Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
The Auger effect or Auger−Meitner effect is a physical phenomenon in which the filling of an inner-shell vacancy of an atom is accompanied by the emission of an electron from the same atom. When a core electron is removed, leaving a vacancy, an electron from a higher energy level may fall into the vacancy, resulting in a release of energy. Although most often this energy is released in the form of an emitted photon, the energy can also be transferred to another electron, which is ejected from the atom; this second ejected electron is called an Auger electron.

Effect
Upon ejection, the kinetic energy of the Auger electron corresponds to the difference between the energy of the initial electronic transition into the vacancy and the ionization energy for the electron shell from which the Auger electron was ejected. These energy levels depend on the type of atom and the chemical environment in which the atom was located.

Auger electron spectroscopy involves the emission of Auger electrons by bombarding a sample with either X-rays or energetic electrons and measures the intensity of Auger electrons that result as a function of the Auger electron energy. The resulting spectra can be used to determine the identity of the emitting atoms and some information about their environment.

Auger recombination is a similar Auger effect which occurs in semiconductors. An electron and electron hole (electron-hole pair) can recombine giving up their energy to an electron in the conduction band, increasing its energy. The reverse effect is known as impact ionization.

The Auger effect can impact biological molecules such as DNA. Following the K-shell ionization of the component atoms of DNA, Auger electrons are ejected leading to damage of its sugar-phosphate backbone.

Discovery
The Auger emission process was observed and published in 1922 by Lise Meitner, an Austrian-Swedish physicist, as a side effect in her competitive search for the nuclear beta electrons with the British physicist Charles Drummond Ellis.

The French physicist Pierre Victor Auger independently discovered it in 1923 upon analysis of a Wilson cloud chamber experiment and it became the central part of his PhD work. High-energy X-rays were applied to ionize gas particles and observe photoelectric electrons. The observation of electron tracks that were independent of the frequency of the incident photon suggested a mechanism for electron ionization that was caused from an internal conversion of energy from a radiationless transition. Further investigation, and theoretical work using elementary quantum mechanics and transition rate/transition probability calculations, showed that the effect was a radiationless effect more than an internal conversion effect.

See also
Auger therapy
Charge carrier generation and recombination
Characteristic X-ray
Coster–Kronig transition
Electron capture
Radiative Auger effect

References

Atomic physics
Foundational quantum physics
Electron spectroscopy
Chatham Central High School is a public high school located in Bear Creek, North Carolina with a student population of around 400 students. It is part of Chatham County Schools.

The FFA team usually goes to the national convention.

References

Schools in Chatham County, North Carolina
Educational institutions established in 1959
Public high schools in North Carolina
1959 establishments in North Carolina
Chinese desserts () are sweet foods and dishes that are served with tea, along with meals or at the end of meals in Chinese cuisine. The desserts encompass a wide variety of ingredients commonly used in East Asian cuisines such as powdered or whole glutinous rice, sweet bean pastes, and agar. Due to the many Chinese cultures and the long history of China, there are a great variety of desserts of many forms.

Types
The desserts found in China can be roughly divided into several types.

Bing

Bing () are baked wheat flour based confections. These are either similar to the short-pastry crust of western cuisine or flaky puff pastry, the latter of which is often known as su (). The preferred fat used for bing is usually lard. Common bing types include moon cake, sun cake (Beijing and Taiwan varieties) and wife cake.

Candies
Chinese candies and sweets, called táng (), are usually made with cane sugar, malt sugar, and honey. These sweets often consists of nuts or fruits that are mixed into syrup whole or in pastes to flavour or give the candies their textures. Dragon's beard candy, and White Rabbit Creamy Candy are a some examples of this category.

Guo

Gao or Guo ( or ) are rice based snacks that are typically steamed and may be made from glutinous or normal rice. In Fukien speaking Chinese populations, these are known as , which are based on the Fukien pronunciation of "". These rice based snacks have a wide variety of textures and can be chewy, jelly-like, fluffy or rather firm and unlike bings very different from western pastries. Various types of gao include Nian gao, Bai Tang Gao, Tangyuan and Ang Ku Kueh.

Ices
Shaved ice desserts () with sweet condiments and syrup is common eaten as a dessert in Chinese culture. Ice cream is also commonly available throughout China.

Jellies
Chinese jellies are known collectively in the language as jellies or ices ( or ). Many jelly desserts are traditionally set with agar and are flavored with fruits, though gelatin based jellies are also common in contemporary desserts. Some Chinese jellies, such as the grass jelly and the aiyu jelly set by themselves.

Soups
Chinese dessert soups ( or ) typically consists of sweet and usually hot soups and custards. They are collectively known as tong sui in Cantonese. Some of these soups are made with restorative properties in mind, in concordance with traditional Chinese medicine. A commonly eaten dessert soup is douhua.

See also
 Hangwa – Korean confections
 Wagashi'' – Japanese confections
 Chinese bakery products
 Huangqiao Sesame Cake

References
Kadma is a neighbourhood in the city of Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India. It is a residential area. The area has both the residential quarters of Tata Steel and private residential apartment buildings.

Civic administration
There is a police station at Kadma.

See also 
Bistupur
Sakchi
Sonari, Jamshedpur
List of neighbourhoods of Jamshedpur

References 

Neighbourhoods in Jamshedpur
Jaap Penraat (April 11, 1918 – June 25, 2006) was a Dutch resistance fighter during the Second World War.

Life 
Penraat was born in Amsterdam, Netherlands. As a child, he helped Jewish neighbors by switching lights for them on Shabbat, which they were forbidden to do. When the Nazis occupied The Netherlands and began acting against the Jews, Penraat was an interior designer, architect and sculptor of tiles and statues. He started his resistance activities by forging identity papers for Jews, but was discovered and jailed for several months. Later he made over 20 trips smuggling a total of 406 Jewish people to safety from The Netherlands to Spain via France by using his forgery skills to convince the Nazis they were slave laborers for the Atlantic Wall, on France's Atlantic coast. He lost only one man, who was hit by a train. Penraat was tortured by the Nazis but revealed nothing about his operations. After his release, he continued his activities until 1944, when it became too risky to continue, and he spent the rest of the war hiding in a village, living on sugar beets.

After the war, Penraat became a noted designer in Amsterdam, until in 1958 he moved to the United States. In 1964, he designed the Dutch mill cafe, for the New York World's Fair.

He remained silent about his wartime activities until his daughters convinced him that his grandchildren should know about them. He went on to describe his experiences to school groups. In subsequent interviews, he insisted he had only "done the decent thing". Yad Vashem, the official Israeli memorial to victims of the Holocaust, awarded him the designation of Righteous Among the Nations and put him on its honor roll on June 11, 1988.

A longtime friend of Penraat's, Hudson Talbott, authored a children's book about Penraat's activities, entitled Forging Freedom: A True Story of Heroism During the Holocaust. Talbott said in an interview that Penraat "just loved the idea of putting one over on the Nazis".

Penraat died at his home in Catskill, New York at the age of 88, three years following the death of his wife, Jettie. He is survived by his three daughters, Marjolijn, Mir, and Noelle.

References
 Forging Freedom - A true story of heroism during the Holocaust, by Hudson Talbott. New York, 2000.

External links
New York Times "Jaap Penraat Dies at 88; Saved Hundreds in Holocaust" July 2, 2006 (registration may be required)
Jerusalem Post

Jaap Penraat at Yad Vashem website

Dutch resistance members
Dutch architects
Architects from Amsterdam
Dutch Righteous Among the Nations
1918 births
2006 deaths
People from Catskill, New York
The High Country Cycle Challenge is a non competitive ride held near , Victoria, Australia.

The 2007 event consisted of a three-stage  challenge including the ascent of Mount Buller.

The Scody High Country Challenge is a single day, non competitive road cycling event. In 2013 the event consisted of four rides of various length and difficulty, ranging between  and . The rides all originate in Mansfield.

See also

Cycling in Victoria

References 

Cycling in Victoria (state)
Cycling events in Victoria (state)
The North Central Cancer Treatment Group (NCCTG) is an  international clinical research group sponsored by the National Cancer Institute. The NCCTG consists of a network of cancer specialists at community clinics, hospitals and medical centers in the United States, Canada and Mexico. The research base for NCCTG is located at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota.

External links
North Central Cancer Treatment Group

References 

Cancer organizations based in the United States
Medical and health organizations based in Minnesota
Mertensophryne lonnbergi (common name: Lönnbergs toad or Lonnbergs toad) is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Kenya and known from the highlands on both sides of the Great Rift Valley as well as from Mount Kenya.
Its natural habitats are montane grasslands, moorlands, and forest patches; it can survive also on agricultural land. Breeding takes place in small and shallow permanent or semi-permanent pools. It is a reasonably common species, but habitat modification could still be a threat.

References

lonnbergi
Endemic fauna of Kenya
Amphibians of Kenya
Amphibians described in 1911
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
SM-58 could refer to:

 2B1 Oka self-propelled gun
 Shure SM58 microphone
The Governor's Palace () is the seat of the Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State. The palace is located in the Vatican Gardens behind St. Peter's Basilica.

History
The palace was formed by joining three adjacent buildings. It was built in the eclectic style between 1927 and 1931 by Giuseppe Momo Piedmont. The Church of Santa Maria Regina della Famiglia, also built by Piedmont is located within the palace complex. The palace suffered considerable damage during the Bombing of the Vatican during World War II.

Gallery

References 

Palaces in Rome
Palaces in Vatican City
Official residences in Vatican City
Following is a list of all Article III United States federal judges appointed by President Ronald Reagan during his presidency. In total Reagan appointed: four justices to the Supreme Court of the United States, including the appointment of a sitting associate justice as chief justice, 83 judges to the United States courts of appeals, 290 judges to the United States district courts and 6 judges to the United States Court of International Trade. Reagan's total of 383 Article III judicial appointments is the most by any president.

In addition to these appointments, Reagan signed the Federal Courts Improvement Act in 1982, which transferred five judges from the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals, and seven judges from the appellate division of the United States Court of Claims, into the newly created United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Although each of those twelve judges had been appointed to their original tribunals by previous presidents, Reagan's signing of the act effectively placed all of them on the new Court of Appeals.

11 of Reagan's appointees remain in active service, five appellate judges and six district judges.
Four additional judges named by Reagan to district courts remain in active service as appellate judges by appointment of later presidents.

United States Supreme Court justices

Courts of appeals

District courts

United States Court of International Trade

Specialty courts (Article I)

United States Court of Federal Claims

Notes

Renominations

References
General

 

Specific

Sources
 Federal Judicial Center

Reagan

Ronald Reagan-related lists
A listing of the various ski runs in the Sierra Nevada Ski Area in the Sierra Nevada mountains in the province of Granada in southeastern Spain.

Ski Run Classifications

Ski Lifts

Ski Run Listing

External links
 http://sierranevada.es/es/invierno/la-estaci%C3%B3n/parte-nieve/

Ski areas and resorts in Spain
Curlew Pond is a  natural warm water pond in Plymouth, Massachusetts, located in the Myles Standish State Forest.

Called "Clear Pond" and then "Clew Pond" in the 19th century, the pond is located north of Rocky Pond and south of Kings Pond. The average depth is  and the maximum depth is . The source for this pond is groundwater, and there is no outlet. Access to the pond, suitable for car top boats and canoes, is at the northern shore. There are two beaches located on both sides to the boat access.

About half of the pond is surrounded by the Curlew Pond public camping area of the Myles Standish State Forest, although a number of privately leased cottages ring the northeastern shore of the pond.  The southern section is adjacent to the privately owned Blueberry Hill Camping Area.

The pond was in the vicinity of a large forest fire in 1902 which burned thousands of acres of forest.

External links
 MassWildlife - Pond Map and Info

References

Ponds of Plymouth, Massachusetts
Ponds of Massachusetts
Two referendum questions were placed on the statewide ballot in Maine for November 2, 2021. One is a citizen-initiated proposal, while the other is a proposed amendment to the Maine Constitution submitted by the Maine Legislature for ratification.

Limits on power line construction: This proposal seeks to stop the construction of the Hydro Québec's New England Clean Energy Connect (NECEC) power line between Quebec and Massachusetts by retroactively revoking its approval and banning such construction in the upper Kennebec River region. It also would require that the Legislature approve the construction of other power lines elsewhere in Maine, including by a 2/3 vote if such construction will occur on public land. The referendum question was approved about 59%-41%, with 92% of precincts reporting.

Food sovereignty amendment: This proposed constitutional amendment would declare that individuals have a "natural, inherent and unalienable right to grow, raise, harvest, produce and consume the food of their own choosing for their own nourishment, sustenance, bodily health and well-being". The question was also approved with a 60-40 margin.

References

2021 ballot measures
Maine ballot measures
Hydro-Québec
Heřmanovice () is a municipality and village in Bruntál District in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.

History
The first written mention of Heřmanovice is from 1339.

From 1938 to 1945 it was annexed by Nazi Germany and administered as part of Reichsgau Sudetenland. After World War II, most of the German population was expelled and the village depopulated.

References

Villages in Bruntál District
Baddeck is a village in Nova Scotia, Canada.

Baddeck may also refer to:

Baddeck River, Nova Scotia, Canada
Forks Baddeck, Nova Scotia, Nova Scotia, Canada
Baddeck (Crown Jewel) Airport
, one of multiple ships of the same name
Canadian Aerodrome Baddeck No. 1 and No. 2, two early aircraft designs
Baddeck Academy
Baddeck, And That Sort of Thing, novel by Charles Dudley Warner
Baddeck the Buoy Boat, a character from the TV series Theodore Tugboat
"Look Away" is a 2019 single by Darude and Sebastian Rejman. The song represented Finland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 in Tel Aviv, Israel after winning Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu 2019, Finland's national final for the Eurovision Song Contest. The song did not progress to the final, only earning 23 points in the first semi-final.

Background 
The song, according to Sebastian Rejman, was meant to describe the disbelief about how many in the West "look away" at the millions of people in the world living in harsh conditions and poverty. The song was inspired during a trip to New Delhi while Rejman was suffering the flu. While stuck in his hotel room, he was shocked at the conditions outside of the hotel. He reported that it "looked like a sky fight movie after [a] nuclear war." He then later reported that "it was quite a shock to me as a western person to go in Delhi in the city at night when people were sleeping on the streets and living on the streets."

Eurovision Song Contest

Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu 2019 
Yle announced that they had internally selected DJ Darude and singer Sebastian Rejman to represent Finland in Tel Aviv during a live streamed press conference on 29 January 2019, hosted by 2013 Finnish Eurovision entrant Krista Siegfrids, Mikko Silvennoinen and Christoffer Strandberg. It was also announced during the press conference that the song would be selected through  2019 with three songs competing. The three competing songs along with their promotional music videos were presented on 8, 15 and 22 February 2019, respectively, while the final took place on 2 March 2019 at the Logomo in Turku. All three competing songs were performed by Darude and Sebastian Rejman and "Look Away" was selected as the winning song by a 50/50 combination of public votes and eight international jury groups from the United Kingdom, Norway, Spain, Czech Republic, Sweden, Ireland, Denmark and Israel. The viewers and the juries each had a total of 240 points to award. Each jury group distributed their points as follows: 8, 10 and 12 points. The viewer vote was based on the percentage of votes each song achieved through the following voting methods: telephone, SMS and online voting. For example, if a song gained 10% of the viewer vote, then that entry would be awarded 10% of 240 points rounded to the nearest integer: 24 points.

"Look Away" would dominate the both jury and the televote, winning by a wide margin with a total of 244 points.

At Eurovision 
On 28 January 2019, a special allocation draw was held which placed each country into one of the two semi-finals, as well as which half of the show they would perform in. Finland was placed into the first semi-final, to be held on 14 May 2019, and was scheduled to perform in the first half of the show. Once all the competing songs for the 2019 contest had been released, the running order for the semi-finals was decided by the show's producers rather than through another draw, so that similar songs were not placed next to each other. Finland performed in position 3. It did not qualify for the final.

Track listing

References 

Eurovision songs of 2019
Eurovision songs of Finland
Darude songs
2019 songs
Chance Rock is an isolated rock, which is awash, lying in the center of Gerlache Strait near its junction with Orléans Strait, in the Palmer Archipelago. It was shown on an Argentine government chart of 1957, and so named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1960 because the rock is a hazard to shipping.

References
 

Rock formations of the Palmer Archipelago
Chryseobacterium tructae  is a Gram-negative and rod-shaped bacteria from the genus Chryseobacterium which has been isolated from the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss.

References

Further reading

External links
Type strain of Chryseobacterium tructae at BacDive -  the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase

tructae
Bacteria described in 2013
Daniel Son; Necklace Don is the ninth mixtape by American rapper 2 Chainz. It was released on August 5, 2016 independently by 2 Chainz. The project consists of ten tracks, with guest appearances from Drake and YFN Lucci, with production from TM88, C4, Dun Deal, DJ Spinz, Bobby Kritical, K Swisha, Mr. 2-17, Southside, and Buddah Bless. Artwork was illustrated by Kid Graphic. Originally the seventh track on the tape, "Big Amount" was removed from the tracklist and included as a digital bonus track on his fourth studio album "Pretty Girls Like Trap Music".

Critical reception

Daniel Son; Necklace Don received generally favorable reviews, with XXL Magazine giving the mixtape a 3 out of 5 stars.

Track listing

References

External links
Official download on DatPiff

2 Chainz albums
2016 mixtape albums
Albums produced by Southside (record producer)
Albums produced by TM88
The Tyndale Bulletin is an academic journal published by Tyndale House in Cambridge, England. The publication began life as The Tyndale House Bulletin in the Summer of 1956, edited by Tyndale House's Librarian Andrew Walls. Sixteen issues of The Tyndale House Bulletin were produced and in 1966 it was replaced by an annual publication of 160 pages – the Tyndale Bulletin. The editor of the new publication was Alan R. Millard, while the first editorial board consisted of F.F. Bruce, Ralph P. Martin, Donald J. Wiseman, Derek Kidner, and Ronald Inchly. In 1989 (Volume 40) the Bulletin became bi-annual, and from 2021 (Volume 72) a pattern of rolling online publication of articles was adopted, with articles from each year subsequently collated in a single print volume. New articles, together with the full archive, are available on an open access basis at the Tyndale Bulletin website.

In a survey of New Testament studies in Europe, Robert Yarbrough suggests that the Tyndale Bulletin "has for decades published cutting-edge research across the full range of New Testament topics."

It is important to distinguish this journal from another of the same name as in 1945 the Inter-Varsity Fellowship (IVF) had renamed its Theological Notes (edited by Alan M. Stibbs and F.F. Bruce) as The Tyndale Bulletin. This publication was incorporated into The Christian Graduate in 1948.

References

External links 
 

Protestant studies journals
Academic journals established in 1956
English-language journals
Biannual journals
Shah Abdullah  Mahir is the  minister of state of Ministry of Health of Maldives. He was appointed as the head of the Maldives National Food and Drug Authority on 15 January 2019. Dr. Shah Mahir is a former officer in the Maldives National Defense Force (MNDF).

He is also an orthopedic surgeon and one of the leading experts in the policy formulation in governments response in Management of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Maldives.

References

Living people
People from Malé
Maldivian surgeons
1973 births