled into one job or another."  Each story is awash with pulpy clichés, machismo, and gory action scenes. Genre fans hold the series in high regard.

The fifth and last book in the series actually ends with the announcement of a sixth entry, titled Black Death. It was never published due to Pinnacle's bankruptcy in 1985.

"The Outrider" series was included as a feature presentation on the January 5th, 2018 episode of the Library at the End of the World podcast.

Partial bibliography

External links

References

20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
1954 births
2019 deaths
Writers from Providence, Rhode Island
People from Newburyport, Massachusetts
Columbia University alumni
20th-century American male writers
Thomas P. Sullivan was a prominent Illinois attorney known for his involvement in notable constitutional cases, investigations, and contributions to public policy and law. He was a partner at the Jenner & Block law firm.

He died May 18, 2021, at age 91.

Biography
Sullivan was counsel on a case leading to a landmark 1968 U.S. Supreme Court decision, Witherspoon v. Illinois, prohibiting trial judges and prosecutors from using peremptory challenges to exclude potential jurors because  of personal opposition to the death penalty. Over 350 inmates, including Witherspoon, had their death sentences reversed as a result.  In 1971, he won a case before the Illinois Supreme Court, People v. McCabe, which held that the state's statutory classification of marijuana as a "hard drug" was unconstitutional.

From 1977 to 1981, Sullivan was the United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois under President Jimmy Carter. While U.S. Attorney, he initiated the Operation Greylord judicial sting operation.

In 2000, Illinois governor George Ryan appointed Sullivan to co-chair the Commission on Capital Punishment. The report included 85 recommendations for reform and helped persuade Ryan to commute all death sentences.

In 2003, Sullivan received the American Bar Association's John Minor Wisdom Award for his contributions to public service and the community. In 2004, he was named Chicago Lawyer magazine’s Person of the Year.  In 2007, he received The American Lawyer's Lifetime Achievement Award. He has written on numerous topics, e.g., the treatment of prisoners at Guantanamo Bay.

Sullivan attended Loras College and Loyola University Chicago School of Law, receiving a J.D. in 1952.

References

External links
Sullivan's biography at Jenner & Block's website

Living people
Illinois lawyers
United States Attorneys for the Northern District of Illinois
Loyola University Chicago School of Law alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
People associated with Jenner & Block
The General Survey Act was a law passed by the United States Congress in April 1824, which authorized the president to have surveys made of routes for transport roads and canals "of national importance, in a commercial or military point of view, or necessary for the transportation of public mail."  While such infrastructure of national scope had been discussed and shown wanting for years, its passage shortly followed the landmark US Supreme Court ruling, Gibbons v. Ogden, which first established federal authority over interstate commerce, including navigation by river. The US president assigned responsibility for the surveys to the Corps of Engineers (USACE).

Of the federally appropriated funds for surveys roads and canals of national importance, President James Monroe allocated one third of the sum to surveying a military highway connecting Detroit, Michigan, with Fort Dearborn in Chicago, Illinois. Commerce and the mail soon traveled much faster on what was called the Chicago Road.

In a separate piece of legislation passed a month later that is often called the first Rivers and Harbors Act, Congress also appropriated $75,000 to improve navigation on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers by removing sandbars, snags, and other obstacles.  This work also was given to the Corps of Engineers, the only formally trained body of engineers in the new republic.

Later developments
With passage of the General Survey Act, Congress empowered the military to chart transportation improvements vital to the nations military protection or commercial growth. Army engineers helped design state and private roads, canals, and railroads, and soldiers cleared forests and laid roadbeds; the work was conducted under the direction of the executive branch.

While the Act was initially seeded with an appropriation of $30,000, from 1824 to 1837, a total of $425,000 was provided to the Corps, with few restrictions, to undertake surveys and plan internal improvements. Although the act does not explicitly authorize it, much of the activity supported river and harbor projects, which the Corps planned and undertook, and surveys of roads and canals, and later railroads. Between 1824 and 1837, the Corps made 120 surveys and assisted or constructed 90 projects.

Over the years, more appropriations were made; and the system of roads and canals developed in other areas. The passage of the acts and the Corps' work on the various interior transportation systems were vital foundations for economic development and westward expansion of the country in the 19th century.

References

1824 in American law
United States federal transportation legislation
Hieronymus Francken may refer to one of the following three Flemish artists from the same family:

Hieronymus Francken I (ca. 1540–1610)
Hieronymus Francken II (1578-1623)
Hieronymus Francken III (1611– 1671)
Łapsze Niżne , (, , ) is a village in Nowy Targ County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland, close to the border with Slovakia. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Łapsze Niżne. It lies approximately  south-east of Nowy Targ and  south of the regional capital Kraków.

The village has a population of 1,400.

It is one of the 14 villages in the Polish part of the historical region of Spiš (Polish: Spisz). Łapsze Niżne (where Niżne means Lower, as it lays lower in the valley) is the older village from the sister settlement Łapsze Wyżne (where Wyżne means Upper). The local parish was first mentioned in 1274.

References

Villages in Nowy Targ County
Spiš
Kraków Voivodeship (1919–1939)
Edward Henry Fairchild (1815–1889) was an American educator and abolitionist. He served as principal of Oberlin Academy and as president of Berea College.

Early years
Fairchild was born in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. His father was Grandison Fairchild. When he was a child his family moved to northeast Ohio.

When Oberlin College opened its doors in 1834, Fairchild and his brother, James, entered as freshmen. He graduated in 1838 and continued in the theological course for three years.

Career
Fairchild served as a pastor in Ohio for 22 years. He was the principal at Oberlin Academy for many years.

A member of the antislavery movement, Fairchild was offered the presidency of Berea College in Berea, Kentucky. Berea was a revolutionary college that educated both black and white men and women. Fairchild strongly supported coeducation and the education of blacks. During Fairchild's tenure as president, the physical plant and student body were expanded. African Americans remained about half of the student body.

After his death, this brother, George, who had been president of Kansas State, came to Berea as a professor of English and vice president.

Fairchild's son Charles Grandison Fairchild became a distinguished educator and college president as well. Other children included:
 Edward Henry
 Julia Marie
 Arthur Babbitt
 Eugene Plumb

See Reference
 "Fairchild, Edward Henry." The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography (1935). 24:263.

1815 births
1889 deaths
Henry Fairchild
Oberlin College alumni
Berea College faculty
Empire Bruce was a prototype  cargo ship which was built in 1941 by Sir J Laing & Sons for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). She was torpedoed and sunk by  on 18 April 1943.

Description
Empire Bruce was built by Sir J Laing & Sons Ltd, Sunderland. She was yard number 737. Launched on 11 June 1941, she was completed in August 1941.

The ship was  long, with a beam of  and a depth of . She was propelled by a triple expansion steam engine which had cylinders of ,  and  bore by  stroke. The engine was built by the Central Marine Engine Works, West Hartlepool. It could propel her at . She had a GRT of 7,349 with a NRT of 4,497.

Career
Empire Bruce's port of registry was Sunderland. She was initially operated under the management of the Larrinaga Steamship Co Ltd. Management was then transferred to Christian Salvesen & Co Ltd, Leith.

Empire Bruce was a member of a number of convoys during the Second World War.

ON 14
Convoy ON 14 departed Liverpool on 7 September 1941 and Loch Ewe on 10 September. It dispersed at sea on 15 September. Empire Bruce was bound for Philadelphia.

Sinking
At 12:39 on 18 April 1943, Empire Bruce was struck in the stern by a torpedo fired from , under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Horst von Schroeter. The ship was carrying a cargo of 9,141 tons of linseed from Buenos Aires, Argentina to the United Kingdom via Freetown, Sierra Leone. She capsized and sank after further torpedoes were fired at 13:51 and 14:19. The entire crew of 42, and seven DEMS gunners were rescued by minesweeper . They were landed at Freetown on 19 April. The ship sank  off Freetown ().

Official Numbers and Code Letters

Official Numbers were a forerunner to IMO Numbers. Empire Bruce had the UK Official Number 168918 and used the Code Letters BCPJ.

References

1941 ships
Ships built on the River Wear
Empire ships
Ministry of War Transport ships
Steamships of the United Kingdom
Merchant ships of the United Kingdom
Maritime incidents in April 1943
Ships sunk by German submarines in World War II
World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
Vapnagård is a large housing project in Helsingør, Denmark. Approx. 4000 people live in the 57 concrete blocks. Each block has either 3 or 4 floors.

References

Apartment buildings in Denmark
Helsingør
Buildings and structures in Helsingør Municipality
Gunma 5th district is a constituency of the House of Representatives in the Diet of Japan (national legislature). It is located in Gunma Prefecture and consists of the cities of Tomioka, Annaka, parts of Takasaki and Shibukawa as well as the Kitagunma, Kanra and Agatsuma districts. As of 2012, 315,747 eligible voters were registered in the district.

Gunma, home to the families of former prime ministers Takeo Fukuda (and his son Yasuo Fukuda), Nakasone and Obuchi, is considered a "conservative kingdom" (hoshu-ōkoku), a stronghold of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). The 5th district has been represented by Keizō Obuchi and his daughter Yūko Obuchi since its creation in 1996. Previously Keizō Obuchi and his father Mitsuhei (first elected in 1949) had represented the four-member 3rd district of Gunma.

List of representatives

Election results

References 

Districts of the House of Representatives (Japan)
Gunma Prefecture
Tol Air (Tol Air Services Inc.) was a charter and cargo airline based at Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in San Juan, Puerto Rico. It was established in 1981 and started operations on 16 May 1983. It operated daily cargo charter flights from Puerto Rico to 10 destinations in the Caribbean. In April 2006, Tol Air was purchased by Four Star Air Cargo.

Code data
IATA Code: TI
ICAO Code: TOL
Callsign: Tol Air

Fleet
The Tol Air fleet consisted of the following aircraft:
 4 Beech E18S
 3 Cessna 402
 1 Cessna 208
 3 Convair 240
 2 Convair 440
 2 Douglas C-47 Skytrain
 5 Douglas DC-3
 1 Douglas C-54 Skymaster
 1 Martin 4-0-4
 1 Swearingen SA226-TC Metro II

Accidents and incidents
On 30 December 2003, Douglas DC-3C N781T was substantially damaged when the starboard undercarriage collapsed on landing at Cyril E. King Airport, Charlotte Amalie after a flight that originated at San Juan, Puerto Rico.

See also 
 List of defunct airlines of the United States

References

External links
Tol Air
Four Star Air Cargo

Defunct cargo airlines
Defunct airlines of Puerto Rico
Airlines established in 1983
Airlines disestablished in 2006
1983 establishments in Puerto Rico
2006 disestablishments in Puerto Rico
Carolina, Puerto Rico
George Edmonds (10 March 1788 – 1 July 1868) was an English teacher, lawyer, and scholar. He is principally remembered for his book A Universal Alphabet, Grammar, and Language. He was also a reforming journalist and leading Radical.

Life
Edmonds was the son of Edward Edmonds, the Baptist minister of the Bond Street Chapel in Birmingham, and his second wife Sarah Bromfield. He was educated by his father, and then set up a school.

He became Birmingham's first Clerk of the Peace when that town was incorporated as a borough.

In 1812 he supported Thomas Attwood's campaign against orders in council. Later in the decade he was involved in agitation over the poor law administration. In 1819 he was one of those indicted for the gesture of proposing Sir Charles Wolseley as a local representative of Birmingham, which had no Member of Parliament. In the end Edmonds spent a year imprisoned in Warwick Castle. In the 1830s he was active in the Birmingham Political Union.

Edmonds married twice, the second time at the age of 79. He died at Abington Abbey near Northampton on 1 July 1868, and was buried at Key Hill Cemetery, Hockley, Birmingham.

Works
A Universal Alphabet, Grammar, and Language enlarges upon John Wilkins's earlier An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language.  Edmonds proposed that one of the reasons for the nonadoption of Wilkins' universal language was that it was too hard to pronounce and that the words were too ugly when pronounced.  He accordingly proposed a modified pronunciation system for the language.

References

Notes

External links
 A Universal alphabet, grammar, and language : comprising a scientific classification of the radical elements of discourse : and illustrative illustrations from the Holy Scriptures and the principal British classics : to which is added, a dictionary of the language, George Edmonds, 1856, London; Glasgow : Richard Griffin

1788 births
1868 deaths
Schoolteachers from the West Midlands
English non-fiction writers
English male non-fiction writers
Burials at Key Hill Cemetery
Lawyers from Birmingham, West Midlands
19th-century English lawyers
The Danger Zone is the fourth posthumous album by American hip hop artist Big L, released May 31, 2011 on RBC Records.  L's brother Donald Phinazee produced most of the album and other production came from DJ Phantom. The album was originally announced on April 12, 2011, and features artists such as Gang Starr, O.C., Herb McGruff, A.G., Roc Raida, Lord Finesse as well as other D.I.T.C. members. It is the second album that contains unreleased and unheard tracks and freestyles. after Return of the Devil's Son.

The album received positive reviews and Andres Vasquez calls the album a "must have".

Track listing

Personnel 
Credits for The Danger Zone adapted from Allmusic.
 Dan Ambrose – art direction, design
 Gustavo "DJ Phantom" Guerra – executive producer
 Donald Phinazee – executive producer

Release history

References

External links 

Big L albums
Albums produced by DJ Premier
2011 albums
Lois Reitzes is an Atlanta NPR radio show host, best known for her work on WABE FM 90.1's "City Lights with Lois Reitzes" and "Second Cup Concert". She has been a host with WABE since 1979, making her the longest-running voice in Atlanta radio.

Early life and education 
Lois Reitzes grew up in Chicago, listening to classical radio stations and playing piano. She and her mother attended classical concerts together, and Reitzes discovered she has perfect pitch.

Reitzes was educated at the Chicago Music Conservatory, graduating with a degree in music history in 1975. She pursued graduate study in at Indiana University School of Music in Bloomington.

Career and impact 
Reitzes began her work at WABE FM 90.1, Atlanta's affiliate of NPR, in 1979. She hosted the long-running weekday morning program "Second Cup Concert" from 1982 to 2015. Reitzes has hosted "City Lights with Lois Reitzes" since January 2015. "City Lights" is a weekday arts and culture show that covers theater, dance, pop culture, visual arts, and more, with a focus on the Atlanta cultural scene.

Reitzes also produces and hosts WABE's Atlanta Symphony Orchestra broadcasts as well as the "Spivey Soiree" series. She was the program director at WABE from 1992 to 2007, and has served as Director of Arts and Cultural Programming since 2007.

Awards and honors

References

External links 

Lois Reitzes's Twitter page

Created via preloaddraft
Living people
American radio hosts
Year of birth missing (living people)
The 1946 Ancash earthquake in the Andes Mountains of central Peru occurred on November 10 at 17:43 UTC. The earthquake had a surface-wave magnitude of 7.0, and achieved a maximum Mercalli intensity scale rating of XI (Extreme). About 1,400 Peruvians are thought to have died from the event.

Tectonic setting
The west coast of Peru lies a convergent boundary where the Nazca Plate subducts beneath the South American Plate. Despite being located in a zone of compression, shallow continental extension occur beneath the Andes mountains, within the overriding South American Plate. Some of these normal faults are dated to the Quaternary and are considered young. The 1946 event is the only recorded normal faulting earthquake within the Andes mountains.

Earthquake
The earthquake was triggered by slippage along a shallow-angle normal fault at a depth of ~, as suggested by the focal mechanism. A surface-wave magnitude of 7.0 was assigned by the ISC while the calculated moment magnitude was 7.0 ± 0.1 or 6.8. The fault was a shallow crustal structure on the South American Plate, as surface ruptures were observed with a maximum offset of . Surface rupture associated with the earthquake was the first on a large-scale ever observed in South America. It had a length of . This event also reactivated several older thrust faults. These faults are part of the Marańón fold and thrust belt, which formed in the Tertiary. The associated surface rupture of this event had a length of  on the Quiches Fault, an active normal fault named after the town which suffered extensively during the quake. Shallow intraplate earthquakes within the South American Plate are rare due to the long recurrence intervals on faults. The Quiches Fault have an average recurrence interval of 13,000 years.

Impact
Shaking was felt over a  area. It was most severe in the departments of Ancash and La Libertad. At least 45 landslides were triggered by the strong ground motions which was the reason for the high death toll and destruction. One of these slides completely buried the village of Acobamba in Suytucocha Valley. At least 217 people died in Acobamba. Three of the largest landslides had volumes of ,  and , respectively.

The earthquake was felt over a  area. Shaking was reportedly so strong that residents in the village of Mayas were unable to stand. The maximum Modified Mercalli intensity, X–XI, was felt from Cerro Pelagatos to the villages of Mayas and Quiches. Intensity IX was assigned a northwest–southeast elliptical-shaped area measuring . Large landslides were reported within the isoseismal VIII–IX. Many fatalities were the result of poor construction practices. Villages experienced amplified shaking on soft alluvial deposits. In the village of Quiches, 677 people were killed. Hundreds of deaths were recorded in Acobamba, Sihuas, Conchucos and Pampas.

See also
List of earthquakes in Peru
List of earthquakes in 1946

References

External links

1946 earthquakes
Earthquakes in Peru
1946 in Peru
History of La Libertad Region
Ancash Region
Landslides in Peru
November 1946 events in South America
1946 disasters in Peru