Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
This is a list of notable Chinese sauces, encompassing sauces that originated in China or are widely used as cooking ingredients or condiments in Chinese cuisines.

Chinese sauces

These sauces are commonly used as ingredients for dishes in many Chinese cuisines. There may also be regional variations on the sauces, such as seasoned soy sauce or fermented bean curd.
 Light soy sauce () – a lighter-colored salty-flavored sauce used for seasoning and not as a dipping sauce
Dark soy sauce () – a darker-colored sauce used for color
Seasoned soy sauce – usually light soy sauce seasoned with herbs, spices, sugar, or other sauces
Sweet bean sauce () – a thick savory paste
Oyster sauce ()
Fermented bean curd () – usually cubes of tofu, and sometimes other spices and seasonings, which are used as a condiment or marinade along with some of the brine
Douchi () – fermented black beans, usually in a brine
Cooking wine ()
Sesame oil ()
Black vinegar ()
White vinegar ()

Cantonese cuisine 
 Haixian sauce (, Cantonese: Hoisin)
 XO sauce – a spicy seafood sauce that originated from Hong Kong. It is commonly used in Cantonese cuisine

 Shao Kao sauce (, Cantonese: Siu Haau) – a thick, savory, slightly spicy BBQ sauce generally known as the primary barbecue sauce used within Chinese and Cantonese cuisine.
 Shacha sauce () – A sauce or paste that is used as a base for soups, hotpot, as a rub, stir fry seasoning and as a component for dipping sauces.
Cha Shao sauce (, Cantonese: Char Siu)
 Plum sauce ()
Fish sauce ()

Hunan cuisine 

 Duo Jiao () – chopped chilis pickled in a sour brine
 Yongfeng chili sauce () - finely chopped chilis that are mixed with flour and bean powder and fermented

Guizhou cuisine 

 Ci Ba La ()
 Zao La ()
Lao Guo La (, Lao Gan Ma is a brand of Guizhou Lao Guo La chili sauces.)

Jiangsu cuisine 

 Rib sauce ()

Northern Chinese cuisines 
Sesame Paste ()
 Soy bean Paste / Yellow bean paste ()
 Garlic chive flower sauce (韭花酱)

Sichuan cuisine 
 Doubanjiang () – a mix of fermented beans, chilis, salt, and flour used for flavor and color
 Chili oil () – usually made by pouring hot oil that's been seasoned with spices onto ground chili flakes and left to steep

Notable exceptions 
While Doubanjiang can be considered the "mother sauce" of Sichuan cuisine, there are some prominent flavors in modern Sichuan cooking that are often referenced as sauces but are composed of other ingredients and sauces during cooking. These include:

 Yuxiang ()
 Mala ()
 Guaiwei ()

Taiwanese cuisine 

 Soy sauce paste

See also

 Chinese pickles
 List of Chinese desserts
 List of Chinese dishes
 List of Chinese soups
 List of sauces

References

 
Sauces
Chinese
The Borugak Jagyeongnu ("Water Clock of Borugak Pavilion"), classified as a scientific instrument, is the 229th National Treasure of South Korea and was designated by the South Korean government on March 3, 1985.  The water clock is currently held and managed by the National Palace Museum of Korea in Seoul.  It dates to the time of King SeoJong of the Joseon Dynasty.

Water clocks have a long history of use in Korea with the first mention of one in the records of the Samguk Sagi during the Three Kingdoms era.  In 1434, during the reign of King Sejong the Great a water clock was made by Jang Yeong-sil which would mark the hour automatically with the sounds of a bell, gong, and drum.  That clock, Jagyeokru ("self-striking water clock"), was used to keep the standard of time in the Joseon Dynasty. The clock was not preserved well and so in 1536, King Jungjong ordered the clock remade and improved which was done by Yu Jeon.  Today, only three water bowls and two cylindrical water containers survive from the 1434 version of the clock, and no records mentioning its existence.  Extensive records of 1536 version remain, and it is believed that the two clocks were very similar.  In its current configuration the large bronze cylindrical water containers are 93.5 centimeters in diameter and 70 centimeters in height.  The smaller ceramic vessels are 46.0 centimeters and 40.5 centimeters in height.  The two bases for the ceramic vessels still survived in the Myeongjeonjeon Hall of Changgyeonggung Palace. A third version of the clock was built in 2007.
 
The water clock worked by having water poured into the largest bronze vessel which flowed into the smaller vessels which then flowed into the long water tanks.  When the water level rose to the appropriate level, a floating rod touched a lever device which caused a ball to roll and hit another ball at the other end.  The rolling ball would trigger the gong, bell, drum, and even a wooden puppet which marked the hour with a placard.  
 
The clepsydra does not work today because only the water holding vessels have survived.  However, it is valuable because of the scientific and cultural information it holds and because there are only few examples of ancient automatic water clocks. It is the oldest and largest surviving clock of its kind.

See also 
 Jang Yeong-sil
 Water clock
 National treasures of South Korea
 National treasures of North Korea

References

External links 
 Cultural Heritage: Water Clock of Borugak Pavilion
 A description of the clock

Joseon dynasty
Science and technology in Korea
National Treasures of South Korea
Water clocks
Absurdistan is a fictitious country in which absurdity is the norm, especially in its public authorities and government.

Absurdistan may also refer to:

 Absurdistan (novel), a 2006 novel by Gary Shteyngart
 Absurdistan (film), a 2008 film directed by Veit Helmer
 Absurdistan, a 2002 album by Ada Milea
 Absurdistan, a 1997 album by Laika & the Cosmonauts

See also
 Apsurdistan, a 2013 album by Dubioza Kolektiv
Remototrachyna sipmaniana is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is only known to occur in Bolivia, where it grows on boulders in Yungas mountain cloud forests.

Taxonomy

Remototrachyna sipmaniana was formally described as a new species in 2012 by Martin Kukwa and Adam Flakus. The type specimen was collected by the first author in Carrasco National Park (Carrasco Province) at an altitude of ; here, in a montane cloud forest close to a river, the lichen was found growing on a rock. The specific epithet honours Dutch lichenologist Harrie Sipman, "an eminent lichenologist dealing with tropical lichens, and co-author of the monograph of the genus Hypotrachyna in the Neotropics".

Description
The lichen has a leafy, gray to whitish-gray thallus measuring  wide. The lobes comprising the thallus are typically 5–8 mm wide with a thin black rim around the margins. The medulla is white, while the thallus undersurface is shiny, smooth, and black. Black to dark brown rhizines serve as holdfasts to help attach the lichen to its substrate. On the thallus surface rest the apothecia, which are cup-shaped with a concave, light brown disc, and measure 2–5 mm wide. Ascospores are hyaline with an ellipsoid shape, and dimensions of 9.5–11 by 5.5–6 μm. Lichen products that have been detected in this species include atranorin, protocetraric acid, and gyrophoric acid as major components, and minor amounts of lecanoric acid.

References

Parmeliaceae
Lichen species
Lichens described in 2012
Lichens of Bolivia
Taxa named by Adam Grzegorz Flakus
Krasnoarmeysk () is a town in Saratov Oblast, Russia, located  south of Saratov, the administrative center of the oblast. Population:

History
It was founded in 1764—1766 as the German colony of Baltser (; ); the last name of one of the colonists. The other name of the colony was Goly Karamysh (), after the river on which it was located. The "Karamysh" part in the river's name means muddy, silty, smudgy, while the "Goly" part alludes to the steppes and the lack of forests in the area; cf. Lesnoy Karamysh River (lit. the Karamysh River in the forests).

In the mid-19th century, the double name of Goly Karamysh (Balzer) () was officially used, but it was shortened to just Baltser in 1926. Town status was granted in 1918. During World War II, the region was cleansed of German geographic names, with Baltser renamed Krasnoarmeysk (after the Red Army) in 1942.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Krasnoarmeysk serves as the administrative center of Krasnoarmeysky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as Krasnoarmeysk Town Under Oblast Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, Krasnoarmeysk Town Under Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporated within Krasnoarmeysky Municipal District as Krasnoarmeysk Urban Settlement.

References

Notes

Sources

Е. М. Поспелов (Ye. M. Pospelov). "Имена городов: вчера и сегодня (1917–1992). Топонимический словарь." (City Names: Yesterday and Today (1917–1992). Toponymic Dictionary.) Москва, "Русские словари", 1993.

External links
Unofficial website of Krasnoarmeysk 

Cities and towns in Saratov Oblast
Saratov Governorate
Volga German people
The FBW 91U EU4A is a bus of the Swiss manufacturer Franz Brozincevic Wetzikon (FBW), from  Wetzikon.

History and development
The FBW 91U EU4A is a left-steered bus type used by various regional bus / transport companies in Switzerland. The body is from Hess. The FBW 91U EU4A has a luggage compartment, which is located directly behind the rear exit door and has a partition with a sliding door with glass panes. There are also seats in the luggage compartment.
In the Zugerland transport companies ZVB  (German: Zugerland Verkehrsbetrieben), these buses were mainly used on the mountain lines Zug-Ägeri (line 1) and Zug-Menzingen (line 2).
The ZVB buses were also equipped with split dispenser in front of the rear wheels in order to achieve better grip on snow and ice. These are as pure buses, as buses with the passenger trailer APE 4.80 or with the passenger trailer APE 4.80 and the luggage trailer AGP 3. These trailer were used already from the predecessor model the Saurer 5 DUK. With the purchase in 1975, together with the orange buses, which were held in VST unit paintwork, new ordered APE 4.80 trailers got also the orange paintwork. An FBW 91U EU4A of the ZVB is located in the Zug depot technology history (German: Zuger Depot Technikgeschichte).

Data

Pictures

References
Zuger Depot Technikgeschichte
 Sandro Sigrist: Elektrische Strassenbahnen im Kanton Zug. Prellbock, Leissigen 1997, 

Articulated buses
Full-size buses
Transport in the canton of Zug
Libytheana is a genus of nymphalid butterflies in the snout butterfly subfamily, Libytheinae.

Libytheana carinenta is found in both North and South America and is known to be migratory. The other species in the genus are restricted to the Caribbean.

Classification 

 Source:  The higher classification of Nymphalidae, at Nymphalidae.net
 Note: Names preceded by an equal sign (=) are synonyms, homonyms, rejected names or invalid names.

Subfamily Libytheinae Boisduval, 1833
 Libytheana Michener, 1943
 Libytheana carinenta (Cramer, 1777) (original name = Papilio carinenta Cramer, 1777) type species
 Libytheana carinenta carinenta (Cramer, 1777)
 Libytheana carinenta mexicana Michener, 1943
 Libytheana carinenta bachmanii (Kirtland, 1851) (original name = Libythea bachmanii Kirtland, 1851; = Libythea bachmanii f. kirtlandi Field, 1938)
 Libytheana carinenta larvata (Strecker, 1877)
 Libytheana terena (Godart, 1819) (original name = Libythea terena Godart, 1819)
 Libytheana motya (Hübner, 1823) (original name = Hecaërge motya Hübner, [1823])
 Libytheana fulvescens (Lathy, 1904) (original name = Libythea fulvescens Lathy, 1904)

References 
 Michener, C. D. (1943)

External links 
 
  Libytheana page at Tree of Life

 
Libytheinae
Nymphalidae of South America
Nymphalidae genera
Taxa named by Charles Duncan Michener
Fan Xu may refer to:

Fan Xu, a disciple of Confucius
Xu Fan, a Chinese actress
The 2020–21 season is the 6th season of Sudeva Delhi Football Club in existence and 1st season in I-League.

Team

First-team squad

Technical staff

Competitions

I-League

League table

League Results by round

League Matchdays

Statistics

Squad statistics

See also 

 2020–21 in Indian football

References

External links 

2020–21 I-League by team
Sudeva Delhi FC seasons
The 2008 CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the 37th CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament. It was played between March 6 and March 22, 2008. Opening round and quarterfinal games were played at campus sites, while the semifinals, third place, and championship games were played at Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Michigan. By winning the tournament, Michigan received the Central Collegiate Hockey Association's automatic bid to the 2008 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament.

Conference standings
Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; PTS = Points; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against

Bracket

Note: * denotes overtime period(s)

First round

(5) Ferris State vs. (12) Western Michigan

(6) Northern Michigan vs. (11) Ohio State

(7) Bowling Green vs. (10) Lake Superior State

(8) Nebraska-Omaha vs. (9) Alaska

Quarterfinals

(1) Michigan vs. (8) Nebraska-Omaha

(2) Miami vs. (7) Bowling Green

(3) Michigan State vs. (6) Northern Michigan

(4) Notre Dame vs. (5) Ferris State

Semifinals

(1) Michigan vs. (6) Northern Michigan

(2) Miami vs. (4) Notre Dame

Third place

(4) Notre Dame vs. (6) Northern Michigan

Championship

(1) Michigan vs. (2) Miami

Tournament awards

All-Tournament Team
F Matt Siddall (Northern Michigan)
F Tim Miller* (Michigan)
F Ryan Jones (Miami)
D Mark Mitera (Michigan)
D Alec Martinez (Miami)
G Jeff Zatkoff (Miami)
* Most Valuable Player(s)

References

External links
2008 CCHA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament

CCHA men's ice hockey tournament
Ccha tournament
The Phenix Aviation Phenix () is a Spanish autogyro, under development by Phenix Aviation of Alicante. The aircraft is intended to be supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

The project was first announced at the Aero 09 show held in Friedrichshafen, Germany in 2009. The first prototype flew in 2010, with the second prototype flying in 2011.

Design and development
The Phenix is constructed mostly from carbon fibre and of pod and boom layout. It features a single, two-bladed Wagtail or  diameter Averso main rotor with a chord of  mounted at the top of a tall column. It has a two-seats-in side-by-side configuration enclosed cockpit with forward hinged doors on both sides, tricycle landing gear and a four-cylinder, air and liquid-cooled, four-stroke, dual-ignition turbocharged  Rotax 914 engine in tractor configuration. The tractor layout provides better propeller efficiency and less noise, but at the cost of reduced forward cockpit visibility. Behind the seats is a separate baggage space, accessed externally from either side through its own doors.

The short rear fuselage carries a broad tailplane with octagonal endplate fins that have rudders mounted on them.  The first prototype had another central, ventral underfin with its own rudder. A ballistic parachute is installed in the tail cone.

The first Phenix flew on 11 December 2009, after being displayed at Aero '09 in Friedrichshafen in April that year. This first prototype was flown from the left hand seat but the second, first flown on 30 September 2011 adopted the standard helicopter right hand layout. The Phenix is designed to meet the  British BCAR-T standards.  Two versions are under development: the Ultralight, to meet European  regulations and the Experimental for South Africa.

The aircraft has an empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of .

Specifications (Phenix)

References

External links

2000s Spanish sport aircraft
Single-engined tractor autogyros
Undertow was a straight edge hardcore punk band from Seattle, Washington, active during the early and mid-1990s. They released material on Indecision Records, Bloodlink Records, Excursion Records and Overkill Records. Indecision Records released a comprehensive discography entitled Everything, which has 28 tracks spanning Undertow's entire active period with John Pettibone on vocals. RevHQ described them as 'founding fathers of Seattle straight edge'.

Members
John Pettibone- vocals
Mark Holcomb- guitar
Demian Johnston- bass guitar
Ryan Murphy- drums

Former
Joel DeGraff - vocals
Seth Linstrum - guitar
James Stern - bass guitar

Discography

Undertow 1990 Demo (Cassette) - Self-Released
The Extinction of All That Is Holy (7" Vinyl) - Overkill Records
Conditioned - Undertow/Resolution split (7" Vinyl) - Overkill Records
Edge of Quarrel (7" Vinyl) - 1991, Overkill Records
Undertow 1992 Demo (Cassette) - Self-Released
Undertow/Struggle Split (7" Vinyl) - 1993, Bloodlink Records
Stalemate (CDEP/7" Vinyl) - 1993, Excursion Records
At Both Ends (CD/LP) - 1994, Excursion Records
Control (CDEP/7" Vinyl) - 1994, Overkill Records
Undertow (7" Vinyl) - 2004, Indecision Records
Everything Discography (CD/2xLP) - 2004, Indecision Records
WSPC 1993 Live Performance (Cassette) - 2012, Dead Accents

References

External links
 Undertow on Indecision Records website
 Undertow on Allmusic

Musical groups established in 1991
Musical groups disestablished in 2004
Metalcore musical groups from Washington (state)
Straight edge groups
1991 establishments in Washington (state)
Hardcore punk groups from Washington (state)
The resòlza, also known as resòrza, resòrja or arresòja, is a traditional Sardinian folding-blade fighting and utility knife. In Sardinia, this term is widely used to describe all foldable knives.

Like the straight razor, the resolza's blade folds into the handle when not in use. Although the blade traces its origins to the Nuragic civilization, since it has always served as a nearly indispensable tool for agro-pastoral work, the word's origin dates from around the 17th century: the term in Sardinian is derived from the Latin rasoria, which translates to for "razor used for shaving".

Back in those times, the resolza was used as an habitual item of personal wear, assisting the herdsmen with their daily activities, rather than for defensive purposes. In the 18th century, many travellers visiting the island reported in fact that Sardinians (especially the society's most prominent members) generally carried either a dagger (sa daga) or a peculiar sabre on the belt (sa leppa de chintu) both to boost their social status and to dissuade others from any aggressive confrontation. The actual leppa was a 60 cm sword that has no Italian or European counterpart, with similar blades existing only in the Middle East and among some Berber tribes in North Africa.

Therefore, the leppa is not to be confused with the resolza knife, even though the latter eventually replaced the former by the 20th century, when the imposition of Italian laws restricting the carrying of dangerous tools first entered into force: while the usage of the sword began to decline, the resolza grew so much in popularity among Sardinians from any background and social class that the traditional knife is now also improperly called leppa.

 
There are three main traditional patterns of the knife, with the most crucial characteristic coming from the shape of the blade: the Pattada-style knife, (resolza pattadesa), considered the most famous Sardinian knife, has a long and narrow blade meant to resemble a myrtle leaf (foza de murta), with the handle being made of muflon horn; the Arbus-style knife (arresoja arburesa) has a more pot-bellied blade that resembles a laurel leaf (folla de lauru) instead, while having a monolithic handle. The most distinctive, by their typical blunt blade, are the knives from Guspini (arresoja guspinesa) and the Gallurese ones from the villages of Luras (resorza lurisìnca) and Tempio Pausania (lametta tempiesa): these were designed to cope with the Italian laws that outlawed pointed blades, but were also useful for mining jobs and removing the cork.

Nowadays, in spite of the several forgeries produced by mainland Italian industries, the local craftsmanship has reached a high artistic expression and the handmade Sardinian knife in all its varieties is well-known, sought and particularly appreciated by collectors for its resistance and aesthetic flavour.

References

Pocket knives
Blade weapons
Sardinia
Kolélas is a surname. Notable people with the name include:

Bernard Kolélas (1933–2009), Congolese politician
Euloge Landry Kolélas, Congolese politician
Guy Brice Parfait Kolélas (1959–2021), Congolese politician

Surnames of African origin
Hypocrita arcaei is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1884. It is found in Panama, Costa Rica, Guatemala and Venezuela.

References

 

Hypocrita
Moths described in 1884
The siege of Kerman (1794) was the capture of the city of Kerman by the Qajar forces led by Agha Mohammed Khan Qajar against Zand forces led by Lotf Ali Khan (the last Shah of the Zand dynasty) which resulted in a decisive Qajar victory. After the siege, Tens of thousands were killed, blinded or taken into slavery and it took the city decades to recover.

The siege 
The Afghan chiefs of Bam invited Lotf Ali Khan to return and expel the Qajar yoke. With their help, Lotf Ali Khan returned to Kerman and captured the city on the 30th of March. Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar quickly heard of this and marched towards Kerman on May 14. The siege lasted four months and took a toll on Kerman's population. The city fell on 24 October, and Lotf Ali Khan quickly fled to Bam. However, the chief of Bam gave Lotf Ali Khan to the Qajars and ordered Lotf Ali Khan to be killed. The last of the Zand rulers was finally delivered to Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, who had long waited to exact revenge on his arch-rival. "The page of history would be stained by a recital of the indignities offered to the royal captive..." It is reported that Lotf Ali Khan was blinded. Lotf Ali Khan was imprisoned and tortured in Tehran before being choked to death in the late of 1794.

Aftermath 
Agha Mohammad Khan exacted a brutal revenge on the people of Kerman for harboring his enemy. All the male inhabitants were killed or blinded, and a pile was made out of 20,000 detached eyeballs and poured in front of the victorious Qajar leader. The women and children were sold into slavery, and the city was destroyed over ninety days. One of the factors in the formation of this event was the incitement of Agha Mohammad Khan by Lotfali Khan Zand and his entourage. Among these provocations were the mockery of the Qajar king and the burning of his grudge more and more. Every evening, the people and women of Kermani recited poems in mockery of Agham Mohammad Khan from the towers attached to the gate, mocking his nobility. Also, Lotfali Khan's act of minting a coin in his own name caused Agha Mohammad Khan , who was known as insane in the court of Karim Khan Zand, to cut off the eyes of Lotfali Khan's seven-year-old son named "Fathullah" with his hands and behead him to win.

See also 

 Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar
 Qajar dynasty
 Lotf Ali Khan
 Zand dynasty
 Kerman

References 

Conflicts in 1794