Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
The nearest neighbour algorithm was one of the first algorithms used to solve the travelling salesman problem approximately. In that problem, the salesman starts at a random city and repeatedly visits the nearest city until all have been visited. The algorithm quickly yields a short tour, but usually not the optimal one.

Algorithm 

These are the steps of the algorithm:
 Initialize all vertices as unvisited.
 Select an arbitrary vertex, set it as the current vertex u. Mark u as visited.
 Find out the shortest edge connecting the current vertex u and an unvisited vertex v.
 Set v as the current vertex u. Mark v as visited.
 If all the vertices in the domain are visited, then terminate. Else, go to step 3.

The sequence of the visited vertices is the output of the algorithm.

The nearest neighbour algorithm is easy to implement and executes quickly, but it can sometimes miss shorter routes which are easily noticed with human insight, due to its "greedy" nature. As a general guide, if the last few stages of the tour are comparable in length to the first stages, then the tour is reasonable; if they are much greater, then it is likely that much better tours exist. Another check is to use an algorithm such as the lower bound algorithm to estimate if this tour is good enough.

In the worst case, the algorithm results in a tour that is much longer than the optimal tour. To be precise, for every constant r there is an instance of the traveling salesman problem such that the length of the tour computed by the nearest neighbour algorithm is greater than r times the length of the optimal tour. Moreover, for each number of cities there is an assignment of distances between the cities for which the nearest neighbor heuristic produces the unique worst possible tour. (If the algorithm is applied on every vertex as the starting vertex, the best path found will be better than at least N/2-1 other tours, where N is the number of vertices.)

The nearest neighbour algorithm may not find a feasible tour at all, even when one exists.

Notes

References

 G. Gutin, A. Yeo and A. Zverovitch, Exponential Neighborhoods and Domination Analysis for the TSP, in The Traveling Salesman Problem and Its Variations, G. Gutin and A.P. Punnen (eds.), Kluwer (2002) and Springer (2007).
 G. Gutin, A. Yeo and A. Zverovich, Traveling salesman should not be greedy: domination analysis of greedy-type heuristics for the TSP. Discrete Applied Mathematics 117 (2002), 81–86. 
 J. Bang-Jensen, G. Gutin and A. Yeo, When the greedy algorithm fails. Discrete Optimization 1 (2004), 121–127. 
 G. Bendall and F. Margot, Greedy Type Resistance of Combinatorial Problems, Discrete Optimization 3 (2006), 288–298.

Travelling salesman problem
Approximation algorithms
Heuristic algorithms
Graph algorithms
The Killigrew Baronetcy, of Arwennick in the County of Cornwall, was a title in the Baronetage of England. It was created on 22 December 1660 for William Killigrew (d.1665), 6th son of John Killigrew (c.1557-1605) of Arwenack, near Falmouth in Cornwall, thrice MP for Penryn in 1584, 1586 and 1597, and Vice-Admiral of Cornwall and like his father and grandfather was Captain of Pendennis Castle (1584–98) The 1st Baronet was created a baronet at the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660, which event was largely brought about by his uncle George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle (1608-1670). He died without progeny and the title by special remainder descended to his nephew Peter Killigrew, son of his elder brother Sir Peter Killigrew (1593-1667), MP for Camelford. The second Baronet was Member of Parliament for Camelford. The title became extinct on his death in 1704.

Killigrew baronets, of Arwennick (1660)
Sir William Killigrew, 1st Baronet (died 1665)
Sir Peter Killigrew, 2nd Baronet (–1705)

References

Extinct baronetcies in the Baronetage of England
1660 establishments in England
Baronetcies created with special remainders
Meghan Jadhav is an Indian television and film actor. He made his acting debut in 2006 with  Raavan playing young Vibhishan and he is known for his acclaimed role in Jai Shri Krishna (2008–09) as Shri Krishna , Abhimanyu in Suryaputra Karn and Kartikeya in Mahakali Anth Hi Aarambh Hai. 

He has also acted in many films including Zor Lagaa Ke...Haiya! and Ramaa: The Saviour.

Early life
Meghan was born on 
7 June 1992, in Mumbai. He is a history graduate, he also has a master's degree in Literature from KC College, Mumbai.

Career
Meghan started his career as Krishna in Jai Shri Krishna and is also known for his role as Gyan in Sony 's Saas Bina Sasuraal. He has also played Abhimanyu in the mythological serial of Sony Entertainment Television (India) Suryaputra Karn. He portrayed the role of Kartikey in Mahakali– Anth hi Aarambh hai and gained immense popularity for his role. He also starred as Aaditya in Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai which is still remembered by fans, as Govind in Tenali Rama and as Madhavdas in Vighnaharta Ganesh. He won the Best Debut Actor Award at the Marathi Film Festival Awards for his performance in the Marathi film 'Chahto Mi Tula' (2016).

Filmography

Television

Special appearances

Films

References

Further reading

External links

1992 births
Living people
Male actors from Mumbai
Ashley Fure (born 1982) is an American composer. She has received the Rome Prize and a Guggenheim Fellowship (2017), and her composition Bound to the Bow (2016) was a finalist for the 2017 Pulitzer Prize in Music.

Early life 
Fure grew up in Marquette, Michigan, attended the Oberlin Conservatory of Music as an undergraduate, received her PhD from Harvard University and was a post-doctoral fellow at Columbia University. Since 2015, Fure has been an assistant professor of music at Dartmouth College.

Career 
Fure's orchestral piece Bound to the Bow was inspired by Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Her opera The Force of Things: An Opera in Objects premiered in Darmstadt, Germany, in 2016 and was performed by the International Contemporary Ensemble at Montclair State University in Montclair, New Jersey, in 2017. The opera had its New York premiere in August 2018 at the Mostly Mozart Festival.

Fure developed The Force of Things: An Opera in Objects, about climate crisis, in collaboration with her brother, architect Adam Fure. It is staged in an installation space set up as an immersive environment, placing the audience under a canopy of latex hides and hanging objects. The music for The Force of Things is a combination of projected electroacoustic sounds and live instrumental performance. According to the New York Times, Fure and her brother "created an immersive experience that is claustrophobic and viscerally fraught. Their central invention is the use of massive subwoofer speakers that emit frequencies too low to be audible to the human ear, yet strong enough to set abuzz every object and diaphragm in the room." The Wall Street Journal wrote, "traditional musical instruments are, of course, mechanisms for vibration, and other composers have experimented with the musical properties of found objects in the past. Ms. Fure’s contribution is to suggest that the room itself was alive; that the pitches, rhythms and sensations generated by these seemingly inanimate objects have their own order and message, whether or not we can determine what it is." The New Yorker's Alex Ross wrote, "gender does not play an explicit role in The Force of Things, although Fure’s emphasis on the idea of empathy implies an opposition to the masculine megalomania of certain modernist predecessors."

Jaap van Zweden, the director of the New York Philharmonic, chose Fure's orchestra piece Filament to inaugurate his tenure in September 2018.

References 

1982 births
Living people
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Harvard University alumni
21st-century American composers
People from Marquette, Michigan
Oberlin Conservatory of Music alumni
Dartmouth College faculty
Morris Maxey Titterington (July 20, 1891 – July 11, 1928) was a pioneering aviator, and engineer.

Biography
Titterington was born in Paris, Texas, the son of George Titterington.

Titterington graduated from Bliss Electrical School in 1913. In 1914 he graduated from the Curtiss Flying School. In 1918 he was working for the Sperry Gyroscope Corporation and was living in Brooklyn. He was included in the 1925 edition of Who's Who in American Aviation.

Titterington and Brice Herbert Goldsborough founded the Pioneer Instrument Company in 1919. Titterington designed the Earth inductor compass in 1924.

In 1928 he took off in a Travel Air, headed across the Pennsylvania mountains and crashed to his death during bad weather after being struck by lightning.

Bernice Gamble Andrews
Bernice Gamble Andrews (1905-1928) died with him as his passenger. She was the beneficiary of his insurance policy, and she was the daughter of George A. Gamble of Williamsport, Pennsylvania. She was previously married to Fred Andrews and had a son: Fred Andrews, Jr. She had worked in Hollywood as Patricia Perry.

References

Further reading
New York Times; July 13, 1928. Titterington plane was hit by lightning; Witnesses Saw Machine Smoking Before It Fell With Inventor and Actress.
Who's Who in American Aviation 1925
Final Bliss Alumni Address, 1955

1891 births
1928 deaths
Members of the Early Birds of Aviation
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
Curtiss-Wright Company
Accidental deaths in Pennsylvania
The 2018 All Africa Men's and Women's Team Badminton Championships is a continental stage tournament of Thomas and Uber Cups, and also to crown the best men's and women's badminton team in Africa. This tournament will be held in Algiers, Algeria between 12 and 15 February 2018.

Medalists

Tournament 
The All Africa Men's and Women's Team Badminton Championships officially crowns the best male and female national badminton teams in Africa and at the same time works as the African qualification event towards the 2018 Thomas & Uber Cup finals. 19 teams consisting of 12 men's team and 7 women's team have entered the tournament.

Venue 
Venue of this tournament is Salle OMS Hacène Harcha Arena, in Algiers, Algeria.

Men's team
The host country, Algeria has been crowned the champion in the men's team event. The Algeria team beating Nigeria with the score 3–2, and Nigeria settle for the silver medal. It is the first time for Algeria to win the competition, and also will be the first time for the team to participate at the Thomas Cup final. The men's team bronze goes to Mauritius and Ghana. The team lose in the semifinal round to Algeria and Nigeria, both with the score 3–1 respectively.

Group stage

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Knockout stage

Women's team
The Mauritian women's team clinched the title and won the gold medal after beating the flagship country of African badminton, Nigeria. Under the coach from Malaysia, Krishnan Yogendran, Mauritius defeating Nigeria with the score 3–0. The Egypt and Algeria women's team were placed third in the competition and won the bronze medal. Both teams defeated in the semifinal by Nigeria and Mauritius with the score 3–2 respectively.

Group stage

Group A

Group B

Knockout stage

References

External links
Tournament draws

Africa Continental Team Badminton Championships
All Africa Men's and Women's Team Badminton Championships
All Africa Men's and Women's Team Badminton Championships
2018 in Algerian sport
All Africa Men's and Women's Team Badminton Championships
Masterton West is a suburb of Masterton, a town on New Zealand's North Island.

It includes Renall Street railway station and the Douglas Parks sports group.

Air quality in Masterton West exceeded World Health Organization guidelines for 28 days in 2018 and 34 days in 2019.

Demographics 
Douglas Park statistical area, which corresponds to Masterton West, covers . It had an estimated population of  as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Douglas Park had a population of 2,016 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 111 people (5.8%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 129 people (6.8%) since the 2006 census. There were 810 households, comprising 924 males and 1,092 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.85 males per female. The median age was 44.7 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 408 people (20.2%) aged under 15 years, 336 (16.7%) aged 15 to 29, 801 (39.7%) aged 30 to 64, and 471 (23.4%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 86.2% European/Pākehā, 17.1% Māori, 4.6% Pasifika, 3.0% Asian, and 2.8% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 15.5, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 47.9% had no religion, 38.2% were Christian, 0.6% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.4% were Hindu, 0.1% were Muslim, 0.4% were Buddhist and 3.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 270 (16.8%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 351 (21.8%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $26,000, compared with $31,800 nationally. 177 people (11.0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 678 (42.2%) people were employed full-time, 252 (15.7%) were part-time, and 60 (3.7%) were unemployed.

Education

Douglas Park School is a co-educational state primary school for Year 1 to 6 students, with a roll of  as of .

Wairarapa College is a co-educational state secondary school for Year 9 to 13 students, with a roll of .

St Matthew's Collegiate  is a state-integrated Anglican girls' secondary school for Year 7 to 13 students, with a roll of .

Masterton West also has a kindergarten.

References

Suburbs of Masterton
The Canterbury women's field hockey team are an amateur sports team based in New Zealand. The team competes annually in the Ford National Hockey League (NHL).

History
In total, Canterbury have won the Women's NHL a total of 3 times.

Canterbury are the most recent champions, having defeated North Harbour 3–2 in the final of the 2016 Tournament.

Team Roster
The following is the Canterbury team roster for the 2017 Ford NHL:

Head coaches: Sue & Andy Innes

Jessie Anderson
Margot Willis
Libby Bird
Jordy Grant
Sophie Cocks
Georgie Mackay-Stewart
Jenny Storey (C)
Pippa Hayward
Rachel McCann
Leah butt
Emily Wium
Charlotte Symes
Kirsty Nation (GK)
Iona Young (GK)
Bridget Kiddle
Sian Fremaux
Millie Calder
Sarah Rutherford

References

Women's field hockey teams in New Zealand
2000 establishments in New Zealand
The Lebanese-Syrian pound, officially called the Syrian pound until 1924, was a paper currency that was created on 31 March 1920 by Order No.129 of High Commissioner Gouraud to replace the Egyptian pound in the French Mandates in the Levant; the privilege of its issue was entrusted by this decree to the Bank of Syria and Lebanon (which was then called “Banque de Syria”), and its value fixed at 20 francs payable by check in Paris.

It was issued in two series of banknotes of the same type from 1924 in the territories of the State of Greater Lebanon, the Druze State and the Syrian Federation, one of the two series bearing the name "Grand Lebanon", the other "Syria", as stipulated by an agreement concluded on January 23 of the same year between the representatives of these States and of this Federation and the representatives of the Bank of Syria. under the aegis of the High Commission of the French Republic and with the approval of the French Ministry of Finance, and which granted the exclusive privilege of issuing currency to the bank for fifteen years from the first of April. These two series were to circulate indifferently on the signatory territories without the amount of banknotes in circulation being able to exceed 25 million pounds.

See Also 

 Lebanese pound
 Syrian pound
 Mandate for Syria and Lebanon

References 

French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
Mamiko is a Polish publisher located in Nowa Ruda, a charming medieval town with a strong literary tradition (renowned literary festival “Góry Literatury” is held there annually). It was founded in 2000. Since then it has published well over 300 books. Its founder and owner is Apolonia Maliszewska. The name MaMiKo is a combination of the first two letters of the names Magda, Milena, and Kornel – the founder's children. Mamiko specializes in poetry and fiction.

Poets and writers who made their debut thanks to Mamiko are, among others: Wojciech Giedrys, Tomasz Pułka, Elżbieta Lipińska, Grzegorz Mucha, Szymon Bira, Dagmara Babiarz (lives in the United States), Hubert Klimko-Dobrzaniecki (lives in Austria), Piotr Florczyk (lives in the United States), Samantha Kitsch (lives in the United States), Grzegorz Kwiatkowski, Michał Sobol, Marta Fox, Jakub Tabaczek.

Mamiko published also non-fiction books, among them: “Poza kadrem” by Feliks Netz, “Otwórz oczy” by Dagmara Babiarz, “Znad Niemna przez Odrę nad Sekwanę” by Marian Dziwniel, and translation of “Jogging” by Ukrainian writer Andrij Bondar (translated by Bohdan Zadura and Adam Wiedemann).

Literary Awards

Mamiko's authors who won literary awards or were nominated for such awards:

 Wojciech Giedrys was the first-prize winner of the National Literary Contest “Złoty Środek Poezji” 2005 for The Best Poetic Debut in 2004	for his volume of poetry “Ścielenie i grzebanie”.
 Dawid Majer was the first-prize winner of the National Literary Contest “Złoty Środek Poezji” 2010 for The Best Poetic Debut in 2009	for his volume of poetry “Księga grawitacji”.
 Dawid Majer was nominated for the Silesius Literary Award 2010 in the category “The debut of the year” for his volume of poetry “Księga grawitacji”.
 Maciej Bieszczad was the third-prize winner of the National Literary Contest “Złoty Środek Poezji” 2011 for The Best Poetic Debut in 2010 for his volume of poetry “Elipsa”.
 Tomasz Pietrzak was nominated  for the Nike Literary Award 2013 for his volume of poetry “Rekordy”.     
 Piotr Tomczak got an honourable mention of the National Literary Contest “Złoty Środek Poezji” 2014 for The Best Poetic Debut in 2013 for his volume of poetry “Miłość, miłość, zapałki, książkii ikra”.
 Zyta Bętkowska was the first-prize winner of the National Literary Contest “Złoty Środek Poezji” 2017 for The Best Poetic Debut in 2016  for her volume of poetry “Dwa chutory”.
 Jakub Domoradzki was nominated for the “Orfeusz” K.I. Gałczyński Literary Award 2017 for his volume of poetry “Wiersze, których nie lubii mój tata”.
 Jakub Tabaczek was nominated for the Witold Gombrowicz Literary Award 2019 for his short story collection “Czytajcie, co jest wam pisane”.
 Robert Jóźwik was the third-prize winner of the XV Artur Fryz National Literary Contest 2019 for The Best Debut in 2018 for his volume of poetry “Obiecuję ci niewidzialność”.

External links 
 Mamiko - Publisher's official site

Publishing companies of Poland
Mass media in Nowa Ruda
Book publishing companies of Poland
Lophoziopsis is a genus of liverworts belonging to the family Lophoziaceae.

The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.

Species
As accepted by GBIF;
 Lophoziopsis excisa (Dicks.) Konstant. & Vilnet 
 Lophoziopsis jurensis (Meyl. ex Müll.Frib.) Mamontov & Vilnet 
 Lophoziopsis longidens (Lindb.) Konstant. & Vilnet
 Lophoziopsis pellucida (R.M.Schust.) Konstant. & Vilnet 
 Lophoziopsis polaris (R.M.Schust.) Konstant. & Vilnet 
 Lophoziopsis propagulifera (Gottsche) Konstant. & Vilnet 
 Lophoziopsis rubrigemma (R.M.Schust.) Konstant. & Vilnet

References

Jungermanniales
Jungermanniales genera
Adam House is a Category B listed building in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is owned by the University of Edinburgh, and used as studio spaces for the architecture school. It consists of 4 studio spaces and a lecture theatre.

The four storey building with basement, at 5 and 6 Chambers Street, was built in a modern neo-classical style by William H Kininmonth, a leading Scottish exponent of Modernism, and dates to 1954. It includes a 164-seat basement theatre space, as well as the architecture studios. These were built to the rear of the building to limit traffic and other noise pollution.

The building's name commemorates Adam Square, one of the three 18th century residential squares built to make way for Chambers Street as part of the 1867 City Improvement Act.

As well as its use as an examination hall, it is also used as a venue for the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, the world's largest arts festival, where for many years it was operated by the company C venues. For the 2019 Fringe, rival promoters Gilded Balloon took over the building.

References

External links 
Venue listing on the Edinburgh Fringe website

Category B listed buildings in Edinburgh
Connemara, a division of County Galway, was a UK Parliament constituency in Ireland, returning one Member of Parliament (MP) from 1885 to 1922.

Prior to the 1885 general election the area was part of the County Galway constituency. From 1922, on the establishment of the Irish Free State, it was not represented in the UK Parliament.

Boundaries
This constituency comprised the north-western part of County Galway, roughly corresponding to the region of Connemara. In 1918, with the abolition of the Galway borough constituency, the constituency was redrawn to include the town of Galway and exclude an area which had been transferred to County Mayo under the 1898 Local Government Act.

1885–1918: The baronies of Ballynahinch, Moycullen, and Ross.

1918–1922: The rural districts of Clifden and Oughterard, the district electoral divisions of Barna, Furbogh, Kilcummin, Killannin, Moycullen, Selerna, Slievenaneena, Spiddle and Tullokyne in the rural district of Galway, and the urban district of Galway.

Members of Parliament

Elections

Elections in the 1880s

Elections in the 1890s

Elections in the 1900s

Elections in the 1910s

References

Sources 

Westminster constituencies in County Galway (historic)
Dáil constituencies in the Republic of Ireland (historic)
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1885
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1922
The 1985 Maui Invitational Tournament was the second edition of an early-season college basketball tournament that was played November 22–23, 1985. The tournament, which began the year prior in 1984, was part of the 1985-86 NCAA Division I men's basketball season.  The tournament was played at the Lahaina Civic Center in Maui, Hawaii and was won by the Michigan. It was the first title for the program and its head coach Bill Frieder.

Bracket

References

Maui Invitational Tournament
Maui Invitational
1985 in sports in Hawaii
Impressions is an album by American jazz pianist Mal Waldron, recorded in 1959 and released on the New Jazz label.

Reception
A contemporaneous review by the New Pittsburgh Courier stated that it was Waldron's "best trio offering to date" and "definitely of five-star calibre"
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow awarded the album 4 stars, stating "Waldron's brooding Monk-influenced style is heard in its early prime on this excellent release".

Track listing
All compositions by Mal Waldron except as indicated
 "Les Champs Elysées" – 6:22
 "C'est Formidable" – 4:04
 "Ciao" – 9:55
 "You Stepped Out of a Dream" (Nacio Herb Brown, Gus Kahn) – 5:47
 "All the Way" (Sammy Cahn, Jimmy Van Heusen) – 6:38
 "All About Us" (Elaine Waldron) – 5:02
 "With a Song in My Heart" (Lorenz Hart, Richard Rodgers) – 3:40

Personnel
 Mal Waldron – piano
 Addison Farmer – bass
 Albert Heath – drums

References

New Jazz Records albums
Mal Waldron albums
1959 albums
Albums recorded at Van Gelder Studio
Albums recorded in a home studio