Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
Friedrich Blühmel (born 1777, died before 1845) was a German horn player and musical instrument builder.  He is credited as one of the earliest inventors of brass instrument valves.

Biography
Friedrich Blühmel initially worked as a coal miner, whilst also learning to play the violin and various woodwind instruments.  In 1808 he started playing trumpet and horn and began calling himself a Berghautboist, an old German term for a mine musician, playing in a band in Waldenburg, Silesia.

Around 1813, Blühmel designed a valve system for brass instruments, apparently independently of his fellow horn player Heinrich Stölzel who created a similar system at around the same time. 

Both inventors added two valves to the natural horn, allowing the instrument to play a full chromatic series.  This allowed the horn to develop into a more useful melodic instrument, eventually becoming the instrument known today as the French horn.

In 1818, Friedrich Blühmel and Heinrich Stölzel registered a patent for their two-valve chromatic horn.  This was expanded in 1819 to a three-valve system by the instrument builder Christian Friedrich Sattler in Leipzig. 

The first trumpets with this valve system were built in 1820, with almost all brass instruments eventually including such systems during the following decades.

References

German male musicians
19th-century German inventors
Horn players
German musical instrument makers
1777 births
19th-century deaths
Year of death uncertain
The year 2009 in Archosaur paleontology was eventful.  Archosaurs include the only living dinosaur group — birds — and the reptile crocodilians, plus all extinct dinosaurs,  extinct crocodilian relatives, and pterosaurs. Archosaur paleontology is the scientific study of those animals, especially as they existed before the Holocene Epoch began about 11,700 years ago.  The year 2009 in paleontology included various significant developments regarding archosaurs.

This article records new taxa of fossil archosaurs of every kind that have been described during the year 2009, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleontology of archosaurs that occurred in the year 2009.

Crurotarsans

Non-avian dinosaurs

Research

 A new study on theropod furculae is published.
 A "detailed description of the skull and mandible of the Chinese cerapodan ornithischian dinosaur Jeholosaurus shangyuanensis" is published.

Hadrosaur chewing study

A study titled "Quantitative analysis of dental microwear in hadrosaurid dinosaurs, and the implications for hypotheses of jaw mechanics and feeding" is published by British paleontologists Mark Purnell, Paul Barrett and student Vince Williams. The paper examined the chewing methods and diet of hadrosaurid ("duck billed") dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous period. The scientists analyzed hundreds of microscopic scratches on the teeth of a fossilized Edmontosaurus jaw, and believe they determined exactly how a hadrosaur broke down and ate its food, which had previously eluded researchers.

The study found hadrosaurs had a unique way of eating unlike any creature living today. In contrast to a flexible lower jaw joint prevalent in today's mammals, hadrosaurs had a unique hinge between the upper jaws and the rest of its skull. The team found the dinosaur's upper jaws pushed outwards and sideways while chewing, as the lower jaw slid against the upper teeth.

The study also concluded that hadrosaurs likely grazed on horsetails and vegetation close to the ground, rather than browsing higher-growing leaves and twigs. However, Purnell said these conclusions were less secure than the more conclusive evidence regarding the motion of teeth while chewing. Previous studies found contradictory conclusions, and the issue remains a subject of debate.

The findings were published on June 30, 2009 in the journal, The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Purnell said no previous study had ever employed this method of analyzing microscopic teeth scratches, and that the method could be used to study other areas of scientific research.

New taxa

Data courtesy of George Olshevky's dinosaur genera list. ~44 dinosaur genera were erected in 2009.

Aves

Research

Newly described birds

Pterosaurs

See also

2010 in archosaur paleontology
2011 in archosaur paleontology
2012 in archosaur paleontology
2013 in archosaur paleontology

Notes

References 

2009 in paleontology
La Clairière de Vaux, also known as Milieu libre de Vaux or the Vaux Colony, was an early 1900s intentional community in Essômes-sur-Marne, northeastern France. It was the country's first anarchist commune.

References 

 Jean Maitron, Milieux libres in Le mouvement anarchiste en France, de 1914 à nos jours, tome 1, Paris, Gallimard, 1992, pp. 382-408.
 Michel Ragon, Milieu libre in Dictionnaire de l'Anarchie, Albin Michel, 2008.
 Léo Campion,  : les Maillons libertaires de la Chaîne d'Union, Éditions , 1996.
 Tony Legendre, Expériences de vie communautaire anarchiste en France - Le milieu libre de Vaux et la colonie naturiste de Bascon (Aisne), Éditions Libertaires, 2006, .
 Georges Narrat, Milieux libres, quelques essais contemporains de vie communiste en France, Paris, Félix Alcan, 1908, .
 , Communes Libertaire et Anarchiste en France, in Essais utopiques libertaires de « petite » dimension, Laboratoire Urbanisme Insurrectionnel, 2005.
 

Anarchist intentional communities
Council wards in Bristol, listed by population, are as follows. The list is based on the 2011 United Kingdom census; the next census will be 2021 United Kingdom census. 

In 2011, there were 35 ward subdivisions in Bristol. Subdivisions of Bristol are built-up areas with no extensive rural spaces or villages within their borders, so census data population counts are listed for well-defined ward divisions as opposed to less-defined neighbourhood areas.

Electoral changes were planned to be made throughout England from 2016; Bristol would lose one ward and several would be renamed and merged.

List of wards

See also 
 List of places in Bristol

References

External links 
 Link to ONS built up area statistics
 Bristol Council 2011 census page

Settlements
NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union
South West England
Bristol
Lap 5 is the second studio album by British hip hop duo D-Block Europe, self-released on 23 September 2022. In addition to featuring members Dirtbike LB and Young Adz on specific tracks, it features guest appearances from Ghost Killer Track and Ed Sheeran, as well as vocals from Burna Boy. The album debuted at number two on the UK Albums Chart and number one on the UK R&B Albums Chart. It was supported with five singles: "Black Beatles", "Elegant & Gang", "Fantasy", "Man in the Mirror" and "4 the Win", which all peaked in the top 50 of the UK Singles Chart. The album was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI).

Critical reception

Kyann-Sian Williams of NME called the album "intriguing but uneven" but one on which the duo "show precisely why their formula works, and offer room for growth". Williams found that the duo "are truly in their stride when they can blend the more traditional hip-hop styles with suave melodies".

Track listing

Charts

Certifications

See also
 List of UK R&B Albums Chart number ones of 2022

References

2022 albums
D-Block Europe albums
Self-released albums
Konidela is a Telugu surname. Notable people with the surname include:
 
 Konidela Siva Sankara Vara Prasad (popularly known with his screen name Chiranjeevi), a film actor and Producer.
 Pawan Kalyan Konidela, an Indian actor, writer, composer, producer and politician.
 Ram Charan Konidela, an Indian actor, producer and entrepreneur.
 Varun Tej Konidela, an Indian actor.
 Niharika Konidela, a Telugu actress
 Konidela Nagendra Babu, an Indian actor, producer and politician.

Telugu-language surnames
Indian surnames
Surnames of Indian origin
The New Democratic Party of Manitoba fielded a full slate of candidates in the 2003 provincial election, and won a majority government with 35 of 57 seats in the Manitoba legislature.  Many of their party's candidates have their own biography pages; information about others may be found here.

This page also provides information on New Democratic Party candidates in by-elections between 2003 and 2005.

Perry Kalynuk (Arthur-Virden)

Kalynuk was born and raised in Angusville, and has a degree from Brandon University.  He has taught high school in Virden and Waskada.  He first campaigned for the New Democratic Party in the 1999 provincial election, after defeating social worker Janet Brady for the party nomination.  He supports single-desk marketing through the Canadian Wheat Board, and criticized Progressive Conservative candidate Larry Maguire for opposing the CWB's status.  Kalynuk has also said that the board should accommodate new generation cooperatives.  He supported Bill Blaikie for the federal New Democratic Party leadership in 2002.  Kalynuk worked as a teacher in Kuwait for ten months in 2004-05.

Janine Ballingall Scotten (Fort Whyte)

Ballingal Scotten has worked as a counsellor at the Youville Centre and St. Raphael Centre in Winnipeg (Winnipeg Free Press, 4 May 1998), and has specialized in treatment for sexual addiction (WFP, 29 September 2001).  She has noted that many "sexual addicts" were abused as children, and has observed the shame attached to the term has forced many to keep in hiding.  She has also been active with Habitat for Humanity (WFP, 11 June 2003).

She received 2,647 votes (28.13%) in 2003, finishing second against Progressive Conservative incumbent John Loewen.

Dennis Kshyk (Kirkfield Park)

Kshyk received 2,855 votes (31.06%), finishing second against Progressive Conservative leader Stuart Murray.  See his biography page for more information.

Kristin Bingeman (River Heights)

Bingeman was 29 years old at the time of the election.  She holds a Master's Degree in Natural Resource Management from the University of Manitoba, and has written for the Sierra Club.   She received 1,824 votes (19.74%), finishing third against Manitoba Liberal Party leader Jon Gerrard.

Christina McDonald (Fort Whyte by-election, 13 December 2005)

McDonald has a Bachelor of Arts degree in early years' education (1991), a Master of Arts degree in curriculum development (1994) and an interdisciplinary Ph.D. in education from the University of Manitoba (2003).  She was an administrator at the University of Manitoba's Natural Resources Institute from 1982 to 1998, when she became Sustainable Development Coordinator for Manitoba Advanced Education and Training.  As of 2007, she holds the same position with Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth.  She is also a director of the Manitoba Forestry Association.  McDonald received 1,650 votes (24.34%) in the election, finishing second against Progressive Conservative candidate Hugh McFadyen.

Footnotes

2003
Stanislav Gomozkov is a former male international table tennis player from Soviet Union.

Table tennis career
He won three World Championship medals including a gold medal in the Mixed Doubles event with Tatiana Ferdman at the World Table Tennis Championships in 1975.

He also won seven English Open titles.

See also
 List of table tennis players
 List of World Table Tennis Championships medalists

References

Soviet table tennis players
Living people
1948 births
Chovoli () is a community in the municipal unit of Paion in southern Achaea, Greece. In 2011 its population was 85.  The community includes two villages, Ano Chovoli and Kato Chovoli.

References

Populated places in Achaea
Kalavryta
Munmun Dhalaria is a documentary filmmaker from Dharamshala, currently based in Bangalore India. She is known for making documentaries on wildlife conservation, gender and human rights. Her films have been broadcast on networks like National Geographic, Hotstar and Vice World News. Since 2017, Dhalaria has been associated with the National Geographic Society as a National Geographic Explorer. Her photographs have been published internationally in various scientific journals and magazines like National Geographic Magazine.

She is also a Hatha Yoga teacher.

Early life and education 

Munmun is the daughter of (retd.) Gp. Capt. Jagdish Chand Dhalaria, officer with the Indian Air Force. She belongs to a small hamlet called Gahra in Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh in Western Himalaya. Her mother Manjula Dhalaria belongs to Hamirpur district and primarily grew up in Shimla, the capital of Himachal Pradesh. She grew up with one sibling- her elder brother Rishabh Dhalaria, who is a manager at Bank of Baroda.

She studied in several Air Force schools and Kendriya Vidyalayas at different places in India owing to her fathers’ job. During her high school at Kendriya Vidyalaya, Yelahanka, Bangalore she was selected for AFS foreign exchange program in Massachusetts, US, which involved in radio telemetry research on coy apart from her other high school activities. Dhalaria has done her bachelor's degree in mass media and mass communication from Delhi University and MA in media and cultural studies from Tata Institute of Social Sciences, She has also done her Basic Mountaineering Course with the Indian Army.

Filmography

References

Living people
Indian women documentary filmmakers
People from Dharamshala
Film directors from Bangalore
Delhi University alumni
Tata Institute of Social Sciences alumni
1991 births
King Lysen (March 10, 1942 – March 15, 2017) was an American educator and politician in the state of Washington. He served in the Washington House of Representatives and Washington State Senate as a Democrat.

References

2017 deaths
1942 births
Politicians from Minneapolis
Democratic Party Washington (state) state senators
Democratic Party members of the Washington House of Representatives
Stadio Simonetta Lamberti is a multi-purpose stadium in Cava de' Tirreni, Italy. The stadium opened in 1969 and holds 5,200 spectators. The pitch is 110× 65metres.

It is currently used, mostly, for football matches and is the home ground of the Cavese 1919.

References 

Simonetta Lamberti
Cava de' Tirreni
Buildings and structures in the Province of Salerno
Cavese 1919
Luc Beausoleil (born October 8, 1967) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player.

Junior career
Beausoleil played junior hockey in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) with the Laval Voisins and Laval Titan. He was awarded the 1986–87 Frank J. Selke Memorial Trophy as the QMJHL's Most Sportsmanlike Player and was named to the 1986–87 Second All-Star Team.

Professional career
Beausoleil began his professional career in 1988 with the Murrayfield Racers of the British Hockey League (BHL). He also played in the BHL with the Fife Flyers and Swindon Wildcats, and in France, before returning to North America in 1992 to join the Tulsa Oilers of the new Central Hockey League (CHL). He went on to play seven seasons with Tulsa, playing 363 regular season games and 39 playoff games for the Oilers between 1992 and 2000. He led the Oilers to capture the inaugural 1992–93 Ray Miron President's Cup as the champion of the CHL, and during the 1997–98 CHL season he established the CHL record of 30 power play goals in a single season, and scored 127 points in 68 games played to win the Joe Burton Award as the CHL's top scorer. During the 1999-2000 season, he was named to the CHL All-Star Team's starting lineup. In 2003, the Oilers retired Beuasoleil's #17 in a ceremony before a game on February 19. At the time, he was the team's all-time leading scorer and ranked third in league history in total goals scored.

Roller hockey
In 1997 Beausoleil played 20 games with the Ottawa Wheels in the Roller Hockey International league.

Awards and honours

References

External links

1967 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Fife Flyers players
Laval Titan players
Laval Voisins players
Murrayfield Racers players
Ottawa Wheels players
Reno Renegades players
San Antonio Dragons players
Ice hockey people from Montreal
Swindon Wildcats players
Tulsa Oilers (1992–present) players
Tupelo T-Rex players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in England
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Scotland
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Italy
Samuel of Évreux was a French tosafist of the thirteenth century, the younger brother and student of Moses of Évreux, author of the tosafot of Évreux. He is identified by Gross with Samuel ben Shneor (not ben Yom-Ṭov, as given by Zunz in Z. G. p. 38), whose explanations of Nazir are cited by Solomon ben Aderet, and whose authority is invoked by Jonah Gerondi.

Samuel directed a rabbinical school at Château-Thierry, and had for disciples R. Ḥayyim (brother of Asher ben Jehiel of Toledo), R. Perez, and R. Isaac of Corbeil. He carried on a correspondence on scientific subjects (and shared R. Perez as a student) with Jehiel of Paris and with Nathaniel the Elder. Samuel's Talmudic interpretations are often quoted in the Tosafot. From the fact that the author of the tosafot to Soṭah mentions there the name of Moses of Évreux as being his brother, it is inferred that these tosafot were written by Samuel.

Jewish Encyclopedia bibliography
 Michael, Or ha-Ḥayyim, p. 593, No. 1202;
 Gross, Gallia Judaica, p. 258.

References

French Tosafists
13th-century French rabbis

he:תוספות איוורא#רבי שמואל בן רבי שניאור
Scot’s Dyke, also known as the Scots Dyke or the Scots Dike, is a linear earthwork in the district of Richmondshire in the county of North Yorkshire, England. It is about fourteen kilometres (8.5 miles) long and runs from the river Swale to the river Tees.

Camden in Britannia says:

“and neere at hand there is seene a ditch by Stanwig a little village, that runneth eight miles in length betweene the river Tees and Swale.”

The Scot’s Dyke varies in size and form throughout its length, which show that each section was built by a separate group of workers. South of the A66 road the dyke had a bank up to  high and 10m wide with a ditch  wide and  deep. On the eastern side of the ditch traces could be seen of a counterscarp bank approximately 5m wide.

Parts of the dyke are possibly a double dyke (two banks with a ditch in the middle) as shown by the Ordnance Survey maps at the northern end of the dyke.  A link with the earthworks of the oppidum at Stanwick near the northern end of the dyke would make sense but there is no evidence of this.

Excavations in advance of the A66 road improvements in 2006-2007 gave an opportunity for the dyke to be investigated. No artefacts were recovered from the excavation and the relationship between the Scot’s Dyke and the Roman road was not established but samples of the ditch fills were taken for dating:

“Archaeomagnetic dating of sediment fills from Scots Dyke in 2006 provided results suggesting that the feature was starting to fill up in the period from the first century BC to the first century AD.”

The Scot's Dyke should not be confused with the Scots' Dike that marks part of the border between England and Scotland.

References 

Linear earthworks
Scheduled monuments in North Yorkshire
Archaeological sites in North Yorkshire
Solliden Palace -- commonly known as just Solliden -- is the summer residence of the Swedish Royal Family and the personal private property of King Carl XVI Gustaf. The palace is situated near the Borgholm Castle ruin on the island of Öland in southern Sweden along its Baltic coast. The Royal Family uses the palace for celebrating Victoriadagen.

References

External links
 Official website

Castles in Kalmar County
Royal residences in Sweden
The Macdonald Tobacco Company (initially called McDonald Brothers and Co.), founded in 1858 by William Christopher Macdonald and his brother Augustine, converted tobacco leaf from southern U.S. suppliers to pipe and chewing tobacco in Montreal. After several acquisitions, it is now known as Japan Tobacco International (JTI), which manages flagship brands such as Benson & Hedges, Camel, Glamour, LD, Mevius, Natural American Spirit, Silk Cut, Sobranie, and Winston.

History 
The Macdonald Tobacco Company was founded in 1858 by William Christopher Macdonald and his brother Augustine. While the use of tobacco products was growing in popularity, the American Civil War afforded the fledgling company an opportunity that brought enormous financial success leading to Macdonald Brothers, emerging the preeminent tobacco company in the field in Canada. Since the northern U.S. faced a tobacco shortage due to the Civil War conflict (tobacco growers were located in the south), MacDonald Tobacco, a Canadian company, bought tobacco leaf from the Southern United States and transported it via ocean cargo vessels to Montreal. MacDonald Tobacco further processed it into a finished product, then selling to the northern U.S. tobacco-starved market.

By the early 1870s, the company acquired over 500 employees. During this period, William Macdonald bought out his brother's stock position.

Deeply proud of his Scottish heritage, William C. Macdonald imprinted a Scottish Lass on the product packaging for nearly a century. Macdonald actually disliked tobacco, and upon his death in 1917, he bequeathed his company to Walter and Howard Stewart, the two sons of company manager David Stewart. Walter Stewart, now president, replaced pipe tobacco with "roll your own" cigarettes. In 1922, packaged cigarette production was added, quickly becoming the mainstay of the business. During the 1960s, David M. Stewart (1920–1984), expanded the business into the manufacturing of cigars.

The Macdonald Tobacco company remained in the Stewart family until 1974 when David M. Stewart sold it to the American tobacco giant R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company who, in light of the uncertainty created by the Quebec sovereignty movement, relocated the head office to Toronto, Ontario.  Most of those assets were later purchased by Japan Tobacco.

References

Tobacco companies of Canada
Defunct manufacturing companies of Canada
R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
Japan Tobacco
Companies based in Montreal
Centre-Sud
Olaf Benneche (18 September 1883 –  17  December 1931) was a Norwegian novelist, children's writer and playwright.

Biography
He was born in Kristiansand. He took his secondary education at Kristiansand Cathedral School, and graduated from there in 1901. He made his literary début in 1904 with the story Marie Louise Reventlow. From 1911 to 1913 he published a trilogy of historical novels from the valley Setesdalen, Rygnestadgutten, Knekten Mundius and De bønder av Raabygdelag. His last important novel was Juvet in 1928.

In 1930 he was appointed head of Kringkastingsselskapet's newly established district office for broadcasting in Kristiansand. The first broadcast from "Kristiansand Kringkaster" was on 17 December 1930. His assistant was Julius Hougen (1906-1993)  who took over when Benneche died in 1931, and had a long and distinguished radio career.

Until his death he was a deputy member of the council of the Norwegian Defense Association (Norges Forsvarsforening).  This nationwide association worksto ensure Norway's freedom and social security through a good military defense, credible alliances, and civilian preparedness. 

 He was buried in December 1931 in Kristiansand. The street Olaf Benneches gate in Kristiansand has been named after him.

References

1883 births
1931 deaths
Writers from Kristiansand
People educated at Kristiansand Cathedral School
Norwegian children's writers
Norwegian radio personalities
20th-century Norwegian novelists
20th-century Norwegian dramatists and playwrights
Norwegian male dramatists and playwrights
Norwegian male novelists