Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (also known as "ALT") is a telomerase-independent mechanism by which cancer cells avoid the degradation of telomeres.

At each end of the chromosomes of most eukaryotic cells, there is a telomere: a region of repetitive nucleotide sequences which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighboring chromosomes. At each cell division, the telomeres get shorter, eventually preventing further cell division. Healthy adult somatic cells in mammals do not have active telomerase enzymes, so that cancer cells stop proliferating unless they have a mutation which restores the telomeres. Often, this is due to a telomerase enzyme being reactivated, but alternative mechanisms also occur.

Mechanism 

The main alternative lengthening mechanism for telomeres is a type of homologous recombination called Break-induced Telomere Synthesis (or BITS). Normally, homologous recombination allows broken DNA strands to be repaired by lining up with a matching sequence of undamaged DNA, but in BITS, this mechanism is used to extend telomeres. Because telomeres are by nature repetitive, matching sequences are widely available.

In proposed models for how BITS works, the process begins with the resection of a damaged telomere end: one of the strands is cut away to provide a single strand of DNA (the Guanosine-rich strand) that can bind to into a matching (homologous) template, forming a so-called displacement loop (D-loop) (Figure 1a). In ALT, there is evidence that this template consists of: (i) a centromere proximal sequence of the same chromosome (T-loop), (ii) circular extrachromosomal telomeric sequences (C-circles), (iii) homologous chromosomes, or (iv) other chromosomes (Figure 1b). ALT may arise from a combination of some or all of these templates. Importantly, because telomeres are highly repetitive, invasion between or within telomeres is not limited by the requirement for extended homology in homologous recombination. After D-loop formation, DNA polymerase δ extends the invaded G-strand end, copying material beyond the original breakpoint, leading to initiation of lagging strand synthesis of the C-strand, also by DNA polymerase δ.

The second feature of ALT is the production of a non-conservative DNA product at the telomere. At the conclusion of the copying reaction, both strands contain entirely new DNA. This is different from normal ‘semi-conservative’ DNA replication, where one strand is newly synthesized, and the other comes from the original template. In this manner, ALT allows entire telomeric sequences to be copied from one chromosome to another, without affecting the length or integrity of the copied sequence. Recent work suggests that ALT DNA copying (BITS) proceeds via a D-loop migration model, which is supported by the observation of non-conservative rather than semi-conservative products of break-induced replication at ALT telomeres and the D-loop-shaped products observed in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis at sites undergoing BIR.

References 

Modification of genetic information
Telomeres
The Halytska Synagogue  is a synagogue in Kyiv, Ukraineh.

History 
The Aesopian synagogue was built in 1909 in a Moorish Revival style. The facade is neo-romanticist, with neo-Byzantine elements. The building was devastated during the World War II by Nazis. For the next fifty years it was used as a workers' canteen of the "Transsignal" electrotechnical plant. It was renovated in 2001 and is inactive today.

Gallery

See also
History of the Jews in Kyiv

External links 
 http://www.europeanjewishfund.org/index.php?/member_communities/ukraine/
 https://web.archive.org/web/20071201041820/http://www.judaica.kiev.ua/eng/programs-Eng-06/Commun.htm#01
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110610130334/http://www.ncsj.org/AuxPages/Wkly060811.pdf
 https://web.archive.org/web/20071024212057/http://www.vaadua.org/ReportsEngl/2004engl.htm

Synagogues completed in 1909
Jewish organizations established in 1909
Synagogues in Kyiv
Aesopian synagogues
Moorish Revival architecture in Ukraine
Moorish Revival synagogues
Orthodox synagogues in Ukraine
Alberto Ognjen Štriga (1821–1897) was a Croatian reformer, composer and musician.

Štriga was a vocal supporter of Illyrian movement in Croatia. He has played a substantial role in the musical life of that period as an opera singer, the initiator and organizer.  He died in Zagreb on March 7, 1897.

References

Croatian composers
Croatian musicians
1821 births
1897 deaths
19th-century composers
People from Križevci
Zoltan Farmati (; 9 July 1924 – 3 January 2006) was a Romanian association football defender. Between 1947 and 1953 he played 21 matches for the national team, including one at the 1952 Summer Olympics. Domestically he mostly stayed with UTA Arad, winning with them the national title in 1947–1948, 1950 and 1954.

Honours
UTA Arad
Liga I: 1947–48, 1950, 1954 
Cupa României: 1947–48, 1953

References

1924 births
2006 deaths
People from Șimleu Silvaniei
Romanian men's footballers
Romania men's international footballers
Romanian sportspeople of Hungarian descent
Olympic footballers for Romania
Footballers at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Liga I players
FC UTA Arad players
Men's association football defenders
Russia participated in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2006 in Bucharest, Romania. The Russian entry was selected through a national final, organised by Russian broadcaster All-Russia State Television and Radio Company (VGTRK). The final was held on 4 June 2006. Tolmachevy Twins and their song "Vesenniy Jazz" won the national final.

Before Junior Eurovision

National final 
On 5 April 2006, VGTRK announced that a national final would be held to select Russia' entry for the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2006. A submission period for interested artists was opened and lasted until 27 April 2006. A professional jury selected twenty artists and songs from the applicants to proceed to the televised national final. The selected artists and songs competed at the national final which took place on 4 June 2006 in Moscow, hosted by Valeriya and Yuri Nikolaev. The winner was determined exclusively by public televoting. The members of the backup jury were Grigory Gladkov, Evgeny Krylatov, Alexander Zhurbin, Nadezhda Babkina and Philipp Kirkorov. In addition to the performances from the competitors, the show featured guest performances by Kseniya Sitnik, Vladislav Krutskikh and Volshebniki Dvora.

At Junior Eurovision 
During the allocation draw on 17 October 2006, Russia was drawn to perform last, 15th, following Croatia. Russia placed 1st, scoring 154 points and winning the contest.

Tolmachevy Sisters were joined on stage by four boys from the ballet troupe.

In Russia, show were broadcast on Russia-1 with commentary by Olga Shelest. The Russian spokesperson revealing the result of the Russian vote was Roman Kerimov.

Voting

Notes

References

Russia
2006
Junior Eurovision Song Contest
Natale Juan Amprimo Pla is a Peruvian politician. He was a Member of Congress for the period 2001–2006.

He left We Are Peru, former Mayor of Lima Alberto Andrade's party, in 2004. He was Alianza para el Progreso's presidential candidate for the 2006 general election. He received 0.4% of the vote, coming in 10th place.

Biography 
He was born in Lima in 1965. Son of Orazio Amprimo and Estrella Pla.

He studied at the Colegio San Agustín in the city of Lima.

He entered the University of Lima where he studied Law and Political Science. In this house of studies he graduated as a Bachelor and obtained his law degree.

It has its own law firm; Among its outstanding clients are: the Archdiocese of Lima and Cementos Lima. In the same way, he was a lawyer and spokesman for the former mayor of Lima, Alberto Andrade.

References

External links 
Alianza para el Progreso's site

Living people
Alliance for Progress (Peru) politicians
Peruvian people of Italian descent
Candidates for President of Peru
We Are Peru politicians
Members of the Congress of the Republic of Peru
1965 births
Bryocoris pteridis is a true bug in the family Miridae. The species is found in Europe from Ireland in the West and including the northern edge of the Mediterranean and the East across the Palearctic to Siberia.In Central Europe, it is widespread and occurs both in the central uplands and the Alps up to 1500 metres above sea level.

Adults are 2.0 4.0 mm up to in length. They are both fully winged (macropterous) and partially winged (brachypterous).Brachypterous individuals are more common, macropterous forms are mostly males. The head is at least partially dark brown or black and the first segment  of the antenna is longer than the width of the head.

The habitat is shaded, moist deciduous forest, especially forests, where the host plants of the species grow. They feed
on ferns (Polypodiaceae) mainly  Dryopteris, bracken , (Pteridium)  and Anthyrium. They suck at fern fronds, carrying sporangia. Overwintering is as an egg. The adult animals occur from June. They mate in July and live until late August/September. Occasionally females can be found in October still. The females lay their eggs individually at the top of the nerves or on the stems of host plants. Occasionally, mature nymphs are found in the second half of September, so that at least  some have a second generation per year.

References

Insects described in 1807
Miridae
Hemiptera of Europe
Taxa named by Carl Fredrik Fallén
Babbler is a French software company founded in September 2012 by sisters Hannah Oiknine and Sarah Azan. Babbler is headquartered in Paris and opened a second office in New York City in September 2015. Babbler is an opt-in social network that is exclusive to public relations professionals and members of the media. Babbler took part in the interactive track of the 2016 SXSW festival as an exhibitor. Soon after, in April 2016, Babbler closed a series A funding round worth 2 million euros from leading European venture capitalists.

References

Software companies of France
Software companies established in 2012
French companies established in 2012
The Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired (TSBVI) is a Texas special public school, in the continuum of statewide placements for students who have a visual impairment. It is considered a statewide resource to parents of these children and professionals who serve them. Students, ages 6 through 21, who are blind, deafblind, or visually impaired, including those with additional disabilities, are eligible for consideration for services at TSBVI.

Founded in 1856, the school is currently located at 1100 West 45th Street in Austin and serves not only the local community but also most of the blind children in other schools across the state. The school has special equipment and classroom routines tailored to blind students, and according to a 2008 Texas Monthly article, blind students who previously attended ordinary public schools had a positive reception to TSBVI after enrolling there. It is the subject of a documentary, The Eyes of Me.

History
On August 16, 1856, the Texas Legislature enacted a measure providing for the establishment of a Texas Asylum for the Blind in Austin. The state leased the Neill–Cochran House as a temporary site for the asylum while a permanent campus was constructed. The asylum facility was designed and built by Abner H. Cook, a local architect who had recently designed both the Neill–Cochran House and the Texas Governor's Mansion. In 1857 the asylum moved into its new campus (now the University of Texas at Austin's Little Campus), where it operated until the end of the American Civil War in 1865.

After having its facility commandeered by Reconstruction forces for a year, the asylum was reopened in 1866 and occupied its original campus from then until 1915, while the program was renamed the Texas Blind Institute in 1905 and then the Texas School for the Blind in 1915. During World War I the School for the Blind was displaced by a military pilot training program, and it relocated to its current campus in 1917.

The state transferred control of the school to the Texas Education Agency in 1953, from which point the School for the Blind became a self-contained school district. In the late 1960s the school was integrated with the all-black Texas Blind and Deaf School. In 1989 the program was renamed the Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired.

Student body
 50% of the school's students are of high school age. TSBVI may take up to 150 boarding students. Usually, blind students in Texas attend school in their local school districts, which are obligated to educate them under the law. Students who attend TSBVI do so only after their parents and their schools and school districts all agree that TSBVI is best-equipped for their education.

See also

Blindness and education
Texas School for the Deaf

References

External links

Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired

School for the Blind and Visually Impaired, Texas
Schools for the blind in the United States
Schools in Travis County, Texas
Public K-12 schools in Texas
Public boarding schools in the United States
Boarding schools in Texas
Putney Old Burial Ground is a public urban park and former cemetery in the London Borough of Wandsworth near Putney town centre.

Geography 
The park has an area of 0.34ha and can be entered from Upper Richmond road on the north side of the park.  Percy Laurie House residential building and the Daley Fitness gym are on the west side,  All Saints Liberal Catholic Church and Putney Arts Theatre are on the East side, and Nursery close is on the south side.

The park is part of the West Putney Conservation Area and the Wandsworth Archaeological Priority Area, it is maintained by Wandsworth Borough Council.

History 
The cemetery was established in 1763 on land donated by Revd Roger Pettiward, to provide additional burial space for St Mary's Church.  The cemetery closed for burials in 1854 and was converted for use as a public garden which opened in 1886.  In 2005 refurbishment work was carried out on railings, seats and paths, in 2008 Wandsworth Borough Council ran a £43,000 project to restore some of the 18th century tombs.

Features and notable burials 
The gates and fence at the park entrance are original and made of iron and there is a small mortuary buildling.

The 18th century tombs include four which are Grade II listed: the table tomb at the park entrance, the tomb of archaeologist Robert Wood (1717–1771), merchant banker Stratford Canning (1744–1787) and Joseph Lucas (c. 1758–1833).

There are also the graves of 18th century novelist Harriet Thomson (c. 1719–1787) made of coade stone, the grave of William Leader (1767–1828), whose son John Temple Leader gave land for Leader's Gardens park elsewhere in Putney, and the grave of the Rev. Richard St. Aubyn (1807–1849) who was son of Sir John St Aubyn.

Wildlife 
The park is a Site of Local Importance for Nature Conservation.  The grassland between the graves has wildflowers and there are six mature London plane trees which provide shade for ferns and mosses. Stag Beetles have been recorded in the park

Amenities 
There is some seating in the park but there are no public toilets, dogs are not allowed in the park.  The nearby Putney Arts Theatre stages open air productions in the park.

Transport 
The park is served by Transport for London buses 74 and 337 which stop on the Upper Richmond road, Putney railway station (Southwestern Railway) is a 5 minute walk from the park.  The Santander Cycles Putney Rail Station docking station is a 5 minute walk from the park.

References

External links 

 Wandsworth Borough Council page on the park
 Putney Society report on the graves and tombs
 

Cemeteries in the London Borough of Wandsworth
Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Wandsworth
1763 establishments in England
Putney
A Meker–Fisher burner, or Meker burner, is an ambient air laboratory burner that produces multiple open gas flames, used for heating, sterilization, and combustion. It is used when laboratory work requires a hotter flame than attainable using a Bunsen burner, or used when a larger-diameter flame is desired, such as with an inoculation loop or in some glassblowing operations. The burner was introduced by French chemist Georges Méker in an article published in 1905.

The Meker–Fisher burner heat output can be in excess of  per hour (about 3.5 kW) using LP gas. Flame temperatures of up to  are achievable. Compared with a Bunsen burner, the lower part of its tube has more openings with larger total cross-section, admitting more air and facilitating better mixing of air and gas. The tube is wider, and its top is covered with a plate mesh, which separates the flame into an array of smaller flames with a common external envelope, ensures uniform heating, and also preventing flashback to the bottom of the tube, which is a risk at high air-to-fuel ratios and limits the maximal rate of air intake in a Bunsen burner. The flame burns without noise, unlike the Bunsen or Teclu burners.

See also 
 Bunsen burner
 Teclu burner

References

External links 

 Video of Meker burner in use.

Burners
Laboratory equipment
Commodore Garrett Jesse Pendergrast (December 5, 1802 – November 7, 1862) was an officer in the United States Navy, who served at the beginning of the American Civil War.

Early life and career
Pendergrast entered the navy as a midshipman on January 1, 1812, was promoted to lieutenant on March 3, 1821, and to commander on September 8, 1841.

On 27 October 1843 he recommissioned the sloop  at Boston, sailing to the South Atlantic to join the Brazil Squadron, where he remained for over two years, finally returning to the New York Navy Yard in February 1846.

Promoted to Captain on May 24, 1855, he commissioned the frigate  on February 20, 1856. The ship would later become the .

On September 24, 1860, Pendergrast sailed from Philadelphia aboard the sloop  in order to assume command of the Home Squadron, then operating off the coast of Mexico.

Civil War
At the outbreak of war in 1861, then Captain Pendergrast was in command of the frigate  at the Norfolk Navy Yard, having just returned from Vera Cruz, Mexico.

At the age of 58, Pendergrast was one of the oldest officers in service. A native of Kentucky, he was married to Virginia Barron, the daughter of Commodore James Barron. Upon the Secession, she reportedly refused to accompany her husband in his allegiance to the United States and swore she would never live with him again.

The first significant victory for the U.S. Navy during the early phases of the Union blockade occurred on April 24, 1861, when Pendergrast and the Cumberland, accompanied by a small flotilla of support ships, began seizing Confederate ships and privateers in the vicinity of Fort Monroe off the Virginia coastline. Within the next two weeks, Pendergrast had captured 16 enemy vessels, serving early notice to the Confederate War Department that the blockade would be effective if extended.

Promoted to commodore on July 16, 1862, Pendergrast was assigned to command the Philadelphia Navy Yard, and was holding that position when he died of a paralytic stroke on November 7, 1862. He is buried at Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia.

Family
His nephew was Lieutenant Commander Austin Pendergrast, who during the Civil War took command of  when she was sunk by .

Dates of rank
Midshipman - 1 January 1812
Lieutenant - 3 March 1821
Commander - 8 September 1841
Captain - 24 May 1855
Commodore, Retired List - 16 July 1862

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography
 The Civil War. The Blockade: Raiders and Runners. Time–Life Books, 1983.

External links
 Photo of Pendergrast

1802 births
1862 deaths
United States Navy officers
Military personnel from Kentucky
Union Navy officers
United States Navy personnel of the Mexican–American War
United States Navy personnel of the War of 1812
People of Kentucky in the American Civil War
Burials at Laurel Hill Cemetery (Philadelphia)
Tambay may refer to:
 Tambay (EP), an EP by Sponge Cola
 Patrick Tambay (1949-2022), French racing driver
 Adrien Tambay (born 1991), French racing driver
 Vijay Vasant Tambay, officer of the Indian Air Force
 Damayanti Tambay, Indian badminton player
Ittibittium is a genus of very small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Cerithiidae.

Species
Species within the genus Ittibittium include:
 Ittibittium houbricki (Ponder, 1993)
 Ittibittium oryza (Mörch, 1876)
 Ittibittium parcum (Gould, 1861)
Species brought into synonymy
 Ittibittium nipponkaiense (Habe & Masuda, 1990): synonym of Ittibittium parcum (Gould, 1861)
 Ittibittium turricula (Usticke, 1969): synonym of Ittibittium oryza (Mörch, 1876)
 Ittibittium turriculum [sic] accepted as Ittibittium turricula (Usticke, 1969): synonym of Ittibittium oryza (Mörch, 1876) (misspelling)

References

 Ponder, W., 1993. A new cerithiid from south Western Australia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda: Cerithiidae). Proceedings of the Third International Marine Biological Workshop 1: 267-277

External links
 Houbrick, Richard S. "Phylogenetic relationships and generic review of the Bittiinae (Prosobranchia: Cerithioidea)." Malacologia (1993).

Cerithiidae
The 1933 Pacific hurricane season ran through the summer and fall of 1933. Before the satellite age started in the 1960s, data on east Pacific hurricanes was extremely unreliable. Most east Pacific storms were of no threat to land.

Systems

Tropical Cyclone One
On May 30, a tropical cyclone existed in the Gulf of Tehuantepec. Shortly after its discovery, it dissipated off the coast of Guatemala. A ship reported gales and a pressure of .

Possible Tropical Cyclone Two
Sometime in June, a possible tropical cyclone existed south of the Mexican coast.

Possible Tropical Cyclone Three
A possible tropical cyclone was reported between Salina Cruz and Acapulco July 7. It had moved closer to Acapulco by July 8. This system might have been associated with the remnants of the Atlantic's second tropical cyclone.

Possible Tropical Cyclone Four
Another possible tropical cyclone existed in the same area on July 29.

Tropical Storm Five
A tropical cyclone formed in the Gulf of Tehuantepec on August. It moved along the coast, becoming at least a tropical storm, and dissipated in the Gulf of California on August 19 or 20. A ship reported an uncorrected barometer reading of .

Possible Tropical Cyclone Six
A possible tropical cyclone existed on September 13. It was located well west of Manzanillo.

Hurricane Seven
A "tropical hurricane" was tracked well northeast of Hawaii between October 7 and 9.

See also

1933 Atlantic hurricane season
1933 Pacific typhoon season
1930s North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons
 1900–1940 South Pacific cyclone seasons
 1900–1950 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons
 1930s Australian region cyclone seasons

References

1933 in Mexico
Pacific hurricane seasons
1933 in Hawaii
1930s Pacific hurricane seasons
The Šamac oil field is an oil field located in Šamac . It was discovered in 2004 and developed by Energopetrol (EP). The total proven reserves of the Šamac oil field are around 3.6 billion barrels (500×106tonnes), and production is supposed to be centered on . If the information regarding this oil field is correct then it is the largest onshore oil field in Europe.

References

Oil fields in Bosnia and Herzegovina