Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
The modern social structure of France is complex, but generally similar to that of other European countries. Traditional social classes still have some presence, with a large bourgeoisie and especially petite bourgeoisie, and an unusually large proportion, for modern Europe, of farming smallholders. All these groups, and the remaining industrial working class, have considerable political power, which they are able to flex when required.

History

Ancien Régime
The "Old Regime" French society before the French revolution was divided on the principle of the estates of the realm and they were as follows: 
Clergy
Nobility
Common people

Following the Industrial Revolution
Following industrialization and the French revolution altered the social structure of France and the bourgeoisie became the new ruling class. The feudal nobility was on the decline with agricultural and land yields decreasing, and arranged marriages between noble and bourgeois family became increasingly common, fusing the two social classes together during the 19th century.

The social classes in France during this period were as follows: 
The haute bourgeoisie: Highly educated and affluent, this social class had both economic and political sway, and could afford leisure time. This class was composed of industrialists, lawyers, bankers, notaries, politicians, prominent doctors and pharmacists. 
The petite bourgeoisie: An educated or skilled middle class. They are composed of store owners, lower ranked civil servants, professors, and skilled artisans. 
The cadres.  These were generally office/clerical workers and nowadays would include lower-skilled IT jobs.  They could also include some supervisory roles over fellow employees in working class workplaces. In France they have been traditionally treated as a social class unto themselves, whereas in English-speaking countries they are generally treated as the lowest edge of the middle class as, although they perform largely unskilled work, their jobs do have a loosely white collar veneer.
The working class: This formed the majority of the population. The urban working class is distinguished from the rural laborers. With industrialization on the rise, there is an increasing about of jobs in urban areas based in factories and construction sites. The countryside is on the decline and a large amount of rural laborers move towards cities and towns for better opportunities. Low cultural and education outlook.

Contemporary France
In the 21st century, social class in France is often measured by income and profession. Bon chic bon genre is a term for fashionable people of good family ("bon genre"), especially in Paris. Graduates of the École nationale d'administration, or énarques predominate in the upper levels of government and many industries, along with graduates of the other Grandes écoles, specialized state-run institutes of tertiary education. However, primary and secondary education is almost entirely at state schools, unlike say England, and is a major engine of social mobility. Cultural capital, a concept from France, is still considered an issue for the many French people in a process of social mobility.

References
USS Brule (APA-66) was a Gilliam-class attack transport that served with the United States Navy from 1944 to 1946. She was sunk as a target in 1948.

History
Brule was named after the county in South Dakota. She was launched 30 June 1944 by Consolidated Steel at Wilmington, Los Angeles, under a Maritime Commission contract; sponsored by Miss Patricia Moreell, daughter of Vice Admiral Ben Moreell. Brule was acquired by the Navy on 31 October 1944, and commissioned the same day.

World War II
Brule joined Transport Squadron 16 and departed San Pedro 26 November 1944 for Pearl Harbor. In December 1944 was in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands, in preparation for the assault on Iwo Jima.  As the task force left for the assault, Brule lost one of her new turbine engines as was forced to return to Pearl Harbor for rapid repair; Brule caught up with the invasion force on D-plus-4, 24 February, and remained off the island through the remainder of the battle, taking some of the few surviving Japanese prisoners off the island and carrying them in her brig to custody.  From April 1945 until the cessation of hostilities Brule carried troops and supplies between various bases in the Bonins, Marianas, Marshalls, Philippines, and Solomons.

Post-war
After the war's end, Brule operated with the 7th Fleet during the occupation of Korea and China.
 
In November 1945 Brule became a unit of the Operation Magic Carpet fleet, tasked with bringing returning servicemen home from the war.

Operation Crossroads
While at Yokosuka, during one of her voyages, Brule was ordered to prepare for assignment to the target fleet for Operation Crossroads, the atomic bomb tests at Bikini Atoll. She completed her run from Yokosuka to Pearl Harbor and then commenced preparation for the operation.
 
Brule survived the atomic bomb tests at Bikini and following the test period was decommissioned and maintained for radiological and structural studies. She was destroyed by sinking 11 May 1948.

References

External links
APA-66 Brule, Navsource Online.

Gilliam-class attack transports
Transports of the United States Navy
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Brule County, South Dakota
Ships built in Los Angeles
1944 ships
Li Peifu (; born October 1953) is a Chinese novelist best known for his novel The Book of Life, which won him China's top literature prize: Mao Dun Literature Prize, in 2015. Li is a member of the Chinese Communist Party and the China Writers Association. He was selected as a National First-class Writer by the Chinese government, and enjoys the special subsidy of the State Council.

Biography
Li was born into a  worker's family, in Xuchang, Henan, in October 1953. He started to publish works in 1978, after the Cultural Revolution. He graduated from Henan Radio and Television University in 1984, where he majored in Chinese language and literature. After graduation, he worked at Xuchang Municipal Bureau of Culture and later became president of the Henan Writers Association and Henan Literature and Art Association. On August 16, 2015, he was awarded the Mao Dun Literature Prize for his novel The Book of Life. His most influential work is The Book of Life, which he finished in 2011, and which won him the prestigious Mao Dun Literature Prize in 2015. The Book of Life is also the finale of his Plains Trilogy, after the 1999 Door of the Sheepfold and the 2003 The Light of the Cities.

Works

Novellas
 Black Dragonfly ()
 Cunhun ()
 The Countryside ()
 Collected Works of Li Peifu ()

Novels
 The 17th Generation Great-Great-Grandson of Li Family ()
 Golden House ()
 Urban White Paper ()
 Door of the Sheepfold ()
 The Light of the Cities ()
 The Book of Life or A Record of Life ()
 Graft (), trans. James Trapp (Sinoist Books, 2022)

Telescript
 * The Story of Ying River ()
 * Ordinary Story ()
 * Memorable Years: Stories of Red Flag Canal ()
 * Shen Fengmei ()

Awards
1994 Zhaung Zhongwen Literature Prize

2012 The Book of Life – People's Literature Award

2015 The Book of Life – Mao Dun Literature Prize

References

1953 births
Living people
Writers from Xuchang
Henan University alumni
Chinese male novelists
Mao Dun Literature Prize laureates
People's Republic of China novelists
The 71st Writers Guild of America Awards honored the best in film, television, radio and video-game writing of 2018. Winners were announced on February 17, 2019 at the Beverly Hilton Hotel, Beverly Hills, California and the Edison Ballroom, New York City, New York. The nominations for Television, New Media, Radio, News and Promotional Writing were announced on December 6, 2018. The Theatrical, Documentary Screenplay and Videogame Writing nominees were announced on January 7, 2019.

Winners and nominees

Film

Television

Documentary

News

Radio

Promotional Writing

Videogame Writing

Special awards

References

External links 
 

2018
2018 film awards
2018 in American cinema
2018 in American television
2018 television awards
2018 guild awards
2018 awards in the United States
February 2019 events in the United States
The 1897 Washington Senators baseball team finished the season with a 61–71 record, tied for sixth place in the National League.  The Senators (also known as the Nationals) finished in the first division in the only time in the franchise's nine-year run in the National League.  After getting off to a dismal 31–55 start, Washington won 30 of its last 46 games.  Their overall winning percentage (.462) would be the high-water mark for this franchise before it folded in contraction at the conclusion of the 1899 season.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Opening Day lineup

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position 
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters 
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers 
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Other pitchers 
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Relief pitchers 
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

References 
 1897 Washington Senators team page at Baseball Reference

Washington Senators (1891–1899) seasons
Washington Senators season
Washington Senators
The men's individual competition with revolver and pistol, distance 50 metres (later standardized by the IOC to the men's 50 metre pistol) was a shooting sports event held as part of the shooting at the 1912 Summer Olympics programme. It was the fourth appearance of the event, which was the only one to have been featured at every edition of the Games to that point. The competition was held on Monday, 1 July 1912. Fifty-four sport shooters from twelve nations competed. Nations were limited to 12 shooters each. The event was won by Alfred Lane of the United States, completing a double for him with the rapid fire pistol event. It was the United States' second victory in the event. Another American, Peter Dolfen, finished second. Charles Stewart of Great Britain took the bronze medal, the nation's first in the free pistol.

Background

This was the fourth appearance of what would become standardised as the men's ISSF 50 meter pistol event. The event was held at every Summer Olympics from 1896 to 1920 (except 1904, when no shooting events were held) and from 1936 to 2016; it was open to women from 1968 to 1980. 1896 and 1908 were the only Games in which the distance was not 50 metres; the former used 30 metres and the latter 50 yards.

Of the top ten shooters in 1908, only two returned: ninth-place finisher John Dietz of the United States and tenth-place finisher André Regaud of France.

Austria, Chile, Finland, Germany, Hungary, and Russia each made their debut in the event. France, Greece, and the United States each made their third appearance, tied for most of any nation.

Lane used a Smith & Wesson Perfected Model Third Model.

Competition format

The competition had each shooter fire 60 shots, in 10 series of 6 shots each, at a distance of 50 metres. The time allowed for each series was 4 minutes. The target was round, 50 centimetres in diameter, with 10 scoring rings. Scoring for each shot was up to 10 points, in increments of 1 point. The maximum score possible was 600 points. Ties were broken by countback (10s, 9s, 8s, etc.). Any revolver or pistol could be used; only open sights were allowed. Any ammunition with a metal cartridge case could be used. Pistols with hairspring triggers, allowed in the world championship, were banned.

Records

Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.

No new world or Olympic records were set during the competition.

Schedule

Results

Stewart shot more 10s than de Laval, winning the bronze medal on that tie-breaker.

References

External links
 
 

Shooting at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Men's 1912
Events from the year 1616 in art.

Events
 Jacob Jordaens marries the daughter of his teacher, Adam van Noort.
 Peter Paul Rubens begins work on classical tapestries for Genoese merchant Franco Cattaneo following signing of a contract in Antwerp with cloth dyers Jan Raes and Frans Sweerts.

Paintings

 Hendrik Goltzius - Lot and his Daughters
 Guercino - Moonlit Landscape
 Cornelis van Haarlem – Allegory of Vanity and Repentance
 Frans Hals - The Banquet of the Officers of the St George Militia Company
 Jacob Jordaens
 Abduction of Europa (1615-16)
 Adoration of the Shepherds (his earliest dated extant work)
 The Return of the Holy Family from Egypt (approximate date)
 Isaac Oliver - Portrait miniature of John Donne
 Peter Paul Rubens
 Erichthonius discovered by the daughters of Cecrops (approximate date)
 The Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt
 Tiger, Lion and Leopard Hunt
 Portrait of a Young Girl
 Romulus and Remus
 Sigismund of Seeon - Trithemius sui ipsius vindex sive Steganographiae (painted in Ingolstadt)
 Simon van de Passe - Engraving of Pocahontas (died 1617; later published in John Smith's Generall Historie of Virginia (1624))

Sculptures

 Gian Lorenzo Bernini
 Bacchanal: A Faun Teased by Children
 Bust of Giovanni Battista Santoni (approximate completion date)
 Pietro Bernini - Flora
 Pietro and Gian Lorenzo Bernini - Autumn (approximate date)
 Giambologna (completed by Pietro Tacca) - Equestrian statue of Philip III of Spain

Births
February 2 - Sébastien Bourdon, French painter and engraver (died 1671)
May 25 - Carlo Dolci, Italian painter of chiefly sacred subjects (died 1686)
June 24 - Ferdinand Bol, Dutch artist, etcher, and draftsman (died 1680)
September - Philips Angel, Dutch painter (died 1683)
date unknown
Bernardo Cavallino, Italian painter of the Baroque period working in Naples (died 1656)
Pierfrancesco Cittadini, Italian painter of still life (died 1681)
Pietro del Po, Italian painter (died 1692)
Isaack Luttichuys, Dutch Golden Age portrait painter (died 1673)
Jean Michelin, French Protestant painter (died 1670)
Luigi Pellegrini Scaramuccia, Italian painter and artist biographer of the Baroque period (died 1680)
Sokuhi Nyoitsu, Buddhist monk of the Obaku Zen sect, poet and calligrapher (died 1671)
 Henri Testelin, French court painter (died 1695)
 (born 1616/1617) Caesar van Everdingen – Dutch portrait painter (died 1678)

Deaths
January - Orazio Borgianni, Italian painter and etcher of the Mannerist and early-baroque periods (born 1575)
August 8 - Cornelis Ketel, Dutch Mannerist painter (born 1548)
date unknown
Matteo Perez d'Aleccio, Italian painter of devotional, historical and maritime subjects during the Mannerist period (born c.1547)
Jacques Bellange, French artist and printmaker from Lorraine (born 1575)
Orazio Farinati, Italian Mannerist painter (born 1559)
Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, Quechua noble man known for illustrating a chronicle of the native peoples of the Andes (born 1535)
Siyâvash, Iranian Georgian miniature illustrator (born 1536)

 
Years of the 17th century in art
1610s in art
Disteghil Sar or Distaghil Sar () is the highest mountain in the Shimshal Valley, part of the Karakoram mountain range in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. It is the 19th-highest mountain on Earth, the 7th-highest in Pakistan, and the first of the high peaks after Shishapangma to be the tallest independent summit of its own subrange. Disteghil sar is a Wakhi language word suggested by the Wakhi people of Shimshal, meaning "above the inner ranch." The mountain has a  top ridge above 7,400 meters elevation, with three distinct summits: Northwest, 7885 m; Central, 7760 m; and Southeast, 7696m or 7535m.

Climbing history
Distaghil Sar was first climbed in 1960 by Günther Stärker and Diether Marchart of an Austrian expedition led by Wolfgang Stefan. The expedition climbed the western part of the south face and continued over the southwest ridge to the highest summit. Three years earlier, in 1957, an English expedition had attempted to climb the mountain from the south and the west, but failed due to bad weather. Likewise, weather foiled a 1959 Swiss attempt over the southeast ridge.
The highest, western summit has been scaled twice since in 1980 and 1982 over the original route. Two attempts over the daunting north face, in 1988 and 1998, were unsuccessful. The eastern summit was first climbed in 1980 by a Polish expedition over the east face, and was reascended in 1983.

See also
 List of mountains in Pakistan
 Highest Mountains of the World

References

Sources
Hohe Siebentausender (in German)
The Himalayan Index

Seven-thousanders of the Karakoram
Mountains of Gilgit-Baltistan
Pierre Laigle (born 9 September 1970 in Auchel, France) is a French former professional footballer. He played as a midfielder.

Laigle played for a number of Ligue 1 teams throughout his career, before retiring at the end of the 2006-07 season. He also played in Italy for Sampdoria, returning to his native country after relegation in the 1998–99 Serie A.

He was in France's preliminary squad of 28 players for the 1998 FIFA World Cup on home soil. However, he was one of six players dropped by head coach Aime Jacquet just before the tournament began. France went on to be victorious in the tournament and become national heroes.

Honours
 Coupe de la Ligue: 2000-01
 Ligue 1: 2001–02

References

External links
 http://www.sitercl.com/Fichejo/L/laiglepi.htm
 
 

1970 births
Living people
Men's association football midfielders
French men's footballers
French expatriate men's footballers
AS Saint-Priest players
France men's international footballers
RC Lens players
UC Sampdoria players
Olympique Lyonnais players
Montpellier HSC players
Serie A players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Sierra Valley is a large mountain valley located west of the crest of California's Sierra Nevada mountain range in Plumas and Sierra Counties, north of Interstate 80.

Geography

An intermontaine valley at approximately  elevation, Sierra Valley is surrounded by mountains ranging in elevation from 6,000 to . The huge valley covering about  is a down-faulted basin, formerly a lake of similar geologic origin to Lake Tahoe to the south, now filled with sediment up to two thousand feet thick. The former Lake has the suggested name of Lake Beckwourth and existed until approximately 10,000 years ago. Average annual rainfall is less than twenty inches, most falling as snow. The valley floor has a grassland and sagebrush ecosystem and is the site of extensive freshwater marshes filled with cattails, bulrushes and alkaline flats that drain into the Middle Fork Feather River. Many species of wildlife make their permanent home in the valley, and a great number of migratory bird species stop over in the fall and nest in the valley in the spring. The valley also has thermal activity, with Marble Hot Springs located in the north central valley floor.

Economy
Sierra Valley is an agricultural and livestock region. Tourism also contributes to the local economy.

Access
Entrance from the west is through Yuba Pass on State Route 49. Entrance from the east is through Beckwourth Pass, the lowest mountain pass on the crest of the Sierra Nevada, on State Route 70.  State Route 89 skirts the southern end of the valley. State Route 49, the Gold Rush trail, terminates at State Route 70 in Vinton, and the latter highway then terminates at Hallelujah Junction on U.S. Route 395 after passing through Chilcoot.

Principal towns

Sierraville
Beckwourth
Calpine
Sattley
Loyalton
Vinton
Chilcoot

Sources
A Biological Baseline Study of Sierra Valley Marsh, California 1976. Dept. of Biology, SFSU. NSF SOS grant SMI-76-08071.
This was a student originated study funded by the National Science Foundation to assess biological resources of the high-altitude freshwater marsh in Sierra Valley.   https://archive.org/details/SierraValleyStudy/page/n23

References

External links

Plumas County Visitors Bureau
Plumas National forest
Tahoe National forest

Valleys of California
Wetlands of California
Landforms of Plumas County, California
Landforms of Sierra County, California
Valleys of Plumas County, California
Valleys of Sierra County, California
Ficus cordata, the Namaqua rock fig, or Namaqua fig is a species of fig that occurs in two disjunct populations in Africa, one in the arid southwest of the continent, and a second in the northern subtropics. In the south it is often the largest and most prominent tree, and is virtually restricted to cliff faces and rock outcrops, where it has a rock-splitting habit.

Subspecies
The subspecies are: 
 F. c. cordata – southwestern Africa
 F. c. lecardii (Warb.) C.C.Berg – Senegal to central Africa

Range and habitat
The nominate subspecies is native to arid western South Africa, Namibia and southwestern Angola, while a second subspecies is native to Africa's northern subtropics. The nominate subspecies is found in fynbos, succulent Karoo and Nama Karoo, while the northern subspecies is found in savannah, up to 1,500 m above sea level.

Species associations
The nominate subspecies is pollinated by the wasp Platyscapa desertorum Compton.. The wasp Comptoniella vannoorti Wiebes. is an associated non-pollinator that oviposits through the fig wall. The pollinator wasp of the northern subspecies, F. c. lecardii, is as yet unknown.

Similar species
F. salicifolia, the Wonderboom, is sometimes deemed a third subspecies of Ficus cordata, i.e. F. c. subsp. salicifolia (Vahl) C.C.Berg, but it lacks the yellowish sessile figs of F. cordata, and its range is much to the east.

References

Trees of Africa
Flora of Southern Africa
cordata
Professor Akbar Masood is the Vice Chancellor at Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University in Jammu and Kashmir. Before joining Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, he served as the Dean of Academic Affairs at the University of Kashmir. He has a Master of Sciences from Aligarh Muslim University and a PhD from the Indian Institute of Toxicology Research. He remained associated with the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Kashmir as a member of the faculty since 1988.
 He was appointed Vice-Chancellor of Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University in February 2021.

Masood remained the Head Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir for 18 years. He also remained Dean Faculty of Biological Sciences and Dean Faculty of Unani and Ayurvedic Medicine at University of Kashmir. He has more than 250 publications in national and international Journals and has attended national and international seminars, symposia, workshops and conferences. He has been an active researcher in the field of environmental biochemistry, phytotoxicology, protein biochemistry, enzymology, medicinal plants and bioinformatics. He has written 15 books and has supervised 50 Ph.D and M.Phil degrees during his career over three decades of teaching and research. For his contributions, he was awarded a National Environmental Science Academy fellowship in 2005 and International Benevolent Research Fellowship in 2006. In 2007, he was awarded fellowship by International Biotechnology Society, Indore and fellowship by society of Toxicology, India. In 2008, he was elected as an associate of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology, Reston VA, USA. He was awarded a fellowship of Linnean Society of London in 2008. In 2010, he was awarded Pioneers in Genomic Education award by Ocimumbio USA in 2010 and was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemists, England. He was rated as excellent teacher by the Directorate of Internal Quality Assurance University of Kashmir.

References

External links 
https://www.bgsbu.ac.in/

Indian academic administrators
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Universities in Jammu and Kashmir