Rebecca Freundlich Protten, also Shelly (1718–1780) was a Caribbean Moravian evangelist and pioneer missionary who propagated the Gospel to slaves on the island of Saint Thomas, US Virgin Islands. A "mulatress" and a former slave in Antigua, Antigua and Barbuda, she pioneered Christian missions in the Atlantic World in the 1700s. Scholars have described her as the "Mother of Modern Missions" as her life's work bridged Christianity in the West Indies, in Europe and in West Africa, all geographic regions she lived in.

Biographical sketch

Historical synopsis 
Rebecca Protten born a slave in 1718 and gained her freedom as an adolescent.  As a free woman of mixed European and African descent who lived on the island of St. Thomas during the 1730s, she joined the movement to convert African slaves to Christianity. She became one of the first ordained African American women in Western Christianity.

Sources are unclear as to the location or circumstances of Rebecca's birth, but some note that she was originally kidnapped from Antigua.   She was then sold to a planter on St. Thomas named Lucas van Beverhout, who put her to work in his house as a servant and taught her the Christianity of the Reformed Church.  Shortly after the death of Lucas van Beverhout when she was twelve, the Beverhout family freed Rebecca.

Religion played a central role in Rebecca's life after her enslavement.  Even though she was a free person, opportunities were still very limited for her on St. Thomas. Then Christianity missionaries from the Unity of the Brethren, often called the Moravian Brethren, arrived on St. Thomas in 1732, as part of the Church's mission to convert the nations of the world to Christianity. The beginning of their ministry opened up new possibilities for Rebecca. She became a leader in converting African slaves, whose religious practices constantly challenged by planters fearful of a united slave revolt.

In 1742, Rebecca left St. Thomas with several Moravian missionaries, traveling to their home in Herrnhut, Saxony.  There, she met and married Christian Protten in 1746. Protten was similarly noted for his mixed African and European descent.  Protten, pursuing his life dream, journeyed to Christiansborg, a Danish fort on the Gold Coast, in an attempt to start a school but failed, returning six years later in 1762 to Herrnhut—the town founded by the first Moravian exiles and the headquarters of the movement, in which many of the Brethren lived.  Protten and Rebecca returned together to Christiansborg in 1763, where they spent the rest of their lives teaching African children.  Rebecca Protten died in 1780.

Unlike many other sects of Christianity, women were very important to the fabric of the Moravian church.  This allowed Protten to have opportunities to participate in the church on almost an equal basis with men.  The Moravian Brethren's belief that men and women were spiritually equal in the eyes of God paved the path for Protten to become a preacher. She was named a deaconess a few weeks after her wedding.

Early life 
Rebecca Freundlich Protten was born a slave in 1718 in Antigua on the Caribbean island of Antigua and Barbuda. The "Atlantic Creole" daughter of an African woman and a European, possibly a Dutchman, she was given the name "Shelly" by her master. As a child, at the age of six or seven, she was kidnapped from Antigua and sold into slavery on the island of Saint Thomas, US Virgin Islands which was then a Danish sugar colony in the West Indies. Shelly was converted to Christianity by her new Dutch Reformed master, baptised by a Roman Catholic priest and given the Christian name, Rebecca. Eventually, Rebecca Protten gained her freedom. Subsequently, she used her liberation from bondage to share the Gospel of Jesus Christ with other slaves, under the auspices of the Moravian Church of Germany, whose European missionaries taught her to how read and write.

Work

West Indies 
Rebecca partnered with Moravians in Saint Thomas and buoyed by religious fervor, together, they recruited and won hundreds and most likely, thousands of converts, especially among slaves. In a hostile environment of persecution from planters, and violence against slaves and missionaries, her direct method of itinerant evangelism was to trek "daily along rugged roads through the hills in the sultry evenings after the slaves had returned from the fields." The colonial authorities in Saint Thomas were generally opposed to the practice and spread of the Christian faith in the slave segments of society. Given the external circumstances, the Moravian missionaries permitted her to teach women in informal settings only, and prohibited public preaching. In this period, there were approximately 5000 slaves in the Danish West Indies.

She became a spiritual mentor to slaves who often came to her for guidance. It is said that "she taught at a church that held popular nightly meetings at the end of a rugged road through the hills of St. Thomas known to the enslaved as 'The Path.'" " Her mission sojourns "took her to the slave quarters deep in the island's plantation heartland, where she proclaimed salvation to the domestic servants, cane boilers, weavers, and cotton pickers whose bodies and spirits were strip-mined every day by slavery." Saint Thomas therefore became the axis of African Protestantism in the Americas.

She then reached out to the German Moravian missionary, Friedrich Martin arrived in Saint Thomas in 1736, when she was about eighteen years. He taught her that the Moravian movement encouraged and empowered women preachers. Impressed by the effectiveness Rebecca's missionary work and evangelistic zeal, Martin noted that she was "very accomplished in the teaching of God. She has done the work of the Saviour by teaching African women and speaking about that which the Holy Spirit himself has shown her ... I have found nothing in her other than a love of God and his servants."  In the view of scholars, Sylvia Frey and Betty Wood, the founding and growth of African Protestant Christianity was a watershed moment in the history of proselytism in the American South and the British colonies of the West Indies in the 1700s. This development "created a community of faith and ... provided Afro-Atlantic peoples with an ideology of resistance, [as part of paradigm shift] of social and intellectual transformation transference of traditional African religions to the New World."

Together with her Moravian husband, she was accused and charged by the colonial authorities for blasphemy and accusations of incitement of a slave rebellion or an insurrection and imprisoned. They were deported after their release.

Western Europe 
In 1742, she left Saint Thomas and relocated to Germany with the Moravian missionary, Friedrich Martin, her first husband, Matthaus Freundlich (c. 1681–c. 1742) and their daughter, Anna Maria Freundlich (1740–1744). Soon after docking in Amsterdam in 1742, Friederich Martin was called back to the St. Thomas mission, because his replacement for Head of the Moravian mission there had died. Rebecca Freundlich's husband and daughter died in Germany. With nowhere else to go and little point of reference in a faraway land, Rebecca Freundlich was taken by friends to the commune owned by the leader of the Moravian church, Nikolaus Ludwig, Reichsgraf von Zinzendorf und Pottendorf (1700–60), in Germany. While living in Germany, she became a valued member of the Moravian community and assumed a leadership position in the women's Christian ministry.

Everyday religious life in 18th century Moravia has been described by historians as follows, "Choirs were the basic social units of the church ... Believers were expected to submerge their own desires in the will of the group. Choir members ate and bunked together, often worked side by side, and met at least once a day, often more, to worship and decipher religious texts."

In 1756, Rebecca Freundlich Protten and her second husband, Christian Jacob Protten (1715–1769) were marginalised and banished from the Moravian commune in Herrnhut to the village of Großhennersdorf in the Görlitz district. This development stemmed from constant bickering between Christian Protten and the Bishop of the Moravian Church, Count Zinzendorf. Zinzendorf had accused Christian Protten of being haughty and an alcoholic. He received permission to return to West Africa, leaving his Rebecca Protten, who rejoined the Moravians at Herrnhut.

West Africa 
In 1765, Rebecca Protten arrived on the Gold Coast for the first time. With the blessing of the Moravian church, her husband became the schoolmaster of the Christiansborg Castle School for mulattoes, serving until his death in 1769. Rebecca Protten became widowed for a second time. At this point, she had not fully acclimatised to the Gold Coast and the Moravian missionaries contemplated and sought her return to Saint Thomas.  As she was in poor health, it was ultimately decided she remained on the Gold Coast, where she eventually died in 1780.

Personal life 
On 4 May 1738, Rebecca married Matthaus Freundlich (c. 1681-c. 1742), a German Moravian missionary on the island of Saint Thomas, US Virgin Islands. Rebecca Freundlich had an arranged marriage to Matthaus Freundlich.The Freundlichs had a daughter, Anna Maria Freundlich, who was born circa 1740, in Saint Thomas. Anna Freundlich died in 1744, aged 4 years, in Germany. The Freundlich family had travelled to Germany due to Matthaus Freundlich's ill-health, even as they were persecuted by slave plantation owners, and imprisoned for their Christian faith while they shared the Gospel to slaves in Saint Thomas. Matthaus Freundlich however died during the trip across Germany. On 6 June 1746, she remarried, to Christian Jacob Protten (1715–1769), a Gold Coast Euro-African educator and missionary in Herrnhut Germany. The first recorded grammatical treatise in the Ga and Fante languages were written by Protten and published under the title, "En nyttig Grammaticalsk Indledelse til Tvende hidintil gandske ubekiendte Sprog, Fanteisk og Acraisk," in Copenhagen in 1764. In 1750, Christian and Rebecca Protten had a daughter, Anna Maria Protten who died in infancy in Herrnhut, Dresden in Sachsen, Germany.

Death and legacy 
Rebecca Freundlich Protten died in 1780, aged 62 years, in Christiansborg, Accra on the Gold Coast. Commenting on her legacy, her biographer, Jon F. Sensbach, author of "Rebecca's Revival- Creating Black Christianity in the Atlantic World,"  noted Rebecca Freundlich Protten was "a prophet, [with a] distinctively international persona—obedient to a calling, yet adept at negotiating life's possibilities, resourceful in any setting or language, [and] determined to take what she regarded as the Bible's liberating grace to people of African descent ... Much that we associate with the black church in subsequent centuries—the anchor of community life, advocate for social justice, midwife to spirituals and gospel music—in some measure derives ... from those early origins ... Though hardly anyone knows her name today, Rebecca helped ignite fires of a new kind of religion that in subsequent centuries has given spiritual sustenance to millions."

Rebecca Freundlich Protten became an exemplar of using Christian mission as a tool for emancipation of African people.

Biographies
The life of Rebecca Protten was looked at first extensively by Christian Oldendorp, a Moravian missionary who admired Rebecca's evangelical work, which he noted in History of the Mission of the Evangelical Brethren on the Caribbean Islands of St. Thomas, St. Croix, and St. John. More recently, historian Jon F. Sensbach wrote a biography on Rebecca Protten, called Rebecca's Revival. Sensbach focused on how Protten became the leader of the African Christianity movement. Rebecca Freundlich Protten also received mention in Time Longa' Dan Twine, written in 2009 by Arnold R. Highfield.

Literature 
 Sensbach, Jon F. (2005) Rebecca's Revival: Creating Black Christianity in the Atlantic World. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press

Notes

American people of the Moravian Church
American Protestant missionaries
Christian missionaries in Africa
Gold Coast (British colony) people
Moravian Church missionaries
18th-century American slaves
1780 deaths
Female Christian missionaries
Year of birth unknown
Protestant missionaries in Ghana
Protestant missionaries in the United States Virgin Islands
1718 births
18th-century African-American women
18th-century Caribbean people