Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
The starting rate of income tax, known as the 10p rate (also referred to as 10p tax band), was a special rate of personal income taxation in the United Kingdom that existed from 1999 to 2008.

Description 
The 10p rate was the lowest rate of income tax in the United Kingdom. It meant that certain incomes above the personal allowance would be taxed at a basic rate of 10%, which meant a reduced rate compared with the previous basic UK income tax rate of 23%.

History

Introduction

The reduced tax rate for low incomes was introduced in Gordon Brown's third budget as Chancellor of the Exchequer. Brown said of its introduction:
"The 10p rate is very important because it's a signal about the importance we attach about getting people into work and it's of most importance to the low paid. This is not about gimmicks; this is about tax reform that encourages work and families, on the families side it is replacing what was an anomalous married couples' allowance and replace it with a child tax credit."

Development
At the time of its introduction in 1999, the reduced tax rate of 10% applied to incomes between £4,335 and £5,835 (equivalent to £ to £ in ) and was the only income tax paid by 1.8 million of the lowest earners. By early 2008, the 10% tax rate had been raised to apply to income between £5,225 and £7,455.

Abolition
As part of his plans for the national budget for 2008 (his last as Chancellor of the Exchequer), Gordon Brown announced in 2007 that the reduced tax rate for low incomes would be abolished from April 2008. This meant that all income above the personal allowance and below the higher rate band would be taxed at 20%, with the effect that taxpayers earning above the personal allowance would be up to £232 worse off each year.

The abolition of the 10% tax band came into effect at the start of the 2008 tax year and was the source of considerable criticism. High-profile figures protested, including former minister Frank Field. In May 2008, the Chancellor of the Exchequer announced that the 2008-2009 personal allowance would be increased by £600 (from £5435 to £6035) to help low-income tax-payers affected by the abolition of the 10% starting rate of income tax. At the same time, the threshold for higher rate income tax was reduced by £600, so that higher rate tax payers would not be able to benefit from the adaptation. These changes were implemented in September 2008.

Subsequent adaptations to personal allowance
In the years after the abolition of the reduced tax rate for low incomes, the UK government made further adaptations to personal income taxation, notably to the personal allowance.

References

Notes
 UK Government website: http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/MoneyTaxAndBenefits/Taxes/BeginnersGuideToTax/IncomeTax/Taxallowancesandreliefs/DG_078571
 Detailed list of rates paid between 1972 - 2005: http://www.taxhistory.co.uk/Income%20Tax%20Allowances.htm

Income tax in the United Kingdom
Gordon Brown
Victory Theme () is a Brazilian instrumental song composed specially for the broadcast of Formula One by Rede Globo. The music was composed by Eduardo Souto Neto.

History 
The song was suggested by Aloysio Legey, the director of Formula One transmissions for Rede Globo. The song was recorded in 1981 by the Brazilian band Roupa Nova, to be used as the soundtrack of victories in the Brazilian Grand Prix, regardless of the winner's nationality, transmitted by Rede Globo. The song was first performed with the victory of Nelson Piquet in the 1983 Brazilian Grand Prix. The next year, the song was performed for Alain Prost's victory in the 1984 Brazilian Grand Prix.

It was only in 1986 that the song started to be used for every victory by a Brazilian driver. The song marked Nelson Piquet's achievement of third championship in 1987 and Ayrton Senna's championships in 1988, 1990 and 1991.

For seven years the song wasn't played on Rede Globo due to the lack of victories by Brazilian drivers, between the 1993 Australian Grand Prix won by Ayrton Senna and the 2000 German Grand Prix won by Rubens Barrichello.

In 2006, the song was played the first time for Felipe Massa for his victory in the 2006 Turkish Grand Prix.

The Victory Theme was also played on Rede Globo after the Brazil national team won the 1994 FIFA World Cup, as an homage to Ayrton Senna, who died earlier that year. and again in the 2002 FIFA World Cup, where Brazil won the World Cup trophy for the 5th time in Japan.

In 2009, the victory theme was played but with a different arrangement for Rubens Barrichello's victory in the 2009 European Grand Prix, which marked Brazil's 100th victory in the history of Formula One; no Brazilian driver has won a race since Barrichello claimed victory at that year's Italian Grand Prix two races later.

At UFC 198, UFC Heavyweight Champion Fabricio Werdum used the song as his entrance music.

On March 29, 2014, the guitarist of the American band Guns N' Roses performed the song "Tema da Vitória" at a concert in São Paulo. In that week, if he were alive, Senna would have been 54 years old.

References

External links 

 
 

Brazilian music
1981 songs
Motorsport in Brazil
Formula One mass media
Sporting songs
Michael Patrick MacDonald (born March 9, 1966) is an American activist and author focusing on crime and violence. MacDonald is Irish American. In his memoir, All Souls: A Family Story From Southie, MacDonald combines his heritage with his passion for the anti-violence movement. MacDonald helped start Boston's gun-buyback program and founded the South Boston Vigil group. A local community that works to honor Southie's victims of gun violence.

He was the recipient of the 1999 Daily Point of Light Award, which honors people who connect Americans through community service. MacDonald has also been awarded an Anne Cox Chambers Fellowship at the MacDowell Colony, a Bellagio Center Fellowship through the Rockefeller Foundation, and residencies at the Blue Mountain Center and Djerassi Artists Residency Program. He received the Courage of Conscience Award from the Peace Abbey for his courage and committed efforts to stem the tide of inner city violence through the establishment of the gun-buyback program in Boston.

As of  MacDonald lives in Brooklyn, New York and devotes his time to writing and public speaking on topics ranging from "Race and Class in America" to "Trauma, Healing, and Social Change." MacDonald is also a writer in Residence at Northeastern University in Boston.

Books

All Souls: A Family Story from Southie
 
A New York Times bestseller, All Souls: A Family Story from Southie (Beacon Press, September 1999), won an American Book Award and a New England Literary Lights Award, as well as the Myers Outstanding Book Award administered by the Myers Center for the Study of Bigotry and Human Rights in North America.

With All Souls, MacDonald writes a gripping memoir about his life growing up in the Old Colony housing projects in South Boston, a predominantly white Irish Catholic neighborhood. He writes about the crime, drugs, and violence in his neighborhood in the years following Boston's busing riots, and of his brothers and sisters, several of whom fell prey to drugs, crime, and suicide. The book introduces his mother, Helen King, a feisty woman who raised her nine surviving children in the projects. The book often mentions Whitey Bulger, a gangster and FBI informant in Southie, who brought the drug trade into the neighborhood, contributing to the deaths of hundreds of young people because of suicides, murders, and overdoses. Despite the turmoil, MacDonald writes about how proud and loyal the residents were to be from Southie.

Easter Rising: An Irish American Coming Up from Under
Released in October 2006, Easter Rising: An Irish American Coming Up from Under continues MacDonald's personal story. It tells of his path out of Southie and the history of the 1980s punk subculture, punk ideologies, and post-punk music scenes. In addition, he speaks of meeting older family members.

References

External links
Michael Patrick MacDonald talks about his new book, All Souls, and changing times in South Boston The Boston Phoenix, by Sarah McNaught

1966 births
Living people
American memoirists
Writers from Boston
People from South Boston
American people of Irish descent
American activists
Writers from New York City
American Book Award winners
Pakhangyi Monastery (), officially known as Kyaungdawgyi () is a Buddhist monastery in Yesagyo Township, Magway Region, Myanmar (Burma). Pakhangyi Monastery y was built during the Konbaung dynasty in the late 18th century.  The wooden monastery was built by Pho Toke and Daw Phae, using 254 teak pillars that range from  each in height. The monastery was restored in 1992, In 1996, the Burmese government submitted the monastery, along with other exemplars from the Konbaung dynasty for inclusion into the UNESCO World Heritage List.

See also
Kyaung

References

Monasteries in Myanmar
Buildings and structures in Magway Region
19th-century Buddhist temples
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1886
1886 establishments in Burma
Madhusudan Law University formerly Madhusudan Law College is the oldest Law Institute (now a university) of the State of Odisha.  The college is situated at Municipal Colony in Cuttack in the Indian state of Odisha. It offers 3 years LL.B.(Hons.), 5 years Integrated B.A., LL.B.(Hons) and 2 years LL.M. course approved from Bar Council of India (BCI).

History
In 1869 the law course was introduced in the Ravenshaw Collegiate School, Cuttack. thereafter it continued in the Ravenshaw College. That time the Bachelor of Law course was under the University of Calcutta and after the foundation of Utkal University in 1943 the Madhusudan Law College was also established in the same year. This college is named after National Leader and politician Madhusudan Das.

From 28 April 2021 all government and private law colleges of Odisha, other than constituent law colleges will be affiliated under Madhusudan Law University.

Notable alumni

 Dipak Misra, Former Chief Justice of India
 Pradip Kumar Mohanty
 Gobinda Chandra Majhi
 Pratap Jena
 Ainthu Sahoo
 Ananga Kumar Patnaik
 Rabi Ray
 Gopal Ballav Pattanaik
 Gopanarayan Das

References 

Education in Cuttack
Universities and colleges established in 1943
1943 establishments in India
Universities and colleges in Odisha
Law schools in Odisha
Felixkirk is a village and civil parish in the Hambleton District of North Yorkshire, England.  The village is situated about three miles north-east of Thirsk. The population of the civil parish was estimated at 100 in 2014.

History

The village is named after its church, itself dedicated to St Felix, a Burgundian who travelled with St Paulinus converting Saxons in England to Christianity during the seventh century. It may have not been known by its current name at the time of the Norman invasion as it does not appear in this form in the Domesday Book of 1086. 
Instead it is referenced as Fridebi with the manor lands shared between Gamal, son of Kalri and Ligulf, subsequently passing after invasion to Hugh, son of Baldric, who made Gerard of Boltby lord of the manor.

There are competing etymologies for Fridebi. It is the same as the old place name of nearby Firby sometimes taken to mean Peaceful Place from fred, a Danish word for peace. Alternatively, like other hamlets with Danish derived names it might mean Freda's dwelling where the personal name Freda also means Peace.

Nearby hill, Mount St John, was the location of a preceptory of the Order of St John of Jerusalem built in the 11th century. After the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the preceptory buildings were handed to the Archbishop of York. In 1720, the buildings were pulled down and a new manor house built. Still known as Mount St John, it is a grade II* listed building.

Governance
The village is within the Thirsk and Malton UK Parliament constituency. It lies within the Bagby & Thorntons ward of Hambleton District Council and Thirsk electoral division of North Yorkshire County Council.

The parish shares a grouped parish council, known as Hillside Parish Council, with the civil parishes of Boltby, Cowesby, Kirby Knowle and Upsall.

Geography
The village is at an elevation of  above sea level at its highest point. The nearest settlements are Thirlby  to the east; Sutton-under-Whitestonecliffe  to the south-east; Upsall  to the north; Boltby  to the north-east and Thirsk  to the south-west.

According to the 1881 UK Census, the population was 113. The 2001 UK Census recorded the population as 104, of which 85 were over the age of sixteen. Of those, 56 were in employment. The village contains 45 dwellings of which 24 are detached properties.

A bowl barrow at Howe Hill in the parish is a scheduled ancient monument. There are two Grade II* listed buildings (St Felix church and Mount St John) in the village and five Grade II listed structures.

Education

Primary education is provided at nearby Thirsk Community, South Kilvington CE Primary and Knayton CE Primary Schools. These schools are within the catchment area of Thirsk School for secondary education.

Religion

The village church is dedicated to St Felix and was substantially rebuilt in 1860 by William Hey Dykes, who is responsible for the unusual rounded apse. It is a grade II* listed building.

References

Villages in North Yorkshire
Civil parishes in North Yorkshire
, pseudonym of Tokohiro Iwaki, was a noted Japanese author in the I Novel genre.

Kambayashi was born in a village now part of Kuroshio in Kōchi Prefecture. In 1927 he received a graduate degree in English literate from the University of Tokyo and took a job with the Kaizo publishing company. That same year he began to write and continued until 1973, despite two debilitating strokes.

All told, Kambayashi published more than two hundred stories, most of which are based on personal experiences. According to Donald Keene, these stories fall into three broad clusters: those set in the village of Shikoku where he grew up; those relating to the illness and madness of his wife; and those describing his younger sister. Perhaps the best known is Sei Yohane byōin nite (In the Hospital of St. John, 1946), in which describes the slow death of his wife in the middle of a war-torn country.

Kambayashi received the 1964 Yomiuri Prize for Shiroi yakatabune, and in 1969 became a member of the Japan Art Academy.

References 
 Donald Keene, Dawn to the West: Japanese literature of the modern era, fiction, Volume 1, Columbia University Press, 2nd edition, 1998, pages 541–555. .
 Shunkin.net: Literature Japonais 

1902 births
1980 deaths
20th-century Japanese writers
Yomiuri Prize winners
People from Kōchi Prefecture
Writers from Kōchi Prefecture
20th-century pseudonymous writers
The Michigan River  is a tributary of the North Platte River, approximately  long, in north central Colorado in the United States. It drains a rural part of the eastern side of North Park in eastern Jackson County. The river issues from Michigan Lakes, a chain of alpine lakes at ,  along the continental divide in southeast Jackson County just east of Nokhu Crags. It descends north then west to flow past the south end of Cameron Pass, and descends from the pass along the route of State Highway 14, past Gould, then northwest through the ranch country of North Park, where it becomes a largely braided stream with a wide river bottom. It passes just east of Walden, and  receives the Illinois River from the south just north of Walden. It joins the North Platte from the south approximately 5 miles (8 km) downstream to the north.

See also
List of rivers of Colorado

References

External links
Local Backcountry Advocacy

Rivers of Jackson County, Colorado
Rivers of Colorado
Tributaries of the North Platte River
Whitebait is a collective term for the juvenile of various fish species worldwide.

Whitebait (disambiguation) may refer to:

 Whitebait Smelt (Allosmerus elongatus), a species of smelt  that lives off the west coast of North America
 Operation Whitebait, an air attack on Berlin during the Second World War

See also
 WhitebaitMedia
Rhagastis gloriosa, the crimson mottled hawkmoth, is a moth of the family Sphingidae.

Distribution 
It is found along the southern slopes of the Himalaya in Nepal, Tibet, Bhutan, north-eastern India and northern Myanmar, east to central Yunnan in China. It has also been recorded from the extreme northwest of Thailand and northern Vietnam.

Description 
The wingspan is 82–92 mm. It has olive-green forewings overlain by broad, dark red and partially merged transverse bands. The dorsal scaling of the antenna is brown or black from near the base to near the hook. The forewing upperside ground colour is olive green. The transverse bands are dark red, broad, irregular and partially merged. The forewing and hindwing underside ground colour is bright pink and the hindwing upperside has a median band flushed with pink.

References

Rhagastis
Moths described in 1875
Golec uOrkiestra is a Polish folk-rock group, founded in 1998 in the southern village of Milówka near Żywiec by twin brothers Paweł and Łukasz Golec, after whom it is named. At its inception, the group consisted of eight musicians. The band performed mostly during holidays but also in local clubs. In 1999, two more musicians were added, and in March of that year, the first album was recorded in a studio in Bielsko-Biala. In the following years, Golec uOrkiestra recorded several more albums, becoming one of the most popular folk-rock bands in the country. In an address given on June 15, 2001, at Warsaw University, president George W. Bush referenced one of the group's songs, "Sciernisco" saying "Today's own Poland's orchestra called Golec's, is telling the world, "On that wheatfield, I'm gonna build my San Francisco; over that molehill, I'm gonna build my bank."

Personnel 

Łukasz Golec, Paweł Golec, Edyta Golec, Jarosław Zawada, Zbyszek Michałek – Baja, Piotr Kalicki, Robert Szewczuga, Łukasz Plich, Mirosław Hady

Discography

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Christmas albums

Live albums

Soundtracks

Prize and awards
 24 October 2020: the 9th edition of the John Paul II Prize in Bisceglie, Italy, together with the Roman Catholic Apostolic Nuncio Francisco-Javier Lozano Sebastián, Simona amabene, the Italian founder of the Marian family prayer Costola Rosa, the singers Paolo Mengoli, Manuela Villa, Igor Minerva, Daniele Si Nasce, Devis Manoni, Silva Perentin, and the actors Daniela Poggi, Valentina Persia, Luca Capuano and Vincenzo Bocciarelli.

References

External links 

 Official webpage of the band

Polish rock music groups
Polish folk groups
Polish twins
The Academy At Shotton Hall is a coeducational secondary school in Peterlee, County Durham, England. It is a school for 11- to 16-year-olds and is a specialist Performing Arts College it was renamed to Academy of Shotton Hall in February 2011. The school has recently given through major renovation work as part of the Government's Building Schools for the Future (BSF) program. The new facility was fully rebuilt in late 2010 and the former facility was demolished in mid 2011. The current head teacher at the school is Mrs Hook. Previous head teacher, Ian Mowbray, retired In July 2010.

History
Shotton Hall School was first opened in 1900 as a secondary modern school, but in 1973 it became a comprehensive school and it was extended with new buildings such as the B block, the Towers, Speed, Metcalfe and Nicholson house blocks, the art block, the music block and the sports hall. The school was granted Specialist Performing Arts College status in 2003. Recently, the school has applied for "Fast track academy" Status and on 1 February 2011, was renamed The Academy At Shotton Hall.

New School Development
Workers finished the construction work in December 2010, and as a result. The school Christmas holidays were extended by 2 weeks.
The new schools features the same extensive performing arts equipment as there was in the old school, but most of it has either been replaced or improved in some way. The school was very lucky for the building of the new school to not have been scrapped, as many were as a result of the scrapping of the BSF project by the government. The old school buildings were demolished between May and July 2011.

Performance
GCSE results at the school have continued to improve and in 2009, 98% of students taking GCSEs achieved 5 or more grades A* to C, making it the second best performing school in County Durham and one of the 30 most improved schools nationally. Shotton Hall was also judged as an 'outstanding' school in its most recent OFSTED inspection (full inspection report can be read by clicking on the OFSTED number on the right).

The school has a wide range of performing arts facilities including a hall with an extensive and professional lighting system, a dance studio, a drama studio and a professional recording studio. The school currently has a performing arts website which was launched on 1 January 2009.

Alumni
J. P. E. Harper-Scott, musicologist and professor at Royal Holloway, University of London attended the comprehensive school carnation.
Courtney Hadwin, singer.
Connor Lawson, actor of Alex Walker in The Dumping Ground and Billy Elliot in the West End fame.
Chris Brown, football player also attended the school.

References

1963 establishments in England
Academies in County Durham
Educational institutions established in 1963
Peterlee
Secondary schools in County Durham
Senior aircraftman technician (SAC Tech or formerly SAC(T)) is a rank in the Royal Air Force, ranking between senior aircraftman and corporal and having a NATO rank code of OR-2. SAC Technicians are not NCOs and cannot administratively discipline other personnel.

The rank, which is self-supervisory, was introduced in 2000 to replace junior technician (although junior technicians promoted before this date retain their rank). The rank badge is a three-bladed propeller inside a circle. The rank was renamed air specialist (class 1) technician (AS1(T)) in the Royal Air Force in July 2022.

From March 2005, SACs in technical trades who had attained the Operational Performance Standard were promoted to SAC technician. This rank was introduced to distinguish airmen who have finished trade specific training, though they still require supervision from a corporal or senior NCO.

Previous use of insignia
The insignia of a 3- or 4-bladed propeller surrounded by a circle was originally used after World War II to identify trade apprentices. It fell out of use after a very short period in service.

See also
RAF enlisted ranks

References

Military ranks of the Royal Air Force
Air force ranks