Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
Tianzhu is the historical Chinese name for India. 

Tianzhu was also referred to as Wutianzhu (, literal meaning is "Five Indias"), because there were five geographical regions in the Indian subcontinent known to the Chinese: Central, Eastern, Western, Northern, and Southern India.

Etymology 

Originally pronounced as  l̥induk or *qʰl'iːn  tuɡ 天竺 in Old Chinese, it comes from the Chinese transliteration of unattested Old Persian diminutive *Hinduka-, which is from attested 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 h-i-du-u-š (Hindu), which is itself derived from the Proto-Indo-Iranian *síndʰuš, the etymon also of Sanskrit Sindhu, the native name of the Indus River. Persians travelling in northwest India (present-day Pakistani Sindh and Punjab) named the region after the river around the 6th century BC. Tianzhu is just one of several Chinese transliterations of Sindhu.  Yuāndú ( OC n̥i[ŋ][d]ˤuk) appears in Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian and Tiandu () is used in the Book of the Later Han. Yintejia () comes from the Kuchean Indaka, another transliteration of Hindu.

Extent 

A detailed account of Tianzhu is given in the "Xiyu Zhuan" (Record of the Western Regions) in the Hou Hanshu compiled by Fan Ye (398–445):

Other languages 

In Japan, Tianzhu was pronounced as Tenjiku. It is used in such works as the Japanese translation of Journey to the West.

In Korea, Tianzhu was pronounced as Cheonchuk. It is used in Wang ocheonchukguk jeon (An Account of Travel to the Five Indian Kingdoms), a travelogue by the 8th century Buddhist monk Hyecho from the Korean Kingdom of Silla.

See also
 Names for India
 Indus Valley civilisation
 Tianzhu (Chinese name of Godzilla)

References

Japanese historical terms
Historical Chinese exonyms
History of the foreign relations of Japan
History of the foreign relations of China
Names of places in Asia
History of India
Toponyms for India
Teuku Umar (1854 – 11 February 1899) was a leader of a guerrilla campaign against the Dutch in Aceh during the Aceh War. He fell when Dutch troops launched a surprise attack in Meulaboh. His body was buried in the Mugo area. After Teuku Umar's death, his wife Cut Nyak Dhien continued to lead the guerrillas against the Dutch. He was later made a Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia (National Hero of Indonesia).

Biography

Umar joined the guerrilla forces in 1873 at the age of 19. At first, he fought in Meulaboh; he later expanded his operations to different parts of West Aceh.

At the age of 20, Umar married Nyak Sofia; not long after, he took Nyak Malighai as his second wife. In 1880, Umar married his cousin Cut Nyak Dhien; Dhien later joined him in the guerrilla campaign.

In 1883, the Dutch colonial government signed a peace treaty with the Acehnese guerrillas. That same year Umar joined them as an undercover operative over Dhien's complaints, working his way up through the colonial military's ranks. After war broke out again in 1884, Umar worked to stop the Acehnese people's struggle. For his service, on 1 January 1894, Umar was given the title Johan Pahlawan and control of a legion of 250 fully armed soldiers. Eventually, Umar was given control of 120 more troops as well as 17 lieutenants.

On 30 March 1896, Umar and his troops deserted, taking including 800 weapons, 25,000 bullets,  of ammunition, and 18,000 dollars. Together with 400 soldiers under the command of Teuku Panglima Polem Muhammad Daud, Umar attacked the Dutch forces, killing 25 and injuring 190.

In retaliation, the Dutch governor sent soldiers en masse to capture or kill Umar. Umar was killed in an ambush on 10 February 1899, in Meulaboh.

Legacy

In the 1930s, Sukarno described Teuku Umar as being one of the pahlawan tiga-sekawan (three heroic friends) along with Diponegoro and Imam Bonjol.

Teuku has been officially designated as national hero of Indonesia. There are many streets named after him throughout Indonesia, including a main thoroughfare in the well-known suburb of Menteng in Jakarta, as well as a field in Meulaboh.

References

Bibliography

 

National Heroes of Indonesia
1854 births
1899 deaths
Indonesian Muslims
Acehnese people
History of Aceh
Aceh War
Lo Hon-cho or Lo Honcho was a 20th-century Chinese pirate. Lo was married to a powerful pirate leader and took command of his fleet after his death in 1921. Under her leadership, the fleet expanded to encompass 64 junks. Lo raided in southern China, in the vicinity of Beihai, and earnt a terrifying reputation on account of her ruthlessness. Her career came to a sudden end in October 1922 when she was captured by the Chinese military.

Biography 
Lo Hon-cho was married to a powerful pirate. After the death of her husband in 1921, she took command of his fleet, much in the same way as the previous Chinese woman pirate leader Zheng Yi Sao (1775–1844). She was probably at least in her mid-20s at the time. Lo eventually commanded 64 junks, a greater number of ships than her husband had led. She raided the countryside in southern China, most frequently operating in the vicinity of Beihai. Lo is described in surviving sources as being young, beautiful and ruthless. She earnt a terrifying reputation through her raids. A news report from 1922 describes her as "the most murderous and ruthless of all China's assortment of banditti". Lo raided and plundered villages, often carrying away captured groups of up to 50 or 60 girls to sell into sexual slavery.

She briefly fought alongside the Chinese military in the uprisings of the early 1920s, joining forces with the general Wong Min-Tong. Wong Min-Tong, also described in some sources as a woman, commanded 50 junks. Together, Lo and Wong collected a ransom from Beihai to prevent the city being looted. Lo received the rank of colonel, a relatively unique distinction for a pirate. Wong shortly thereafter travelled to Guangzhou, whereafter Lo returned to piracy.

Lo's career came to a sudden end in October 1922, having been a pirate leader for less than a year. Lo stopped by a coastal village and was surprised by a Chinese warship while feasting. She engaged the military vessel in battle but lost 40 of her junks and fled. After the military commander of the region including Beihai offered a promise of pardon for Lo's capture, one of her followers betrayed her, leading to her being apprehended. Lo's fate thereafter is not known from surviving sources; it is possible that she was simply killed. According to Richard Gordon McCloskey, who visited southern China in the 1930s and spoke to the locals, he was told that Lo Hon-cho was "killed on a piratical expedition".

Legacy 
Some modern authors speculate that another pirate woman, Lai Choi San (active in the later 1920s and 30s), rose to power through taking command of portions of Lo's former fleet after her capture.

Little is known in detail about Lo's life due to the very scant source material available outside of China. She became known internationally through the publication of an English-language report in Guangzhou at the time of her capture. No study on Lo Hon-cho has yet been made based on potential Chinese-language source material. Stories of Lo's brief pirate career were still being told and shared with outsiders in southern China in the 1930s.

References 

Chinese pirates
Chinese female pirates
20th-century pirates
Great Britain competed at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships in Budapest, Hungary from 18 June to 3 July.

Medalists

Artistic swimming 

Great Britain entered 10 artistic swimmers.

Women

Diving

Great Britain entered 14 divers.

Men

Women

Mixed

Open water swimming

Great Britain entered 2 open water male swimmers

Men

Swimming

Great Britain entered 21 swimmers.
Men

Women

Mixed

 Legend: (*) = Swimmers who participated in the heat only.

References

Nations at the 2022 World Aquatics Championships
2022
World Aquatics Championships
The Vortaro de Esperanto (), published by Kazimierz Bein in 1911, was the first monolingual dictionary ever published in Esperanto.

It is considered the predecessor of the Plena Vortaro de Esperanto, published in 1930, and of the current Plena Ilustrita Vortaro, whose last edition came out in 2020.

The first edition of the Vortaro de Esperanto was published in 1911, the second in 1922 and the third in 1925 (they were, in truth, merely reprints). Overall 8500 copies of the dictionary were printed; the book was 175 pages long.

The only Esperanto dictionary published previously had been the Plena Vortaro, an Esperanto–Esperanto and Esperanto–French dictionary published in 1909 by Émile Boirac; nevertheless, it contained somewhat imprecise definitions in its monolingual section.

Esperantologists consider the Vortaro de Esperanto a valuable source of information about the Esperanto of the early 20th century, given the presence of many archaisms and old-fashioned meanings of words.

Structure 
The definitions, brief but clear, contain example phrases.  However, the dictionary lacks any etymological references to the first use of a word and does not mention whether or not a word was personally introduced to the language by Zamenhof, or possibly even mentioned in his Fundamento de Esperanto.

The structure has remained essentially the same throughout the Plena Vortaro of 1930 and in the modern Plena Ilustrita Vortaro.

See also 

 Plena Vortaro de Esperanto
 Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto

References 

 

Esperanto dictionaries
1911 non-fiction books
Mirus Bio LLC (formerly Mirus Bio Corporation), develops and manufactures transfection reagents, electroporation solutions and related products for life science research.

History
Mirus Corporation was founded in Madison, Wisconsin in 1995 by three University of Wisconsin - Madison scientists: Jon A. Wolff, James E. Hagstrom and Vladimir G. Budker. Mirus focused on developing innovative non-viral gene delivery technologies for gene therapy applications. These innovations also served as the basis for the company's transfection formulations and nucleic acid labeling and conjugation chemistries.

Mirus researchers published several groundbreaking achievements including: the first demonstrations that plasmid DNA could be effectively delivered to the rodent liver and skeletal muscle cells using rapid intravascular injections; the first demonstration that ‘caged’ DNA-containing nanoparticles are resistant to aggregation under physiologic salt conditions; the first demonstration of siRNA-mediated knockdown of an endogenously expressed gene in mice;  development of low-toxicity, DNA-containing nanoparticles for gene delivery to the lungs; development of a clinically viable, high efficiency method for delivering plasmid DNA into mammalian skeletal muscle; development of a genetic immunization method for research animals; development of a technology for targeted delivery of siRNA to mouse liver;  new chemistries for transfection; development of a non-viral vector providing sustained liver-specific transgene expression for more than one year.

In 2008 the Therapeutics Division was acquired by Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.  Mirus’ former Research Tools Division remains an independent entity now known as Mirus Bio LLC.

References

External links

Biotechnology companies of the United States
The Jefferson Township Public Schools is a comprehensive community public school district, serving students in kindergarten through twelfth grade from Jefferson Township, in Morris County, New Jersey, United States.

As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprising seven schools, had an enrollment of 2,926 students and 267.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.9:1.

The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "GH", the third-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.

Schools
Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are:
Elementary schools
Milton School with 175 students in grades PreK-K
Karl Mundi, principal
Ellen T. Briggs School with 278 students in grades K-2
Dr. Michael Valenti, principal
Cozy Lake School with 173 students in grades 1-2
Karl Mundi, principal
Arthur T. Stanlick School with 280 students in grades 3-5
Kevin Lipton, principal
White Rock Elementary School with 325 students in grades 3-5
Randi DeBrito, principal
Middle school
Jefferson Township Middle School with 728 students in grades 6-8
Dr. Kelly Cooke, principal
High school
Jefferson Township High School with 937 students in grades 9-12
Dr. Timothy Plotts, principal

Administration
Core members of the district's administration include:
Jeanne Howe, superintendent of schools
Rita Oroho-Giacchi, business administrator and board secretary

Board of education
The district's board of education, with nine members, sets policy and oversees the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with three seats up for election each year held (since 2012) as part of the November general election. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the day-to-day operation of the district.

References

External links
Jefferson Township Public Schools

School Data for the Jefferson Township Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics

Jefferson Township, New Jersey
New Jersey District Factor Group GH
School districts in Morris County, New Jersey
Foudre may refer to one of the following ships of the French Navy:

 A gunboat (1760–1768)
 A gunboat (1795–1795)
  – a 6-gun brig launched in 1796, captured by the Royal Navy in March 1799, recaptured by the French Navy in one month later, recaptured by the Royal Navy in 1800, and sold in 1801.
 A gunboat (1804)
 A steam and sail frigate (1856–1872)
 , originally built as a torpedo boat tender, but converted to the world's first seaplane carrier (1895–1921)
 , a  later assigned the NATO side number L9020 (1953–1969)
 , the lead ship of the . Sold to Chile in 2011 and serving as Sargento Aldea (LSDH-91)

French Navy ship names
Hammer is an unincorporated community in Roberts County, in the U.S. state of South Dakota.

History
A post office called Hammer was established in 1915, and remained in operation until 1973. The community was named after Gunder and Iver Hammer, the original owners of the town site.

References

Unincorporated communities in Roberts County, South Dakota
Unincorporated communities in South Dakota
Scarab (stylized as S.C.A.R.A.B.) is a video game developed and published by Electronic Arts for Windows.

Gameplay
Scarab is a game that takes place in ancient Egypt, except that the gods use mechanized soldiers in their wars against one other. The game combines elements of shooters and strategy games, where each side can win by either defeating all opponents, or by placing and keeping the largest amount of towers around the map within a specific amount of time.

Reception
Next Generation reviewed the PC version of the game, rating it three stars out of five, and stated that "Although the missions vary a bit, they mostly stay within the same vein – kill or be killed. If you're playing alone, there are other, better titles with similar gameplay, but playing with a few friends over a LAN or on the Net, Scarab ain't bad at all."

Reviews
Computer Games Magazine - 1997
GameSpot - April 30, 1997
PC Player - June 1997
PC Games - May 1997
CD-Action Jun 1997
Game-Over! Jul 1997

References

1997 video games
Electronic Arts games
First-person shooters
Video games based on Egyptian mythology
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in Egypt
Windows games
Windows-only games
The cline of instantiation is a concept in systemic functional linguistics theory. Alongside stratification and metafunction, it is one of the global semiotic dimensions that define the organization of language in context.

According to Michael Halliday, instantiation is "the relation between an instance and the system that lies behind it". It is "based on memory and is a feature of all systemic behaviour".

The cline of instantiation has two poles. At one end is "instance"; at the other is the "system", the whole potential to which the instance relates. In the study of language and other phenomena, including other semiotic phenomena, what can be observed is an instance of an underlying potential.

Halliday borrows the distinction between "weather" and "climate" to explain the relation. The weather can be observed day by day; over time, a picture of a climate is built up. Weather and climate are not distinct phenomena but different perspectives on the same phenomenon.

The  notion of "cline of instantiation" reconciles the distinction between "langue" and "parole", made by Ferdinand de Saussure—a separation adapted by Noam Chomsky, who reconceptualized them from social constructs (language as collective) to the individual psychological constructs of "competence" and "performance" (language as genetic). Halliday argues that this dichotomy has done considerable harm to linguistics as a discipline.

Halliday follows Louis Hjelmslev in seeing linguistics as the study of both instances of language and the linguistic system. Halliday argues that linguists must take both into account: "For a linguist, to describe language without accounting for text is sterile; to describe text without relating it to the system is vacuous".

References

Systemic functional linguistics
Samudram () is a 1999 Indian Telugu-language action film, produced by J.Bhagavan, D. V. V. Danayya under the Sri Balaji Art Creations banner and directed by Krishna Vamsi. It stars Jagapati Babu, Sakshi Shivanand, Srihari, Prakash Raj and Ravi Teja, with music composed by Shashi Preetam. The film won three state Nandi Awards.

Plot 
The film begins with a murder convict, Sagar, being moved to the Vizag Central Jail. He attempts to escape but is grabbed, tormented, and kept in solitary confinement.  

The film flashes back to Sagar's past. He is an easy-going youngster who lives with his widowed mother, sister Chanti, girlfriend Rajyalakshmi, and friends. Meanwhile, Chepala Krishna is a thug and smuggler who aims to enter politics. Chepala Nani, his younger brother, is a hoodlum who harasses the locals. Sagar quarrels with him, earning a target on his back.  

Meanwhile, C.I. Srihari, a strong-hearted cop newly deputed to the region, encounters Chepala Krishna's criminal acts and settlements with the aid of trustworthy S.I. Krishnam Raju. Shortly before Krishna is approached to be nominated to the MLA, Srihari apprehends him in a petty case and ensures that he is unable to contest any election in the coming five years. Krishna and Nani seek vengeance. 

Sagar arranges an engagement for Chanti. On the day of the engagement, Sagar collects the jewelry. Simultaneously, Srihari chases Nani with his team. Krishnam Raju turns out to be a traitor, who attacks and kills Srihari. Sagar, who is passing by, sees the situation and rushes to protect Srihari, but it is too late. Sagar is framed, and the judiciary declares him guilty and sentences him to life in prison. Nukaraju, a humble constable at the prison, reveals that he is an avid admirer of the late Srihari. Nani attempts to molest Chanti, and amidst the chaos, Sagar's mother is injured and hospitalized.

Sagar is permitted to see his mother, and Nukaraju helps him escape permanently. Sagar sets out to destroy Chapala Krishna’s domain. Simultaneously, Nukaraju is suspended for aiding Sagar. During the trial, he senses something fishy about Srihari’s death and opens a formal enquiry. Sagar abducts Nani and Krishnam Raju. Nukaraju reveals the truth to the court and is able to acquire the real postmortem report with Sagar's help. Sagar is acquitted of the murder charge and asks Nukkaraju to marry Chanti.

Cast

Soundtrack 

Music composed by Shashi Preetam.

Production 
Initially, the film was planned with Nagarjuna Akkineni in the lead role and titled Anyayam. During location scouting, a person approached Krishna Vamsi and compared his film Gulabi with Ram Gopal Varma's style. Basing on that comparison, Krishna Vamsi immediately cancelled the project and made Ninne Pelladata instead.

Reception 
Jeevi of Idlebrain.com wrote that "A best recommended film for those all movie buffs who want to experience the nuances of shot making".

Awards 
Nandi Awards
 Best Villain – Tanikella Bharani 
 Best Audiographer – Madhusudhana Reddy 
 Best Editor - Shankar

References

External links 
 

Films directed by Krishna Vamsi
1999 films
1990s Telugu-language films
Claudio Andrés Baeza Baeza (born 23 December 1993) is a Chilean professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Liga MX club Toluca and the Chile national team.

International career
He got his first call up to the senior Chile squad for a friendly against Paraguay in September 2015.

He made his debut on 5 September 2019 in a friendly against Argentina, as a starter.

Honours
Colo-Colo
Chilean Primera División: 2014–C, 2015–A, 2017-T
Copa Chile: 2016
Supercopa de Chile: 2017, 2018

Notes

References

External links
 
 
 

1993 births
Living people
Chilean men's footballers
Chilean expatriate men's footballers
Chile men's under-20 international footballers
Chile men's youth international footballers
Chile men's international footballers
Colo-Colo footballers
Al-Ahli Saudi FC players
Club Necaxa footballers
Deportivo Toluca F.C. players
Chilean Primera División players
Saudi Pro League players
Liga MX players
2021 Copa América players
Expatriate men's footballers in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Chilean expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Chilean expatriate sportspeople in Mexico
Men's association football midfielders
People from Los Ángeles, Chile
Footballers from Biobío Region
Oakes may refer to:
Oakes (surname)
Oakes, Huddersfield, England
Oakes, North Dakota, US

See also
 Oakes test, a legal analysis used in Canada to determine under what situations infringements on rights and freedoms are justifiable
 R. v. Oakes, a 1986 decision of the Supreme Court of Canada that established the Oakes test
Oaks (disambiguation)
Lorenzo Bertini (born 1 June 1976 in Pontedera) is an Italian rower. His sister Lisa Bertini is also an Olympic rower.

References

External links

 
 

1976 births
Living people
Italian male rowers
People from Pontedera
Olympic rowers for Italy
Rowers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Italy
Olympic medalists in rowing
World Rowing Championships medalists for Italy
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Mediterranean Games bronze medalists for Italy
Mediterranean Games medalists in rowing
Competitors at the 2005 Mediterranean Games
Rowers of Fiamme Oro
Sportspeople from the Province of Pisa
Jemma Lucy (née Henley) (born 16 May 1988) is a British reality television personality and glamour model, best known for her role in Ex on the Beach series 3 and series 5.

Career
In 2005, she appeared in Brat Camp. In 2011, she participated in Signed by Katie Price. In 2016, she walked out of the Ex on the Beach house in series 5. In 2017, she participated in Celebrity Big Brother 20, being evicted first on the final night in sixth place.

In July 2019, an Instagram post by Lucy was banned by the Advertising Standards Authority after it was ruled that the image and text encouraged unsafe practices during pregnancy, made claims about weight loss and was not properly identified as an advert.

Filmography

References

1988 births
Living people
Mass media people from Manchester
Participants in British reality television series
People educated at St Mary's School, Calne