Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
Jacques Charles François Sturm (29 September 1803 – 15 December 1855) was a French mathematician, who made a significant addition to equation theory with his work, the Sturm's theorem.

Early life 
Sturm was born in Geneva, Switzerland in 1803.  The family of his father, Jean-Henri Sturm, had emigrated from Strasbourg around 1760—about 50 years before Charles-François's birth. His mother's name was Jeanne-Louise-Henriette Gremay. 

In 1818, he started to follow the lectures of the academy of Geneva. The death of his father forced Sturm to give lessons to children of the rich in order to support his own family the following year. In 1823, he became tutor to the son of Madame de Staël.

At the end of 1823, Sturm stayed in Paris for a short time following the family of his student. He resolved, with his school-fellow Jean-Daniel Colladon, to try his fortune in Paris, and obtained employment on the Bulletin universel.

Discovery 
In 1829, he discovered the theorem that bears his name, and concerns real-root isolation, that is the determination of the number and the localization of the real roots of a polynomial.

Work 
Sturm benefited from the 1830 revolution, as his Protestant faith ceased to be an obstacle to employment in public high schools. At the end of 1830, he was thus appointed as a professor of Mathématiques Spéciales at the collège Rollin.

He was chosen a member of the Académie des Sciences in 1836, filling the seat of André-Marie Ampère. Sturm became répétiteur in 1838, and in 1840 professor in the École Polytechnique. The same year, after the death of  Poisson, Sturm was appointed as mechanics professor of the . His works, Cours d'analyse de l'école polytechnique (1857–1863) and Cours de mécanique de l'école polytechnique (1861), were published after his death in Paris, and were regularly republished.

He was the co-eponym of the Sturm–Liouville theory with Joseph Liouville.

In 1826, with his colleague Jean-Daniel Colladon, Sturm helped make the first experimental determination of the speed of sound in water.

Death 
In 1851 his health began to fail.  He was able to return to teaching for a while during his long illness, but died in 1855.

The asteroid 31043 Sturm is named for him. Sturm's name is one of the 72 names engraved at the Eiffel Tower.

Distinctions

 Grand prix de Mathématiques (4 December 1834)
 Member of the academy of Berlin (1835)
 Member of the academy of Saint-Petersburg (1836)
 Officier de la Légion d'Honneur (1837)
 Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London (1840)
 Member of the  Royal Society of London (1840)

Selected writing 

 
 
 Cours d'analyse de l'Ecole polytechnique. Tome premier (Gauthier-Villars, 1877)
 Cours d'analyse de l'Ecole polytechnique. Tome second (Gauthier-Villars, 1877)
 Cours de mécanique de l'Ecole polytechnique (Gauthier-Villars, 1883)

See also 
Control theory
Oscillation theory
Spectral theory of ordinary differential equations
Submarine signals

References

External links

 

1803 births
1855 deaths
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Recipients of the Copley Medal
19th-century French mathematicians
Scientists from Geneva
Arabis may refer to:
 Arabis, a flowering plant genus
 Arabis-class sloop, the third class of minesweeping sloops of the Royal Navy in World War I
 HMNZS Arabis (K 385), a Royal New Zealand Navy corvette
 HMS Arabis, various ships of the Royal Navy
 1087 Arabis, a minor planet
 Arabis or Arabius, ancient name for the Hub River
The 2018 Grand Prix Alanya was the 1st edition of the Grand Prix Alanya road cycling one day race. It was part of UCI Europe Tour in category 1.2.

Teams
Twenty teams were invited to take part in the race. These included one UCI Professional Continental team, sixteen UCI Continental teams and three national teams.

Result

References

Grand Prix Alanya
2018 UCI Europe Tour
2018 in Turkish sport
Otukpa is a town in Benue State, Nigeria. It contains the headquarters of the Ogbadibo Local Government Area.

Otuba means to gather together.  The name Otukpa is a symbol of Unity, Defence and friendship.

Background 
Three men; Oono, Oodo Ogodo and Ameh Ochagbaha coming from diverse directions in search of fortunes converged at a spot popularly known today as Oto. The men entered into a pact to stay together and forge their fortunes forward collectively. They decided on a suitable name for the area known today as OTUKPA.  The original name 'Otuba' which means "to gather or together” points to significant elements of unity among them.

The name Otukpa is a symbol of Unity, Defence and friendship. Otu-le-kpa, ugboga bo glan (Prof. Abimaje Akpa)

Anthony Inedu Ijika Akoto in his book titled The Making of Otukpa Land has the following to say about the name Otupka; "While writing on the etymology of the name “Otukpa” the works of Captain G.D.C. Money plays a pivotal edifying role. According to Money, Otukpa was formed from two Idoma words: ‘Oto’ a name of a village in the then settlement and ‘Ukpa” a sacred plant believed to contain medicinal properties and healing powers. It was in the mist of the plants ‘Ukpa’ in a village called ‘Oto’ that the elders of the three clans  Ai-Oono, Ai-Oodo and Ai-Ochagbaha had a convent and pact of love, friendship and defence. Oto and Ukpa became so symbolic among the people, hence the name ”Oto Ukpa” was combined to form OTUKPA." That is how the name 'Otupka' came into being.

Meanwhile, Otukpa people are known to be friendly with a very rich cultural heritage.

Early settlement 
The Ai-Oono, Ai-Oodo, Ai-Ochagbaha clans who occupy the area known today as Otukpa have had and practiced communal life system since their arrival to the present Otukpa. The clans occupy a portion of the present otukpa. The clans occupy a portion of the waterless ridge of hills which form the south –western portion of the Idoma division. The language of the people is Idoma. The whole area hitherto full of forest has gradually deforestated so as to give way to agriculture to support the increasing population. The only forest reserves in the vicinity of the villages are retained for purpose of defence, game and worship of deities. The communities live in compounds, each extended family occupying a separate stead.

Climate

In Otukpa, the rainy season is aggressive and overcast, the dry season is muggy and partly cloudy, and it is warm year round. January in Otukpa, is a heat season.

Towns in Nigeria
Populated places in Benue State
Ambilobea is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Burseraceae. It is a dioecious tree or shrub, up about 20 m tall. Leaves are alternate, odd-pinnate. Inflorescences are axillary and flowers are inconspicuous.

Its native range is Madagascar.

It currently contains only one species: Ambilobea madagascariensis

References

Burseraceae
Burseraceae genera
Monotypic Sapindales genera
Dioecious plants
The COVID-19 pandemic in Svalbard is part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 () caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (). The virus was confirmed to have reached Svalbard on 6 October 2021.

As a territory of Norway, Svalbard follows mainland Norway's COVID-19 restrictions. In March 2021, Svalbard's governor mandated face masks everywhere, including outdoors. Violations of the mandate can lead to fines and six months imprisonment.

Background 
On 12 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a novel coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, which was reported to the WHO on 31 December 2019.

The case fatality ratio for COVID-19 has been much lower than SARS of 2003, but the transmission has been significantly greater, with a significant total death toll.

Timeline 
On 6 October 2021, a Russian fisherman transported from Bjørnøya to Longyearbyen hospital tested positive for COVID-19.

On 11 November 2021, an unspecified number of positive cases were announced among visitors and residents of Longyearbyen.

As of 11 January 2022, a total of 23 positive tests have been confirmed, of which 13 were detected in the first week of the year while the remaining 10 were from 2021.

Impact

On tourism 
According to the Toronto Star, "Tourism numbers are around half of what they used to be."

On science 
According to The Independent, as of March 2020, the pandemic does not pose a risk to the Svalbard Global Seed Vault "as there are no permanent staff at the Svalbard facility."

In response to the pandemic, the Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System (SIOS) and the University of Silesia in Katowice and Centre for Polar Studies "initiated several operational activities suitable to mitigate the new challenges resulting from the pandemic."

References 

 
Norway
Norway
Disease outbreaks in Norway
2020 in Norway
2021 in Norway
Svalbard
Longyearbyen
Smiljan Pavič (born February 5, 1980 in Slovenj Gradec, SR Slovenia, SFR Yugoslavia) is a Slovenian professional basketball player currently playing for KK Žoltasti Troti in the Slovenian Second League.

External links
 ABA League profile

1980 births
Living people
ABA League players
AEK B.C. players
ASK Riga players
Bandırma B.İ.K. players
Basketball League of Serbia players
Centers (basketball)
KK Krka players
KK Olimpija players
KK Zlatorog Laško players
KK Vojvodina Srbijagas players
Slovenian expatriate basketball people in Serbia
Slovenian men's basketball players
Sportspeople from Slovenj Gradec
Helios Suns players
Deon Eugene Lotter  (born 10 November 1957) is a former South African rugby union player.

Playing career
Lotter first started playing rugby in his final year at school. After school and his national service, he enrolled at the Stellenbosch University for a degree in engineering. He made his debut for Western Province against Boland in a friendly match in 1981, replacing an injured Morne du Plessis. During his years with Western Province, he competed with players such as Theuns Stofberg, Kulu Ferreira and Gert Smal for a place in the first team. After obtaining his degree he spent two year at Griqualand West, after which he returned to Western Province. In 1989 Lotter moved to the Transvaal. He was part of the Transvaal team that won the Currie Cup in 1993.

Lotter made his test debut for South Africa during the 1993 French tour of South Africa, in second test on 3 July 1993 at Ellis Park in Johannesburg. In 1993 Lotter toured with the Springboks to Australia, playing in two of the three tests. Lotter played in three tests matches and four tour matches, scoring one try for the Springboks.

Test history

See also
List of South Africa national rugby union players – Springbok no. 588

References

1957 births
Living people
South African rugby union players
South Africa international rugby union players
Western Province (rugby union) players
Griquas (rugby union) players
Golden Lions players
Sportspeople from Stellenbosch
Rugby union players from the Western Cape
Rugby union locks
Tong Tanjun (; 15 August 1934 – 25 December 2022) was a Chinese Biochemist and Molecular Biologist, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, as well as an academician of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.

Biography
Tong was born in Cixi County (now Ci'xi), Zhejiang, on 15 August 1934. His father was an accountant and his mother a housewife.  He attended Shanghai Qingxin Primary School, Shanghai Yucai Middle School and Shanghai Guangshi High School. After high school, he studied, then taught, at what is now Peking University Health Science Center, where he successively worked as lecturer (1978), associate professor (1985), and professor (1988).

In 1978, Tong was selected, among a group of 52 Chinese scholars, by China's Ministry of Education from all scientific and technological disciplines in the country, to study abroad in the United States. He arrived in the US in the eve of historical visit by then-paramount leader Deng Xiaoping in Washington D. C. and normalization of the Sino-US relationship in 1979. He became the first visiting scholar from mainland China at the National Institutes of Health and Johns Hopkins University. Tong returned to China in 1981 and continued to teach at the Peking University Health Science Centre. In 1986, he became a visiting scholar at the University of California, Davis and New York University, and returned to China in 1988. He joined the Jiusan Society in 1988 and was an active member since.  Tong conducted cancer research in his early career, but consolidated his interests later to focus on ageing related research in anticipation of a growing ageing population in China. He founded Peking University Research Center on Aging in 2004 and was the founding Director of the Center till his unanticipated passing. At Peking University Health Science Centre, Tong trained over one hundred graduate students over 40 years of his teaching and research career, with the very last lecture to undergraduate college students just a few months before the accident. 

He was elected to the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2005, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in 2019.  He was on editorial boards of a number of professional journals; his research won numerous national level awards and honors in China.      

After suffering a fall, Tong died in Beijing on 25 December 2022, at the age of 88.

Honours and awards
 2005 Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
 2019 Member of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences

References

1934 births
2022 deaths
Chinese molecular biologists
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Academic staff of Peking University
People from Cixi
Engineers from Zhejiang
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Catherine Fillol (or Filliol; c. 1507 – c. 1535), Lady Seymour, was the daughter and co-heiress of Sir William Fillol (or Filliol; 1453 – 9 July 1527), of Woodlands, Horton, Dorset, and of Fillol's Hall, Essex.

She became the first wife of Sir Edward Seymour, who went on to become the first Duke of Somerset of a new creation, Lord Protector of England and the uncle of King Edward VI, after his sister Jane married King Henry VIII. A 17th-century marginal note to copy of Vincent's Baronage at College of Heralds alleged that she had had an affair with her father-in-law, Sir John Seymour. 
However, there is no contemporary evidence to support this. Catherine Fillol may have gone to a local convent, as this seems to be implied by a remark in her father's will. The will was challenged by Sir Edward Seymour in 1531, on the basis that his father-in-law was not of sound mind. In 1535, Sir Edward Seymour married his second wife, Anne Stanhope, indicating that Catherine Fillol had probably died no later than early 1535.

Catherine Fillol had two sons, John Seymour (buried 19 December 1552), who died unmarried and without issue, and Edward Seymour.

Edward Seymour had ten more children by his second wife, including his eventual heir Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford. When he was later created Duke of Somerset, his  children by his first marriage were still considered legitimate, but the patent of nobility provides that the dukedom is to descend first to his heirs by Anne, and only in the event of the failure of that line to his heirs by Catherine. With the death of Algernon, the seventh duke of Somerset in 1750, the Seymour Baronets of Berry Pomeroy Castle inherited the title of Duke of Somerset. Consequently, the present Duke of Somerset is descended from Catherine Filliol.

References

1507 births
Year of death missing
16th-century English women
Wives of knights
Edgar Davis Peixotto (December 23, 1867 – June 24, 1925) was a Jewish-American lawyer from California.

Life 
Peixotto was born on December 23, 1867 in New York City, New York, the son of merchant Raphael Peixotto and Myrttilla J. Davis. His siblings included artist Ernest C. Peixotto, Major Sidney S. Peixotto, and Professor Jessica B. Peixotto. The family moved to San Francisco, California when he was a year old.

Peixotto attended San Francisco public schools and graduated from Hastings College of the Law in 1888. He was admitted to the state bar in January 1889, and after spending a year travelling across the United States and Europe he began practicing law in San Francisco. In December 1893, he became assistant District Attorney of San Francisco under William S. Barnes. He conducted the prosecution of Patrick Collins (who was convicted of murder and hanged) and the first trial of Jane Shattuck (who was convinced of murder and sentenced to life in prison until she was granted a new trial), and was Barnes' only assistant counsel in the 1895 trial of Theodore Durrant. He made the opening address to the jury in the latter trial, and in 1899 wrote the history of the case. He resigned from the District Attorney's office shortly after the trial and began a private practice. In 1899, when a new city charter shortened county office terms to one year, he was attorney for sheriff Henry S. Martin. An ardent Republican, he was secretary of the California delegation of the 1900 Republican National Convention and an alternate delegate to the Convention.

Peixotto had a number of clients from the theater, including Nat Goodwin, Lillian Nordica, Édouard de Reszke, Antonio Scotti, E. H. Sothern, and Michael B. Leavitt. Active in various civic and promotional movements, he was an executive committee member of the 1909 Portola Festival and a member of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition Company.

Peixotto was attorney of the Downtown Association of San Francisco for fifteen years and a member of the Freemasons, the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce, the American Bar Association, the California State Bar Association, the San Francisco Bar Association, the Bohemian Club, and the Olympic Club. In 1905, he married Malvina Estelle Nathan. Their children were Edgar R. and Nathan M.

Peixotto died at home following an operation on June 24, 1925.

References 

1867 births
1925 deaths
Lawyers from San Francisco
19th-century American Jews
20th-century American Sephardic Jews
Jewish American attorneys
University of California College of the Law, San Francisco alumni
19th-century American lawyers
20th-century American lawyers
California Republicans
American Freemasons
The Ehrenberg-Bass Institute for Marketing Science is the world’s largest centre for research into marketing. Based at the University of South Australia in Adelaide, Ehrenberg-Bass is an independent, not-for-profit research institute. Previously named the Marketing Science Centre, it was elevated to institute status in 2005. It is the first university institute devoted to marketing science. It was renamed after two marketing academics, Professor Andrew Ehrenberg and Professor Frank Bass. During their careers, both Ehrenberg and Bass have championed the development of simple generalised laws that can be described mathematically and can be widely applied.

Books and Publications 
The Ehrenberg-Bass Institute has published several business books and an academic textbook, including International bestseller How Brands Grow which has received acclaim from industry and academia.

The Institute’s books are:

 How Brands Grow: what marketers don’t know - Professor Byron Sharp (Oxford University Press, 2010)
 How Brands Grow Part 2 - Professor Jenni Romaniuk and Professor Byron Sharp (Oxford University Press, 2015, revised in 2021)
 Building Distinctive Brand Assets - Professor Jenni Romaniuk (Oxford University Press, 2018)
 Marketing: Theory, Evidence, Practice - Professor Byron Sharp (Oxford University Press, 2017)

Ehrenberg-Bass Sponsors
The program of R&D into marketing was established to research some of the fundamental issues of marketing and buyer behaviour. Pooled contributions from Sponsors fund the Institute.

Specialist Research Services
Ehrenberg-Bass specialises in research tools that are underpinned by robust evidence, especially related to what is necessary for profitable brand growth. The Institute focuses on research outcomes, recommendations and insights that are immediately useful for developing a business and marketing strategy. 

Some of the core research services offered by Ehrenberg-Bass are:

 Distinctive Asset Measurement
 Laws of Growth Analysis
 Identifying and Prioritising Category Entry Points
 Brand Metrics Review

Wharton Business School Collaboration
The Institute Director Professor Byron Sharp, co-hosted an advertising conference with Professor Yoram (Jerry) Wind from The Wharton School in the US in December 2008. The conference explored the digital revolution within advertising and how advertising may work in the future. The event was attended by over 100 senior advertising professionals, and led to a special edition of the Journal of Advertising Research which was released in June 2009. The Institute is collaborating with The Wharton School's 'Future of Advertising' project and the Advertising Research Foundation in 2012 for a follow-up to the 2008 conference which will feature research on multi-media orchestrated advertising.

References

University of South Australia
Research institutes in Australia
Market research organizations
Research institutes established in 2005
2005 establishments in Australia
Marketing in Australia
Ewan Grandison (born 28 January 1991) is a Jamaican international footballer who plays for Memphis 901, as a midfielder.

Career
Grandison has played club football for Portmore United. Grandison scored crucial goals for Portmore United during their RSPL title winning campaign. In the 2016-2017 Red Stripe Premier League competition he has scored 8 goals in the league.

On 10 December 2018, Grandison signed with USL Championship side Memphis 901 FC ahead of their inaugural 2019 season.

International career 
After playing for Jamaica youth national teams, he made his senior international debut for Jamaica in 2012.
He was recently recalled by new coach Theodore Withmore and played in the Caribbean Cup qualifiers against Guyana and Suriname. He played in the friendly games versus the USA on 3 February and Honduras on 16 February 2017.

Honours 
Portmore United
 Winner of Jamaica National Premier League in 2012 and 2018

References

1991 births
Living people
Jamaican men's footballers
Jamaica men's international footballers
National Premier League players
Portmore United F.C. players
Memphis 901 FC players
USL Championship players
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Men's association football midfielders
Central F.C. players
Jamaican expatriate men's footballers
Jamaican expatriate sportspeople in Trinidad and Tobago
Expatriate men's footballers in Trinidad and Tobago
TT Pro League players
Jamaican expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Sportspeople from Clarendon Parish, Jamaica