Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
Clairvaux Prison is a high-security prison in France, on the grounds of the former Clairvaux Abbey

History
Clairvaux Abbey was founded in 1115 by Bernard of Clairvaux. During the French Revolution, it became property of the State. In 1808, Napoleon turned it into a prison. A good part of the abbey's manuscripts are now in the Médiatéque du Grand Troyes (Grand Troyes Media Library).

The initial prisoners were rebellious soldiers. After the collapse of the Paris Commune in 1871, a number of Communards were held there. Revolutionary Louis Auguste Blanqui spent some time in solitary. It became the largest French penitentiary of the 19th century. Communist militant Guy Môquet was imprisoned there by the Vichy government.

1971 revolt
In 1971, two convicts, Claude Buffet and Roger Bontems, took as hostages a nurse, Nicole Comte, and a prison guard, Guy Girardot. Buffet subsequently murdered them. Buffet and Bontems were captured. Bontems, whose defence counsel included Robert Badinter, contended that the murder was Buffet's idea. Buffet said that he wanted death. Both were sentenced to death by the assize court in June 1972 and were guillotined.

2006 manifesto 
On 16 January 2006, several detainees who were serving life sentences in Clairvaux Prison, having each spent from 6 to 28 years in prison, signed a manifesto denouncing the "false" abolition of the death penalty. They declared that it had resulted in a slow and continuous punishment, a death in life. They called for restoration of the death penalty.

The convicts specifically denounced the French Republic which claimed, in accordance with the "advises of the European Council", that the "enforcing of prison sentences... has been conceived not only to protect society and assure the punishment of the convict, but also to favour his amendment and prepare his rehabilitation". They stated, "In reality: everything is for the punishment."

Present day
As of 2022, there were forty prisoners held at the facility, but by September 2023 they are expected to be transferred to another prison.

Notable prisoners 
The Russian anarchist Peter Kropotkin was imprisoned in Clairvaux for the four years between 1883 and 1886.
Carlos the Jackal, international terrorist. Transferred to Clairvaux in 2006.

In fiction 
 Victor Hugo's short story "Claude Gueux" is set in Clairvaux.

References

Sources 
 Clairvaux Prison - Ministry of Justice

External links
 L'Association Renaissance de Clairvaux

Prisons in France
Buildings and structures in Aube
Ville-sous-la-Ferté
Johnstown () is a village in County Kildare, Ireland. It is located  north of Naas just off the N7 at junction 8. It is approximately  from Dublin city centre, and is a home for commuters working in Dublin and Naas. Most of the housing was built after 1990.

The village was set out as a planned settlement.

The main street was a part of the old main road southwest from Dublin towards Cork and Limerick, and the village was a hamlet in 1970. The Johnstown Inn was a busy coaching stop until the 19th century, and outside it the Cork mail coach was stopped and burned at the start of the 1798 rebellion. It had a post office that closed in the 1920s.

The village still has the ruins of the medieval St John's church that became a ruin after 1500 under the Tudor seizure of church property. The church was a satellite of St. John's (Hospitaller) Priory in Kilmainham, Dublin. The church is famous for the grave of the Earl of Mayo, the viceroy, who was killed in India in 1872.

The main road eventually bypassed Johnstown in 1964 when the Naas dual carriageway was finished. This was enlarged into the 6-lane N7 road from Dublin to Johnstown, after which it reduces to the 4-lane M7 motorway that runs towards Limerick.

Notes

See also
 List of towns and villages in Ireland

Towns and villages in County Kildare
Planned communities in the Republic of Ireland
The Centre for Software Reliability (CSR) is a distributed British organisation concerned with software reliability, including safety-critical issues. It consists of two sister organisations based at Newcastle University, UK. and City, University of London, London.

Up until August 2016 the centre ran the Safety-Critical Systems Club (SCSC) and the Software Reliability & Metrics Club. Since August 2016 the Safety-Critical Systems Club has been run by the department of Computer Science at the University of York.  The Club runs a number of events  each year including the annual Safety-Critical Systems Symposium (SSS).

CSR was founded in 1984 and has received UK and international research funding.

CSR members:
 Prof. Tom Anderson

References

External links 
 CSR Newcastle University website
 CSR City, University of London website

Organizations established in 1983
Computer science institutes in the United Kingdom
Newcastle University
City, University of London
Software engineering organizations
Software quality
Health Service Journal (HSJ) is a news service that covers policy and management in the National Health Service (NHS) in England.

History

The Poor Law Officers' Journal was established in 1892. In 1930, it changed its name after the passing of the Local Government Act 1929 to the Public Assistance Journal and Health and Hospital Review, then in 1948, it became the Hospital and Social Service Journal. In 1963, it became the Hospital and Social Service Review, in 1973, the Health and Social Service Journal, and the Health Service Journal in 1986. It was part of a group of business-to-business titles published by the Emap group, which was purchased by the Guardian Media Group in 2008.[3]

In 2008, it had an average circulation of almost 18,000 copies, most of which were by subscription. It was part of a group of business-to-business titles published by the Emap group, which was purchased by the Guardian Media Group in 2008. In October 2015, the title's owners announced that print editions would be phased out over the following 18 months, with the HSJ expected to be in the first tranche. In January 2017, the title was bought by Wilmington plc for £19 million.

In 2016, HSJ announced that it would go digital only, giving insight into every NHS sector and region. In January 2017 the title was bought by Wilmington plc for £19 million.[5]

Content
Primarily aimed at "healthcare leaders", it covers subject areas including commissioning, performance, patient safety, finance, mental health and technology.

Awards
At the 2013 Professional Publishers' Association awards editor Alastair McLellan was named editor of the year in the business media category. In 2014, HSJ was named PPA business magazine of the year.  McLellan was editor of the year again in 2020.   In 2021 at the AOP Digital Publishing Awards the magazine won the grand prix award for best specialist online brand, and specialist editorial team of the year.  Alastair McLellan won editor of the year. The British Society of Modern Magazine Editors named him Editor of the Year - Trade & Professional in January 2022.

References

Business magazines published in the United Kingdom
Weekly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Ascential
Magazines established in 1892
Medical magazines
National Health Service
Professional and trade magazines
Online magazines with defunct print editions
Pseudopetalichthys problematica is a lightly armored pseudopetalichthyid placoderm from the Hunsrückschiefer Lagerstätte of Early Devonian Germany.  The holotype and only known specimen is an articulated, but incomplete individual consisting of a large, mostly intact, plate-covered head, the bases of the pectoral fins, and most of the vertebral column, with a total length of .  The specimen superficially resembles Stensioella,<ref name=Denison>{{cite book|last=Denison|first=Robert|title=Placodermi Volume 2 of Handbook of Paleoichthyology'''|year=1978|publisher=Gustav Fischer Verlag|location=Stuttgart New York|isbn=978-0-89574-027-4|pages=22–24}}</ref> though the structures of the mouth, and orbits (the orbits being unknown in Stensioella), and placement of the gill rakers all differ.

Some experts suggest that P. problematica and the related Paraplesiobatis'' are the same species, suggesting that the differences between them are merely due to different circumstances of taphonomy, but this hypothesis can not be tested until more specimens are found.

The holotype was originally held in the Schlosspark Museum in Bad Kreuznach, but was then lost at an unknown date.

References

External links
 Pseudopetalichthys at the Paleobiology Database

Pseudopetalichthyida
Placoderm genera
Fossils of Germany

Hunsrück Slate fossils
Talatat are limestone blocks of standardized size (c. 27 by 27 by 54 cm, corresponding to  by  by 1 ancient Egyptian cubits) used during the 18th Dynasty reign of the Pharaoh Akhenaten in the building of the Aton temples at Karnak and Akhetaten (modern Amarna). The standardized size and their small weight made construction more efficient. Their use may have begun in the second year of Akhenaten's reign. After the Amarna Period talatat construction was abandoned, apparently not having withstood the test of time.

Amenhotep IV talatats
The blocks used in the Temple of Amenhotep IV in Karnak, and the other abandoned temples devoted to the deity Aten, were reused by Horemheb and Ramesses II as filler material for pylons and as foundations for large buildings. The Great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak is built on thousands of these blocks, as is the Second Pylon.

Tens of thousands of the talatat have been recovered. The decorated stones are being photographed and the scenes they depict are reconstructed as part of the Akhenaten Temple Project.

Etymology 

The term talatat was apparently used by the Egyptian workmen and introduced into the language of archaeology by the Egyptologist H. Chevrier. There are two hypotheses as to the word's generally unknown ultimate origin in reference to the stones, perhaps not contradictory:

The word may be derived from Italian tagliata, meaning cut masonry.

Or, derived from the Egyptian Arabic word تلاتة‎ (talāta, 'three'), indicating that each block is three hand-spans long.

References

Bibliography

External links

Talatat wall Scene www.usu.edu
Akhenaten worshipping scene: Talatat Article euler.sle.edu

Egyptian artefact types
Building stone
Mama's Boy is an American sitcom television series that aired from September 19, 1987 until August 6, 1988. It was created by Susan Harris, and produced by Witt/Thomas/Harris Productions and it was distributed by TeleVentures. The comedy starred Bruce Weitz and Nancy Walker in the lead roles.

Mama's Boy was proposed as a new NBC project to debut as a series sometime during the 1987–88 season. When it debuted, it was described as a "designated hitter" -- "a show that will be broadcast monthly and then, ratings permitting, be ready to move into a weekly slot if required." However, after a couple of telecasts in the fall of 1987, the network continued to air the series' initial episodes sporadically (with as many as five months passing between episodes three and four) without a regular time slot. By the end of the season, NBC decided not to upgrade the show from "specials" status; only seven episodes were produced, with six airing through August 6, 1988. The last episode remains unaired.

Premise
A newspaper columnist shares a New York apartment with his mother.

Weitz and Walker received this series in response to their recent popular NBC roles: his seven-year run as Det. Mick Belker on Hill Street Blues, and her two-time guest role as Angela, sister of Sophia Petrillo (Estelle Getty) on The Golden Girls. Additionally, Dan Hedaya, whose high-profile NBC guest role was as Nick Tortelli on Cheers, was added to the cast of this proposed series soon after the cancellation of his short-lived Cheers spin-off, The Tortellis.

Cast
Bruce Weitz as Jake McCaskey
Nancy Walker as Molly McCaskey
Susan Blakely as Victoria
Dan Hedaya as Mickey

Episodes

References

External links

1987 American television series debuts
1988 American television series endings
1980s American sitcoms
English-language television shows
NBC original programming
Television series by Sony Pictures Television
Television shows set in New York City
Faiza Iftikhar is a Pakistani writer, author, novelist and screenwriter. She is active in the Pakistani television industry and known for her romantic and social plays. Her popular plays include Dil Lagi, Aunn Zara, Ranjha Ranjha Kardi etc. Her writing for Ranjha Ranjha Kardi earned her Lux Style Award of Best TV Writer. Her recent projects are Bandhay Aik Dor Say, Pehli Si Muhabbat and Prem Gali. Furthermore, she wrote the screenplay of Lollywood movie Tich Button.

Education and background 
Iftikhar has a masters' in political science and sociology. She has a son and two daughters and currently resides in Lahore. She revealed in an interview that Altaf Fatima, Urdu novelist and short story writer, encouraged her to write when she was her student.

Notable work

Novels
Hissar-e-Mohabbat
Ghar Aangan
Mera Tera Khali Kamra Hoon
Phulaan De Rang Kalay
Saray Gulab Le Jana
Roag

Drama serials
 Chudhvin Ka Chand
 Mannchalay
 Tum Jo Miley
 Tujh Pe Qurban
 Diya Jalay
 Shehr e Dil Ke Darwazay
 Zindagi Dhoop Tum Ghana Saya
 Roag
 Akbari Asghari
 Mohabbat Rooth Jaye Toh
 Bilqees Kaur
 Yahan Pyar Nahin Hai
 Thakan
 Piya Ka Ghar Pyara Lagay
 Aik Nayee Cinderella
 Khailoon Pyaar Ki Baazi
 Khoya Khoya Chand
 Meri Zindagi Hai Tu
 Ghundi
 Uff Yeh Mohabbat
 Kahani Raima Aur Manahil Ki
 Aap ki Kaneez
 Tum Woh Nahi
 Kaanch Ki Guriya
 Dil Lagi
 Mein Sitara
 Kathputli
 Aap Ke Liye
 Dil Banjaara
 Sakeena
 Mubarak Ho Beti Hui Hai
 Shayad
 Pinjra
 Woh Mera Dil Tha
 Aangan
 Baba Jani
 Ranjha Ranjha Kardi
 Bandhay Aik Dor Say
 Prem Gali
 Pehli Si Muhabbat
 Aik Thi Laila

Telefilms 
 Sudha Ki Katha
 Pyar Ki Love Story
 Rok Sako To Rok Lo
 Apni Apni Love Story
 Khana Khud Garam Karo

Films 
 Tich Button

Accolades 
 Hum Award for Best Writer Drama Serial for Bilqees Kaur – Nominated
 Hum Award for Best Writer Drama Serial for Yahan Pyar Nahin Hai – Nominated
 PISA Awards of Best TV Writer for Ranjha Ranjha Kardi – Nominated

Lux Style Awards

References

External links

Living people
Lollywood
Mass media in Lahore
Pakistani screenwriters
Pakistani women writers
Punjabi people
Urdu-language writers
Urdu-language writers from Pakistan
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st century in Pakistani television
21st-century Pakistani writers
The 20th Finswimming World Championships were held in Belgrade, Serbia at the Sports Center Milan Gale Muškatirović and at Ada Ciganlija Lake from 16 to 20 July 2018.

Medal overview

Men's events

 Swimmers who participated in the heats only and received medals.

Women's events

 Swimmers who participated in the heats only and received medals.

Mixed events

 Swimmers who participated in the heats only and received medals.

Medal table

References

External links
Official website
Results
CMAS

Finswimming World Championships
Finswimming World Championships
International sports competitions in Belgrade
Finswimming World Championships
2010s in Belgrade
Spatz was an ITV children's television programme.

Spatz may also refer to:

Spatz (automobile), a German microcar
Mount Spatz, a mountain of Antarctica
Scheibe Spatz, a German glider
Scheibe SF-30 Club-Spatz, a German sailplane
Stadler SPATZ, a multiple unit railcar

People with the surname
Carl Spaatz (1891–1974), US Air Force general
Gary Spatz (born 1951), American acting coach
Gregory Spatz (born 1964), American author and musician
Hugo Spatz (1888–1969), German neuropathologist

See also
Spats (disambiguation)
Oleksandr Vasiuk (; born 28 December 1994) is a Ukrainian politician and lawyer. He is a Member of the Ukrainian Parliament. and belongs the presidential faction named “Sluha Narodu” (Servant of the People), member of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine Committee on Legal Policy, head of the inter-factional parliamentary association "Ukraine-US Strategic Partnership".

Early life and education 
Oleksandr Vasiuk was born on December 28, 1994, in the city of Zaporizhzhia. Graduated from the Law Faculty of Yaroslav Mudryi Kharkiv Law University. During the presidential campaign in 2019, he coordinated the team of lawyers of the current President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy.

Political career 
On August 2, 2022, Oleksandr Vasiuk was elected as a Member of the Ukrainian Parliament from party “Sluga Narodu”.

On August 30, 2022, he took the oath of office of the People's Deputy of Ukraine.

Oleksandr Vasiuk leads the Strategic Partnership Ukraine-USA coalition. He  is a top Ukrainian official responsible for overseeing dialogue with the US.

Oleksandr Vasiuk is a member of the Verkhovna Rada Committee on Legal Policy. He was elected head of the inter-factional deputy association "Ukraine-US Strategic Partnership".In recent years, the main goal is to expand the Ukrainian-American partnership based on a common vision of democracy, economic and social prosperity of both countries

See also 
List of members of the parliament of Ukraine, 2019–24

References 

Living people

1994 births
21st-century Ukrainian politicians
Servant of the People (political party) politicians
Politicians from Zaporizhzhia
Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University alumni
Ninth convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada
The Al-Uwaysiyat () is a mosque in Tripoli, Lebanon. It was built in 1461 during the Mamluks period.

History 
The mosque was built in 1461. It was renovated in 1534 during the Ottoman period.

Architecture 
This mosque is known for its large mid-dome and for its cylindrical Ottoman minaret. From the balcony of its minaret, a smaller cylindrical shape starts than ends with a conical head.

Sources

References

Mamluk architecture in Lebanon
Mosques in Tripoli, Lebanon
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1461
Sid Avery (October 12, 1918 – July 1, 2002) was an American photographer and director who was best known for capturing the private moments of legendary Hollywood celebrities like Elizabeth Taylor, Rock Hudson, James Dean, Marlon Brando, Humphrey Bogart and Audrey Hepburn as showcased in his book, "Hollywood at Home."

Birth
Sid Avery was born in Akron, Ohio in the year of 1918. Avery was only nine months old when they decided to move out to Los Angeles, California, which is where he grew up.

Biography
Sid Avery discovered his love and talent of photography when he was young due to the fact that he was able to work with his uncle, Max Tatch, who was a landscape and architectural photographer. His uncle was able to teach him the skills required to use cameras, film, and darkrooms. After he graduated from high school, Avery worked in a camera store on Sunset Boulevard, Hollywood where he further gained love and inspiration for photography. While working in the shop, he had opportunities to meet many famous photographers. This also encouraged him to take more photography classes. He also gained the experience of being a darkroom assistant. He served in the Army in World War II. When he returned from the war, he began his work of photographing celebrities. Sid Avery eventually became one of the top advertising photographers in Los Angeles. He was also a director of television commercials.

Education
Sid Avery received his high school education at the institution of Roosevelt High School.

Death
Sid Avery died at the age of 83 on July 1, 2002, in Los Angeles, California.

Family
Sid Avery was married to Diana Avery. Together they had three children named  Sandra Guttman, Marc Avery, and Ron Avery. Sid Avery also had three grandchildren.

Successes
He founded the Hollywood Photographer's Archive (HPA) and which is known today as mptvimages.com
in an effort to preserve the work of the early Hollywood photographers. Sid Avery's work was commonly featured in publications such as Life, Look, Colliers and The Saturday Evening Post. There is a collection of his work, Hollywood at Home: A Family Album 1950-1965, that was published by Crown in the year of 1990. He is most famous for his work of photography that captured the home life of famous celebrities at the time. He captured the celebrities in their own element aside from the glamour of fame.

References

External links 
 mptv

1918 births
2002 deaths
20th-century American photographers
Dr. Theogene Rudasingwa (born 1960) is a leading figure in the Rwanda National Congress and a former Chief of Staff to Rwandan President Paul Kagame (2000-2004), former General Secretary of the Rwandan ruling party, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), and former ambassador to the United States from 1996 to 1999. Rudasingwa has been in exile in the U.S. since 2004 after falling out with President Kagame, and was recently sentenced to 24 years in jail by a Rwandan court on charges that may have been politically motivated. Rudasingwa was born outside Rwanda and has lived most of his life outside the country.

Rudasingwa was one of those who gave evidence in 2013 in Spain relating to charges of genocide and war crimes by Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) and RPF figures in Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1994 and 2000. Rudasingwa was himself a Major at the time.

References

External links
Theogene Rudasingwa statement on the death of President Juvenal Habyarimana of Rwanda.

Living people
1960 births
Rwanda National Congress politicians
Rwandan exiles
Ambassadors of Rwanda to the United States
Etal ( ) is a small village in the far north of the county of Northumberland, England, in the civil parish of Ford. It lies on a bridging point of the River Till ten miles south west of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and includes the substantial ruins of the medieval Etal Castle, now owned by English Heritage.  It has just one residential street, and has a population of less than fifty.

Buildings 

The village is centred on a now ruined castle, which over the years has seen much conflict between England and Scotland.
The large majority of the buildings in the village are traditional and are owned by Ford & Etal Estates. Also there is Northumberland's only thatched pub (The Black Bull) and next door is the village hall.
Hiding discreetly behind the magnificent Lavender Tearooms and a few more 'picture postcard' houses is an expansive walled garden. Used extensively by the late Lady Joicey for the training of dressage horses, it is now used intermittently for Icelandic Horse events and features a grass oval track.

References

External links

 
  The Ford and Etal Estate website
Northumberland Communities (Accessed: 19 November 2008)

Villages in Northumberland
Ford, Northumberland