The Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP) is a method for using specific standards to enable automated vulnerability management, measurement, and policy compliance evaluation of systems deployed in an organization, including e.g., FISMA (Federal Information Security Management Act, 2002) compliance. The National Vulnerability Database (NVD) is the U.S. government content repository for SCAP. An example of an implementation of SCAP is OpenSCAP.

Purpose
To guard against security threats, organizations need to continuously monitor the computer systems and applications they have deployed, incorporate security upgrades to software and deploy updates to configurations. The Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP), pronounced "ess-cap", but most commonly as "skap" comprises a number of open standards that are widely used to enumerate software flaws and configuration issues related to security. Applications which conduct security monitoring use the standards when measuring systems to find vulnerabilities, and offer methods to score those findings in order to evaluate the possible impact. The SCAP suite of specifications standardize the nomenclature and formats used by these automated vulnerability management, measurement, and policy compliance products.

A vendor of a computer system configuration scanner can get their product validated against SCAP, demonstrating that it will interoperate with other scanners and express the scan results in a standardized way.

SCAP defines how the following standards (referred to as SCAP 'Components') are combined:

SCAP Components
Starting with SCAP version 1.0 (November, 2009)
 Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE)
 Common Configuration Enumeration (CCE) (prior web-site at MITRE)
 Common Platform Enumeration (CPE)
 Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS)
 Extensible Configuration Checklist Description Format (XCCDF)
 Open Vulnerability and Assessment Language (OVAL)
Starting with SCAP version 1.1 (February, 2011)
 Open Checklist Interactive Language (OCIL) Version 2.0
Starting with SCAP version 1.2 (September, 2011)
 Asset Identification (AID)
 Asset Reporting Format (ARF)
 Common Configuration Scoring System (CCSS)
 Trust Model for Security Automation Data (TMSAD)
Starting with SCAP version 1.3 (February, 2018)
 Software Identification (SWID) tags

SCAP Checklists
Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP) checklists standardize and enable automation of the linkage between computer security configurations and the NIST Special Publication 800-53 (SP 800-53) controls framework.  The current version of SCAP is meant to perform initial measurement and continuous monitoring of security settings and corresponding SP 800-53 controls.  Future versions will likely standardize and enable automation for implementing and changing security settings of corresponding SP 800-53 controls.  In this way, SCAP contributes to the implementation, assessment, and monitoring steps of the NIST Risk Management Framework.  Accordingly, SCAP forms an integral part of the NIST FISMA implementation project.

SCAP Validation Program
The SCAP Validation Program tests the ability of products to employ SCAP standards.  The NIST National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP) accredits independent laboratories under the program to perform SCAP validations.

A vendor seeking validation of a product can contact an NVLAP accredited SCAP validation laboratory for assistance in the validation process.

A customer who is subject to the FISMA requirements, or wants to use security products that have been tested and validated to the SCAP standard by an independent third party laboratory, should visit the SCAP validated products web page to verify the status of the product(s) being considered.

References

External links
Security Content Automation Protocol web site
National Vulnerability Database web site
Mitre "Making Security Measurable" web site
SCAP Search

Security compliance
Computer security standards