French university associations known as "" (PRES; English: centers for research and higher education) were a form of higher-level organization for universities and other institutions established by French law in effect from 2007 to 2013. The 2013 Law on Higher Education and Research (France) discontinued the PRES; these have been largely replaced by the new Communities of Universities and Institutions (French translation abbreviated COMUE). The list below indicates the status of those institutions designated as PRES or related associations before the 2013 law took effect. See the list of public universities in France for the current status of these institutions.

History 
The reforms of French higher education in 1968-1971 broke apart several public universities into numerous autonomous successor universities. For example, the University of Paris was split into thirteen universities, Paris I through Paris XIII. These universities have subsequently formed groupings in order to pool resources and better advance their joint activities. Some of these groupings, which typically take the legal form of a groupement d'interêt public, or GIP, are themselves called universities or university centers. In addition to universities, they may include other institutions of higher education and research as well as municipal and regional governments. The process has accelerated with the law of 18 April 2006 on the reform of research in France. This has permitted the creation of tighter groupings called , or PRES. In addition, there are a number of consortia of engineering schools, such as the Grenoble Institute of Technology, that are so tightly united as to be listed as if they were single universities by the Ministry of Higher Education and Research.

Bordeaux 

Systems and consortiums in Bordeaux:

University of Bordeaux 

The present University of Bordeaux (Université de Bordeaux) is a PRES, established 21 March 2007, made up of the four successor universities to the former University of Bordeaux as well as a number of other institutions:

 University of Bordeaux 1 (Université Bordeaux 1 Sciences Technologies or Bordeaux 1)
 Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2 University (Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2)
 Michel de Montaigne University Bordeaux 3 (Université Michel de Montaigne Bordeaux 3)
 Montesquieu University - Bordeaux IV (Université Montesquieu – Bordeaux IV)
 ENSEIRB (Ecole nationale supérieure d’électronique, informatique et radiocommunications de Bordeaux)
 ENSCPB (Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie et de physique de Bordeaux)
 Sciences Po Bordeaux (Institut d’études politiques de Bordeaux)
 Bordeaux Sciences Agro

Bordeaux University Center 

The Bordeaux University Center (Pôle universitaire de Bordeaux) is a GIP, made up of the four successor universities to the former University of Bordeaux, along with municipal and regional governments. The four universities are:

 University of Bordeaux 1 (Université Bordeaux 1 Sciences Technologies or Bordeaux 1)
 Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2 University (Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2)
 Michel de Montaigne University Bordeaux 3 (Université Michel de Montaigne Bordeaux 3)
 Montesquieu University - Bordeaux IV (Université Montesquieu – Bordeaux IV)

Cergy-Pontoise 

The Cergy-Pontoise University as well as all upper education institutions of Cergy-Pontoise are organized in a PRES (Research and Upper Education Pole) including :
 Cergy-Pontoise University
 CY Tech
 groupe ESSEC,(École Supérieure des Sciences Économiques et Commerciales)
 ENSEA, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de l'Electronique et de ses Applications
 ITIN, Ecole supérieure d’Informatique, Réseaux et Systèmes d’Information
 ENSAPC, École nationale supérieure d'arts de Cergy-Pontoise
 EBI (École de Biologie Industrielle)
 EPMI ( École d'électricité, de Production et des Méthodes Industrielles)
 EPSS (École Pratique de Service Social)
 ESCOM (École supérieure de chimie organique et minérale)
 ILEPS (Institut Libre d’Éducation Physique Supérieur)
 ISTOM (Institut Supérieur d’agro-développement)
 ESCIA, école supérieure de comptabilité, gestion et finance

Clermont-Ferrand 
 University of Auvergne or University Clermont I
Faculty of Law and Political Science at Faculty of Economics and Management
Faculty of Medicine
Faculty of Pharmacy
Faculty of Dental Surgery
IUT (Engineering Sciences, Computer Networks, Multimedia, Biology, Management)
IUP "Management and Business Management"
Institute of Preparation for General Administration (IPAG)
 Blaise Pascal University or University Clermont II
Arts and Humanities
Engineering
Language and Cultural Studies
Science and Technology

Grenoble 

Systems and consortiums in Grenoble:

University of Grenoble 

The University of Grenoble was a French university founded in 1339. There are three present-day successor universities:

 Joseph Fourier University (formerly Grenoble 1)
 Pierre Mendès-France University (formerly Grenoble 2)
 Stendhal University (formerly Grenoble 3)

The present University of Grenoble is a project of these three universities, together in the Grenoble Universités consortium with the Grenoble Institute of Technology, to place aspects of research, instruction, and support under joint administration. This project was formally established in November 2006, with the aim of starting work in 2007 and having the new University of Grenoble take over the tasks of the Grenoble Universités consortium by January 2009 at the latest.

Grenoble Universités 

Grenoble Universités is a GIP, made up of the following four institutions:
 Joseph Fourier University
 Pierre Mendès-France University
 Stendhal University
 Grenoble Institute of Technology

Grenoble Institute of Technology 

The Grenoble Institute of Technology (le groupe INP Grenoble, l'Institut national polytechnique de Grenoble or INPG) is a consortium of six engineering schools:

 Ense3 (l'École nationale supérieure de l'énergie, l'eau et l'environnement, formerly ENSHMG and ENSIEG)
 Ensimag (l'École nationale supérieure d'informatique et de mathématiques appliquées de Grenoble, formerly ENSIMAG and le Département télécommunications)
 Esisar (l'École nationale supérieure en systèmes avancés et réseaux, formerly l'École supérieure d'ingénieurs systèmes avancés Rhône-Alpes)
 Génie industriel (Génie industriel, formerly ENSGI and ENSHMG)
 Pagora (l'École internationale du papier, de la communication imprimée et des biomatériaux, formerly l'École française de papeterie et des industries graphiques or EFPG)
 Phelma (l'École de physique, d'électronique et des matériaux, formerly ENSPG, ENSERG and ENSEEG)

It was established in 1971, along with the other two French national polytechnic institutes.

Lille 

Community of Universities and Institutions (COMUE) Lille Nord de France

It includes the following establishments :

 University of Lille (the main component)
 Artois University
 University of the Littoral Opal Coast
 University of Valenciennes and Hainaut-Cambresis
 École des Mines-Télécom de Lille-Douai (IMT)
 École centrale de Lille
 Lille Catholic University
 Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS)
 French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (INRIA)

Several institutions are associate members :

 Skema Business School
 CHU Lille University Hospital
 Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm)
 École nationale supérieure des arts et industries textiles (ENSAIT)
 École nationale supérieure d'architecture et de paysage de Lille (ENSAPL)
 Arts et Métiers ParisTech (Lille Campus)
 École nationale supérieure de chimie de Lille (ENSCL)
 École supérieure d'art Dunkerque-Tourcoing (ESA)
 École supérieure de journalisme de Lille (ESJ Lille)
 Institut d'études politiques de Lille (Sciences Po Lille)
 Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA)
 Institut national de recherche sur les transports et leur sécurité (IFSTTAR)
 Institut Pasteur de Lille
 Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer (IFREMER)
 Institut national de recherche sur les transports et leur sécurité (INRETS)
 Office national d'études et de recherches aérospatiales-Institut de mécanique des fluides de Lille (ONERA)
 Belgian universities and their research teams

It participates in 8 French competitiveness clusters.

139 research labs and institutes are associated to the European Doctoral College Lille Nord-de-France. Six doctoral schools are included with 3,000 registered PhD students.

Lyon 

There is the following consortium in Lyon:

University of Lyon 

The University of Lyon (Université de Lyon) comprises 16 institutions:
 Claude Bernard University Lyon 1
 Lumière University Lyon 2
 Jean Moulin University Lyon 3
 École Normale Supérieure de Lyon
 École normale supérieure lettres et sciences humaines
 École Centrale de Lyon
 INSA Lyon
 École National Supérieure des Sciences de l'Information et des Bibliothèques (ENSSIB)
 École Vétérinaire de Lyon
 Université catholique de Lyon
 École de Management de Lyon
 Institut National de Recherche Pédagogique (INRP)
 Institut Polytechnique de Lyon (CPE Lyon, ECAM Lyon, ISARA Lyon, ITECH Lyon)
 Institut d'Études Politiques de Lyon
 Institut Universitaire de Formation des Maîtres (IUFM) der Akademie Lyon
 École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État

Marseille 
 University of Aix-Marseille
 Pôle universitaire de Bordeaux

Montpellier 
 University of Montpellier

Nancy 
 Nancy-Université, also known as University of Nancy, merged from these former entities:
 European University Center of Lorraine (Pôle Universitaire Européen de Lorraine)
 Université Henri Poincaré
 Nancy 2 University
 National Polytechnic Institute of Lorraine

Pays de la Loire : Nantes Angers Le Mans 
 L'Université Nantes Angers Le Mans

Paris 

 Paris Universitas  (2005–2010, now dissolved)
 Sorbonne Universités 
 Université Paris-Est 
 Paris Centre Universités 
 Université Paris-Est 
 Polytechnicum de Marne-la-Vallée 
 UniverSud Paris 
 Polytech'Paris-UPMC 
 Hautes Études-Sorbonne-Arts et Métiers

Rennes 

 Université européenne de Bretagne:
 University of Western Brittany, in Brest
 University of Southern Brittany, in Lorient and Vannes
 university of Rennes 1, in Rennes
 University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany, in Rennes
 AGROCAMPUS OUEST, in Rennes
 École Normale Supérieure de Cachan's Ker Lann campus, in Rennes
 École nationale supérieure de chimie de Rennes
 INSA Rennes
 TELECOM Bretagne, in Brest and Rennes

Strasbourg 
 University of Strasbourg

Toulouse 
There is the following consortium in Toulouse:

University of Toulouse 

The University of Toulouse (Université de Toulouse) is a Research and Higher Education Cluster (PRES) consisting of 14 institutions (universities and "grandes écoles"):
 University of Toulouse I: Capitole – UT1 (Law, Economics, Management)
 University of Toulouse II: Le Mirail – UT2 (Arts, Literature, Humanities and Languages)
 University of Toulouse III: Paul Sabatier – UT3 (Science, Technologies and Health)
 Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse – INPT (Engineering)
 École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse – INP-ENSAT (Agronomy)
 École Nationale Supérieure d’Électrotechnique, d’Électronique, d’Informatique, d’Hydraulique et des Télécommunications – INP-ENSEEIHT (Engineering)
 École Nationale Supérieure des Ingénieurs en Arts Chimiques et Technologiques – INP-ENSIACET (Engineering)
 École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Tarbes – INP-ENIT (Engineering)
 École Nationale de la Météorologie;– INP-ENM (Meteorology)
 École d'ingénieurs de Purpan – INP-EI Purpan (Engineering)
 École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse – ENVT (Veterinary Studies)
 Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Toulouse – INSA Toulouse (Applied Sciences)
 Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace – ISAE (Aeronautics and Space)
 Centre Universitaire de Formation et de Recherche Jean-François Champollion – CUFR Champollion (Several fields of study on offer)
 École des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux – EMAC (Engineering)
 École Nationale de l'Aviation Civile – ENAC (Civil Aviation)
 École Nationale de Formation Agronomique – ENFA (Agronomy)
 École Nationale Supérieur d'Architecture de Toulouse – ENSA Toulouse (Architecture)
 Toulouse Business School (TBS) (Business and Commerce)
 Institut d'études politiques de Toulouse – IEP/Sciences Po Toulouse (Political Studies)
 Institut Catholique d'Arts et Métiers de Toulouse – ICAM Toulouse (Engineering)

See also 
 List of public universities in France by academy

References

P01
Defunct organizations based in France
Educational institutions in France
Educational organizations based in France
P01
P01
Educational institutions established in 2007
Educational institutions disestablished in 2013
2007 establishments in France
2013 disestablishments in France