Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
In finance, a spread option is a type of option where the payoff is based on the difference in price between two underlying assets.  For example, the two assets could be crude oil and heating oil; trading such an option might be of interest to oil refineries, whose profits are a function of the difference between these two prices.  Spread options are generally traded over the counter, rather than on exchange.

A 'spread option' is not the same as an 'option spread'.  A spread option is a new, relatively rare type of exotic option on two underlyings, while an option spread is a combination trade: the purchase of one (vanilla) option and the sale of another option on the same underlying.

Spread option valuation
For a spread call, the payoff can be written as  where S1 and S2 are the prices of the two assets and K is a constant called the strike price. For a spread put it is .

When K equals zero a spread option is the same as an option to exchange one asset for another. An explicit solution, Margrabe's formula, is available in this case, and this type of option is also known as a Margrabe option or an outperformance option.

In 1995 Kirk's Approximation, a formula valid when K is small but non-zero, was published. This amounts to a modification of the standard Black–Scholes formula, with a special expression for the sigma (volatility) to be used, which is based on the volatilities and the correlation of the two assets. Kirk's approximation can also be derived explicitly from Margrabe's formula.

The same year Pearson published an algorithm requiring a one-dimensional numerical integration to compute the option value. Used with an appropriate rotation of the domain and Gauss-Hermite quadrature, Choi (2018) showed that the numerical integral can be done very efficiently.

Li, Deng, and Zhou (2006) published accurate approximation formulas for both spread option prices and their Greeks.

See also
 Rainbow option

References

Options (finance)
Derivatives (finance)
Messam is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Jerome Messam (born 1985), Canadian football player
Liam Messam (born 1984), New Zealand rugby union player
Lord Messam, Jamaican mento singer
Sam Messam (born 1986), New Zealand soccer player 
Wayne Messam (born 1974), American businessman and politician
Panagiotis Zographos was a Greek painter from Vordonia in the Peloponnese who worked from 1836 to 1839 with his two sons, under the instruction of General Makriyannis, to produce several scenes from the Greek battle for independence against the Turks.  Due to a favorable initial response, lithographic reproductions were made for popular distribution. Zographos' paintings encouraged even those not directly involved in the struggle to have nationalistic feelings.  Zographos' works contributed to widespread sentiments of Greek support throughout western Europe, and subsequently helped spur aid provided to the Greek Rebellion by groups like the British Committee.

Notes

Hunt, Lynn, et al.  The Making of the West, Volume C.  3rd ed.  Bedford/ St. Martin's, Boston: 2009.

Greek painters
19th-century Greek people
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
19th-century Greek painters
People from Laconia
The German Forum Party () was an opposition political party in East Germany. It was formed from the New Forum (Neues Forum) citizens' movement. It was founded in Karl-Marx-Stadt (now Chemnitz) on 27 January 1990. Its first chairman was Jürgen Schmieder. It described itself as being at the political centre.

It was invited to join the Christian Democrat-dominated Alliance for Germany coalition for the 1990 Volkskammer election but instead it joined the Association of Free Democrats on 12 February 1990.

See also
Liberalism
Contributions to liberal theory
Liberalism worldwide
List of liberal parties
Liberal democracy
Liberalism in Germany

External links
German Forum Party from Chronik der Wende

Germany 1990
Organizations of the Revolutions of 1989
Political parties in East Germany
Political parties established in 1990
1990 establishments in East Germany
Peaceful Revolution
The International Federation of Hard of Hearing People (IFHOH) was established in 1977 as an international, non-governmental organization, registered in Germany.  IFHOH represents the interests of more than 300 million hard of hearing people worldwide.  This includes late deafened adults, cochlear implant users, and people who experience tinnitus, Meniere's disease, hyperacusis and auditory processing disorders.  IFHOH has over 40 national member organizations from most regions of the world.  IFHOH and the European Federation of Hard of Hearing People (EFHOH) work to promote greater understanding of hearing loss issues and to improve access for hard of hearing people.  IFHOH has special consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), affiliation with the World Health Organization, and membership in the IDA.

References 
<www.ifhoh.org>

See also 
International Federation of Hard of Hearing Young People

Deafness rights organizations
International organizations based in Sweden
DKC may refer to:

Donkey Kong Country
 Donkey Kong Country, a video game
 Donkey Kong Country (TV series), a television series based on the video game

Other uses
 Dyskeratosis congenita, a genetic disease
 Dyskerin, a gene also known as DKC1
 DKC (company), a public relations company
Fantasia and Fugue may refer to several compositions attributed mainly to Johann Sebastian Bach:

 Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue, for harpsichord
 Fantasia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 537, for organ
 Great Fantasia and Fugue in G minor, BWV 542, for organ
 Fantasia and Fugue in A minor, BWV 561, for organ; see Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis
 Fantasia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 562, for organ
 Fantasia and Imitatio in B minor, BWV 563, for organ; see Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis
 Fantasia and Fugue in C minor, BWV 906, for harpsichord
 Fantasia and Fugue in A minor, BWV 944, for organ
 Fantasy and Fugue on the Theme B-A-C-H, for organ (and later piano) by Franz Liszt
 Fantasy No. 1 with Fugue (Mozart), for piano by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

See also
 List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach
 Prelude and fugue
 Toccata and Fugue (disambiguation)
The 2018–19 Chennaiyin FC season was the club's fifth season since its establishment in 2014 and their fifth season in the Indian Super League. They will also play in the 2019 AFC Cup. This is the first time an ISL club will play in any continental championship.

Transfers

Pre-season

In:

Out:

Squad

Out on loan

Technical staff

Pre-season and friendlies

Chennayin FC started their pre-season in Malaysia on 14 August under the watchful eyes of John Gregory. The team is supposed to play four warm-up matches and will return to Chennai on September 11.

In the first friendly, Chennaiyin played with Malaysia U19 and drew the match. Playing against Malaysia Premier League team MIFA, Chennaiyin won in penalties by 3-2 after regulation time ended in 1-1. They played their third match against Felda United and drew that match. Chennaiyin played their last match of Malaysian sojourn against Terengganu FC and lost it 2-1.

Competitions

Indian Super League

League table

Matches

References

Chennaiyin FC seasons
Chennaiyin
Clark Island is an island of Massachusetts, located in the Otis Reservoir in Tolland State Forest.

References

Lake islands of Massachusetts
Islands of Berkshire County, Massachusetts
Islands of Hampden County, Massachusetts
Uninhabited islands of Massachusetts
Islands of Massachusetts
Murder in Chelsea is a 1934 detective novel by E.C.R. Lorac, the pen name of the British writer Edith Caroline Rivett. It is the seventh book featuring Chief Inspector MacDonald of Scotland Yard who appeared in a lengthy series of novels during the Golden Age of Detective Fiction.

Synopsis
A young woman, a keen bibliophile and co-owner of a bookshop, is found gassed to death in the bed of her Chelsea home.

References

Bibliography
 Cooper, John & Pike, B.A. Artists in Crime: An Illustrated Survey of Crime Fiction First Edition Dustwrappers, 1920-1970. Scolar Press, 1995.
 Hubin, Allen J. Crime Fiction, 1749-1980: A Comprehensive Bibliography. Garland Publishing, 1984.
 Nichols, Victoria & Thompson, Susan. Silk Stalkings: More Women Write of Murder. Scarecrow Press, 1998.
 Reilly, John M. Twentieth Century Crime & Mystery Writers. Springer, 2015.

1934 British novels
British mystery novels
Novels by E.C.R. Lorac
Novels set in London
British detective novels
Sampson Low books
Tanner Gaskill-Cadwallader (born June 24, 1997) is a professional Canadian football linebacker for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League (CFL).

Amateur career

Western Mustangs
Cadwallader first played U Sports football with the Western Mustangs in 2015, joining the team as a wide receiver. However, he was only with the Mustangs for one year as he sought a transfer to be closer to home with his mother, Delia, who was sick with cancer.

Wilfrid Laurier Golden Hawks
In 2017, Cadwallader joined the Wilfrid Laurier Golden Hawks and changed positions to defensive back. He played in 13 regular season games for the Golden Hawks over three season where he had 22 solo tackles, two assisted tackles, three interceptions, and two sacks. He also played in the 2016 Yates Cup championship win over the Western Mustangs and the following Mitchell Bowl loss to the Laval Rouge et Or. He graduated from Wilfrid Laurier and did not play again for the Golden Hawks for a fourth year, despite retaining playing eligibility.

Bologna Warriors
As a European import due to his parents being from the United Kingdom, Cadwallader was able to play for the Bologna Warriors of the Italian Football League in spring 2019.

London Beefeaters
Cadwallader joined the London Beefeaters of the Canadian Junior Football League for the 2019 season. He was named a CJFL All-Star after recording 16 tackles, two assisted tackles, three interceptions with one touchdown, and two sacks.

Professional career
Cadwallader was drafted in the seventh round, 64th overall, by the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in the 2020 CFL Draft but did not play in 2020 due to the cancellation of the 2020 CFL season. Instead, it was announced on January 12, 2021, that he had signed with the team to his rookie contract. He made the team's active roster following training camp in 2021 and played in his first career professional game on August 5, 2021, against the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. Cadwallader played in all 14 regular season games where he had one defensive tackle, eight special teams tackles, and one forced fumble. He made his post-season debut that year as he played in the West Final against the Saskatchewan Roughriders where he had one forced fumble. He also played in his first Grey Cup game where he had three special teams tackles as the Blue Bombers defeated the Tiger-Cats to win the 108th Grey Cup championship.

Personal life
Cadwallader's mother, Delia, died of cancer in May 2017. He has three older brothers.

References

External links
Winnipeg Blue Bombers bio
cfl.ca bio

1997 births
Living people
Canadian football linebackers
Canadian Junior Football League players
Players of Canadian football from Ontario
People from Halton Hills
Wilfrid Laurier Golden Hawks football players
Winnipeg Blue Bombers players
A pre-STEM program is a course of study at any two-year college that prepares a student to transfer to a four-year school to earn a bachelor's degree in a STEM field.

Overview
The concept of a pre-STEM program is being developed to address America's need for more college-trained professionals in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). It is an innovation meant to fill a gap at community colleges that do not have 'major' degree paths that students identify with on their way to earning an Associates degree. Students must complete a considerable amount of STEM coursework before transferring from a two-year school to a four-year school and earn a baccalaureate degree in a STEM field. Schools with a pre-STEM program are able to identify those students and support them with STEM-specific academic and career advising, increasing the student's chances of going on to earn a STEM baccalaureate degree in a timely fashion.

With over 50% of America's college-bound students starting their college career at public or private two-year school, and with a very small proportion of students who start college at a two-year school matriculating to and earning STEM degrees from four-year schools, pre-STEM programs have great potential for broadening participation in baccalaureate STEM studies.

Example programs
The effectiveness of pre-STEM programs is being investigated by a consortium of schools in Missouri: Moberly Area Community College, St. Charles Community College, Metropolitan Community College, and  Truman State University.

A larger group of schools met at the Belknap Springs Meetings in October 2009 to discuss the challenges and opportunities presented by STEM-focused partnerships between 2-year and 4-year schools. Each program represented a two-year school and a four-year school that were trying to increase the number of people who earn a baccalaureate degree in a STEM area through various means, some of which were pre-STEM programs.  Other methods includes summer research experiences for community college students, enhanced support for community college students once they transfer to a four-year school, or simply understanding the challenges STEM transfer students face.  This meeting was made possible by funding from the National Science Foundation.  All participants were funded by an NSF STEP grant at the time of the meeting.

See also
STEM pipeline
STEM Academy
STEAM fields

References

External links
 Missouri Pre-STEM Pathways Program
 Scientists Prepared, Enriched and Challenged Through Research-based Activities (SPECTRA), an NSF PRISM-funded program at Truman State University

Science education in the United States
Engineering education in the United States
Mathematics education in the United States
Cachapoal Province () is one of three provinces of the central Chilean region of O'Higgins (VI). Its capital is the city of Rancagua (pop. 214,344).

Geography and demography
According to the 2002 census by the National Statistics Institute (INE), the province spans an area of  and had a population of 542,901 inhabitants (271,226 men and 271,675 women), giving it a population density of .  It is the fifth most populated province in the country. Between the 1992 and 2002 censuses, the population grew by 13.8% (65,871 persons).

Administration
As a province, Cachapoal is a second-level administrative division of Chile. It is governed by the regional delegate of O'Higgins, who is appointed by the president.

Communes
The province comprises seventeen communes, each governed by a municipality consisting of an elected alcalde and municipal council.

Codegua
Coínco
Coltauco
Doñihue
Graneros
Las Cabras
Machalí
Malloa
Olivar
Peumo
Pichidegua
Quinta de Tilcoco
Rancagua
Requínoa
Rengo
Mostazal
San Vicente de Tagua Tagua

Cachapoal Valley wine region

Located 85 km (53 mi) south of Santiago, the Cachapoal Valley is a wine-growing area in Cachapoal in the O`Higgins Region of central Chile, to the north of the Rapel Valley. It is located between the heights of Paine to the north and Pelequén to the south and between the Andes to the west and the smaller coastal range to the east. The valley takes its name from the Cachapoal River that flows through Rapel Valley along with its tributaries, the Claro and Cortaderal Rivers. All these watercourses flow into Lake Rapel.
 
The climate of the valley is temperate and consistently Mediterranean, sheltered by the coastal range from the cooling influences of the Pacific Ocean.
 
Most of Cachapoal's noteworthy wineries and vineyards are located toward the east of the region, in the foothills of the Andes, away from the warmer valley floor. This is an area for Cabernet Sauvignon vines, whereas closer to the coast the ocean breezes flow through the coastal range, and there are more Carménère vines.

References

External links
  Gobernación de Cachapoal
 

Cachapoal
Provinces of O'Higgins Region
1615 Poydras, also known as DXC Technology Center, and formerly known as the Freeport McMoRan building, is a 23-story, -tall skyscraper office building. It is located at 1615 Poydras Street, in the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana.

See also
 List of tallest buildings in New Orleans
 Freeport-McMoRan

External links
 1615 Poydras official website

Skyscraper office buildings in New Orleans

Office buildings completed in 1984
HOK (firm) buildings
Saša Kolman (born 1 May 1984) is a retired Slovenian footballer.

References

1984 births
Living people
Slovenian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
NK Nafta Lendava players
NK Primorje players
FC Suðuroy players
Slovenian PrvaLiga players
Slovenian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in the Faroe Islands
Slovenian football managers
Slovenian PrvaLiga managers
ND Gorica managers
Gaultheria floribunda is a species of plant in the heath family (Ericaceae). It is endemic to the tepuis of southern Venezuela.

References 

floribunda
Flora of the Tepuis
Endemic flora of Venezuela
Narrow-gap semiconductors are semiconducting materials with a magnitude of bandgap that is smaller than 0.5 eV, which corresponds to an infrared absorption cut-off wavelength over 2.5 micron. A more extended definition includes all semiconductors with bandgaps smaller than silicon (1.1 eV). Modern  terahertz, infrared, and  thermographic  technologies are all based on this class of semiconductors.

Narrow-gap materials made it possible to realize satellite remote sensing, photonic integrated circuits for telecommunications, and unmanned vehicle Li-Fi systems, in the regime of Infrared detector and infrared vision. They are also the materials basis for terahertz technology, including  security surveillance of  concealed weapon uncovering, safe medical and industrial imaging with terahertz tomography, as well as dielectric wakefield accelerators. Besides, thermophotovoltaics embedded with narrow-gap semiconductors can potentially use the traditionally wasted portion of solar energy that takes up ~49% of the sun light spectrum. Space crafts, deep ocean instruments, and vacuum physics setups use narrow-gap semiconductors to achieve  cryogenic cooling.

List of narrow-gap semiconductors 

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Chemical formula
!Groups
!Band gap (300 K)
|-
| Mercury cadmium telluride
| Hg1−xCdxTe
| II-VI
| 0 to 1.5 eV
|-
| Mercury zinc telluride
| Hg1−xZnxTe
| II-VI
| 0.15 to 2.25 eV
|-
| Lead selenide
| PbSe
| IV-VI
| 0.27 eV
|-
| Lead(II) sulfide
| PbS
| IV-VI
| 0.37 eV
|-
| Lead telluride
| PbTe
| IV-VI
| 0.32 eV
|-
| Indium arsenide
| InAs
| III-V
| 0.354 eV
|-
| Indium antimonide
| InSb
| III-V
| 0.17 eV
|-
|Gallium antimonide
| GaSb
| III-V
| 0.67 eV
|-
| Cadmium arsenide
| Cd3As2
| II-V
| 0.5 to 0.6 eV
|-
| Bismuth telluride
| Bi2Te3
|
| 0.21 eV
|-
| Tin telluride
| SnTe
| IV-VI
| 0.18 eV
|-
| Tin selenide
| SnSe
| IV-VI
| 0.9 eV
|-
| Silver(I) selenide
| Ag2Se
|
| 0.07 eV
|-
|Magnesium silicide
|Mg2Si
|II-IV
|0.79 eV
|}

See also 
 List of semiconductor materials
 Wide-bandgap semiconductor

References 

 Dornhaus, R., Nimtz, G., Schlicht, B. (1983). Narrow-Gap Semiconductors. Springer Tracts in Modern Physics 98,  (print)  (online) 
 

Semiconductor material types
Navid Khosh Hava (20 July 19914 December 2021) was an Iranian professional footballer who played as a defender.

Club career
Khosh Hava made his debut against Rah Ahan coming on as an 88th-minute substitute for Farzad Hatami. In the following match, a 2–2 draw with Saipa, he Hava scored a goal in the 50th minute.

On 30 November 2014, Khosh Hava joined Rah Ahan.

Khosh Hava signed with Peykan in 2015. He left the club in January 2016 to join Pas Hamadan.

Death
Khosh Hava died following a cardiac arrest on 4 December 2021, at the age of 30.

References

External links
 

1991 births
2021 deaths
Sportspeople from Ardabil
Iranian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Tractor S.C. players
Shahrdari Ardabil F.C. players
Rah Ahan Tehran F.C. players
Paykan F.C. players
PAS Hamedan F.C. players
The 2008 FIS Ski Jumping Grand Prix was the 15th Summer Grand Prix season in ski jumping on plastic. Season began on 26 July 2008 in Hinterzarten, Germany and ended on 4 October 2008 in Liberec.

Other competitive circuits this season included the World Cup and Continental Cup.

Calendar

Men

Men's team

Standings

Overall

Nations Cup

Four Nations Grand Prix

References 

Grand Prix
FIS Grand Prix Ski Jumping
Major General Wilford William Whittle (30 August 1892 – 17 June 1964) was a senior officer of the Australian Army who served in both the First and Second World Wars.

Early life and career
Whittle was born on 30 August 1892 in Youanmite, Victoria, and was commissioned into the Siege Artillery Brigade, 36th Heavy Artillery Brigade, on 21 May 1915.

Lieutenant Whittle embarked at Melbourne in July 1915, was wounded in action in December 1916, promoted to captain in November 1917 and was Mentioned in Despatches.

In February 1919, Whittle attended Ordnance Courses at the Ordnance College Woolwich, London, and was subsequently promoted to major.

By 1936 Whittle had been promoted to lieutenant colonel and commanded the Northern Territory garrison from 13 April 1936 to 12 March 1939.  Whittle Street in Larrakeyah Barracks, Darwin, commemorates this command.

Second World War
A commander of various brigades of the Royal Australian Artillery during the early months of the Second World War, Whittle became Deputy Master-General of Ordnance in November 1940, and later Master-General of Ordnance, a post he held until his retirement in 1948. He died in Melbourne. Whittle was granted the honorary rank of major general from 31 December 1948.

References

External links
Wilford Whittle, www.generals.dk

1892 births
1964 deaths
Military personnel from Victoria (state)
Australian generals
Australian military personnel of World War I
Australian Army personnel of World War II
People from Victoria (state)