Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
The Upper Midwest forest–savanna transition is a terrestrial ecoregion that is defined by the World Wildlife Fund. An oak savanna plant community located in the Upper Midwest region of the United States, it is an ecotone (a transitional area) between the tallgrass prairies to the west and the temperate deciduous forests to the east. A part of the Upper Mississippi River basin, it is considered endangered with less than 5% of the original ecosystem remaining intact, due mostly to overgrazing and conversion to agriculture.

Fire and disturbance
Historically, wildfire  has been the primary driver and determinant of the forest dynamics in the plant community. Due to this the resulting canopy structure has been relatively sparse (the basal area ranges approximately from 4 to 29 meters hectare−1). Presence and biodiversity of plant species is largely controlled by the frequency of fire. Typical tallgrass prairie vegetation such as grasses, forbs,  shrubs, and sedges, increase with an increase in the amount of fire, whereas tree density and basal area decrease.

After European American settlement and the abandonment of fire as a land management regime, most savannas have been converted into closed canopy woodlands, with shade tolerant and fire-intolerant species dominating rather than the historic primary and secondary succession species dependent on fire.

Species distribution
Trees:
 Quercus macrocarpa (Bur oak)
 Tilia americana (American basswood)
 Acer saccharum (Sugar maple)
 Quercus rubra (Red oak)

Intact habitat
A survey in 1985 concluded that only  of oak savanna remain, roughly 0.02% of what is estimated to have existed at the time of European settlement. Highly dispersed and fragmented, none of the present habitat falls under the designation of National Forests but comes under the administration of the states' Department of Natural Resources organizations  or federal entities such as the Fish and Wildlife Service. Remaining intact habitat areas include:

 Devil's Lake State Park, on the Baraboo Range in south-central Wisconsin
 Savanna Army Depot in extreme northwestern Illinois
 Parts of the Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge in eastern Minnesota and western Wisconsin
 Richard J. Dorer Memorial Hardwood State Forest in the Driftless Area of southeastern Minnesota
 Whitewater State Park, also in the Driftless Area
 Necedah National Wildlife Refuge in central Wisconsin
 Horicon Marsh in southeastern Wisconsin
 Kettle Moraine State Forest in southeastern Wisconsin

See also
 List of ecoregions in the United States (WWF)
 Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve – an ecological research station specializing in fire ecology and its effects on oak savannas run by the University of Minnesota
 Big Woods
Oak savanna

References

Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the United States
Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands in the United States
Ecoregions of the United States
 
Plant communities of the Eastern United States
The Little Shawangunk Kill is a tributary of the Shawangunk Kill in Orange County, New York in the United States. It rises in the southwest corner of Wallkill and flows northward.

References

External links
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System

Rivers of Orange County, New York
Shawangunks
Rivers of New York (state)
Thymidine kinase 1, soluble (gene name TK1), is a human thymidine kinase.

Two forms of this protein have been identified in animal cells, one in cytosol and one in mitochondria. Activity of the cytosolic enzyme is high in proliferating cells and peaks during the S-phase of the cell cycle; it is very low in resting cells.

Interactions 

Thymidine kinase 1 has been shown to interact with P21.

Interactive pathway map

Thymidine Kinase 1 in Cancer 
Elevations in serum TK-1 have been found to correlate with the return of breast and other forms of cancer TK-1 can be used to detect cancer earlier, determine what stage it is in, and detect recurrence. Thymidine Kinase 1 can be measured based on its enzyme activity or using immunoassay.

References

Further reading
Sigurbjörnsson is a surname of Icelandic origin. Notable people with the surname include:

Àlex Sigurbjörnsson (born 1988), Spanish rower
Bergur Sigurbjörnsson (1917–2005), Icelandic magazine editor and politician
Eiður Sigurbjörnsson (born 1990), Icelandic footballer
 

Icelandic-language masculine surnames
Stella Ewa Orłowska (born 1935) is a Polish logician whose research centers on the concept that everything in logic and set theory can be expressed in terms of relations, and who has used this idea to publish works on topics including deduction systems and model theory for non-classical logic, and logics of non-deterministic and incomplete information. She is a professor at the  in Warsaw, and the former president of the Polish Association for Logic and Philosophy of Science.

Education and career
Orłowska studied mathematics at the University of Warsaw, earning her master's degree in 1957 and a Ph.D. in 1971. The dissertation, Theorem Proving Systems, was supervised by Helena Rasiowa. She completed her habilitation there in 1978, with the habilitation thesis Resolution Systems and their Applications.

She was a researcher for the Polish Academy of Sciences from 1959 to 1966, and an assistant professor of mathematics at the University of Warsaw from 1971 to 1979. From 1980 to 1996 she returned to the Polish Academy of Sciences, with positions equivalent to associate and then full professor. She has been a professor at the National Institute of Telecommunications since 1996.

She chaired the editorial board of the journal Studia Logica from 1989 to 1991, and served as president of the Polish Association for Logic and Philosophy of Science from 1996 to 1999.

Books
Orłowska is the author of books including:
Systemy Herbranda dowodzenia twierdzeń rachunku predykatów [Herbrand systems for proving theorems of predicate calculus] (Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1976)
Incomplete Information: Structure, Inference, Complexity (with S. Demri, Springer, 2002)
Dual Tableaux: Foundation, Methodology, Case Studies (with Joanna Golińska-Pilarek, Springer, 2011)
Dualities for Structures of Applied Logics (with Anna Maria Radzikowska and Ingrid Rewitzky, College Publications, 2015)
She has also edited many volumes of collected papers, including several volumes commemorating the works of Helena Rasiowa and Zdzisław Pawlak. The book Ewa Orłowska on Relational Methods in Logic and Computer Science, edited by Joanna Golińska-Pilarek and Michal Zawidski, was published by Springer in 2018 in their Outstanding Contributions to Logic book series.

References

External links

1935 births
Living people
Polish logicians
20th-century Polish mathematicians
21st-century Polish mathematicians
Polish women mathematicians
20th-century Polish philosophers
21st-century Polish philosophers
Polish women philosophers
University of Warsaw alumni
Academic staff of the University of Warsaw
20th-century Polish women
Iain Boal is an Irish social historian of technics and the commons, based as an independent scholar in Berkeley, California and London.

Biography
He was one of the co-founders of the Retort collective, an association of radical writers, teachers, artists, and activists in the Bay Area from the 1990s to the present. He co-edited Resisting the Virtual Life: The Culture and Politics of Information (1995). He co-authored Afflicted Powers: Capital and Spectacle in a New Age of War (2001), along with T.J. Clark, Joseph Matthews and Michael Watts. In 2012, he published The Green Machine - a world history of the bicycle (Notting Hill Editions, out of print). Since 2005 or earlier, he has also been working on a book about The Long Theft: Episodes in the History of Enclosure. As of 2022, he was working on an edited volume Archives of Dissent, which is under contract to be published by PM Press. 

The historians Robert Proctor and Londa Schiebinger have credited Boal with coining the term "Agnotology" in 1992  to describe the intentional production of ignorance or doubt, often for commercial gain. Originally conceived to explain the behavior of tobacco companies, it has gained more recent currency in the context of commercially motivated climate change denial.

Personal life
He is married to the archivist Gillian Boal.

Publications
 Boal, Iain and James Brook, Resisting the Virtual Life: The Culture and Politics of Information City, (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1995)
 As member of Retort, "Blood for Oil?" in London Review of Books (2005) 
 As member of Retort, Afflicted Powers: Capital and Spectacle in a New Age of War (2009)

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
20th-century Irish historians
21st-century Irish historians
Social historians
Writers from Berkeley, California
Independent scholars
Irish expatriates in the United States
Robert Norman Schistad (born October 28, 1966) is a former Norwegian ice hockey player. He was born in Wingham, Ontario,  and played for the Stavanger club Viking IK. He played for the Norwegian national ice hockey team at the 1992 and 1994 Winter Olympics.

References

1966 births
Living people
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Ice hockey players at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Norwegian ice hockey players
Norwegian ice hockey goaltenders
Olympic ice hockey players for Norway
People from Wingham, Ontario
Sportspeople from Huron County, Ontario
Togdheer (, ) is an administrative region (gobol) in central Somaliland. Togdheer is bordered by Maroodi Jeex to the west, Saaxil to the north, Sanaag to the northeast, Sool to the east and Ethiopia to the south. Its capital is Burao.

Overview
Togdheer is bordered by Maroodi Jeex from the west, Sahil to the north, Ethiopia to the south, and Sanaag & Sool to the east. With its capital at Burao (Burco), the region's name is derived from the Togdheer River, which means "Long River" in Somali. The region has an approximate population of 350,000 people.

Under British Somaliland, the Togdheer region was formerly the Burao district which was one of three districts that comprised the Burao region. The other two regions were Las Anod and Erigavo districts. Sanaag was carved out of Togdheer region and was established as a separate region on June 23, 1973, comprising the three districts of Erigavo, Las Qorey and Garadag.

As with much of Somaliland, most local residents in the Togdheer region are nomadic pastoralists.

Districts
The Togdheer region consists of the following three districts:

Demographics
It is inhabited by the Habr Yonis, Habr Je'lo, Arap and Issa Musse sub-divisions of Isaaq. The Dhulbahante of the Harti Darod clan is also present in the Buuhoodle district.

Major towns
Burao
Oodweyne
Buuhoodle
Balidhiig
Qoryale
Yirowe
Kal bare

Map

See also
Ogo Mountains
Hahi

References

External links
Administrative map of Togdheer
Togdheer News Network (in Somali)

 
Regions of Somaliland
The premier of the Northwest Territories is a title given to the head of government in the Northwest Territories of Canada when the territory is using an elected system of responsible government. Throughout its history, the territory has been governed by various combinations of locally elected governments and administrators appointed by the government of Canada.

Upon creation, the Northwest Territories were governed by the lieutenant governor of Manitoba, a representative of the federal government and Queen Victoria, for the newly created province of Manitoba. Six years later in 1876, the territory was given its own lieutenant governor, separate from that of Manitoba. These lieutenant governors presided over an assembly with members both elected and appointed by the federal government. Before 1888, the territory required electoral districts with an area of  to contain at least 1,000 people. When this quota was met, a by-election was held to elect a member to replace an appointed one.

The Northwest Territories held its first general elections to the North-West Legislative Assembly in 1888 when it considered the population to be sufficient. After this election, the chairman of the assembly's Executive Committee (analogous to a cabinet) assumed the role of head of government. From 1897 to 1905, the chairman used the title "premier", the same title used by the heads of government in the Canadian provinces.

In 1905, the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta were created from the most populous regions of the Northwest Territories. With a much lower population, powers of the territory's head of government reverted to a federal and Crown representative appointed by the prime minister of Canada, this time with the title . Beginning in 1951, and increasingly in 1967, powers were transferred back to an elected assembly. In 1980, the head of this assembly regained the title of premier, and in 1985 the became chair of the Executive Council and full head of government.

Because the Northwest Territories has a consensus government, the premier is elected by, and from, the members of the Legislative Assembly, and are not divided into parties. This list contains only those government leaders who governed under an elected system of responsible government. For the heads of government before and in between these times, see commissioner of the Northwest Territories.

Premiers of the Northwest Territories

|-
|colspan="10"|Chairman of the Lt. Governor's Advisory Council

|-
|colspan="10"|Chairman of the Executive Committee

|-
|colspan="10"|Premiers of the Northwest Territories

|-
|colspan="10"|See commissioner of the Northwest Territories for the heads of government between 1905 and 1980.

See also
 List of Northwest Territories general elections
 List of lieutenant governors of the Northwest Territories

References
General

  
 

Specific

External links
 Premier of the Northwest Territories

Northwest Territories

Lists of people from the Northwest Territories
Following are terms that specify a type of lung size and/or activity. More specific definitions may be found in individual articles.
Eupnea – normal breathing
Apnea – absence of breathing
Bradypnea – decreased breathing rate
Dyspnea or shortness of breath – sensation of respiratory distress
Hyperaeration/Hyperinflation – increased lung volume
Hyperpnea – fast and deep breathing
Hyperventilation – increased breathing that causes CO2 loss
Hypopnea – slow and shallow breathing
Hypoventilation – decreased breathing that causes CO2 gain
Labored breathing – physical presentation of respiratory distress
Tachypnea – increased breathing rate
Orthopnea – Breathlessness in lying down position relieved by sitting up or standing
Platypnea – Breathlessness when seated or standing, relieved by lying flat
Trepopnea – Breathlessness when lying flat relieved by lying in a lateral position
Ponopnea – Painful breathing

See also
Control of respiration

Lung
Midun Island or Miduun Island is an unhabituated island in Aleutians East Borough, Alaska, United States. It is at the southwestern end of the Aleutian Range, about  southeast of Deer Island and northeast of the Sanak Islands.

Midun Island was named by W. H. Dall, of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, in 1882.

References 

Islands of Aleutians East Borough, Alaska
Islands of the Aleutian Islands
Uninhabited islands of Alaska
Islands of Alaska
Pristis amblodon is an extinct species of sawfish within the family Pristidae. It currently has two occurrences originating from New Jersey in both the Eocene and Miocene epoch. It was a nektobenthic species that lived in marine waters.

References 

amblodon
Fossil taxa described in 1869
Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
Prehistoric fish of North America
Fish described in 1869
Eocene fish of North America
Miocene fish of North America
The Dresdner Anzeiger was probably the oldest, and in any case the longest (1730–1945) existing daily newspaper in Dresden.

The intellectual originator was the council auctioneer , who on 30 March 1730 petitioned the king and elector Augustus II the Strong to give him the privilege for a weekly pennysaver, a "Frage- und Antwort-Zettul". The background to this was that Crell had already been writing handwritten news as the first periodical publications in Dresden from 1714 onwards.

Even before a decision was made, the bookseller and pastor's son Gottlob Christian Hilscher (1705–1748) had also submitted a request to the King and Elector on 20 August 1730, and was also granted the privilege at short notice. On 1 September 1730, he published the paper Der Königl. Pohln. Churfürstl. Sächsischen Residentz-Stadt Dreßden Wöchentlicher Anzeiger oder Nachricht in the meantime called Dresdner Anzeigen (Dresden Advertisements), later abbreviated to Dresdner Anzeiger (Dresden Gazette), which was ostensibly an advertising journal, but – according to the first issue – also reported "what else is necessary and useful to know in common life". In this way, the tradition of the "Intelligenzzettel", which had developed around 1720, was integrated into the paper. Crell, the actual originator of the idea, collaborated for a while (which gradually turned the "Anzeiger" into an information and announcement organ of the Dresden Council). The Anzeiger was distributed by the Hilschersche Buchhandlung in the .

After Hilscher's death, the granted privilege went to various booksellers until Freiin von Schlichten inherited it in 1829. The managing power of attorney granted to his father in 1829 passed to his son in 1834: . The latter finally acquired the Dresdner Anzeiger in 1837, whose sole publisher he then became in 1839. Now the Dresdner Anzeiger finally became the official gazette of the city of Dresden.

Due to some strokes of fate, Güntz founded a private foundation under public law, the Güntz Foundation, to which he contributed the publishing privilege of the Dresdner Anzeiger and the proceeds of which fed the foundation. 

After several changes of location, the Dresdner Anzeiger was published from 1900 onwards from its headquarters in Breite Straße. In 1943, it was forcibly merged by the Nazi authorities with the Dresdner Neuesten Nachrichten to form the , after the air raids on Dresden from 13 to 15 February 1945, the latter ceased publication. In 1951, the Güntz Foundation was also declared dissolved.

Further reading 
 Entry: Dresdner Anzeiger, in Folke Stimmel et al.:  A–Z, Verlag der Kunst, Dresden 1994, , .

References

External links 

 Dresdner Anzeiger in Dresden wiki

German-language newspapers
Dresden
Publications established in 1730
Publications disestablished in 1945
Małe Olecko  ( from 1938 to 1945) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wieliczki, within Olecko County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It is situated on the southern shore of Olecko Małe Lake in Masuria.

History
Małe Olecko was founded in 1541 by Bartosz Leśnicki from Mazovia, who bought land to establish a village. In 1867, it had a population of 535, 93.8% Polish. In 1938, during a massive campaign of renaming of placenames, the government of Nazi Germany renamed it to Herzogshöhe in attempt to erase traces of Polish origin. In 1939, it had a population of 518. Following Germany's defeat in World War II, in 1945, the village became again part of Poland and its historic name was restored.

References

Populated lakeshore places in Poland
Villages in Olecko County
1541 establishments in Poland
Populated places established in 1541
John C. Rayson (born March 29, 1949, in Oak Park, Illinois) is a Broward County, Florida attorney. He served as the mayor of Pompano Beach, Florida from 2004 to 2007. Prior to becoming mayor, Rayson served as a member of the Florida House of Representatives from 1990 to 2000.

He unsuccessfully sought election as a Broward County, Florida circuit judge.

On July 26, 2007, he was selected as Davie, Florida's town attorney.

Rayson was born in Oak Park, Illinois. His father Leland Rayson served in the Illinois House of Representatives. Rayson received his bachelor's degree from University of Rochester in 1971 and his law degree from Case Western Reserve University in 1974. Rayson was admitted to the Florida bar and is a Democrat.

References

Law Offices of John C. Rayson
Pompano Beach, Florida City Commission

1949 births
Living people
People from Pompano Beach, Florida
People from Oak Park, Illinois
University of Rochester alumni
Case Western Reserve University alumni
Florida lawyers
Mayors of places in Florida
Democratic Party members of the Florida House of Representatives
Leather & Lace Motorcycle Club is an all-female motorcycle club that was formed in Florida in 1983. It is one of the first female motorcycle clubs with members throughout the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada.  They bear "colors" of pink and black. 
The club’s insignia is two flesh-colored women angels with upswept brown and gold wings facing one another. A golden banner, with the 1983 conception date of the club, connects the two angels together in unity. The words, Leather & Lace, is located above the angels.  The word, Sisterhood or Forever, is below the angels, with the letters M.C. written in pink and placed on a black background to the right of the banner.

Meaning of the insignia: The two flesh-colored angels stand for the women and their femininity. The angels facing each other stand for their camaraderie. The upswept wings stand for freedom. The opposite colors of brown and gold in the wings say they are the same, yet they are individuals. The golden banner brings the angels together and is their common bond of sharing the wind. 
"Leather" stands for the inner strength they possess as women and the physical strength they demonstrate in handling their motorcycles. "Lace" stands for their femininity, an important and intimate part of the Sisterhood.

The purpose of the club is to bring women together who have the common bond of riding.  The goals of the club are to work together to better the future of all children, to promote the image of women motorcyclists through education and public enlightenment.

Leather & Lace MC began when a group of women riders wanted to help children. Initially, membership grew slowly due to the fact that in the early 1980s women riding motorcycles was not as acceptable as it is today.

Jennifer Chaffin, founder and President, started Leather & Lace MC in 1983. Chaffin’s goal was that an all-women motorcycle club will set a peaceful example for the warring men’s motorcycle (1%) clubs.
Through charitable activities and involvement with their communities, Leather & Lace MC members insure the quality of life for all children, their communities in which they live and work, and, increase the public’s awareness concerning motorcycles and motorcyclists.

References 

 National Geographic – "Inside Biker Chicks: Leather & Lace"  January 20, 2010
 Born To Ride Magazine – "Leather & Lace MC"  August 2010, p. 10

External links 
 Official Leather & Lace MC Website
  Article in the North Country Rider Magazine about Leather & Lace MC - April 2011
  Article on a Leather & Lace MC fundraiser for Carson Advocates for Cancer Care - October 2009
   Article Leather & Lace MC fundraisers for Johns Hopkins since 2002

Organizations established in 1983
Women's organizations based in the United States
Motorcycle clubs in the United States
Motorcycle clubs in Canada
Women in Florida
Women motorcyclists