Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
6 Mile is a suburb of Lae in the Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea.

Geography 
6 Mile is located  from the center of Lae on the Highlands Highway between the foothills of the Atzera Range and the Markham River. The Atzera Range starts at Bugandi and runs adjacent to the Markham River has an elevation of 280 meters above sea level.

Anticlines in the vicinity of Lae, such as the Atzera Range and hills near Situm, appear to indicate that the Ramu-Markham Fault (which follows the northern edge of the Markham Valley) changes dip close to the surface from a steep ramp to a shallow fault, breaching the surface south of Lae.

The Lae Seismic Zone has been identified between the Atzera Range and Situm which has the potential to generate shallow Mw~7.0 earthquakes and landslides around the Atzera Range. The possibility of major landsides in this area has increased as a result of human modification to the natural vegetation cover through clearing and gardening.

History

Before the construction of the Highlands Highway, a road in the Atzera foothills in the Markham Valley connected Nadzab with Lae and a rough trail on the other side of the Atzeras paralleled this road from Lae to Yalu. Edward's Plantation was located around 5 Mile, Heath's Plantation around 6 Mile, Lane's Plantation and Whittaker's Plantation around 9 Mile and Jensen's Plantation around 10 Mile. On 10 September the 25th Australian Infantry Brigade moved East from Nadzab towards Lae along the Atzera foothills often with fierce battles through these plantations. The battle at Heaths plantation resulted in Richard Kelliher being awarded the Victoria Cross for charging at a Japanese machine gun. The  9th Division approached Lae from the East and on 16 September both units converged on Lae.

The 1983 floods remain the worst natural disaster since the establishment of the town in the late 1920s. Hundreds of people at the Five Mile settlement along the Highland Highway were also affected by mud-slides from the Atzera mountain ranges.

Atzera Hills Project 
In 1978 the Human Ecology Programme of the Department of Minerals and Energy, assisted by the UNEP and UNESCO (Man and the Biosphere MAB Project 11) and in co-operation with the Lae City Council, instigated the Atzera Hills Project, described as an ecologically sound management system to arrest the rapid deterioration and loss of productive capacity of 600 ha of Atzera Hills.

The Atzera project folded after only three years despite efforts to train and raise awareness on the benefits of charcoal, the uptake in PNG households was minimal.

Heavy rains in 2005 resulted in the Morobe administration highlighting the vulnerability of the city to the weather and recommending that a major rehabilitation program be started immediately to reforest the surrounding hills behind the city to prevent soil erosion. This problem has been exacerbated as a result of the increased number of squatter settlements.

Notes

References

Suburbs of Lae
Bill Stamps (22 August 1921 - 4 November 2007) was a former  Australian rules footballer who played with St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Notes

External links 

1921 births
2007 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
St Kilda Football Club players
Buger is a village in Iran.

Buger may also refer to:

 Búger, a small municipality in the Balearic Islands, Spain
 Buger (Tanzanian ward), an administrative ward in Tanzania
Mopsucrene or Mopsoukrene () was a town in the eastern part of ancient Cilicia, on the river Cydnus, and not far from the frontier of Cataonia to which Ptolemy, in fact, assigns it. Its site was on the southern slope of Mount Taurus, and in the neighbourhood of the mountain pass leading from Cilicia into Cappadocia,  north of Tarsus.

The town is named after the seer Mopsus, its name means “Springs of Mopsus”. It is celebrated in history as the place where the emperor Constantius II died (3 November 361). In the Antonine Itinerary, it is called Namsucrone; in the Jerusalem Itinerary, it is called Mansverine. Its site was likely the same as the settlement and mutatio called Mapsoukrenai.

References

Populated places in ancient Cilicia
Former populated places in Turkey
Roman towns and cities in Turkey
Populated places of the Byzantine Empire
History of Mersin Province
Elisa Coclite (born 22 March 2003), known professionally as Casadilego, is an Italian singer, most known for winning the fourteenth season of the Italian talent show X Factor. Her stage name literally means Lego-House, after the Ed Sheeran's song of the same name.

Biography

Early life 
Elisa Coclite was born in 2003 and grew up in Montorio al Vomano. Her father is the jazz pianist Massimiliano Coclite.

2020–present: X Factor Italia and career 
She won the fourteenth edition of the Italian version of the X Factor in 2020, with her single "Vittoria" co-written by Mara Sattei. During the third live show on 12 November 2020, she also performed her second single entitled "Lontanissimo". On 11 December 2020, one day after the finale, she released her debut EP Casadilego.

Together with Francesco Renga, she performed Ornella Vanoni's "Una ragione di più" during the third evening of the Sanremo Music Festival 2021. On 16 July 2021, she released her first single after X Factor, entitled "Millepiani".

In 2022, she starred as the lead in the coming-of-age film My Soul Summer, directed by Fabio Mollo.

Discography

Extended plays

Singles

Album appearances

Filmography

References

Italian pop singers
Living people
The X Factor winners
X Factor (Italian TV series) contestants
People from Abruzzo
21st-century Italian singers
2003 births
21st-century Italian women singers
Marie-Claire Baldenweg (born 27 March 1954) is a Swiss-Australian contemporary artist.

Life and work
Marie-Claire Baldenweg was born in Switzerland.

Since the early seventies almost all of her oil paintings feature the motif of a plastic shopping bag. Her style is a mix of photorealism and pop-art.

She lives in Byron Bay, is married to musician Pfuri Baldenweg and is the mother of three children.

Shows 
In 1988 the Powerhouse Museum (Hyde Park Barracks) hosted a 6 months solo exhibition called "Carried Away".
In 2003 the Swiss Stock Exchange hosted a museum-like solo exhibition of her work "Global Market – Bagflags of the World".
In 2005 the Australian Stock Exchange hosted a museum-like solo exhibition of her work "Global Market – Bagflags of the World".

Quotes 
The queen of plastic bag art, Marie-Claire Baldenweg. (Sunday Telegraph, Australia, 02/2005)
Marie-Claire could be thought of as working in a kind of latter-day Pop art style both celebrating the possibilities of globalisation while critiquing its unkinder aspects. (Anthony Bond, Director Curatorial and Head Curator International Art, Art Gallery of New South Wales)
For the Swiss artist Marie-Claire Baldenweg plastic carrier bags are "a typical symbol of our capitalistic high gloss- and hi-tech era." (ART Magazin, Germany, 11/2003)

References

External links 
 Official website

1954 births
Living people
20th-century Swiss painters
21st-century Swiss painters
20th-century Swiss women artists
21st-century Swiss women artists
Pop artists
Australian women painters
Australian people of Scandinavian descent
Photorealist artists
Swiss women painters
Swiss contemporary artists
The Smell is an all-ages, alcohol and drug-free, punk rock and experimental music venue in Downtown Los Angeles, California. The Smell, notable for its DIY ethic, is home to many of the area's avant-garde performers and artists. The venue is maintained by Jim Smith, one of the four original organizers of the club, and a number of volunteers.

The Smell continues in the tradition of Los-Angeles-based underground clubs such as The Masque and Jabberjaw.  Aside from its primary function as a live music and performance art space, The Smell hosts a library, a vegan snack bar and a gallery space. The venue predates the conception of the Gallery Row district in which it is located.  The Smell and the relatively new Gallery Row both border Skid Row.

History
The Smell was founded by Ara Shirinyan, Jarrett Silberman, and Jim Smith as one of the few all-ages art/performance spaces in Los Angeles, after the demise of two local venues, Jabberjaw and the Impala Cafe, during the same week in late 1997.  The Smell opened just a short time later, on January 6, 1998, with a show featuring acts: CRIB (Devin Sarno), Godzik Pink, Chick-uh Chick-ah, Nigel Lundemo, Kraig Grady and The Centimeters. The venue was originally located by the intersection of Magnolia and Lankershim in North Hollywood, but when the cost of rent rose during the NoHo Arts District boom in 1999, it relocated to cheaper Downtown Los Angeles.  Shirinyan gave up his ownership before the venue's move, so Silberman, Smith, and Mac Mann constructed the new space.

Silberman left in late 2000, leaving only Smith to carry on with its maintenance. The venue continued to thrive, serving as a community hub for punk, experimental, noise and weirder electronic music fans, underage and otherwise. However, fire-code violations forced the club's closure in February 2003. Instead of shutting down for good, Smith, now its sole owner and its only full-time employee, used his own money and worked with volunteers to renovate the venue. Since reopening in September 2003, benefit shows help keep the space open and up to code.

The building along with Jim Smith, Kyle Mabson, and Imagymnist, were all featured in the video for Connection, a song by Hawnay Troof. The video went on to become the number 2 indie video of 2008 on MTV2, and was featured on VH1 and IFC.

In 2017, a mural was created over the facade of the venue, stating "Not Our President" with cartoon figures protesting Donald Trump's presidency.

References

External links

 

Music venues in California
Social centres in the United States
1997 establishments in California
Punk rock venues
All-ages DIY venues in the United States
Verne is an unincorporated community in Harrison Township, Knox County, Indiana.

A post office was established at Verne in 1892, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1907.

References 

Unincorporated communities in Knox County, Indiana
Unincorporated communities in Indiana
Aristodemus () of Nysa in Caria, was a son of Menecrates (though it is unclear which Menecrates), and a pupil of the celebrated grammarian, Aristarchus of Samothrace. He himself was a celebrated grammarian, and Strabo in his youth was a pupil of Aristodemus at Nysa, who was by then an old man. It is not improbable that the Aristodemus whom the Scholiast on Pindar calls an "Alexandrian", is the same as this Aristodemus, who must have resided for some time at Alexandria while under the tutelage of Aristarchus, who was the head librarian at the library of Alexandria.

He is the older relative of Aristodemus of Nysa the Younger.

References

Ancient Greeks in Caria
1st-century BC Greek people
2nd-century BC Greek people
Ancient Greek grammarians
Abel Juan Martínez Colón (born 3 June 1993) is a Cuban international football player, who currently plays for GCE Villaralbo in the Primera Regional of Castille and León.

Club career
Back in Cuba, he played for his native provincial team La Habana. 

In November 2020, Martínez signed for Spanish club GCE Villaralbo.

Doping case
Martinez was allowed by the Cuban FA to sign professional terms with Mexican side Cruz Azul Premier alongside compatriot Maykel Reyes in 2016, only to be suspended for two years by FIFA for use of the banned substance furosemide while on Olympic duty with Cuba in Canada in September 2015. Cruz Azul dismissed him subsequently, leaving him to work as a model while living with his girlfriend in Puebla.

International career
Martinez has played in the 2013 CONCACAF U-20 Championship, 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup and the 2014 Central American and Caribbean Games tournament.

He made his senior international debut for Cuba in a January 2016 friendly match against Panama and has, as of January 2018, earned a total of 2 caps, scoring no goals.

References

External links
 

1993 births
Living people
Footballers from Havana
Men's association football central defenders
Cuban men's footballers
Cuba men's international footballers
Competitors at the 2014 Central American and Caribbean Games
Central American and Caribbean Games bronze medalists for Cuba
FC Ciudad de La Habana players
Cruz Azul footballers
Lynx F.C. players
Cuban expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Cuban expatriate sportspeople in Mexico
Doping cases in association football
Cuban male models
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in football
Joseph Ogle (June 17, 1737  - February 24, 1821) was an American soldier and frontiersman.

Early years

Joseph Ogle was born in Frederick, Maryland. Ogle married first Prudence Drusilla Biggs (1748–1777), of Frederick County, Maryland, who bore him five children.

American Revolutionary War

In 1777, the family was living on Buffalo Creek in what is today Brooke County, West Virginia. Capt. Joseph Ogle commanded a Virginia company during the Revolutionary War. He was involved in the Siege of Fort Henry in what is now West Virginia.He married a second wife, Jemima Meiggs or Meeks, with whom he had four children. All of the children were born in what was then Virginia.

Illinois

Ogle left Virginia in opposition to slavery. By 1785, Ogle had settled his family in the Northwest Territory, which is present-day Monroe County, Illinois. Ogle is said to have been the first Methodist in Illinois, and helped found the Shiloh Methodist Church, the first Methodist Church. Ogle first settled on the road from Bellefontaine to Cahokia. In 1796, he moved to New Design, in what is now Monroe County. In 1791, Ogle was involved in a skirmish with Native Americans near what is now Waterloo, Illinois.

Death
Joseph Ogle died on February 24, 1821, in New Design, Illinois. He is buried in St. Clair County, Illinois. Ogle had a son who was also named Joseph Ogle. His son was involved in the Black Hawk War, and died in 1846.

See also
Ogle County, Illinois

Notes

External links
Biggs Family
Ogle Family
Excerpts from Pioneer History of Illinois, Reynolds, 1887
History of St. Clair County, Illinois, Walton, 1928
Ogle History

1737 births
1821 deaths
United States Army officers
People from Monroe County, Illinois
People from Frederick, Maryland
People from Brooke County, West Virginia
Military personnel from Illinois
Batken (also called Batkent) is a town in southwestern Kyrgyzstan, on the southern fringe of the Fergana Valley. It is the administrative seat of Batken Region.  Since 2000, it is a city of regional significance, i.e. not part of a district. However, it is still the administrative seat of Batken District. Its area is , and its resident population was 27,730 in 2021 (both including the villages Bulak-Bashy, Kyzyl-Jol and Bazar-Bashy). The population of the town proper was 15,805.

History
The name Batkent is from the Iranian language of Sogdian and means "The city of wind". Batken became the administrative headquarters of the youngest of Kyrgyzstan's seven regions, created from the three westernmost districts of Osh Region in 1999, after concerns over radical Islamist activities in neighboring Tajikistan and Uzbekistan led to demands for a more direct and visible governmental presence in this remote and mountainous region. Batken Airport links the town with Bishkek. Since 2000, there is a small university in Batken.

The 2022 Kyrgyzstan-Tajikistan clashes has heavily damaged the town, which has been subject to shelling. Some residents returned to the city throughout the day from the villages to which they had repaired to avoid the danger of fresh shelling. In the evening, they left again. Most of the shelling and incursions by Tajik troops occurred in places right on the border. On September 16, though, the odd projectile landed on Batken too, despite it lying several kilometers from Tajikistan.

Population

Climate
Batken has a cold steppe climate (Köppen climate classification: BSk), bordering on a Mediterranean climate (Csa) and a continental Mediterranean climate (Dsa). The average annual temperature in Batken is . About  of precipitation falls annually.

References
 

Populated places in Batken Region
The Manitou Passage Underwater Preserve is a preservation area in the U.S. state of Michigan.  Located in Lake Michigan, it completely surrounds North Manitou Island and South Manitou Island.  It includes much of that portion of Lake Michigan that borders the federally protected Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore.

History 
The Manitou Passage carries a significant percentage of the commercial water traffic that is upbound or downbound in Lake Michigan.  For this reason, the Manitou Passage Underwater Preserve is rich in Lake freighter wrecks of all kinds.

There are 33 recreational diving sites in the Manitou Preserve, almost all of which are also within the boundary of the National Lakeshore. The sites include shipwrecks and maritime-related facilities such as old docks. Popular dive sites include:

Alva Bradley
PJ Ralph
JB Newland
Congress
Three Brothers
Jarvis Lord

References 

Protected areas of Leelanau County, Michigan
Marine parks of Michigan
Manali Kallat Vainu Bappu (10 August 1927 – 19 August 1982) was an Indian astronomer and president of the International Astronomical Union. Bappu helped to establish several astronomical institutions in India, including the Vainu Bappu Observatory which is named after him, and he also contributed to the establishment of the modern Indian Institute of Astrophysics. In 1957, he discovered the Wilson–Bappu effect jointly with American astronomer Olin Chaddock Wilson.

On 2 July 1949, when Bappu was taking pictures of the night sky, he spotted a bright moving object which he had rightfully understood to be a comet. When he turned to his professor, Bart Bok, and colleague Gordon Newkirk, they confirmed the discovery. They calculated the orbit of the comet which revealed that the comet would reappear only after 60,000 years.

The International Astronomical Union officially named the comet as the Bappu-Bok-Newkirk comet (C/1949N1). Bappu also received the Donohoe Comet Medal of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific.

This is the only comet with an Indian name.

Early life
Vainu Bappu was born on 10 August 1927, in Chennai, as the only child of Manali Kukuzhi Bappu and Kallat Sunanna Bappu. His family originally hails from Thalassery in Kerala. His father was an astronomer at the Nizamiah Observatory in Telangana. He attended the Harvard Graduate School of Astronomy for his PhD after obtaining postgraduate degree from the Madras University.

Discoveries
Bappu, along with two of his colleagues, discovered the 'Bappu-Bok-Newkirk' comet. He was awarded the Donhoe Comet-Medal by the Astronomical Society of the Pacific in 1949.

In a paper published in 1957, American astronomer Olin Chaddock Wilson and Bappu had described what would later be known as the Wilson–Bappu effect. The effect as described by L.V. Kuhi is: 'The width of the Ca II emission in normal, nonvariable, G, K, and M stars is correlated with the visual absolute magnitude in the sense that the brighter the star the wider the emission.' The paper opened up the field of stellar chromospheres for research.

Vainu Bappu Observatory

On his return to India, Bappu was appointed to head a team of astronomers to build an observatory at Nainital. His efforts of building an indigenous large optical telescope and a research observatory led to the founding of the optical observatory of Kavalur and its large telescope. The Vainu Bappu Observatory is one of the main observatories of the Indian Institute of Astrophysics, also initiated in its modern avatar by Bappu in 1971. Later, a number of discoveries were made from the Vainu Bappu Observatory.

Career overview

See also
 Cosmic distance ladder

References

1927 births
Harvard University alumni
Indian astrophysicists
1982 deaths
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in science & engineering
People from Thalassery
Scientists from Kerala
20th-century Indian astronomers
Presidents of the International Astronomical Union
A carnival society (also known as a carnival club or community) () is a German association of  who organize and celebrate events related to carnival. In Cologne, a distinction is made between committee and corps societies as well as the "Veedelsvereine" (carnival clubs of the city's districts).

The carnival associations are organizers of the . They also organize the , the local street carnival, ''Altweiberkarneval'' (the  old women's carnival) and joint visits to foreign carnival events. The season starts on November 11 at 11:11 am, and the clubs celebrate with music in public places, in restaurants and halls. Also known as the "Fifth Season", it finishes on Ash Wednesday of the following year with the main festivities happening around Rose Monday ().

Background

The aim of the associations is the maintenance of traditional carnival customs, and is recognized as non-profit in Germany. In Rhineland, the committee that organizes the events in each town consists of a president and 10 junior members and is called the "Council of Eleven" or . The number eleven,  in German, is significant in Carneval celebrations because it is an acronym for the French Revolution values of .

In 1381, Adolf III  founded the Geselschap van den Gecken together with thirty-five knights and noblemen. This is considered as the first carnival society. They elected a king and six councilors from among themselves who took over the foolish regiment during the carnival season. Court was held for seven days up to Rose Monday and the service was attended together on Shrove Tuesday. Members were required to wear a badge depicting a fool throughout the year – the first carnival order. Those who forgot to do so had to pay a fine, which was donated to those in need. The carnival society of the Cologne Fools' Guild still refers to Count Adolf to this day.

Carnival clubs are found primarily in the Rhineland and Westphalia, but also in other regions and even abroad. There are umbrella organizations of carnival clubs (e.g. in Saarland), Thuringia and Baden. The oldest of the Cologne corps companies is the , which is said to have been founded in 1823 in the Weinwirtschaft Im Häuschen. Allegedly, the Cologne city soldiers who dressed in red and white, served as a model. They served between 1660 and 1794, and were considered the worst soldiers of all time. Subsequently, they were disbanded by Napoleon.

See also
 Comparsa
 Krewe
 Samba school
 Second line (parades)
 New Years Associations

References

External links
Samewèrkende Limburgse Vastelaovesvereniginge

Carnivals
Clubs and societies
Carnivals in Germany
Natalia Alejandra Piergentili Domenech (born 14 August 1978) is a Chilean politician who currently serves as president of the Party for Democracy.

References

External links
 

1978 births
Living people
21st-century Chilean politicians
Party for Democracy (Chile) politicians
University of Santiago, Chile alumni
Complutense University of Madrid alumni
Autonomous University of Barcelona alumni
University of Chile alumni