Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
The Pillar Box War refers to a number of politically motivated acts of vandalism against post boxes in Scotland during the early 1950s in a dispute over the correct title of the new British monarch, Elizabeth II or Elizabeth I.

Background
Ascending to the throne in February 1952, Elizabeth adopted the royal style of Elizabeth the Second. This was reflected in her royal cypher, which took the Latin form 'EIIR'. Some objected to this usage as the new queen was the first Elizabeth to reign over the United Kingdom or indeed Great Britain, Elizabeth I having been the queen of the former kingdoms of England and Ireland but not Scotland.

In 1953, John MacCormick took legal action against the Lord Advocate in the case of MacCormick v Lord Advocate, challenging the Queen's right to call herself Elizabeth the Second. The case failed on the grounds that the matter was within the royal prerogative, and thus the Queen was free to adopt any title she saw fit.

Actions and legacy

Some occasions of vandalism  and even explosions of post boxes which carried the Queen's 'EIIR' insignia were recorded. One particular pillar box in Edinburgh's Inch district was repeatedly vandalised with tar, paint and a hammer before being blown to pieces less than three months after its unveiling.

The folksongs Sky High Joe and The Ballad of the Inch commemorate these events.

After 1953, new post boxes were placed in Scotland carrying only the Crown of Scotland image rather than the 'EIIR' cypher, which continued to be used in the rest of the United Kingdom, and indeed in some of the Queen's other realms and territories. A post box with the  'EIIR' cypher was installed in Dunoon in 2018 and immediately scheduled for replacement on discovery of the error.

See also
Royal cypher

References

1950s in Scotland
Royal Mail
Vandalism in Scotland
Crime in Scotland
1952 in Scotland
Grachev is a lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon. It lies to the northwest of the Mare Orientale impact basin, in the outer skirt of ejecta surrounding the Montes Cordillera mountain ring. Passing along the southwestern edge of Grachev is the Catena Michelson, a valley-like formation composed of a linear chain of small craters. This feature is radial to the Mare Orientale basin. To the north is the crater Leuschner.

This crater has only a slightly eroded outer rim, with a small outward protrusion along the northern side. The interior floor is relatively featureless, with a small rise near the midpoint.

References

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Impact craters on the Moon
Dargon's Dungeon is a 1977 adventure published by Flying Buffalo for Tunnels & Trolls.

Gameplay
Dargon's Dungeon is a solo adventure.

Publication history
Dargon's Dungeon was first published in 1977, and a remake was published in 1981.

Reception
Forrest Johnson reviewed Dargon's Dungeon in The Space Gamer No. 43. Johnson commented that "If you enjoy pointless solo dungeons, this is a fine one."

Reviews
Different Worlds #17 (Dec., 1981)

References

Role-playing game supplements introduced in 1977
Tunnels & Trolls adventures
NGC 281, IC 11 or Sh2-184 is a bright emission nebula and part of an H II region in the northern constellation of Cassiopeia and is part of the Milky Way's Perseus Spiral Arm. This 20×30 arcmin sized nebulosity is also associated with open cluster IC 1590, several Bok globules and the multiple star, B 1. It collectively forms Sh2-184, spanning over a larger area of 40 arcmin. A recent distance from radio parallaxes of water masers at 22 GHz made during 2014 is estimated it lies 2.82±0.20 kpc. (9200 ly.) from us. Colloquially, NGC 281 is also known as the Pacman Nebula for its resemblance to the video game character.

Edward Emerson Barnard discovered the nebula in August 1883, describing it as "a large faint nebula, very diffuse".  Multiple star 'B 1' or β 1 was later discovered by S. W. Burnham, whose bright component is identified as the highly luminous O6 spectral class star, HD 5005 or HIP 4121. It consists of an 8th-magnitude primary with four companions at distances between 1.4 and 15.7 arcsec.  There has been no appreciable change in this quintuple system since the first measures were made in 1875.

The nebula region is visible in amateur telescopes from dark sky locations.
In his book Deep Sky Wonders, Walter Scott Houston describes the appearance of the nebula in small telescopes:
"There was a faint glow in the immediate vicinity of the multiple star, with an occasional impression of a much larger nebulosity...Its surface brightness was much less than that of M33 in Triangulum or NGC 205, the distant companion of the Andromeda galaxy."

Gallery

References

External links 

NGC 281 Astronomy picture of the Day (August 23, 2005) at NASA

NGC 281 at ESA/Hubble
NGC 281 at Deep Space Map

H II regions
Cassiopeia (constellation)
0281
Sharpless objects
18811116
Star-forming regions
Rough Diamonds is a Belgian television series set in the Orthodox Jewish diamond dealing community of Antwerp. The series premiered on Netflix on April 21, 2023.

Synopsis

Noah Wolfson (Kevin Janssens) travels home to Antwerp after the suicide of his younger brother, Yanki. Upon his return, Noah reconnects with the Haredi community he abandoned when he left the Orthodox faith, while also trying to rescue his family's diamond trading business from the pressures of organized crime and a zealous local prosecutor (Els Dottermans).

Cast and characters 

 Kevin Janssens as Noah Wolfson
 Ini Massez as Adina Glazer
 Robbie Cleren as Eli Wolfson
 Yona Elian as Sarah Wolfson
 Marie Vinck as Gila Wolfson
 Els Dottermans as Jo Smets
 Dudu Fisher as Ezra Wolfson
 Tine Joustra as Kerra McCabe
 Casper Knopf as Tommy McCabe
 Soroush Helali as Bujar

Production 
Rough Diamonds is a co-production from Israel's Keshet International, Belgium's De Mensen, and Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie (VRT).

Reception 
The show has received generally positive reviews, with Haaretz writing that the series is a "gem" that comes "from the heart."

References

External links

2023 Belgian television series debuts
Belgian drama television shows
Orthodox Judaism in popular culture
Television series about Jews and Judaism
Chernovskiia is a genus of European non-biting midges in the subfamily Chironominae of the bloodworm family Chironomidae.

Species
C. macrocera Sæther, 1977
C. orbicus (Townes, 1945)

References

Chironomidae
Nematocera genera
This is a list of the last monarchs in Europe.

See also 
 Monarchies in Europe

References 

Last Europe
History of Europe
Monarchs
Secretases are enzymes that "snip" pieces off a longer protein that is embedded in the cell membrane. Among other roles in the cell, secretases act on the amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) to cleave the protein into three fragments.  Sequential cleavage by beta-secretase 1 (BACE) and gamma-secretase (γ-secretase) produces the amyloid-beta peptide fragment that aggregates into clumps called amyloid plaques in the brains affected by Alzheimer's disease.  If alpha-secretase (α-secretase) acts on APP first instead of BACE, no amyloid beta is formed because α-secretase recognizes a target protein sequence closer to the cell surface than BACE.  The non-pathogenic middle fragment formed by an α/γ cleavage sequence is called P3.

Structure
The structure of the three secretases varies widely.

 The α-secretase gene has not been conclusively identified but is believed to be a metalloproteinase.
 BACE is a transmembrane protein with an extracellular aspartic acid protease domain.
 γ-secretase is actually a protein complex containing presenilin, nicastrin, APH-1, and PEN-2. Presenilin is believed to harbor the protease domain and represents an important example of an uncommon type of protease that cleaves targets within the cell membrane.

Function
Besides their involvement in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's, these proteins also have other functional roles in the cell.

γ-secretase plays a critical role in developmental signalling by the transmembrane receptor Notch, freeing the cytoplasmic tail of Notch to travel to the cell nucleus to act as a transcription factor.

Although BACE cleaves the extracellular domains of several transmembrane proteins, its physiological function remains unknown.

References

External links
 

Enzymes
Integral membrane proteins
Thomas William Thorburn (April 13, 1913 - March 13, 2003) was a Swedish economist, and Professor of Business Administration at the Stockholm School of Economics, known from his work on the "Supply and demand of water transport" (1960), and the "Cost-benefit analysis in language planning" (1971).

Born in Uddevalla, Thorburn obtained his PhD in 1960 at the Stockholm School of Economics with the thesis, entitled "Supply and demand of water transport: studies in cost and revenue structures of ships, ports and transport buyers with respect to their effects on supply and demand of water carriage of goods." 

After his graduation Thorburn served his academic career at the Stockholm School of Economics, where he was Professor in Business Administration from 1961 to 1978. He was succeeded by Nils Brunsson.

Selected publications 
 Thomas Thorburn. Supply and Demand of Water Transport: Studies in Cost and Revenue Structures of Ships, Ports, and Transport Buyers with Respect to Their Effects on Supply and Demand of Water Transport of Goods. Business Research Institute, Stockholm School for Economics, 1960 
 Thomas Thorburn. Förvaltningsekonomi: ekonomiska beslut i offentlig förvaltning. Prisma, 1974
 Thorburn, Thomas. Economics of transport: the Swedish case, 1780-1980. Vol. 12. Almqvist & Wiksell Intl, 2000.

Articles, a selection:
 Thorburn, Thomas. "Cost-benefit analysis in language planning." in: Can language be planned (1971): 283-305.

References 

1913 births
2003 deaths
Swedish business theorists
Stockholm School of Economics alumni
Academic staff of the Stockholm School of Economics
People from Uddevalla Municipality
20th-century  Swedish  economists
The granny knot is a binding knot, used to secure a rope or line around an object.  It is considered inferior to the reef knot (square knot), which it superficially resembles.  Neither of these knots should be used as a bend knot for attaching two ropes together.

Etymology 
Called the "granny's knot" with references going back to at least 1849, the knot was so-called because it is "the natural knot tied by women or landsmen".

Tying
When attempting to tie a reef knot (square knot), it is easy to produce a granny knot accidentally.  This is dangerous because the granny knot can slip when heavily loaded.  A tightened granny knot can also jam and is often more difficult to untie than the reef knot.  It is better to tie a reef knot in nearly all circumstances.  One way to distinguish them is that in the reef knot each loop passes completely over, or completely under (not through) the neck of the other.

The reef knot is commonly taught as left over right, tuck under then right over left, tuck under. The granny knot is the first step repeated twice, left over right, tuck under. This is a very common mistake made by people learning to tie a reef knot.

Heraldry
In heraldry, the granny knot is known as the Bourchier knot, due to being a heraldic badge of the Bourchier family.

Related knots

See also

List of binding knots
List of knots

References

External links

 "The Reef Knot Family", NotableKnotIndex.webs.com.
Christian Samuel Theodor Bernd (April 12, 1775 in Meseritz – August 26, 1854 in Bonn) was a German linguist and heraldist, one of the founders of scientific heraldry.

Bernd studied theology at the Jena University. Between 1807 and 1811 he served as editor of the dictionary of German language, then he was a librarian in Breslau. He was the professor of diplomatics, sphragistics and heraldry at the Bonn University from 1822 and was one of the founders of modern scientific heraldry.

Bernd introduced hatching for some additional tinctures such as Umbra, Rotgelb, Stahlblau and Blutfarbe.

Works 
Allgemeine Schriftenkunde der sogenannten Wappenwissenschaft. I-II. Bonn, 1830
Das Wappenwesen der griechen und Römer. Bonn, 1841
Die Haupstücke der Wappenwissenschaft. Bonn, 1841-1849
Wappenbuch der preußischen Rheinprovinz Bonn, 1835, supplement Bonn, 1842
Handbuch der Wappenwissenschaft. Leipzig, 1856

See also 
Hatching system

1775 births
1854 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Bonn
People from Międzyrzecz
German heraldists
Marian Fuks (his first name often rendered Marjan; 18841935) was a Polish photographer, photojournalist, and film-maker, one of pioneers of newsreel production and modern montage techniques.

Life 

Marian Fuks was born in 1884 in Warsaw, then in Russian-held part of Poland. Initially a photojournalist for the Świat weekly, after 1906 Fuks opened up a photographic atelier in Warsaw which he expanded in 1910 into one of the first press photo agencies in Central Europe. In 1912 he also started filming newsreel reportages on important contemporary events, such as the trial of Damazy Macoch, the 1914 trial of Count Bogdan Jaksa-Ronikier or police officers apprehending criminals in Łódź. He also filmed the funeral of Bolesław Prus in May 1912. Before World War I he was among the founding members of the Association of Professional Photographers and the Society of Photography Professionals.

As a photojournalist he documented some of the most notable events in contemporary Polish history, including the entry of Polish Army in Kiev, and the May Coup d'État. In 1925 he also published a history of photojournalism in Poland Zaranie fotografii dziennikarskiej w Polsce.

Fuks also collaborated on a number of feature silent films, notably the 1912 silent film Obłąkany starring Stefan Jaracz and Carewicz, based on a play by Gabriela Zapolska and directed by William Wauer. In 1932 he released a documentary Gdańsk w cieniu swastyki ("Danzig in the Shadow of Swastika") on the rise of Nazism in the Free City of Danzig. He died in Warsaw in 1935, his studio continued to function for a couple more years.

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links 
 Photographs by Marian Fuks in digital library Polona

Polish photojournalists
Film people from Warsaw
Photographers from Warsaw
1884 births
1935 deaths
Ronald Keith McNeil (January 15, 1920 – March 18, 2003) was a politician in Ontario, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1958 to 1987, as a member of the Progressive Conservative Party.

Background
McNeil was born in Springfield, Ontario. He majored in field husbandry at the Ontario Agricultural College in Guelph, and received his degree in 1942. He worked as a livestock farmer. McNeil was a bachelor until age 65. He married his wife Doris in 1987 who predeceased him in 2000.

Municipal politics
McNeil served on the municipal council of South Dorchester from 1946 to 1948, was its reeve from 1949 to 1952, and was a warden of Elgin County in 1952. Also in 1952, he served as chair of the centennial committee for Elgin and St. Thomas.

Provincial politics
He was elected to the Ontario legislature in a by-election held on January 30, 1958, in the constituency of Elgin.  He defeated Liberal candidate Ralph Auckland by 3,246 votes, and served in the legislature as a backbench supporter of Leslie Frost's administration.  He was re-elected in the general elections of 1959, 1963, 1967, 1971, 1975, 1977, 1981 and 1985.  McNeil came close to losing in 1967 and 1975, but on other occasions won re-election by fairly significant margins.

Despite his long service in the house, McNeil was never appointed to cabinet. He served as parliamentary assistant to the Minister of Agriculture and Food from 1977 to 1985. He was known for his efforts to keep the Ontario Police College in Aylmer.

McNeil was defeated in the 1987 provincial election, losing to Liberal candidate Marietta Roberts by 2,437 votes. Roberts had finished a close second to McNeil in the 1975 election.

Later life
After the election, McNeil returned to his farm in Lyons. McNeil died in 2003. Norm Sterling, speaking in the Ontario legislature on his death, described him as a quiet, respected man who made few legislative speeches. He said of McNeil "he was one of those MPPs who never forgot where he came from, and during all that time he served everyone who came to him for help."  There is currently a Ron McNeil Road in Springfield.

References

External links

1920 births
2003 deaths
Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario MPPs
People from Middlesex County, Ontario
Ontario Agricultural College alumni
Soledad Florendo (born 16 July 1903) was a Filipino physician who spent most of her career fighting tuberculosis.

Biography
Soledad Arcega Florendo was born on 17 October 1903. Inspired by her cousin, Dr. Olivia Salamanca, one of the first female doctors in the Philippines, she decided upon a medical career. Where she attended medical school is unknown, but she did her residency at National Jewish Hospital in Denver, Colorado, which specialized in respiratory diseases like tuberculosis. While in Denver, Florendo earned an M.A. in hospital administration. Upon her return to the Philippines, she worked for the Philippine Tuberculosis Society in various hospitals and sanatoriums. Florendo later was a training officer for the Philippine Department of Health and was then superintendent of the Quezon Institute. She was lecturer in hospital administration in the Institute of Hygenie and Public Health before she became chair of the Department of Social Work at Philippine State University in 1965. Florendo was a member of the United Nations Mission for the Evaluation of Family Planning in India. She "received an award from the Manila Medical Society for her contribution to medical social service in expanding education and home visitation aid to tubercular patients." Nothing further is known about her life.

References

Bibliography

1903 births
Year of death missing
Date of death unknown
Filipino pulmonologists
Filipino women medical doctors
20th-century Filipino medical doctors
20th-century women physicians
The 2003 Ukrainian Cup Final was a football match that took place at the NSC Olimpiyskiy on 25 May 2003. The match was the 12th Ukrainian Cup Final and it was contested by Dynamo Kyiv and Shakhtar Donetsk. The 2003 Ukrainian Cup Final was the 12th to be held in the Ukrainian capital of Kyiv. Dynamo won the match 2–1.

Match details

References

External links 
 Calendar of Matches - Schedule of the 2001-02 Ukrainian Cup on the Ukrainian Soccer History web-site (ukrsoccerhistory.com). 

Cup Final
Ukrainian Cup finals
Ukrainian Cup Final 2003
Ukrainian Cup Final 2003
Ukrainian Cup Final 2003
DeGive's Opera House was the main venue for opera in the U.S. city of Atlanta from 1871 until 1893.

History and location
The Atlanta History Center describes how Belgian consul Laurent DeGive purchased an unfinished building at the corner of Marietta and Forsyth and hired architect and civil engineer Max Corput to design the opera house. 

The opera house opened on January 24, 1870,  and was expanded in 1873–1874 to accommodate over 2,000 people. The opera house was later occupied by the Columbia Theater and later still by the Bijou Theater. The building was demolished in 1921  to make way for the construction of the Palmer Building, which is in turn was replaced in 1976 by an office building at 41 Marietta Street.

Earlier confusion about the location of the original DeGive's stems from two misunderstandings. First, the location was assumed to be the site of the Kimball opera house. However, this building was at the SW corner of Marietta and Forsyth; DeGive's was at the NE corner.  Second, it had been assumed that the location may have been on at the corner of Marietta and Broad (not Forsyth) based on Reed's History of Atlanta.  However, this reference is only to Atlanta's antebellum Masonic Hall, later destroyed in a fire in May, 1866.

In 1893, DeGive opened the new, larger DeGive's Grand Opera House, which would later become Loew's Grand Theatre, at Peachtree and Forsyth.

Earlier opera house
DeGive's was not the first opera house in Atlanta. The first shows performed in Atlanta predate the American Civil War and were primarily performed in makeshift facilities modified for the operatic arts. Reconstruction saw the formation of the Atlanta Opera House and Building Association. The association obtained the southwest corner of Marietta Street and Forsythe Street to construct a five-story opera house. By 1868, they were out of money. Instead of hosting great performances, Atlanta's first opera house, the Kimball Opera House as it was later known, was sold at a loss.  It served as Georgia's state capitol from January 1869 to July 1889.

See also

 Opera in Atlanta

References

External links 
"DeGive's Opera House", Atlanta History Center

Theatres in Atlanta
Concert halls in the United States
1871 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Max Corput buildings
Demolished buildings and structures in Atlanta
Buildings and structures demolished in 1921
Mary Pat Clarke (born June 22, 1941) is an American politician who represented the 14th district in the Baltimore City Council.  She served in Baltimore, Maryland politics as both council president and council member for 24 out of the last 35 years as of 2010.   She is the first woman ever elected president of the Baltimore City Council and until 2016 was the only non-incumbent to win a council seat since single-member districts were mandated by Baltimore voters through Question P in 2002.

Additionally, Clarke unsuccessfully ran for mayor in 1995

Early life and education
Clarke was born in Providence, Rhode Island on June 22, 1941. She attended Immaculata College where she received an A.B. in 1963 and the a M.A. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1966.

Career
Clarke, by profession, is a teacher.  She has instructed students at the Johns Hopkins University School of Professional Studies, the Maryland Institute College of Art and the University of Maryland, Baltimore County.

Clarke was a founding board member of the Greater Homewood Community Corporation and later president and executive director.  She was instrumental in securing audio equipment for the first performance of Unchained Talent at the Lake Clifton Campus, and she was a funding board member of the non-profit Unchained Talent.

Clarke announced in May 2019 that she would retire from the Baltimore City Council in December 2020. For the 2020 Democratic primary, Clarke endorsed Odette Ramos to succeed her as the council member for the 14th district.

Politics

In the council
Currently, as a member of the Baltimore City Council, Clarke was the Chair of the Education Committee, vice-Chair of the Judiciary and Legislative Investigation Committee, a member of the Budget and Appropriations Committee and the Land Use and Transportation Committee (highways & franchises subcommittee). While running for office, Clarke pushed for integrated slates. She and her New Democratic Club forged alliances with Baltimore's black democratic clubs in the 1970s resulting in the election of several African Americans to the City Council, as well as her own. In the council, she forged alliances with her black colleagues, such as the one with Kweisi Mfume resulting in a Baltimore City mandate for smaller class sizes in the 1980s.

2007 election

Personal life

References

External links
MaryPatClarke.com

University of Baltimore alumni
1941 births
Living people
Baltimore City Council members
Immaculata University alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Johns Hopkins University faculty
University of Maryland, Baltimore County faculty
Politicians from Providence, Rhode Island
Women city councillors in Maryland
American women academics