Tupperware is an American household products company that develops, manufactures, and internationally distributes preparation, storage, and serving containers for the kitchen and home. It was founded in 1942 by Earl Tupper, who developed his first bell-shaped container and introduced the products to the public in 1946.

Tupperware is a wholly owned subsidiary of Tupperware Brands. As of 2007, it was sold by approximately 1.9 million direct salespeople on contract. In 2013, the top marketplace for Tupperware was Indonesia, topping Germany. Indonesia's sales in 2013 were more than $200 million.

Company history

Early years 
Earl Tupper (1907–1983) asked for pure polyethylene pellets from Dupont to build Tupperware products in 1938. He developed the first product in 1946 in Leominster, Massachusetts. The polyethylene plastic containers could be used in households to contain food and keep them airtight, and featured a "burping seal" that was patented in 1949. 

The product became notable with a sale-through-presentation idea, held in a party setting. Tupperware developed a direct marketing strategy known as the party plan to sell products. The party plan called Tupperware party enabled women of the 1950s to earn an income while keeping their focus in the domestic domain. Brownie Wise (1913–1992), a former sales representative of Stanley Home Products, started organizing more of these parties and was soon made vice president of marketing in 1951. Later, she created Tupperware Parties Inc.

During the early 1950s Tupperware products gained popularity and sales increased. The company continued the Tupperware parties and rewarded top-selling women.

1960–2000 
Tupperware expanded to Europe in 1960 when Mila Pond hosted Tupperware parties in Weybridge, England, and other locations around the world. A comparison technique called "carrot calling" was used by the representatives wherein they would travel door-to-door in a neighborhood and ask housewives to compare carrots placed in a Tupperware container with anything that they would have ordinarily left them in. These would lead to scheduling of a Tupperware party.

In 1977, Rexall, the owner of the Tupperware brand, sold its namesake drugstores and renamed itself Dart Industries. Dart merged with Kraft Foods to form Dart & Kraft. The company demerged, with the former Dart assets renamed to Premark International. Tupperware Brands was spun off from Premark in 1996.

2001–present 
In 2003 Tupperware closed down operations in the UK and Ireland, citing customer dissatisfaction with their direct sales model. The company relaunched in the UK in mid-2011, and recruited UK staff, but in December the relaunch was canceled. 

As of 2007 Tupperware was sold by means of approximately 1.9 million direct salespeople on contract.

In May 2018, the Israeli daily TheMarker reported that Tupperware will withdraw from Israel leaving 2,000 agents without a job. Tupperware Israel relaunched in December 2020 as an online shop. In March 2021 Tupperware closed down operations in the Netherlands. In August 2022, Tupperware announced it would be leaving the New Zealand market in late 2022. 

On November 2, 2022, after publishing quarterly results, the company said its inability to maintain compliance with its credit agreement raises substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. The stock value dropped more than 40%. In April 2023 the company warned that there is "substantial doubt about the company's ability to continue as a going concern". The stock price dropped almost 50% on the same day. On April 11, 2023, Tupperware’s stock value plummeted to $1.30. Although there was a slight recovery the following day, its sliding sales and increasing debt prompt warnings of permanent company closure unless it receives substantial investment.

As of April 2023 Tupperware has 82 countries listed as places they trade. In May 2023, a financially-ailing Tupperware signed on Moelis & Co. to explore various available strategic options, as it also detected inconsistencies in its prior periods' financial reportings.

On 1 June 2023, Tupperware stopped supplying an independent sales force in the UK and Ireland and moved fully to selling online and via the shopping TV channel Ideal World, shortly before Ideal World itself went out of business in early July 2023.

Tupperware parties

Tupperware is still sold mostly through a party plan. A Tupperware party is run by a Tupperware consultant as a host or hostess who invites friends and neighbors into their home to see the product line. Parties also take place in workplaces, schools, and other community groups. To stay in touch with its sales force, Tupperware published the monthly magazine Tupperware Sparks. The magazine had snapshots of saleswomen posing with awards and recognition for high sales. To avoid spending money on advertising, Tupperware created events that attracted free publicity.

The multi-level marketing strategy adopted by Tupperware has been criticized as manipulative. Statistics released by Tupperware in 2018 showed that 94% of its active distributors remained on the lowest level of the pyramid, with average gross earnings of $653.

In recent years, Tupperware in North America has moved to a new business model which includes more emphasis on direct marketing channels and eliminated its dependency on authorized distributorships. This transition included selling through Target stores in the US and Superstores in Canada with disappointing results. In countries with a  focus on marketing through parties (such as Germany, Australia, and New Zealand), Tupperware's market share and profitability continue to decline. In New Zealand, products can be also purchased online without a salesperson. 

In China, Tupperware products are sold through franchised "entrepreneurial shopfronts", of which there were 1,900 in 2005, due to pyramid selling laws enacted in 1998.

Gender aspects and cultural influence
The Tupperware parties sales model created opposite views by feminists. The positive feminist considered that Tupperware provided employment for women who were pregnant or otherwise not guaranteed their position at work due to unequal gender laws in the workplace. Opposing views stated that the intended gendered product and selling campaign further domesticates women, and keeps their predominant focus on homemaking. It also includes the restriction of women to the domestic sphere and limiting the real separation between running the household and a career.

See also

Gold party
Hana Cobi Plastic aka Lock & Lock
Newell Rubbermaid
Tub (container)

References

Further reading
Tupperware: The Promise of Plastic in 1950s America by Alison Clarke, published by the Smithsonian Institution (), .
Charles Duhigg, "Why Short Sellers Want to Crash the Tupperware Party," New York Times, .
Elayne Rapping, "Tupperware and Women", Radical America, vol. 14, no. 6 (November–December 1980), pp. 39–49.

1948 establishments in Massachusetts
American brands
American inventions
Brands that became generic
Containers
Direct sales companies
Food storage
Kitchenware brands
Manufacturing companies established in 1948
Personal selling
Plastic brands
Products introduced in 1948
Plastics companies of the United States
Companies based in Orlando, Florida