Premier House () is the official residence of the Prime Minister of New Zealand, located at 260 Tinakori Road, Thorndon, Wellington, New Zealand.

A private house purchased for the prime minister's official residence when government shifted its base to Wellington in 1865, it was first greatly expanded and then, as its wooden structure deteriorated, shunned in the 1930s by the more modest political leaders on learning the cost of repairs.

It was leased to private individuals for six years in the late 1890s, then returned to use as an official residence for the prime minister until the Great Depression, when a new government in 1935 wished to avoid "show". For more than half a century, the building was used as a dental clinic for children until it was renovated and recommissioned as Premier House in 1990.

Early history

Construction
The original house was built in the early days of the New Zealand colony in 1843 for Wellington's first Mayor, George Hunter. This house, or at least a portion of it, is still located at the southern end of the current building. It has been greatly expanded over the years. Later the residence of Nathaniel Levin, the house was bought from Richard Collins in early March 1865 to become the official residence of the nation's Premier. Wellington's The Evening Post thought the £2,900 price "must be considered cheap". Auckland's Daily Southern Cross  described it as "one of the handsomest villas in the country", but Auckland's local morning paper,  The New Zealand Herald, noted the acquisition with the comment "a piece of illegal extravagance".  A few weeks later the Daily Southern Cross described the original plan to build a new house as a "monstrous waste of public money".

Expansion
The house changed little until Julius Vogel and his wife, Mary, arrived in 1873. Within a year they had turned it into an eight-bedroom mansion complete with conservatory and ballroom. The grounds featured what is thought to have been the country's first tennis court. The Vogels were noted for their lavish entertaining, resulting in the house acquiring the nickname of  "The Casino".

In the 1920s it was known as 'Arika Toa', or 'home of the chief'.

Official residents

 1864–1865 : Hon Sir Frederick Weld, 6th Premier
 1865–1869 : Hon Sir Edward Stafford, 3rd Premier
 1869–1873 : Hon Sir William Fox, 2nd Premier
1873–1875 : Hon Sir Julius Vogel, 8th Premier. Under Vogel's first premiership the house was greatly expanded.
(1875–1876 : Hon Dr Daniel Pollen, 9th Premier for 7 months)
1876–1876 : Hon Sir Julius Vogel, 8th Premier.
(1877–1879 : Hon Sir George Grey, 11th Premier)
 1879–1882 : Hon Sir John Hall, 12th Premier
 1882–1883 : Hon Sir Frederick Whitaker, 5th Premier
1883–1884 : Hon Sir Harry Atkinson, 10th Premier
1884–1887 : Hon Sir Julius Vogel as a cabinet minister in the government of Hon Sir Robert Stout, 13th Premier. More extensions were made to the house due to Vogel's poor health. His recurring gout resulted in an extra office being added for Cabinet meetings and in 1886 the construction of New Zealand's first lift.
The country entered a Depression in the late 1880s and after the Vogels moved out, the new government tried to sell the property. MPs’ salaries had been cut, and the Liberal ministers of the 1890s had to live cheaply. But the press and public fought back. Wellington people valued its spacious grounds as a public amenity. Only the furniture was sold. Some suggested turning the site into an old men’s home or a university, but it stayed empty. 
1887–1891 : Hon Sir Harry Atkinson, 10th Premier
1891–1893 : Rt Hon John Ballance, 14th Premier
(1893–1906 : Rt Hon Richard John Seddon, 15th Premier. Following Ballance's death Seddon remained in his modest ministerial residence at 47 Molesworth Street and the Tinakori Street residence was leased out from 1895 to 1900 when it became a ministerial residence again.)
Tenants
1893–1895 apparently vacant
1895–1899 : Sir Walter Buller, lawyer and ornithologist.
1899–1899 : Percy Smith, surveyor general and secretary for lands and mines and ethnologist.
Official residents

1900–1912 : Rt Hon Sir Joseph Ward Bt, as a cabinet minister then Prime Minister from 1906. Now called Awarua, the name of Ward's electorate, the house again became one of the capital's main social places, hosting many formal and informal parties, especially after Ward became Prime Minister following Seddon's death in 1906. One party of particular note was the farewell party given by Miss Eileen Ward, daughter of Sir Joseph Ward, to farewell near neighbour Katherine Mansfield a few days before she left New Zealand for the last time in 1908.
1912–1925 : Rt Hon William F Massey, Prime Minister renamed it Ariki Toa, ‘home of the chief’. During the First World War the Masseys used it for patriotic activities. 
1925–1928 : Rt Hon J Gordon Coates, Prime Minister. The last Prime Minister to live there. Further extensions were made to the building in 1926 when Gordon Coates lived there including rebuilding the conservatory and adding an enclosed veranda above it but major maintenance work seems to have been deferred again.
1928–1935 : Rt Hon George Forbes, Prime Minister lived in a flat at Parliament House. Parts of Premier House's floor had subsided up to 30 cm. The ground floor was occupied by the Unemployed and Transport Departments and the upper floor as a ministerial residence by the families of Mr Masters, a former leader of the Legislative Council and Minister of Public Works, Mr Ransom. Following a number of parliamentary debates it was decided by popular demand to not subdivide the land or build Ministerial flats on the grounds. The garden continued to be the location of subscription garden parties raising funds for major charities like YWCA and Girl Guides.

Dental clinic
In 1935 Prime Minister Michael Joseph Savage, faced with rebuilding the country's economy in the midst of the Great Depression, lived in Seddon's former residence at 47 Molesworth Street, later purchasing a house high in Northland. Premier House was turned into a school for dental nurses and a children's dental clinic, known to all as "the murder house". It had 40 chairs, later 50. Before fluoridation the molars of the nation's children were soon cored with amalgam.  At the time, Mr Langstone, the Minister of Lands, was living there and a new house was built for him in the grounds on the site of the stable. During the war the garden grew vegetables for the local Armed Forces Service Clubs.

Restoration

After many years of institutional use, by the 1980s the building had fallen into disrepair. It was rescued from this decline by Michael Bassett, Minister of Internal Affairs, who initiated moves for the restoration of the building to its early grandeur.

The restoration was undertaken by Auckland's Grant Group Architects and L.T. McGuinness Construction between December 1989 and 1991. The internal walls were retained and all rooms and most passages were left in their original position. Fire sprinklers, central heating and air conditioning systems were installed along with a new hydraulic lift. The interior decoration carefully reproduces many 19th-century period features, while the overall design is modern. The decor includes a considerable collection of New Zealand art, both old and new.
 
The conservation of Premier House, as it was renamed, was a 1990 Sesquicentennial (150 years) project. That year Geoffrey Palmer and his wife, Margaret, became its first official residents. In 2018 the house was upgraded, with repairs and maintenance undertaken, at a cost of NZ$3 million.

Official residents continued

 1989–1990: Rt Hon Geoffrey Palmer
 1990–1990: Rt Hon Mike Moore
 1990–1997: Rt Hon Jim Bolger
 1997–1999: Rt Hon Jenny Shipley
 1999–2008: Rt Hon Helen Clark
 2008–2016: Rt Hon John Key
 2017–2023: Rt Hon Jacinda Ardern

Exclusions
Prime Minister Bill English (2016–2017) did not live at Premier House during his term because New Zealand law prohibits Wellington-based MPs from claiming taxpayer-funded accommodation in the capital. His successor, Ardern, who is based in Auckland, moved into the official residence.

Prime Minister Chris Hipkins (2023–present) has said he will not live at Premier House during his term because as a Wellington-based MP New Zealand law prohibits him from claiming taxpayer-funded accommodation in the capital. Hipkins will use Premier House for other official functions though.

Value
The property has a land area of 1.5 hectares (14,569 square metres) and a rateable value (in 2020) of NZ$23,300,000.

Other official residences

64–66 Harbour View Road
From 1939 Michael Joseph Savage (until 1939 at 47 Molesworth Street) lived in a house "Hill Haven" at 64–66 Harbour View Road, Northland, Wellington, which was subsequently used by his successor Peter Fraser until 1949. It was purchased for Michael Joseph Savage "because it is now not necessary (to be within easy walking distance of Parliament) and a Prime Minister is no longer bound to the lowly areas of the Thorndon flats".

41 Pipitea Street
From 1950 Sidney Holland lived at No 41 Pipitea Street, Thorndon. The house was subsequently used by Walter Nash, Keith Holyoake and Geoffrey Palmer, and as a ministerial residence by Jim Sutton and Nick Smith. The house was also used for the Pacific Island Affairs Ministry.

Vogel House
From 1976 to 1990 Vogel House in Lower Hutt was the official residence of the prime minister. It was used by Robert Muldoon and others.

Notes

References

External links

Prime Minister's Residence at Heritage New Zealand
Information about Premier House at Te Ara
History Group of the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Housing the Prime Minister

Buildings and structures in Wellington City
Official residences in New Zealand
Prime ministerial residences
Heritage New Zealand Category 1 historic places in the Wellington Region
Houses in New Zealand
1840s architecture in New Zealand