Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
File:
Franz is a small lunar impact crater identified during the Apollo mission in August 1971 and located along the eastern edge of the Sinus Amoris, a bay that forms a northern extension to the Mare Tranquillitatis. Its diameter is 25 km. It was named after German astronomer Julius Heinrich Franz. It lies to the southwest of the prominent crater Macrobius. To the north is the smaller Carmichael, and to the northwest is the diminutive Theophrastus.

The rim of this crater has been eroded due to subsequent impacts, although it retains a generally circular form. The interior has been flooded, leaving only a narrow inner wall and a low surviving rim. This floor has the same albedo as the surrounding terrain, and is not as dark as the lunar mare surface to the north and west. Attached to the exterior of the eastern rim is Proclus E, a merged double-crater formation. Proclus lies to the east across the Palus Somni, or Marsh of Sleep.

References

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Impact craters on the Moon
The Kew Rule was used by some authors to determine the application of synonymous names in botanical nomenclature up to about 1906, but was and still is contrary to codes of botanical nomenclature including the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. Index Kewensis, a publication that aimed to list all botanical names for seed plants at the ranks of species and genus, used the Kew Rule until its Supplement IV was published in 1913 (prepared 1906–1910).

The Kew Rule applied rules of priority in a more flexible way, so that when transferring a species to a new genus, there was no requirement to retain the epithet of the original species name, and future priority of the new name was counted from the time the species was transferred to the new genus. The effect has been summarized as "nomenclature used by an established monographer or in a major publication should be adopted". This is contrary to the modern article 11.4 of the Code of Nomenclature.

History

Beginnings
The first discussion in print of what was to become known as the Kew Rule appears to have occurred in 1877 between Henry Trimen and Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle. Trimen did not think it was reasonable for older names discovered in the literature to destabilize the nomenclature that had been well accepted:Probably all botanists are agreed that it is very desirable to retain when possible old specific names, but some of the best authors do not certainly consider themselves bound by any generally accepted rule in this matter. Still less will they be inclined to allow that a writer is at liberty, as M. de Candolle thinks, to reject the specific appellations made by an author whose genera are accepted, in favour of older ones in other genera. It will appear to such that to do this is to needlessly create in each case another synonym.

The end

The first botanical code of nomenclature that declared itself to be binding was the 1906 publication  that followed from the 1905 International Botanical Congress. The Kew Rule was outlawed by this code.

The end of the Kew Rule brought about considerable upheaval in botanical nomenclature. Many new species names were coined to resurrect older epithets, for example, in 1917 Willis Jepson wrote:
"The plant so long known as Brodiaea grandiflora Smith ... [was] first published as Hookera coronaria Salisbury (1806). The correct name, then, is Brodiaea coronaria Jepson, n. comb."

Names that had previously been conserved to improve the stability of well-known plant names often now no longer required conservation, and other names that had been formed using the Kew Rule and had become well known, were illegitimate. The entire previous list of conserved and rejected names was consequently replaced in 1959 with a reworked list.

Previously overlooked botanical literature has continued to yield new examples of forgotten older names for more than 100 years since the Kew Rule was banished from the International Code of Nomenclature.

References 

Botanical nomenclature
Biological classification
Howard Burton MacDonald was a provincial level politician from Alberta, Canada. He served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1944 to 1955. He held a seat in the electoral district of Calgary as an Independent and later a member of Social Credit.

Political career
MacDonald ran for a seat in the Alberta Legislature in the 1944 Alberta general election. He ran as an Independent candidate under the unity movement of opposition parties opposed to the Social Credit government. He placed fifth in the first count but when vote transfers under the Single Transferable Voting system in use he finished fourth, winning a seat in the 17th vote count.

MacDonald ran for re-election in the 1948 Alberta general election. He came in third in the first count, but without quota of votes needed to be elected under the Single Transferable Voting system in use, but eventually won enough votes to be elected. He was the only Unity Movement Independent MLA left.

He crossed the floor and joined the Social Credit government on March 1, 1952. His reason for crossing, was that in his belief Social Credit was the party was the best private enterprise government in Canada. His departure marked the official end to the unity movement.

MacDonald ran for re-election in the 1952 Alberta general election as a Social Credit candidate. He was re-elected taking the second seat of Calgary's six seats in that election.

MacDonald ran for a fourth term in the 1955 Alberta general election but was defeated. He finished seventh place just short of the last seat.

He died five years later at the age of 75.

References

External links
Legislative Assembly of Alberta Members Listing

Independent Alberta MLAs
Alberta Social Credit Party MLAs
1885 births
1960 deaths
K. P. R. Gopalan (1906 – 5 August 1997), popularly known as KPR was an Indian politician and a communist leader from Kalliasseri, Kerala.  Once a member of the Kerala State Assembly, he lost his seat in the general election of 1 February 1960. He was subsequently re-elected. While a member, he led a failed attempt at armed revolt in the Cannanore area in. At one point he was sentenced to death by the colonial authorities, before the sentence was commuted by Charu Chandra Biswas, at the urging of A. K. Gopalan.

Gopalan was one of the founding members of the Communist Party in Kerala in 1940. He, in cooperation with the KPCC, was the main organizer of Morozha protest on 15 September 1940 against the British decision to enter World War II.  The protest became violent when police tried to suppress it.  One Sub-Inspector and a Constable died in the clash with the mob, mainly constituted of farmers, agricultural labourers, and other trade union workers.

The police caught all prominent leaders, including Gopalan and E. Narayanan Nayanar, the elder brother of E. K. Nayanar, former Kerala Chief Minister for 11 years. The court sentenced all of them to imprisonment and later on appeal, Madras High Court sentenced Gopalan to death. He was sent to Bellary Jail. The verdict attracted wide protest across Kerala and India. Kerala observed a day honoring K.P.R. Gopalan and Mathrubhumi, the leading newspaper wrote an editorial demanding that his death sentence be commuted.  Gandhiji was also involved and said it is not acceptable. British communist party protested and the case even received the attention of the  British Parliament. Due to this mass protest, the British Government finally reduced the punishment from hanging to life imprisonment. Later, he was released when Congress Interim Government took power in Madras state.  Eminent Communist leader P. Krishna Pillai wrote an article hailing Gopalan entitled "The Bolshevik Hero of Kerala". Gopalan died of natural causes on 5 August 1997, aged 91. His niece K. P. Sarada was married to E. K. Nayanar.

References

Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala
1997 deaths
Malayali politicians
People from Kannur district
Indian independence activists from Kerala
1906 births
Kerala MLAs 1957–1959
Kerala MLAs 1967–1970
Four the Hard Way is the fourth Danger Danger album, and the second featuring singer Paul Laine. It was also a return to their classic sound. Former members Andy Timmons and Kasey Smith contributed to the album.

Track listing
 "Still Kickin'" - 4:01
 "Sick Little Twisted Mind" - 5:44
 "Jaded" - 3:19
 "Captain Bring Me Down" - 5:03
 "Goin' All the Way" - 3:42
 "The Girl Ain't Built to Sleep Alone" - 4:52
 "Goin' Goin' Gone" - 4:10
 "Afraid of Love" - 5:22
 "Heartbreak Suicide" - 4:45
 "I Don't Need You" - 5:23
 "Comin' Home '98" (Bonus Track)

Personnel

Band
 Paul Laine - lead vocals (tracks 1, 3 - 10); backing vocals; keyboards (tracks 4, 9, 10); wah-wah guitar (track 3); acoustic guitar (track 4)
 Bruno Ravel - bass; guitar (tracks 4 - 6, 9, 10); backing vocals (tracks 1, 8 - 10); keyboards (track 8); lead vocals (track 2); guitar noise
 Steve West - drums, percussion

Guest musicians
Andy Timmons - guitar (tracks 1, 2, 7, 8); backing vocals (track 1)
Tony Bruno - guitar (tracks 3 - 6, 9, 10)
Kasey Smith - keyboards (tracks 5, 7)

References

1998 albums
Danger Danger albums
Huangdian () is a town under the administration of Lanxi City in western Zhejiang province, China, located  northwest of downtown Lanxi. , it has 46 villages under its administration.

Geography
Zhiyan Reservoir is a reservoir located in the town.

See also 
 List of township-level divisions of Zhejiang

References 

Township-level divisions of Zhejiang
Lanxi, Zhejiang
The capped langur (Trachypithecus pileatus) is a species of primate in the family Cercopithecidae. It is native to Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Myanmar. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. They are arboreal and gregarious by nature. A herd of capped langurs consists of 2 to 14 langurs led by a single male.  They are herbivorous, eating leaves, twigs, buds and fruits.

Taxonomy 
There are four recognized subspecies:
Trachypithecus pileatus pileatus
Trachypithecus pileatus durga
Trachypithecus pileatus brahma
Trachypithecus pileatus tenebricus

Behaviour and ecology 

A study of their diet in winter found that they spend nearly 40% of the day time feeding on leaves, flowers and fruits. Leaves contributed nearly 60% of the diet and they foraged on as many as 43 different plant species.

References

capped langur
Primates of South Asia
Mammals of Bangladesh
Mammals of Bhutan
Mammals of Myanmar
Mammals of China
Mammals of India
Mammals of Nepal
Monkeys in India
Vulnerable fauna of Asia
capped langur
capped langur
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
In 1990, the Duke Human Vaccine Institute (DHVI), located in Durham, North Carolina, was formed to support interdisciplinary efforts across Duke University School of Medicine to develop vaccines and therapeutics for HIV and other emerging infections that threaten the health of people living in the United States and the world. Since 1990, DHVI investigators have been at the forefront in the battle against AIDS and specifically in the quest for an HIV vaccine.

In 2002, DHVI received support from the Dean of the School of Medicine to recruit new faculty for HIV research and to apply for a Regional Center for Excellence in Emerging Infections and Biodefense grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

In 2003, the NIH funded the construction of the Duke Global Health Research Building, an infectious disease research facility and a Regional Biocontainment Laboratory (RBL). Completed in 2006, this building is designed to support basic research necessary to develop drugs, diagnostics, and vaccines for emerging infections and biodefense, and to provide surge capacity in the event of a public health emergency.

In 2005, DHVI became the home to the NIAID funded Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology, a $350M grant to speed the development of an AIDS vaccine.  Led by Barton Haynes, MD this effort has had a major effect on the progress of the entire field of HIV vaccine development, and has pointed the way to new progress. A recent example of this DHVI-led progress has been the leadership of the DHVI in the immune correlates analysis of the RV144 vaccine trial. RV144 showed an estimated vaccine efficacy of 31.2%, and the study of the correlates of immunity is a critical opportunity for the field to understand why this trial worked, in order to make future vaccines perform better.

Over the next 7 years (beginning in 2012), the Duke CHAVI-ID will build on the progress that was made by the CHAVI consortium and apply state-of-the-art technologies and both immunologic and virologic tools to improve rational HIV-1 vaccine design. The vaccine strategy of the Duke CHAVI-ID is based on identifying and targeting novel HIV-1 vulnerabilities to B, T, and NK cell immune responses and using this information to design vaccines that will induce protective immunity at the time and location of HIV-1 transmission.

The Duke Human Vaccine Institute has now established a place of national and international leadership in the fight against major infectious diseases such as HIV, TB and influenza.

References

https://web.archive.org/web/20150626132513/http://dhvi.duke.edu/about-institute
http://chavi-id-duke.org/about-us

External links
 

Human Vaccine Institute
Medical research institutes in North Carolina
Khilafat o Mulukiyat () is a book written by Abul Ala Maududi in October 1966 as a refutation of the book, The Caliphate of Mu'awiyah and Yazid by Pakistani scholar Mahmood Ahmad Abbasi.

Content
This book discusses about the stages of transformation of Khilafat into monarchy. It was translated into English and published under the title, Islam's Political Order: The Model, Deviations and Muslim Response. The English edition was translated by Tarik Jan.

Reviews & Criticism
Some Sunni scholars have written in an attempt to refute Maududi's book. Some prominent works are Khilafat-o-Malookiat, Tareekhi-o-Shar'i Haysiat by Hafiz Salahuddin Yousaf, Shahwahid-e-Taqaddus by Syed Muhammad Miyan Deobandi and Hazrat Muawiyah aur Tareekhi Haqa'iq by Muhammad Taqi Usmani. Works in favour of Maududi include nearly 700 pages long Tajaliat-e-Sahabah by Amir Usmani, nephew of Shabbir Ahmad Usmani; who originally wrote for almost a year in favour of Abbasi's book. Amir Usmani went so far as to claim that Maududi's book was unprecedented in the entire Islamic literature. Another book in favour, Khilafat-o-Malookiat par Aitrazat ka Tajziya was written by Justice Malik Ghulam Ali.

References

External links
Shi’ism and Sunnis: Conflict and Concord from Al-Islam.org

1966 non-fiction books
Books by Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
The "Miller Wedge" is a pioneering streamliner dragster. 

Designed by dragster and funny car builder Sammy Miller in 1974, the car was allegedly a product of Miller's dislike of repeated funny car fires.  It featured bicycle front wheels, a low-mounted, front-sloping rear wing, and a mid-mounted engine (placed further ahead of the rear axle than most similar dragsters). The body was a pronounced wedge shape, and covered the front of the slicks (unlike Wynns Stormer, which had a more conventional body and broad wedge fairings over the engine and exhaust, ahead of the rear tires).  The exhaust pipes were also enclosed. 

In theory, the wedge body offered an aerodynamic advantage, decreasing turbulent airflow over the rear wheels, as well as increasing downforce; in practise, the extra weight exceeded any advantage.

Miller ran the car for the 1974 season, but had "mixed results"; the car had no obvious edge over more conventional rear-engined dragsters.

Notes

Sources
Taylor, Thom.  "Beauty Beyond the Twilight Zone" in Hot Rod, April 2017, pp.30-43.

1970s cars
Drag racing cars
Timothy Dean Garon (September 13, 1951 – May 1, 2008) was an American singer/songwriter who was denied a liver transplant by the University of Washington Medical Center due to his legal use of cannabis.

Garon contracted the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and received medical cannabis under the supervision of a physician in compliance with Initiative 692 of the State of Washington's Medical Use of Marijuana Act of 1998.  The law makes it legal for patients to use, possess and cultivate cannabis with a medical certificate according to state law, but not according to U.S. federal law.  Garon's physician "authorized Garon to smoke pot to alleviate nausea and abdominal pain and to stimulate his appetite."
 
The issue raises ethical concerns regarding future transplants. The American Civil Liberties Union and the Marijuana Policy Project posted blogs on the internet addressing Garon's story.

Music 
Tim Garon recorded two albums:  "Drunk in the Arms of Love" with Nashville producer/guitarist Cam King, and "Silence of Her Heart" with T-Bone Wolk of SNL fame and who played with Hall & Oates.

References

Further reading

External links
Reality Catcher: R.I.P. Tim Garon. You Won't Be Forgotten

Medicinal use of cannabis
Musicians from Seattle
2008 deaths
1951 births
Deaths from hepatitis
Infectious disease deaths in Washington (state)
Carl Ludwig David Friedrich Heusler (1 February 1866, Dillenburg – 25 October 1947) was a German mining engineer and chemist. He discovered a special group of intermetallics now known as Heusler phases, which are ferromagnetic though the constituting elements are not ferromagnetic.

Biography
He was born as son of Conrad Heusler the owner of the Isabellenhütte Dillenburg, a non-ferrous metal works. He studied at the  University of Bonn and University of Berlin and was awarded with his Ph.D in 1887 in Berlin. After working at the University of Göttingen he did his habilitation in Berlin 1894. In 1901 he discovered the ferromagnetic intermetallics, now known as Heusler phases,  and did some research in collaboration with the University of Marburg. Due to patent controversies it took until 1903 for the publication of the results. From 1902 he was head of the Isabellenhütte.

References
 F. Heusler: Verh. Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft 5 (1903), S. 219 ff.

100 Jahre „Heuslersche Legierungen“ from University of Marburg

1866 births
1947 deaths
People from Dillenburg
German mining engineers
19th-century German chemists
University of Bonn alumni
Engineers from Hesse
20th-century German chemists
The following is a list of international bilateral treaties between Australia and Canada

 Early treaties were extended to Australia and Canada by the British Empire, however they are still generally in force.
 Excludes treaties associated with Commonwealth of Nations agreements.

References

Treaties of Australia
Treaties of Canada
Moga railway station is located in Moga district in the Indian state of  Punjab and serves Moga city.

The railway station
Moga railway station is at an elevation of  and was assigned the code – MOGA. The station consists of two platforms. The platforms  are not well sheltered. It lacks many facilities including water and sanitation. The station serves Ludhiana–Fazilka line.

References

Railway stations in Moga district
Firozpur railway division
Moga, Punjab
Chris Genoa (born March 5, 1977) is an American novelist. He is most known for his small press bestseller Foop! (Eraserhead Press, 2005), a bizarre science fiction comedy.  He is part of the Bizarro literary movement, a collection of authors and small presses who specialize in weird, offbeat fiction.

Biography 
Chris Genoa was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, studied English Literature and Creative Writing at The College of William and Mary and King's College London, and Film Production at the University of New Orleans. He currently lives in Brooklyn, New York.

Novels 
Genoa's first novel, Foop!, is a dark comedy that follows a time traveler's surreal journey to the end of the world. Foop! was published in April 2005 by Eraserhead Press and quickly developed a cult following.

Genoa's second book, Lick Your Neighbor, is an alternate history dark comedy about America's First Thanksgiving. The novel was completed in 2007 and published in 2010. Genoa is currently writing The Monkey and the Barrel, a dark kung fu comedy.

Bibliography 
 Foop! (Eraserhead Press, 2005)
 Lick Your Neighbor (Eraserhead Press, 2010)
 The Monkey and the Barrel (novel; forthcoming)

Interviews
Gothamist Interview with Chris Genoa. August 2005
Koko Interview with Chris Genoa, 2004
Eternal Night Interview with Chris Genoa, 2005
Publishers Weekly Interview with Chris Genoa, September 2009

Notes and references

 Amazon.com: Lick Your Neighbor: Chris Genoa: Books

External links
Chris Genoa's website

21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
American humorists
American fantasy writers
American science fiction writers
Alumni of King's College London
College of William & Mary alumni
1977 births
Living people
21st-century American male writers
General Blood was a FDA registered and AABB accredited distributor of human blood, platelets, and plasma for hospitals, non-transfusion facilities, and group-purchasing organizations. General Blood's process was designed to balance excesses and shortages of blood by improving supply chain efficiencies and logistical models within the blood distribution industry. The company is now defunct.

Overview
General Blood was founded by David Mitchell and Ben Bowman, who both received MBA’s from the Carlson School of Management at the University of Minnesota. Bowman began researching the blood distribution industry in 2007 while still enrolled in the MBA program. General Blood LLC was created in 2010 and is headquartered in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota on the Mississippi River. Ben Bowman is Chief Executive Officer at General Blood, and David Mitchell is the Executive Vice President. In 2013, General Blood was an exhibitor for the Clinical Laboratory Management Association. In 2012, General Blood was a Minnesota Cup Semi-Finalist in the Bio-Science and Health IT Division.

References

Health care companies based in Minnesota
Caladenia incrassata, commonly known as the puppet clown orchid is a species of orchid endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has a single, hairy leaf and usually only one greenish-yellow and red flower which has a red-striped labellum.

Description
Caladenia incrassata is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single erect, hairy leaf,  long and about  wide. Usually a single greenish-yellow and red flower  long and  wide is borne on a stalk  tall. All three sepals have thickened, club-like pinkish to yellowish glandular tips. The dorsal sepal is erect or sometimes curved forwards,  long and about  wide. The lateral sepals are  long and  wide and the petals are  long and about  wide. The labellum is  long and  wide and yellowish-green to pinkish with a red tip, the end of which is turned downwards. The labellum has smooth edges and there is a dense band of purplish-red calli up to  long in the centre. Flowering occurs from August to September.

Taxonomy and naming
Caladenia incrassata was first described in 2001 by Stephen Hopper and Andrew Phillip Brown from a specimen collected on Muddarning Hill north of Koolyanobbing and the description was published in Nuytsia. The specific epithet (incrassata) is a Latin word meaning "thickened" referring to the thicked sepals of this species. (The dorsal sepal of the similar Caladenia brevisura is not thickened and the lateral sepals are less so.)

Distribution and habitat
The puppet clown orchid occurs between Paynes Find and Southern Cross in the Avon Wheatbelt, Coolgardie, Murchison and Yalgoo biogeographic regions where it grows under shrubs on granite outcrops and on ironstone hills.

Conservation
Caladenia incrassata  is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

References

incrassata
Orchids of Western Australia
Endemic orchids of Australia
Plants described in 2001
Endemic flora of Western Australia
Taxa named by Stephen Hopper
Taxa named by Andrew Phillip Brown