Bardic poetry is the writings produced by a class of poets trained in the bardic schools of Ireland and the Gaelic parts of Scotland, as they existed down to about the middle of the 17th century or, in Scotland, the early 18th century. Most of the texts preserved are in Middle Irish or in early Modern Irish, however, even though the manuscripts were very plentiful, very few have been published. It is considered a period of great literary stability due to the formalised literary language that changed very little.

Background

According to the Uraicecht Becc in Old Irish Law, bards and filid were distinct groups: filid involved themselves with law, language, lore and court poetry, whereas bards were versifiers. However, in time, these terms came to be used interchangeably. With the arrival of Christianity, the poets were still given a high rank in society, equal to that of a bishop, but even the highest-ranked poet, the ollamh was now only 'the shadow of a high-ranking pagan priest or druid.' The bards memorized and preserved the history and traditions of clan and country, as well as the technical requirements of the various poetic forms, such as the dán díreach (a syllabic form which uses assonance, half rhyme and alliteration).

Much of their work consists of extended genealogies and almost journalistic accounts of the deeds of their lords and ancestors: the Irish  bard was not necessarily an inspired poet, but rather a professor of literature and letters, highly trained in the use of a polished literary medium, belonging to a hereditary caste of high prestige in a conservative, aristocratic society, and holding an official position therein by virtue of extensive training and knowledge.

Role in Irish and Scottish society

As officials of the court of king or chieftain, they performed a number of official roles, such as chroniclers and satirists. Effectively, their job was to praise their employers and curse those who crossed them. Their approach to official duties was very traditional and drawn from precedent. However, even though many bardic poets were traditional in their approach, there were also some who added personal feelings into their poems and also had the ability to adapt with changing situations although conservative.

While they were employed by kings and other powerful figures in Irish society, bards also acted independently and were highly respected individuals for their own power. Irish society focused largely on a fame or shame mentality. Which one you received largely depended on if the bard liked you or not, therefore, many people would go out of their way to please the bards in the hopes that they would get a song or poem composed about them. The Irish people had no illusions about death, knowing that everything eventually died, but they believed the way into immortality was through a great story that only a bard could compose. This led the bards to have great power among the Irish because the ability to provide great fame or great shame to any individual.

The bardic tradition was incredibly important to Irish society and even infatuated many outsiders. This sparked a tradition of founding bardic schools which often only would teach to people that had a bard in their family history. Other requirements included being skilled at reading and having a good memory. In these schools the fundamentals of being a bard were taught and often students would have to compose overnight so as to not be able to write things down, therefore keeping the oral tradition alive. The next morning they would be allowed to write them down, perform them, and critique their compositions. Overall, these schools were at least partly responsible for keeping the bardic tradition alive into the modern era.

Example
The following is an example of a bardic poem from the translations of Osborn Bergin:

Consolations

Filled with sharp dart-like pens
Limber tipped and firm, newly trimmed
Paper cushioned under my hand
Percolating upon the smooth slope
The leaf a fine and uniform script
A book of verse in ennobling Goidelic.

I learnt the roots of each tale, branch
Of valour and the fair knowledge,
That I may recite in learned lays
Of clear kindred stock and each person's
Family tree, exploits of wonder
Travel and musical branch
Soft voiced, sweet and slumberous
A lullaby to the heart.

Grant me the gladsome gyre, loud
Brilliant, passionate and polished
Rushing in swift frenzy, like a blue edged
Bright, sharp-pointed spear
In a sheath tightly corded;
The cause itself worthy to contain.

Anonymous

An example of a bardic poet can also be seen in the novel The Year of the French (1979) by Thomas Flanagan. In this book, a character by the name of Owen MacCarthy is a bard known for his training with the native language as well as English. He is turned to write specific, important letters by a group named the "Whiteboys". They are in need of someone skilled with writing letters, such as a bard like MacCarthy.

Bardic texts
 Tinnakill Duanaire
 Royal Irish Academy MS 24 P 33
 23 N 10
 The Book of the White Earl
 Egerton 1782
 Dunaire Mheig Shamhradháin (Book of Maguran)
 Saltair na Rann

Selected poets
Dallán Forgaill ()
Colmán mac Lénéni (530–606)
Niníne Éces ()
Óengus Céile Dé (d. 824)
Saint Dungal (828)
Sedulius Scottus (860)
Flann mac Lonáin (d. 896)
Cináed Ua Hartacáin (d. 975)
Mael Ísu Ó Brolcháin (d. 1086)
Gilla Cómáin mac Gilla Samthainde ()
Gilla Mo Dutu Úa Caiside ()
Muireadhach Albanach ()
Giolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe ()
Donnchadh Mór Ó Dálaigh (d. 1244)
Máeleoin Bódur Ó Maolconaire (d. 1266)
Philip Ó Duibhgeannain (d. 1340)
Gofraidh Fionn Ó Dálaigh (d. 1387)
Seaán Ó Clumháin (1500)
Aithbhreac Inghean Coirceadal ()
Fear Feasa Ó'n Cháinte ()
Eoghan Carrach Ó Siadhail ( )
Fear Flaith Ó Gnímh ()
Tadhg Dall Ó hÚigínn ()
Baothghalach Mór Mac Aodhagáin (1550–1600)
Eochaidh Ó hÉoghusa (1567–1617)
Mathghamhain Ó hIfearnáin ()
Muircheartach Ó Cobhthaigh ()
Tadhg Olltach Ó an Cháinte ( )
Lochlann Óg Ó Dálaigh ( )
Cú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh (1664)
Cormac Mac Con Midhe (d. 1627)
Cearbhall Óg Ó Dálaigh ()
Diarmaid Mac an Bhaird ()
Proinsias Ó Doibhlin (d. )
Tarlach Rua Mac Dónaill ()

Selected poems
 Amra Choluim Chille 
 Le dís cuirthear clú Laighean 
 Is acher in gaíth in-nocht...
 Is trúag in ces i mbiam 
 Sen dollotar Ulaid ... 
 Sorrow is the worst thing in life ...
 An Díbirt go Connachta  
 A aonmhic Dé do céasadh thrínn 
 Foraire Uladh ar Aodh
 A theachtaire tig ón Róimh 
 An sluagh sidhe so i nEamhuin? 
 Cóir Connacht ar chath Laighean
 Dia libh a laochruidh Gaoidhiol 
 Pangur Bán
 Liamuin 
 Buile Shuibhne
 The Prophecy of Berchán 
 Bean Torrach, fa Tuar Broide 
 Timna Cathaír Máir  
 Caithréim Cellaig

See also
Early Irish literature
Irish poetry
Irish syllabic poetry
Dán díreach

References

Further reading
Michelle O'Riordan, Irish Bardic Poetry and Rhetorical Reality,  Cork University Press (2007)
Robert Welch and Bruce Stewart, The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature 
Eleanor Knott, The bardic poems of Tadhg Dall Ó Huiginn (1550-1591),An introduction to Irish syllabic poetry of the period 1200-1600 with selections, notes and glossary (Cork, 1928),Irish classical poetry commonly called bardic poetry (Dublin, 1957).

External links
Authors and textual sources at celt.dias.ie
'Bardic Poetry: a lecture delivered in 1912', by Osborn Bergin, in Irish Bardic Poetry, Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (1970).

Poetry
Irish literature
Scottish literature
Bards