Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
Photon Doppler velocimetry (PDV) is a one-dimensional Fourier transform analysis of a heterodyne laser interferometry, used in the shock physics community to measure velocities in dynamic experiments with high temporal precision. PDV was developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory by Oliver Strand. In recent years PDV has achieved popularity in the shock physics community as an adjunct or replacement for velocity interferometer system for any reflector (VISAR), another time-resolved velocity interferometry system. Modern data acquisition technology and off-the-shelf optical telecommunications devices now enable the assembly of PDV systems within reasonable budgets.

Theory
The fundamental mechanism of PDV is the interference pattern created by two electromagnetic waves with a small difference in frequency. Since most PDV systems are constructed with available telecommunications equipment, a standard laser source for a PDV system is centered at 1550 nm (or 193.4 THz). If this source is then reflected off of a moving surface with some velocity (), the reflected light will be shifted in frequency () according to the relativistic Doppler shift equation.

If the shifted return light is then interfered with the original source, the resulting wave will have a beat frequency in the range of a few GHz. This beat frequency is slow enough that it can be monitored with a simple photo-detector and high speed oscilloscope. By recording the beat frequency over time, a complete velocity history of the surface is obtained.

Data analysis
In theory, the analysis of a PDV data signal is quite simple, where the apparent velocity of the moving surface () is simply a function of the source wavelength () and the signal frequency ():

In practice, however, determining the instantaneous frequency () of the signal by inspection can be inaccurate and inefficient. Consequently, Fourier transform analysis is used to extract the most probable frequency components, which can then be used to calculate the velocity history.

By taking sequential FFTs over a time window which moves across the data signal, a 2D spectrogram can be created which indicates the frequency components most dominant in the data. The velocity history can then be extracted from the spectrogram.

Advantages

PDV can measure a wide range of velocities (limited primarily by the time resolution of the signal recording equipment), and is relatively easy to set up and use.

Limitations

Depending on the quality of the data signal and parameters of the FFT, the inherent error in PDV measurements can be high. However, there are ways to mitigate these problems and obtain velocity histories with very high accuracy.

Conferences
The 2009 PDV users conference was held at the University of Texas at Austin, Institute for Advanced Technology.
The 2010 PDV users conference was held at the Ohio State University.

See also
 Laser Doppler velocimetry
 Velocity interferometer system for any reflector (VISAR)

References

Measurement
Fourier analysis
Pierre du Ryer (c.1606 – 6 November 1658) was a French dramatist.

Life  and works
Du Ryer was born in Paris in about 1606. His early comedies are loosely modelled on those of Alexandre Hardy, but after the production of the Cid (1636) he became an imitator of Pierre Corneille; this was the period when he produced his masterpiece Scévole, probably in 1644 (the date generally given is 1646). Alcione (1638) was so popular that the abbé d'Aubignac knew it by heart, and Queen Christina of Sweden is said to have had it read to her three times in one day.

Du Ryer was a prolific dramatist. Among his other works were Saül (printed 1642), and a comedy, Les Vendanges de Suresnes (1635 or 1636). He died in Paris in 1658.

References

 Lancaster, Henry Carrington (1912)  Pierre Du Ryer, dramatist Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C.], 
 Gaines, James F. (1988) Pierre Du Ryer and his tragedies: from envy to liberation Libr. Droz, Geneva, , being volume 257 of the Histoire des idées et critique littéraire series

External links
 

1606 births
1658 deaths
Writers from Paris
Members of the Académie Française
17th-century French dramatists and playwrights
17th-century French male writers
Governor Denham may refer to:

Dixon Denham (1786–1828), Governor of Sierra Leone in 1828
Edward Brandis Denham (1876–1938), Governor of the Gambia from 1928 to 1930, Governor of British Guiana from 1930 to 1935, and Governor of Jamaica from 1935 to 1938
Territorial Assembly elections were held in French Cameroons on 30 March 1952.

Electoral system
At the time of the election, the Territorial Assembly had 50 seats, of which 18 were elected by the first college and 32 were elected by the second college.

Campaign
A total of 303 candidates ran for the 50 seats; 65 candidates contested the 18 seats in the first college and 238 candidates contested the 32 seats in the second college.

Results
Of the 7,788 voters in the first college, 4,300 cast votes, whilst in the second college, 330,000 of the 520,605 registered voters voted.

References

1952 elections in Africa
1952
1952 in French Cameroon
1952
March 1952 events in Africa
Shulpin (or Shul'pin, ) is a Russian surname. Notable persons with the surname include:

 Georgiy Borisovich Shul’pin (born 1946), Russian chemist
 Leonid Mikhailovich Shulpin (1905–1941), Russian-Soviet ornithologist

Russian-language surnames
Kevin Luhman is a professor of astronomy and astrophysics from Pennsylvania State University who discovered both the third-closest stellar system, Luhman 16, and the fourth-closest stellar system, WISE 0855−0714, to the Sun. Both systems are composed of substellar objects (objects less massive than stars), falling into the category of brown dwarfs (Luhman 16) or even less massive objects (WISE 0855−0714) which are categorized as sub-brown dwarfs but also referred to as "free floating planets" or "planetary mass objects". WISE 0855−0714 (discovery published 2014) is the coldest massive object outside the solar system that has been directly imaged.

Luhman 16 was named for its discoverer, following common practice for very nearby stars discovered in modern times.
 
These discoveries were made through analysis of mid-infrared data from the WISE satellite, a NASA mission that mapped the entire sky and detected several hundred million stars. The satellite mapped the entire sky twice between January 2010 and January 2011, thereby providing two sets of images and coordinates for every star. The motions of the nearest stars over the six-month interval between the two sets of observations were measurable, enabling the discovery of these new objects.

Luhman graduated from the University of Texas with a B.A. in astronomy and a B.S. in physics in 1993. He earned his Ph.D. in astronomy from the University of Arizona in 1998.

References

21st-century American astronomers
Pennsylvania State University faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Xue Zong (died 243), courtesy name Jingwen, was a Chinese poet and politician of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He was known for his quick wit. On one occasion, when the Shu envoy Zhang Feng () made fun of the name of his colleague Kan Ze during a feast, he gained somewhat of a measure of revenge by making fun of Shu's name. He was also known for assisting Lü Dai in the pacification of Jiaozhi Commandery (covering parts of present-day western Guangdong, southwestern Guangxi and northern Vietnam). In 233, when Sun Quan considered an ill-advised campaign to the Liaodong Peninsula against the recalcitrant warlord Gongsun Yuan (who had submitted to him and then betrayed him and killed his envoys), Xue Zong was one of the officials who spoke against the campaign, eventually getting Sun Quan to change his mind. Xue Zong had two sons: Xue Ying and Xue Xu.

See also
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

References

 Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
 Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).

Year of birth unknown
243 deaths
Han dynasty poets
Eastern Wu essayists
Eastern Wu poets
Eastern Wu government officials
Government officials under Sun Quan
Poets from Anhui
Political office-holders in Guangdong
Politicians from Suzhou, Anhui
The 1912 Norwegian Football Cup was the 11th season of the Norwegian annual knockout football tournament. The tournament was open for 1912 local association leagues (kretsserier) champions, and the defending champion, Lyn. Mercantile won their first title, having beaten Fram in the final.

First round

|colspan="3" style="background-color:#97DEFF"|29 September 1912

|}

Semi-finals

|colspan="3" style="background-color:#97DEFF"|30 September 1912

|-
|colspan="3" style="background-color:#97DEFF"|6 October 1912

|}

Final

See also
1912 in Norwegian football

References

Norwegian Football Cup seasons
Norway
Football Cup
The Ukrainian Women's Union, was a women's organization in Ukraine, founded in 1917.

Political organizations were allowed in Russian controlled Ukraine in 1905, and Ukrainian women participated in the first women's congress in Russian 1908. After the Russian revolution, an independent women's movement was founded in Ukraine. The Ukrainian Women's Union was founded by Vira Nechaivska in Stanislavov in 21 March in Kyiv in 1917. It arranged the first women's conference in Ukraine in September 1917.

When Ukraine became a part of the Soviet Union, the newly founded Ukrainian movement was replaced by the local Ukrainian women's chapter of the Zhenotdel.

References 

1910s establishments in Ukraine
Organizations established in 1917
Social history of Ukraine
Women's rights in Ukraine
Women's organizations based in Ukraine
History of women in Ukraine
Viseh () is the son of Zadashm  and grandson of Tur in the Shahnameh. He was the father of Piran and Lieutenant General, and was involved in consultations with the Iranians. After winning the Iran-Turan war, Afrasiab sent him to Pars to take over the royal family of Nowzar.

The capture of Pars City by Viseh
The Iran-Turan War is the first major war between the two governments of Iran and Turan. In this war most of the allies and countries cut off Nowzar and joined Afrasiab. Turan's army was able to occupy the Iranian capital and destroy the King of Iran.

Nowzar had no more than three or four allies in the war, one of whom was the Qaren Ruler of Rey. On the third night of the war, in consultation with the Iranians, Qaren with his army departed from Nowzar castle at night to save the royal family in Pars City. According to the Shahnameh, Viseh had taken over the city of Pars and had captured the royal family.

References

Sources
Ferdowsi Shahnameh. From the Moscow version. Mohammed Publishing.

External links

Shahnameh characters
Shahnameh stories
Malcom Chalmers is an Australian Paralympic swimmer. At the 1984 New York/Stoke Mandeville Games, he won a gold medal in the Men's 100 m Freestyle L6 event, a silver medal in the Men's 100 m Butterfly L6 event, and two bronze medals in the Men's 100 m Breaststroke L6 and Men's 200 m Individual Medley L6 events.

References

Male Paralympic swimmers for Australia
Swimmers at the 1984 Summer Paralympics
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic gold medalists for Australia
Paralympic silver medalists for Australia
Paralympic bronze medalists for Australia
Paralympic medalists in swimming
Australian male freestyle swimmers
Australian male breaststroke swimmers
Australian male butterfly swimmers
Australian male medley swimmers
20th-century Australian people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Noonlight, formerly SafeTrek, is a mobile app that trigger requests to emergency services.

The app is available for both Android and iOS devices. Noonlight was developed by Zach Winkler, the company's CEO.

Background 
Noonlight is a connected platform and mobile app that can trigger requests to emergency services. The company was founded in 2013 and is based in St. Louis, Missouri. In October 2022, Alarm.com acquired a majority stake in Noonlight. The terms of the transaction were not disclosed.

Data collection and analysis 

The data collected in the background is packaged and sold to companies for profit.

References

External links 
 

Security software
Android (operating system) software
IOS software
Location-based software
Law enforcement in the United States
Proprietary software
Emergency management software
University of Missouri
Greifswalder Oie (literally "Greifswald's isle") is a small island in the Baltic Sea, located east of Rügen on the German coast. The island covers an area of about 54 hectares. The isle forms part of the municipality of Kröslin.

Geography 
The Greifswalder Oie is about 1,550 metres long, a maximum of 570 metres wide and, at the cliffs on its eastern side, a maximum of 19 metres high. It is about 12 kilometres off the shore of Usedom and belongs administratively to the municipality of Kröslin on the mainland. On the island, with its striking steep coast, is a 49 metre high  lighthouse with one of the strongest beacons in the Baltic. The whole island is a nature reserve.

It was formed during the last ice age, the Weichselian glaciation, by several glacial depositions from Scandinavia. On the Oie a total of three different deposition phases are evident, so that rocks originating in different parts of  Scandinavia may be found on the island.

History

Around 1929, Johannes Winkler experimented with small LOX methane rockets on the island. The island was a restricted military space from 1936 to 1991, first under control of Nazi Germany, and then the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). Between 1937 and 1945, numerous rockets were launched from Greifswalder Oie. In an operation designated Lighthouse, Wernher von Braun oversaw attempts to launch A3 rockets in December 1937, each of which failed. Between 1938 and 1942, the island was the scene for the nearly successful launches of the A5 rockets. Also twenty-eight A4/V2 rockets were launched vertically from Greifswalder Oie between 1943 and 1945. These launches were made in order to observe the reentrance of the rockets into the atmosphere.

Current condition

As of the 2000s, the islet is an uninhabited sea bird reserve, save for a single man who works the light house, manages the small emergency yacht harbour (depth ca. 1.6m / 6 ft), and creates outdoor art objects that he scatters along a path that circles the island. There is an infrequent ferry service from Peenemünde and Karlshagen.

References

German islands in the Baltic
Pomerania
Nature reserves in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
Islands of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
Spaceports in Europe
Kanad is a town and a nagar parishad in Agar Malwa district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It comes under Kanad Parishad. It belongs to Ujjain Division. It is situated along the Agar–Sarangpur SH-41 highway. It is located  towards east from the district headquarters of Agar Malwa,  from Ujjain,  from the state capital of Bhopal.

The telephone code is 07362.

Geography

Kanad is surrounded by Agar Tehsil towards the west, Nalkheda Tehsil towards the east, Susner Tehsil and Dag Tehsil towards the north.
Indore (125 km), Ujjain (84 km), Shajapur (32 km), Maksi (57 km) Dewas (92 km) Agar (18 km) sarangpur (32km) are the nearby cities to Kanad.
Other major cities located near to Kanad include Gwalior (409 km), Kota (210 km), Bhopal (189 km), Guna (192 km).

Climate
Three distinct seasons are observed: summer, monsoon and winter.

Summers start in mid-March and can be extremely hot in April and May. The daytime temperatures can touch  on more than one occasion. Average summer temperatures may go as high as  but humidity is very low.

Winters are moderate and usually dry. Lower temperatures can go as low as - on some nights. Usually the temperature ranges between 8 and 26 °C during winters.

Rains are due to southwest monsoons. The typical monsoon season goes from 15 June till mid-September, contributing 32–35 inches of annual rains. About 95% of rains occur during monsoon season.

Kanad gets moderate rainfall of  during July–September due to the southwest monsoon.

Demographics
 India census, Kanad had a population of 8,650. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Kanad has an average literacy rate of 61%, higher than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy is 73%, and female literacy is 48%. In Kanad, 17% of the population is under 6 years of age.

Hindi is the official language here while Malwi is regional language.

Tourism
The town contains a famous temple, Mata Bijasan Mandir which is the main attraction of people.
There are also some notable temples like Shri Hinglaj devi math (Thakur seri), Shri Bhooteshwar Mahadev Mandir (khati mohalla), Shri Devnarayan Mandir (Shivgarh), Shri Hanuman Mandir (Hanuman Bawdi) which are connected the town.

Badi Mata Mandir in Pacheti (15 km in south), Kamal Kalika Mata Mandir in Kalmoi (10 km in south), Shri Mangleshwar Mahadev Mandir in Shivtoda (Chowma) (7 km in east) are the famous tourism attraction which are nearer to the town.

Festivals
All national festivals such as Holi, Gangaur, Teej, Rangpanchmi, Raksha Bandhan, Krishna Janmashtami, Mahavir jayanthi, Ganesh Utsav, Ramzan, Eid, Navratri, Durga puja, Dussehra, Bakri Eid, Gudi Padwa, Deepawali, Bhaidooj, Moharram, Christmas, Nagpanchami, Mahashivratri, Hanuman Jayanthi, Parshuram Jayanthi are celebrated.

Colleges near Kanad

Nehru Government Post Graduate College, Agar Malwa(M.P.)(18 km in West)

Nearest railway stations
Maksi in South (60) km
Shajapur in South (38 km)
Bercha in East (50 km)
Ujjain in South (93 km)
Indore in South (134K km)
Bhopal in East (191 km)

Nearest airport

Devi Aahilya Bai Holkar Airport, Indore in South (143 km)

References

Cities and towns in Shajapur district
Shajapur
Akiek may refer to:
 Okiek people, an ethnic group in Kenya and Tanzania
 Ogiek language, a language spoken by the Okiek people
 Akie people, an ethnic group in Tanzania
 Akie language, a language spoken by the Akie people

Language and nationality disambiguation pages
The men's 500 metres races of the 2013–14 ISU Speed Skating World Cup 4, arranged in Sportforum Hohenschönhausen, in Berlin, Germany, were held on 6 and 8 December 2013.

Michel Mulder of the Netherlands won race one, while Mo Tae-bum of South Korea came second, and Keiichiro Nagashima of Japan came third. William Dutton of Canada won the Division B race.

In race two Mo advanced to the top of the podium, while Joji Kato of Japan took the silver medal, and race one winner Mulder took the bronze. Espen Aarnes Hvammen of Norway won the second Division B race.

Race 1
Race one took place on Friday, 6 December, with Division B scheduled in the morning session, at 10:44, and Division A scheduled in the afternoon session, at 14:50.

Division A

Division B

Race 2
Race two took place on Sunday, 8 December, with Division B scheduled in the morning session, at 09:10, and Division A scheduled in the afternoon session, at 13:50.

Division A

Division B

References

Men 0500
4
World Leprosy Day is observed internationally every year on the last Sunday of January to increase the public awareness of leprosy or Hansen's Disease. This date was chosen by French humanitarian Raoul Follereau as a tribute to the life of Mahatma Gandhi who had compassion for people afflicted with leprosy. The day began to be observed in 1954.

Leprosy is one of the oldest recorded diseases in the world. It is an infectious chronic disease that targets the nervous system, especially the nerves in the cooler parts of the body: the hands, feet, and face. Pope Francis has spoken in support of the observation.

See also
World Health Observances

References

External links 
World Leprosy Day
Jesus Heals a Man With Leprosy - Bible

Leprosy
January observances 
Leprosy
Australian abseiling (also known as Australian rappelling, Rap Jumping, Angel Jumping or deepelling) is the process of descending a fixed rope (abseiling) in a standing position while facing the ground.

The technique is used as a military "assault" technique whereby a soldier is belayed, allowing them to face down the descent and fire a weapon.

In Australia, the technique is not commonly known as "Australian", or even "rappelling"; instead the term "abseiling" is more commonly used and the technique is referred to as "Geneva" style.

History 

Rap Jumping comes from Macka's style and a form of rope work started by the Australian Army in the late 1960s which was known as the "Carabiner Rundown" and internationally known as the Aussie Rappel because of its origin. Macka MacKail created the name "Rap Jumping" to describe his style of forward free-fall jumping and based it in Cairns, Australia as early as 1988. Founder, Macka MacKail gained Certification while serving with the Australian Special Air Service Regiment (SASR).

Commercial operation of Rap Jumping started in 1989 with the issue of permits from the Mulgrave Shire Council in the Barron Gorge Cairns on the site known as the Hinge (Split Rock), and Macka's Bluff which has six different jump faces.
 
This led to jumping from high rise buildings. The first of the buildings jumped was the Pacific Hotel, Cairns in 1989, and subsequently the first fully commercial operation at the Gold Coast International Hotel, Surfers Paradise. Rap Jumping is still operating in Melbourne, Australia

Notes

References 
 The Original Pioneer of Rap Jumping Australia 
 Outdoor Council of Australia, National Outdoor Leader Registration Scheme, Abseiling - Natural Surfaces 
 "abseiling". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2010. Merriam-Webster Online. 30 May 2010.

External links
 The Original Rap Jumping Facebook Page
 The Original Pioneer of Rap Jumping Australia 

Climbing techniques