Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
Various marine animals are capable of aerial locomotion, i.e., jumping out of the water and moving through air. Some possible reasons for this behavior are hunting, escaping from predators, and saving energy for swimming or breathing. Some of the jumping behaviors initiate gliding and taxiing in air, while some of them end up falling back to water.

Penetrating water surface
The speed of motion in air is faster than in water because of drag force. The drag force is proportional to density of the fluid. The animal jumping out of water will feel almost no drag, since the air density is 1,000 times less than water density. Usually animals gain thrust for the jumping as how they lift themselves underwater. Some of them are group behavior.

Mechanism

Jet propulsion
Jet propulsion generates thrust and momentum by shooting out water jets. Flying squid is known for their behavior of leaping out of the water. Ommastrephinae and Todarodinae are two subfamilies of squids under the family of Ommastrephidae. They utilize jet propulsion to jump out of water as they do underwater, including Japanese flying squid.., Humboldt squid, Neon flying squid, sevenstar flying squid, and Wellington flying squid. Squid flight may be thought to reduce the cost of migration. The acceleration of Sthenoteuthis pteropus in air is 265 body lengths/s2 (24.5 m/s2), which is found to exceed that in water (79 body lengths/s2).

Tail beating
The fish approach the water surface at high speed (about 10 m/s in large fish; 20-30 body lengths/s) with their lateral fins furled against the body. They get accelerated by beating their tails rapidly, and break through the water surface at a shallow angle to the horizontal. Four fish in ray-finned fish family (Beloniformes) and salmon have this jumping behavior. The ray-finned fish includes needlefish, flyingfish, halfbeak, and sauries. Salmon jump out waterfalls during upstream spawning migrations.

C-start
C-start is escape reflex employed by fish. The fish move upward by curving their slender body as a letter C. Most of the fish jump out of water by C-start. Freshwater butterflyfish jumps out of water by curving its body. The fish is known for its enlarged pectoral fins but it falls back to water instead of gliding. Freshwater hatchetfish exhibits a ballistic aerial path.

Porpoising
Porpoising is high-speed swimming close to water surface with many leaving and re-entering the water nose-first. Dolphin, Penguin, and Seal porpoise in the wild. Dolphin saves energy at high speed porpoising. Penguin porpoises in group for long-distance traveling. Seal porpoises as group play

Other
The mechanisms and jumping patterns of some aquatic animals are not clear. Mobula penetrates sea surface by many photo evidences. Great white shark attacks seals near water surface at Seal Island in South Africa

See also
Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
Flying and gliding animals
The Flying Mobulas of the Sea of Cortez

References

Animal locomotion
Claudia Anne Kolb (born December 19, 1949), also known by her married name Claudia Thomas, is an American former competition swimmer, two-time Olympic champion, and former world record-holder in four events.

Kolb represented the United States as a 14-year-old at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan.  She competed in the women's 200-meter breaststroke, and received the silver medal for her second-place performance (2:47.6) behind Soviet Galina Prozumenshchikova, who set a new Olympic record (2:46.4).

When Mexico City hosted the 1968 Summer Olympics, Kolb won two gold medals.  She dominated her competition in the medley events, winning both the women's 200-meter individual medley (2:24.7) and women's 400-meter individual medley (5:08.5).  Kolb set new Olympic records in both events in the preliminary heats and the event finals.

During her career. Kolb won 25 U.S. national AAU Championships and set 23 world records.  In 1967 she was named "World Swimmer of the Year" by Swimming World magazine.  In 1975 she was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame.

Kolb retired from competitive swimming after the Mexico City Olympics.  She has coached swimming at clubs in South Bend, Indiana and Santa Clara, California, and college teams at Stanford University and at Pacific University.  Her Stanford swimmers won the 1980 AIAW national team championship.

She lives in Oregon.

See also

 List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)
 World record progression 100 metres breaststroke
 World record progression 200 metres individual medley
 World record progression 400 metres individual medley
 World record progression 4 × 100 metres medley relay

References

External links

Image of U.S. Olympic swimmers Cathy Ferguson, Sharon Stouder and Claudia Kolb at LA Swim Stadium, California, 1964. Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.

1949 births
Living people
American female breaststroke swimmers
American female medley swimmers
American swimming coaches
Pacific Tigers swimming coaches
World record setters in swimming
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in swimming
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in swimming
People from Hayward, California
Sportspeople from California
Stanford Cardinal swimming coaches
Swimmers at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1967 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 1967 Pan American Games
20th-century American women
The  is a freight only railway company in Ōgaki, Gifu, Japan. The company was founded in 1927. Its line mainly transports limestone. The company is not related to , a transportation company with similar name, also based in Ōgaki. The company was reported as being dissolved in 2013.

History
The 3km line from Mino-Akasaka to Ichihashi opened in 1928, and a passenger service operated from 1930 to 1945.

Lines
Ichihashi Line (市橋線)
 — Otomezaka: 1.3 km / 0.8 mi.

3 freight trains every day on the Ichihashi Line (市橋線). Hirui Line no longer in service.

Ichihashi Line (市橋線)
Otomezaka — Ichihashi: 1.3 km / 0.8 mi.
Hirui Line (昼飯線)
Mino-Akasaka — Hirui: 1.9 km / 1.2 mi.

See also
List of railway companies in Japan

References
This article incorporates material from the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia

External links 
 Kinshōzan Line Club, unofficial fansite 
 Seinō Railway, unofficial fansite 

Railway companies of Japan
Rail transport in Gifu Prefecture
Main Event (previously known as Event TV or Main Attraction) is Australia's only sports pay-per-view channel. It transmits through Foxtel and Kayo. It broadcasts major sporting and entertainment events such as boxing, professional wrestling, mixed martial arts and concerts.  
    
The channel has broadcast the Anthony "The Man" Mundine vs. Danny Green boxing fight and has broadcast nearly every World Wrestling Entertainment pay-per-view since 2000 (There was a contract negotiation period that prevented the WWE from showing WWE pay-per-views between January 2003 and August 2003). Since May 2006 it has also been broadcasting Total Nonstop Action Wrestling pay-per-views, and since 2007, the Ultimate Fighting Championship started screening their PPV's.  It also broadcast WWE's weekly programming (for free) over a 2-week period during 2006 while Fox8 was screening a marathon of The Simpsons. The channel would similarly do the same in early 2015 when Fox8 broadcast every episode of The Simpsons.

In previous years, Main Event has also broadcast large concerts for artists such as Christina Aguilera and Beyoncé Knowles. In November 2008, the channel broadcast a live concert at Etihad Stadium in Melbourne from Dutch violinist, conductor and composer, André Rieu.

During the Australian Football League's 2007–2011 broadcast rights period, Friday Night Football matches as well as selected games played on Saturday afternoon, Saturday night and Sunday afternoon were shown on Main Event to Fox Sports (Australia) subscribers in New South Wales, Queensland and the Australian Capital Territory. Viewers in Victoria, in contrast, did not receive any National Rugby League matches live on this channel, even if their local team. the Melbourne Storm, was playing.

The AFL arrangement ceased as of season 2012, as free-to-air rights holder the Seven Network were permitted to screen these games to northern states on its digital terrestrial multichannel, 7mate.

On 3 September 2013, Main Event launched a HD simulcast. This came following the closure of Foxtel 3D due to an insufficient amount of 3D content being produced, while the majority of premium pay-per-view content shown on Main Event is produced and acquired in HD.

See also
Stan Event
Boxing in Australia
Mixed martial arts in Australia
Professional wrestling in Australia

References

External links

Television channels and stations established in 1997
Direct broadcast satellite services
Sports television networks in Australia
Fox Sports (Australian TV network)
Lenin Preciado (born 23 August 1993) is an Ecuadorian judoka. He won a gold medal in men's 60 kg at the 2015 Pan American Games.

He competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, in the men's 60 kg.

He represented Ecuador at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

References

External links
 
 

1993 births
Living people
Ecuadorian male judoka
Olympic judoka for Ecuador
Judoka at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games medalists in judo
Pan American Games gold medalists for Ecuador
Judoka at the 2015 Pan American Games
Judoka at the 2019 Pan American Games
South American Games gold medalists for Ecuador
South American Games medalists in judo
Competitors at the 2018 South American Games
Medalists at the 2015 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2019 Pan American Games
Judoka at the 2020 Summer Olympics
People from Machala
21st-century Ecuadorian people
Locris (; ; ) was a region of ancient Greece, the homeland of the Locrians, made up of three distinct districts.

Locrian tribe

The city of Locri in Calabria (Italy), also known in antiquity as "Epizephyrian Locris", was a colony founded by the Locrians in Magna Graecia. There is some disagreement over whether it was those from Opuntian Locris or from Ozolian Locris who were responsible.

Ancient Locris
The territory of the Locrians was divided into three by Doris and Phocis, perhaps due to an early invasion of a contiguous Locrian state. This fact, combined with the region's infertility, meant that the Locrians tended to be dominated by their neighbours, and played little part in Greek history.

To the south-west of Phocis was Ozolian Locris, situated on the north coast of the Gulf of Corinth, between Naupactus and Crisa. The main cities of Ozolian Locris were Amphissa and Naupactus which was its seaport. To the north east of Phocis was Opuntian Locris, named after its main city, Opus. Finally, to the north of Phocis was Epicnemidian Locris, situated near the pass of Thermopylae.

The Opuntian Locris and the Epicnemidian Locris are often regarded as one people, separate in customs and integration to the Hellenic culture from the Ozolian Locris, considered as the less civilised of the two. The territories of the Opuntian Locris and the Epicnemidian Locris were not a continuous unit but were separated from one another by Phocis

Ozolian Locris

The main towns of Ozolian Locris were Amphissa and Naupactus. Today, the area is part of Aetolia-Acarnania and Phocis.

Opuntian Locris

The main towns of Opuntia Locris were Opus and Larymna. Today, Opuntian Locris is part of modern Phthiotis.

Epicnemidian Locris

The main towns of Epicnemidian Locris were Nicaea and Thronium. Today, Epicnemidian Locris is part of modern Phthiotis.

Province

The province of Locris () was one of the provinces of the Phthiotis Prefecture. Its capital was the town Atalanti. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipalities Amfikleia-Elateia, Lokroi, and Kamena Vourla. It was abolished in 2006.

References

External links

Locris ("Plato and His Dialogues" Website)

 
Phthiotis
Provinces of Greece
Roger Sainsbury may refer to:

Roger Sainsbury (bishop) (born 1936), British retired Anglican bishop
Roger Sainsbury (engineer) (born 1940), civil engineer
Wranglers Roost Stagecoach Stop is located in New River, Maricopa County, Arizona.  It was a stagecoach stop for a short time in the late 1800s.  In 1930, Carl Jesse Myers (called himself Chief Myers) built WR in the 1930s as a dude ranch. The dude ranch was successful all through the 1930s when times were tough. The original rock structure was added onto in the late 1960s and became a resort with a pool, hot tub, restaurant and some hotel accommodations. The current owners, Reid and Heidi Stewart, also rent the structure for the celebrations of weddings.

Gallery

References

External links

Ghost towns in Arizona
Former populated places in Maricopa County, Arizona
The following is a list of gangs, criminal enterprises, and crime syndicates in New Zealand.

Maori and Polynesian gangs
New Zealand Nomads
Head Hunters Motorcycle Club
Mongrel Mob
King Cobras
Tribesmen Motorcycle Club
Black Power
Killer Beez
BTW (Bad Troublesome Ward)
Aotearoa Natives

Drug cartels
Sinaloa Cartel

Crips and Bloods subsets
Crip Family (36)
Tongan Crip Gang
Dope Money Sex
Neighbourhood Crips
Junior Crip Boys
United Blood Nation

Triad
Sam Gor
14K
Sun Yee On
Shui Fong
Big Circle Gang

Caucasian/white supremacist
Right Wing Resistance
Sadistic Souls Motorcycle Club
Crew 38 
Ruthless Boot Boys
Rodent Aryan Brotherhood
White Power Creed 
Chaos Skins

Outlaw motorcycle clubs
Comancheros
Outcasts Motorcycle Club
Head Hunters Motorcycle Club
Devils Henchmen
Lone Legion Brotherhood
Greazy Dogs
Highway 61 Motorcycle Club
Tyrants Motorcycle Club
Mothers Motorcycle Club
Hells Angels
Red Devils Motorcycle Club
Barbarian Stormtroopers
Bandidos Motorcycle Club
Southern Vikings
Rebels Motorcycle Club
Forty Five Motorcycle Club
Road Knights
Filthy Few Motorcycle Club
Huhu Motorcycle Club
Magog Motorcycle Club
Outlaws Motorcycle Club
Satans Slaves Motorcycle Club
Mongols Motorcycle Club
Sinn Fein Motorcycle Club

Defunct organized crime groups
Lost Breed - Former outlaw motorcycle club. Shut down by the Hells Angels in 2015.
Fourth Reich
Epitaph Riders

See also
 Gangs in New Zealand

References 

Lists of gangs
Andrei Sergeyevich Nikolayev (; born 6 August 1976) is a Russian professional football coach and a former player.

Club career
He made his professional debut in the Russian Second Division in 1992 for FC Torpedo-d Moscow. He played 3 games in the UEFA Cup 1996–97 for FC Torpedo-Luzhniki Moscow. He also played 1 game for FC Krylia Sovetov Samara in the Russian Cup.

References

1976 births
Footballers from Moscow
Living people
Russian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
FC Torpedo Moscow players
FC Torpedo-2 players
Russian Premier League players
PFC CSKA Moscow players
PFC Krylia Sovetov Samara players
FC Khimki players
FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk players
Russian football managers
Bad Religion (also referred to as The Bad Religion EP) is the first official recording by the Los Angeles punk rock band Bad Religion. It was released in February 1981 by guitarist Brett Gurewitz's record label Epitaph Records, with the catalog number EPI 001.

Recording
The recording sessions for the EP took place in October 1980 at a demo studio called Studio 9, located above an office and drugstore in Los Angeles on Sunset Boulevard and Western Avenue. The EP was mastered by Stan Ross at Gold Star Studios in Hollywood. At the time of the EP's release, vocalist Greg Graffin and bassist Jay Bentley were both 16 years old, while Gurewitz and drummer Jay Ziskrout were both 18.

Reissues
The Bad Religion EP has been reissued a number of times, mostly on vinyl. It was initially released on 7-inch vinyl, and reissued in 1984 as a 12-inch with a different sound mix. In West Germany, a 7" bootleg limited edition of the EP was released in 1989, packaged with then-current album No Control. The EP was also pressed on compact cassettes, but those editions are rare. While the Bad Religion EP has never been released as a standalone CD, it was included on the 1991 compilation album 80–85, and on the 2004 CD reissue of the group's 1982 debut studio album How Could Hell Be Any Worse?, which featured the same track listing as 80–85. The EP was reissued on April 18, 2009 in conjunction with Record Store Day, in a limited edition of 1,000.

Reception

At the time of the original release, the Bad Religion EP received positive reviews from various fanzines. Brenda Jamrus of the punk rock magazine Ripper called the EP "a real powerful six song EP from Bad Religion". She added that "when so many bands are moving away from political overtones, these four guys are keeping politics alive" and described the songs as "fast and solid".

Dave Stimson reviewed the EP for the 16th issue of Touch and Go. In it, he said, "Unlike many LA based bands where all it takes is one listen and you're already dripping slobber on the floor, Bad Religion takes some time before winning over their legion of fans, which must be many cuz [sic] this is a great record. When you first hear it, you say same old LA-styled punk, good, but nothing to get excited about. Now that's where you're wrong. This is perhaps the best debut record since Nervous Breakdown. I can't quite put my finger on it...something like Black Flag meets Neg Trend".

Track listing

Personnel
 Greg Graffin - lead vocals
 Brett Gurewitz - guitar
 Jay Bentley - bass
 Jay Ziskrout - drums

Production
 Bad Religion; Big Dick - producers
 Stan Ross - mastering
 Brett Gurewitz - engineering
 Gary Leonard - photography

References

Bad Religion EPs
Epitaph Records EPs
1981 debut EPs
The Raymond Grain Elevators Historic District  is a  historic district near Raymond, Montana with six contributing buildings which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.

It includes two surviving grain elevators located within the railway right-of-way. Elevator The railway was built in 1913 by the Minneapolis, St. Paul, & Sault Ste. Marie Railroad (the "Soo Line") and was operated by that company until 1990.

References

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
Buildings and structures completed in 1913
Grain elevators
Sheridan County, Montana
Ethel is a U.S. town in Attala County, Mississippi. The population was 418 at the 2010 census.

History
Ethel is named for the daughter of Capt. S. B. McConnico.
The mayor of Ethel is Gwen Sims.

Geography
Ethel is located along the Yockanookany River.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all land.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 452 people, 173 households, and 125 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 208 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 54.42% White, 44.91% African American, and 0.66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.44% of the population.

There were 173 households, out of which 39.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.4% were married couples living together, 22.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.7% were non-families. 25.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.07.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.8% under the age of 18, 10.8% from 18 to 24, 26.3% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $20,114, and the median income for a family was $21,667. Males had a median income of $22,083 versus $13,409 for females. The per capita income for the town was $8,240. About 30.4% of families and 32.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 48.5% of those under age 18 and 19.3% of those age 65 or over.

Education
The town of Ethel is served by the Attala County School District.

Notable people
Ray Butts, inventor of the EchoSonic and FilterTron
Icey W. Day, member of the Mississippi House of Representatives for three separate terms
Archie Dees, professional basketball player.

References

Towns in Attala County, Mississippi
Towns in Mississippi
The Oshawa Group was once a leading owner of supermarkets in Ontario, Canada. It was bought by Sobeys (via Empire Company Limited) in 1998. The company was based in Etobicoke and traded on the Toronto and Montreal stock exchanges.

History
Founded in 1957 as Oshawa Wholesale Limited, the company grew from expansion in the 1960s to 1980s. It was renamed the Oshawa Group Limited in 1971. The company roots date back further to 1914 by founders Max Wolfe (1893–1987) and Maurice Wolfe, who started the Ontario Produce Company and acquired Oshawa Wholesale in 1949 and later gave rise to Oshawa Group.

Notable people
Through the life of the company it was run by the Wolfe family:
 Max and Maurice Wolfe - the Lithuanian Jewish immigrants founded Oshawa Wholesalers in 1957 and Ontario Produce Co. in 1914
 1950s–1976 Ray D. Wolfe, President
 Harvey Wolfe, President
 Raphael Wolfe, President, CEO and Chair
 Jonathan Wolfe, final President and COO

Retail units
Beginning in the 1960s, Oshawa Group acquired various retail chains and stores:

 Dutch Boy
 Dutch Girl
 Rite-Way Department Store 1966
 IGA 1964
 Bassin Food chain 1964
 Tradition Market Fresh Food
 Knechtel
 Pharma Plus Drug Stores - acquired in 1988 from Boots Drug Stores and once owned by Loblaws operating as Tamblyn Drugs; sold to Katz Group of Companies
 Kent Drugs Limited 1968
 Rockower of Canada Limited 1968
 Food City and later as Food Town - converted by Oshawa Group to Price Chopper
 Price Chopper discount supermarket chain, rebranded to FreshCo some time after Oshawa Group was purchased by Sobeys.
 Towers Department Stores 1967 - acquired as Allied Towers Merchants Limited and ceased operations in 1991 with store locations sold to Zellers)
 Consumers Distributing Company Limited - sold 50% stake in 1978
 Coinamatic Laundry Equipment - sold 90% stake in 1978
 acquired Dominion Stores Limited's operations in Nova Scotia and Safeway's stores in Southern Ontario 1985

Non-retail units
Outside of retailing, Oshawa Group acquired various companies and real estate:
 Field Fresh Farms (Dairy)
 Dominion Mushroom Company 1963 - sold 1986
Oshawa Group also operated food services company SERCA Foodservices Incorporated.
 Marchland Holdings Limited 1971
 Baxter Estates 1975 - owned and managed apartment in Winnipeg and shopping centre in Calgary; sold 1978
 Systems Construction Limited - modular home builder
 Codville Distributors Limited 1972
 Decarie Square shopping mall in Montreal 1976 - sold 1986

Decline
The retail scene changed in the 1990s, even as the Oshawa Group had begun re-focusing on core operations beginning in the 1980s. The entire operation was sold in 1998 to Sobeys and the Oshawa name disappeared from Canadian retailing.

See also
 Loblaws

References

External links
 Oshawa Group
 Oshawa Group

1957 establishments in Ontario
1998 disestablishments in Ontario
Retail companies established in 1957
Retail companies disestablished in 1998
Defunct companies of Ontario
Defunct supermarkets of Canada
Sobeys
Canadian companies disestablished in 1998
Canadian companies established in 1957
Mahmoud Bahaa is a town in north Algeria.

Communes of Guelma Province