Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
Exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMC) are defined as cramping (painful muscle spasms) during or immediately following exercise. Muscle cramps during exercise are very common, even in elite athletes. EAMC are a common condition that occurs during or after exercise, often during endurance events such as a triathlon or marathon. Although EAMC are extremely common among athletes, the cause is still not fully understood because muscle cramping can occur as a result of many underlying conditions. Elite athletes experience cramping due to paces at higher intensities. The cause of exercise-associated muscle cramps is hypothesized to be due to altered neuromuscular control, dehydration, or electrolyte depletion.

Electrolyte depletion and dehydration theory 

It is widely believed that excessive sweating due to strenuous exercise can lead to muscle cramps. Deficiency of sodium and other electrolytes may lead to contracted interstitial fluid compartments, which may exacerbate the muscle cramping. According to this theory, the increased blood plasma osmolality from sweating sodium losses causes a fluid shift from the interstitial space to the intervascular space, which causes the interstitial fluid compartment to deform and contributes to muscle hyperexcitability and risk of spontaneous muscle activity.

Neuromuscular control 

The second hypothesis is altered neuromuscular control.  In this hypothesis, it is suggested that cramping is due to altered neuromuscular activity.  The proposed underlying cause of the altered neuromuscular control is due to fatigue.  There are several disturbances, at various levels of the central and peripheral nervous system, and the skeletal muscle that contribute to cramping. These disturbances can be described by a series of several key events.  First and foremost, repetitive muscle exercise can lead to the development of fatigue due to one or more of the following: inadequate conditioning, hot and or humid environments, increased intensity, increased duration, and decreased supply of energy.  Muscle fatigue itself causes increased excitatory afferent activity within the muscle spindles and decreased inhibitory afferent activity within the Golgi tendon.  The coupling of these events leads to altered neuromuscular control from the spinal cord. A cascade of events follow the altered neuromuscular control; this includes increased alpha-motor neuron activity in the spinal cord, which overloads the lower motor neurons, and increased muscle cell membrane activity. Thus, the resultant of this cascade is a muscle cramp.

Treatment and prevention 

Medication has not been found to help reduce or prevent muscle cramping. To prevent or treat, athletes are recommended to stretch, stop movement and rest, massaging the area that is cramping, or drink fluids. Stretching helps to calm down spindles by lengthening the muscle fibers and increase firing duration to slow down the firing rate of the muscle. Recommended fluids during cramping are water or fluids that are high in electrolytes to replenish the system with sodium.

References 

Muscular disorders
Symptoms and signs: musculoskeletal system
Exercise physiology
Pioneer State High School is a government co-educational secondary school (7–12) in Andergrove, Mackay, Queensland, Australia.

History 
The school was established on 28 January 1986.

References

External links

Public high schools in Queensland
Schools in Mackay, Queensland
Educational institutions established in 1986
1986 establishments in Australia
The 2009 Oceania Nations Cup doubled as the first round of Oceania's qualifying tournament for the 2011 Rugby World Cup. By winning the Oceania Nations Cup, Papua New Guinea advanced to face Samoa in the Oceania qualification final.

Tahiti and New Caledonia were originally slated to participate, but withdrew.

Play-offs

Semi-finals

Final

References

2009
2009 rugby union tournaments for national teams
2009 in Oceanian rugby union
International rugby union competitions hosted by Papua New Guinea
North High School (commonly North, North High, or NHS) is a public high school located in Sioux City, Iowa with an enrollment of approximately 1,500 students. The school is a part of the Sioux City School District and is one of three public high schools in Sioux City.

The school mascot is Stars, and their colors are red and blue.

Athletics 
The Stars compete in the Missouri River Conference in the following sports:

Baseball 
 2009 Class 4A State Champions
Basketball
 Girls' 2-time Class 4A State Champions (2007, 2009)   
Bowling
 Boys' Class AA State Champions (1990)
Cross Country 
Football
Golf 
Soccer 
Softball 
Swimming 
Tennis
Track and Field 
Volleyball 
 1982 Class 2A State Champions
Wrestling

Jacqui Kalin led the school basketball team to a Class 4A Iowa State Championship in 2007. She holds the school records for assists in a season (146) and career (324), and for free throws in a career (245), and holds the school and city record in the 400-meter hurdles.

Bus service 
The school is serviced by Sioux City Transit, which is open to all fare-paying passengers Monday to Friday during the school year.

Notable alumni
Brittni Donaldson, current assistant coach of the Toronto Raptors
 Jacqui Kalin (born 1989), American-Israeli professional basketball player
Ted Waitt, co-founder of Gateway Computers
 Daniel Tillo, pitcher in the Kansas City Royals organization
 Matt Chatham, former Linebacker for New England Patriots and New York Jets
 Lori Petty, American actress and director, noted for her roles in the films Point Break (1991), A League of Their Own (1992), Free Willy (1993)
 Steve Warnstadt, former Iowa state senator

See also
List of high schools in Iowa

References

External links 
 

Public high schools in Iowa
Schools in Sioux City, Iowa
1972 establishments in Iowa
Educational institutions established in 1972
Smilets dynasty was an imperial house of Bulgaria. It is one of the smallest royal houses.

It was founded by Tsar Smilets of Bulgaria.

Members 
Smilets of Bulgaria – his parentage is unknown, but he was of noble birth and had two brothers
Smiltsena Palaiologina – wife of Smilets
Marina Smilets of Bulgaria – daughter of Smilets and Smiltsena
Teodora of Bulgaria, Queen of Serbia – daughter of Smilets and Smiltsena 
Ivan II of Bulgaria – son of Smilets and Smiltsena

Notes

 
Bulgarian noble families
13th century in Bulgaria
14th century in Bulgaria
The following lists events that happened during 1864 in Chile.

Incumbents
President of Chile: José Joaquín Pérez

Events 
Chincha Islands War

Births

Deaths
20 January - José Francisco Gana (born 1791)

References 

 
1860s in Chile
Chile
Chile
Years of the 19th century in Chile
The Ordeal of Rosetta is a 1918 American silent drama film directed by Emile Chautard and starring Alice Brady, Crauford Kent and Ormi Hawley.

Cast
 Alice Brady as Rosetta / Lola Gelardi (twins) 
 Crauford Kent as Aubrey Hapgood 
 Ormi Hawley as Ruth Hapgood 
 Henry Leone as Professor Gelardi 
 Maude Turner Gordon as Mrs. Hapgood 
 Hazel Washburn as Mildred Sanders 
 Edmund Burns as Dick 
 George Henry as Theatrical Agent

References

Bibliography
 Giorgio Bertellini. Italy in Early American Cinema: Race, Landscape, and the Picturesque. Indiana University Press, 2010.

External links

1918 films
1918 drama films
Silent American drama films
Films directed by Emile Chautard
American silent feature films
1910s English-language films
American black-and-white films
Selznick Pictures films
1910s American films
Ch'asu () is a superior military rank of North Korea, often translated as Vice Marshal.  The rank is senior to that of Daejang (General) and junior to that of Wonsu (Marshal).  The rank is seldom bestowed upon the professional military, and appears to be rather a combined political-military position.

The insignia for a chasu is superimposing a North Korean national crest upon a marshal's insignia star in the shoulder epaulette. Formerly, insignia for such rank holders was the emblem of North Korea until the present insignia was released in 1985.

The rank is often transliterated as ch'asu, showing the difference with the Korean word for embroidery, usually transliterated as chasu (:wikt:자수).

List of North Korean vice-marshals

References

Military ranks of North Korea
Dr. Pamela Louise Pugh (born December 20, 1970) is an American public health scientist, politician, and the current president of the Michigan State Board of Education. She first won election to the board in 2014 and was reelected in 2022. She announced her candidacy as a Democrat for the 2024 United States Senate election in Michigan on May 23, 2023.

Biography 
Pamela Pugh was born on December 20, 1970 in Saginaw, Michigan. Her father, John Pugh, is a civil rights activist, professor, and administrator at Delta College and her mother was a paraprofessional. She attended Florida A&M earning a Bachelor of Science and the University of Michigan graduating with a Master of Science and Doctorate of Public Health. Pugh serves on multiple boards including the Healthy Schools Network Board of Directors and the National Association of State Boards of Education Board of Directors. She also served as the Chief Public Health Advisor to the city of Flint during it's water crisis.

Pugh is the first Black woman to serve as the President of the Michigan State Board of Education. She was voted president in a 6-0 vote with two Republican members voting present. Pugh announced her candidacy as a Democrat for the United States Senate on May 23, 2023 in Flint. She faces U.S. Representative Elissa Slotkin, former Michigan State Representative Leslie Love, businessman Nasser Beydoun, and actor Hill Harper. She is backed by former Flint Mayor Karen Weaver.

Electoral History

References 

Michigan Democrats
Women public health doctors

1970 births
Living people
The Shock of the Old is a book written by the British historian David Edgerton and published in 2006. 

In The Shock of the Old, Edgerton points out that invention is not the same as implementation, and when technology is discussed as a historical subject undue emphasis is placed on initial invention, which Edgerton defines as the moment someone first has the idea for a particular device or concept, and innovation, which Edgerton defines as the first utilisation of a particular technology. 

Edgerton advocates viewing technological history in terms of objects, which have a tangible and personal effect on the lives of individuals, rather than vague concepts of what any particular technology actually is. 

The book's title alludes to the 1980 television series The Shock of the New.

References

External links
 The Shock of the Old reviewed at The Guardian Unlimited website.

2006 books
History books about scientific discoveries
History of inventions
Technology books
Works about the history of industries
Veriko (Vera) Ivlianovna Anjaparidze (,  in Kutaisi – 1987 in Tbilisi) was a Soviet and Georgian stage and film actress.

Life and career
Andjaparidze studied at the Aidarov Drama Studio in Moscow in 1916–1917 and at the Aleksandre Djabadari studio in Tbilisi in 1918–1921. Since 1920, Veriko Anjaparidze was an actress at the Shota Rustaveli State Theater in Tbilisi, and since 1927 she moved to the Marjanishvili Theatre, also in Tbilisi. Later, she became the art director of the theater. She was also teaching at the Shota Rustaveli Tbilisi Theater Institute.

Andjaparidze’s film debut was in Vladimir Barskii’s Horrors of the Past (1925). She then played supporting parts in Yuri Zheliabuzhskii’s Dina Dza-Dzu (1926) and Nikoloz Shengelaia’s Twenty-six Commissars (1932). In 1929, Andjaparidze starred in Mikheil Chiaureli’s morality tale about alcoholism Saba. She soon achieved a unique status as one of the leading female actresses of Georgian cinema, who was honored under all Soviet political leaders, from Iosif Stalin to Mikhail Gorbachev. She also starred as Rusudan in Chiaureli’s epic Georgi Zaakadze (1942–1946), the kolkhoz director Nino in Nikoloz Sanishvili’s comedy Happy Encounter (1949), and the lead in Siko Dolidze’s popular rural drama Encounter with the Past (1966). Tengiz Abuladze cast Andjaparidze in a minor yet essential role in his anti-totalitarian testament Repentance (1984).

Veriko Anjaparidze was awarded the Stalin Prize in 1943, 1946, and 1952. In 1950, she was awarded the title of the People's Artist of the USSR and a Hero of Socialist Labour in 1979.

Personal life
She was the wife of the film director Mikheil Chiaureli and the mother of the actress Sofiko Chiaureli. Anjaparidze is buried in Mtatsminda Pantheon.

Selected filmography
Saba (1929) as Maro
Giorgi Saakadze (1942) as Rusudan
Keto and Kote (1948) as princess
The Fall of Berlin (1950) as mother of killed German soldier Hans
 Don't Grieve (1969) as Kalantadze's mother  
 The Legend of Suram Fortress (1985) as old fortune teller
Repentance (1987) as wanderer

References

External links 

 
Veriko Anjaparidze on Georgian National Filmography

1897 births
1987 deaths
20th-century actresses from Georgia (country)
People from Kutaisi
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Heroes of Socialist Labour
People's Artists of the USSR
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Rustaveli Prize winners
Film actresses from Georgia (country)
Stage actresses from Georgia (country)
Soviet film actresses
Soviet stage actresses
Burials at Mtatsminda Pantheon
Burials in Georgia (country)
Anti-glycoprotein-210 antibodies (AGPA, anti-gp210, anti-nup210, anti-np210) are directed at gp210 and are found within primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) patients in high frequency. AGPA recognize the cytoplasmic-oriented carboxyl terminus (tail) of the protein. While AGPA is found as a prognostic marker in only a minority of PBC patients, those that did had higher mortality and were predicted a poor outcome. In addition, patients that responded to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) therapy and, therefore, had AGPA reductions failed to develop end-stage liver disease relative to untreated cohort with anti-gp210 Ab. PBC patients with potentially destructive 
AGPA have increased expression of Nup210 in the bile duct, a potential immune tolerance-escaping factor.

Anti-mitochondrial, anti-centromere and anti-p62 antibodies are also found in (PBC). While patients with AGPA progress toward end-stage liver failure, patients with anti-centromere antibodies often progress toward portal hypertension, further indicating a specific role of the AGPA in PBC.

Notes
The glycoprotein gp210 is commonly used in the literature. The gene, NUP210, encodes the nuclear pore (nuclear porin) glycoprotein-210 that is a major component of the human nuclear pore complex.

References

G
G
Ingvar Bengtsson (born 2 January 1955) is a Swedish sailor. He competed in the Finn event at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

References

External links
 

1955 births
Living people
Swedish male sailors (sport)
Olympic sailors for Sweden
Sailors at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Finn
Sailors (sport) from Gothenburg
Gilboa Regional Council (, Mo'atza Azorit (ha)Gilbo'a) is a regional council in northern Israel, located on the slopes of the Gilboa mountain range. There are more than 22,000 residents in 38 settlements as of 2007.  The size of the area is about 250,000 acres.

It is bordered on the north and west by the Jezreel Valley and the Jezreel Valley Regional Council; on the east by the Beit She'an Valley and the Beit She'an Valley Regional Council, and on the south by the West Bank's Samarian mountains.

History
The Gilboa mountains that border the Jezreel Valley from the south and the Beit She'an Valley from the west form a part of the "water dividing line" of the land of Israel. In 1921, 75 men from Joseph Trumpeldor's work group built a tent camp near Ma'ayan Harod. Most of them were immigrants to Israel during the Second Aliyah, and some arrived in the Third Aliyah. Some of them were members of Hashomer. The program was the "building up of the land by a general commune of Israeli workers". After two months, an additional group added to the eastern border of the Jezreel Valley and settled on the hill of Tel Hassan, which is now Tel Yosef. The other settlements were built later.

List of communities
The following settlements belong to the Gilboa Regional Council:

Kibbutzim
Beit Alfa
Beit HaShita
Ein Harod (Ihud)
Ein Harod (Meuhad)
Geva
Heftziba
Tel Yosef
Yizre'el

Moshavim
Adirim
Avital
Barak
Dvora
Gadish
Kfar Yehezkel
Magen Shaul
Meitav
Mlea
Moledet
Nir Yafeh
Prazon
Ram-On
Ramat Tzvi

Community settlements
Gan Ner
Gidona
Merkaz Haver
Merkaz Oman
Merkaz Yael

Arab villages
Muqeible
Na'ura
Sandala
Tamra
Taibe

Former villages
Nurit

Economy

Agriculture
There are many branches of agriculture performed in the settlements of the council. The most widespread ones are cotton, wheat, greenhouses and other industrial plantings, flower plantings, field crops, fish pools, stables for cows, and chicken coops.

Industry
The kibbutzim in the council have built many factories: canned food in Beit HaShita; metalworking in Beit Alfa, Moledet, Ein Harod and Beit Yosef; carpentry in Beit HaShita and Ein Harod; electronics in Yizre'el; nut cracking in Geva; plastics in Heftzibah and Ram On; printing and ornamentation in Moledet and Tel Yosef.

External links 

  

 
Regional councils in Northern District (Israel)
Dial may refer to:

Mechanical device
Rotary dial, a device for the input of number(s) in telephones and similar devices
Dialling, usually means to make a telephone call by turning the rotary dial or pressing the buttons
Dial (measurement), a display device in radio, measuring instruments, etc.
Mode dial, part of dSLR and SLR-like digital cameras

DIAL
 DIAL, an acronym for differential absorption LIDAR
 DIAL, an acronym for Discovery and Launch, a network protocol
 DIAL, an acronym for Digital Impact Alliance
Dunedin International Airport Limited, New Zealand
Delhi International Airport (P) Limited, Delhi, India

Other
Dial (surname), people named Dial
Dial Corporation, a consumer products company that is a wholly owned subsidiary of Henkel AG & Co. KGaA.
Dial (soap), a brand of antibacterial soap and related products
Dial, West Virginia, a community in the United States
Dial (band), a Dutch progressive rock band
Dial Press, a publishing house founded in 1923 by Lincoln MacVeagh
The Dial, an American magazine published intermittently from 1840 to 1929
Dial H for Hero, a comic book feature published by DC Comics
-dial, the suffix for dialdehydes (a molecule with two aldehyde groups)
'dial.' can be an abbreviation for 'dialect'

See also
Dial House (disambiguation), various
Dial Records (disambiguation), various
 A sundial or clock face
Diol, a chemical containing two hydroxyl groups
Bobi Ladawa Mobutu (born 2 September 1945) is the second wife and widow of Mobutu Sese Seko, who ruled Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) as president between 1965 and 1997.

She was born at Dula in the western province of Équateur and attended a Roman Catholic convent school in the capital Kinshasa before embarking on a teaching career. In the 1970s, she became the mistress of President Mobutu. She bore his children before his first wife, Marie-Antoinette, died in 1977. She married Mobutu in both church and civil ceremonies on 1 May 1980, on the eve of a visit by Pope John Paul II. The pope refused Mobutu's request to officiate over the ceremony.

The couple had a total of four children — three sons, Gyala, Ndokula, and Nzanga, and a daughter, Toku. Bobi Ladawa, who was customarily addressed as "Citizen Bobi" or "Mama Bobi", frequently accompanied her husband abroad. She promoted issues such as health, education and women's rights. She was also reportedly deeply involved in the extravagant corruption that characterised Mobutu's rule. In 1996, a government minister who feared that he was about to be sacked in an upcoming cabinet reshuffle flew to Mobutu's palace at Gbadolite to visit the president and his family, carrying a million US dollars in his briefcase as a gift for Bobi Ladawa. When the reshuffle came, he was promoted to deputy prime minister.

Mobutu was overthrown in May 1997 and fled into a luxurious exile, eased by the billions of US dollars that he had embezzled during his rule. Bobi Ladawa accompanied him to his eventual final place of exile in Morocco, and was at his bedside when he died from prostate cancer in September 1997. She remains in exile with her twin sister Kosia, and reportedly divides her time between Rabat, where Mobutu is buried, Faro, Portugal, where the sisters own properties, and Brussels and Paris.

References

1945 births
Democratic Republic of the Congo women
Living people
People from Nord-Ubangi
First ladies of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo Roman Catholics
Mobutu Sese Seko
21st-century Democratic Republic of the Congo people
Stany  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bojanów, within Stalowa Wola County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Bojanów,  south of Stalowa Wola, and  north of the regional capital Rzeszów.

Sports

Łęg Stany 
Łęg Stany is a Polish football club based. They currently compete in the B-class, the eight-tier of Poland professional football, having suffered relegation from the A-class in 2020–21. The club's name comes from the Łęg river, that flows through the village. The former football player of the club is Tomasz Karasiński, the III liga top-scorer with Tłoki Gorzyce.

Notable people
 Stanisław Mielech, a Polish footballer, originator of the name of the Legia Warsaw club

References

Stany
Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Lwów Voivodeship
Vitaliy Shafar or Vitalii Shafar  (, born 27 January 1982 in Lutsk) is a Ukrainian long-distance runner. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he competed in the Men's marathon, finishing in 29th place. He finished fourth in the 2014 Boston Marathon and tenth at the 2015 Boston Marathon.

He set a personal best of 2:09:53 hours for the marathon at the 2014 Toronto Waterfront Marathon.

References

External links 

Ukrainian male long-distance runners
Ukrainian male marathon runners
Living people
Sportspeople from Lutsk
Olympic athletes for Ukraine
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
1982 births
Olympic male marathon runners
Sportspeople from Volyn Oblast
The 2011 Brabantse Pijl was the 51st edition of the Brabantse Pijl cycle race and was held on 13 April 2011. The race started in Leuven and finished in Overijse. The race was won by Philippe Gilbert.

General classification

References

2011
Brabantse Pijl
Bligh Island is an island of the Nootka Sound area in British Columbia (Canada); it is adjacent to Nootka Island and Vancouver Island.

The island was named after William Bligh, of future HMS Bounty fame, who served as Master aboard ship during James Cook's third world voyage.  The southern portion of the island is included within Bligh Island Marine Provincial Park.

References

Islands of British Columbia
Nootka Sound region
Ángel Beltré (born 20 September 1963) is a Dominican Republic boxer. He competed in the men's lightweight event at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

References

1963 births
Living people
Dominican Republic male boxers
Olympic boxers for the Dominican Republic
Boxers at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Boxers at the 1983 Pan American Games
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the Dominican Republic
Pan American Games medalists in boxing
Place of birth missing (living people)
Lightweight boxers
Medalists at the 1983 Pan American Games
20th-century Dominican Republic people
21st-century Dominican Republic people