Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
12-Crown-4, also called 1,4,7,10-tetraoxacyclododecane and lithium ionophore V, is a crown ether with the formula C8H16O4. It is a cyclic tetramer of ethylene oxide which is specific for the lithium cation.

Synthesis 
12-Crown-4 can be synthesized using a modified Williamson ether synthesis, using LiClO4 as a templating cation:

 (CH2OCH2CH2Cl)2 + (CH2OH)2 + 2 NaOH → (CH2CH2O)4 + 2 NaCl + 2 H2O

It also forms from the cyclic oligomerization of ethylene oxide in the presence of gaseous boron trifluoride.

Properties 

Like other crown ethers, 12-crown-4 complexes with alkali metal cations. The cavity diameter of 1.2-1.5 Å gives it a high selectivity towards the lithium cation (ionic diameter 1.36 Å)

Its point group is S4. The dipole moment of 12-crown-4 varies with solvent and temperature. At 25 °C, the dipole moment of 12-crown-4 was determined as 2.33 ± 0.03 D in cyclohexane and 2.46 ± 0.01 D in benzene.

References

 Sigma-Aldrich Handbook of Fine Chemicals, 2007, page 768.
 Sigma-Aldrich Cyclic tetramer of ethylene oxide which is specific for the lithium cation. 98%, 2018

See also
Crown ether
Cyclen, a similar molecule with N atoms (aza groups) instead of O atoms (ethers)

Crown ethers
Twelve-membered rings
HR 5553 is a binary star system located thirty-eight light-years away from the Sun, in the northern constellation Boötes. It has the variable star designation DE Boötis, and is classified as an RS Canum Venaticorum variable that ranges in apparent visual magnitude from 5.97 down to 6.04, which is bright enough to be dimly visible to the naked eye. The system is drifting closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −30 km/s, and is expected to come as close as  in 210,000 years.

Orbital elements for this single-lined spectroscopic binary was first calculated in 1981 using radial velocity measurements from David Dunlap Observatory combined with older measurements from Mount Wilson Observatory and Dominion Astrophysical Observatory. The two stars orbit each other with a period of 125 days and a large eccentricity of 0.51.

The primary, designated component A, is a K-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of K0 V. It is around one billion years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 4 km/s.The star has 84% of the mass of the Sun and 86% of the Sun's radius. It is radiating 50% of the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,313 K. Component B has an estimated 45% of the mass of the Sun.

An infrared excess has been detected around this system, most likely indicating the presence of a circumstellar disk at a radius of 34.2 AU. The temperature of this dust is 40 K. The estimated mass of the dust is 0.0002 times the mass of the Earth. It is aligned to within 10° of the plane of the binary system.

References

External links 
 
 NStars: 1453+1909

K-type main-sequence stars
Bootis, DE
RS Canum Venaticorum variables
Binary stars
Spectroscopic binaries

Boötes
Durchmusterung objects
0567
131511
072848
5553
Boötis, DE
Six Gates from Limbo is a science fiction novel  by Scottish writer J. T. McIntosh, first published in serial form in Worlds of If magazine.  The serial was titled "Six Gates to Limbo" in the magazine, appearing starting in January 1969.   Copyright was then secured in Great Britain in 1968 by Michael Joseph Ltd.   It was published in August 1969 in New York City by Avon Books.

Plot

On awakening in an idyllic tropical paradise, Rex is disoriented and possibly afflicted with amnesia.  He knows his name, but the particulars are curiously missing.  He spends his first week exploring, and discovers that his Eden-like paradise is surrounded by a huge unscalable wall 50 miles in circumference.  Furthermore, there are six gateways at roughly equal intervals, but there is no way to climb up there and see where they go.

After a significant amount of exploring, he finds a single house that may hold the answers to his missing memory.  How he could have missed it on first waking, is beyond him.  Maybe he was just pointed in the wrong direction, and he started wandering off randomly, and forgot to turn around.  Inside, he discovers what appears to be three suspended animation tanks, one of which is labeled REX, another REGINA - both with their tops off - and on looking inside, mysteriously vacant.  The other tank is labeled VENUS and holds a woman who is the most breathtakingly beautiful thing he has ever seen.

External links

1968 British novels
1968 science fiction novels
Novels first published in serial form
Scottish science fiction novels
Works originally published in If (magazine)
1968 in Scotland
Michael Joseph books
The women's javelin throw event at the 1992 World Junior Championships in Athletics was held in Seoul, Korea, at Olympic Stadium on 18 and 19 September.  An old-specification 600 g javelin was used.

Medalists

Results

Final
19 September

Qualifications
18 Sep

Group A

Group B

Participation
According to an unofficial count, 28 athletes from 19 countries participated in the event.

References

Javelin throw
Javelin throw at the World Athletics U20 Championships
Peter Young (1927–2002) was a rugby union international who represented England from 1954 to 1955. He also captained his country.

Early life
Peter Young was born on 9 November 1927 in Bristol.

Rugby union career
Young made his international debut on 16 January 1954 at Twickenham in the England vs Wales match.
Of the 9 matches he played for his national side he was on the winning side on 4 occasions.
He played his final match for England on 19 March 1955 at Twickenham in the England vs Scotland match.

While working in Dublin, he played for Wanderers F.C.

References

1927 births
2002 deaths
People educated at Clifton College
English rugby union players
England international rugby union players
Rugby union locks
Rugby union players from Bristol
Wanderers F.C. (rugby union) players
Hootenanny is an album by the bluegrass band Country Gentlemen, recorded in 1963.

Track listing
 Nine Pound Hammer (Merle Travis)
 Pallet On The Floor (Traditional)
 East Virginia Blues (Traditional)
 Eddie On The Freeway (Adcock)
 500 Miles (Hedy West)
 Knoxville Girl (Traditional)
 Red Wing (Traditional)
 Nearer My God To Thee (Traditional)
 Katy Dear (Traditional)
 You Left Me Alone (Traditional)

Personnel
 Charlie Waller - guitar, vocals
 John Duffey - mandolin, vocals
 Eddie Adcock - banjo, vocals
 Tom Gray - bass, vocals

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20091215090142/http://www.lpdiscography.com/c/Cgentlemen/cgent.htm

1963 albums
The Country Gentlemen albums
The National Exchange Hotel (also known as the National Hotel) is located in Nevada City in the U.S. state of California. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places and a California Historical Landmark, it is one of the oldest continuously operated hotels west of the Rockies. It opened in August 1856 under the name of "Bicknell Block".

In 1863, there was a fire and the hotel was shut down for a temporary period of time. By 1894, a new balcony had been added to the hotel (pictured). At a civic affair in San Francisco a Nevada City businessman, John J. Jackson, claimed that a meeting that took place in 1898 at the National Hotel was the creation of the Pacific Gas and Electric Company. In 2012, the hotel was the subject of an episode of Ghost Adventures.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Nevada County, California
California Historical Landmarks in Nevada County

References

External links
 National Hotel website

Buildings and structures in Nevada City, California
History of Nevada City, California
Hotel buildings completed in 1856
Hotels established in 1856
California Historical Landmarks
Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in California
National Register of Historic Places in Nevada County, California
Victorian architecture in California
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in California
1856 establishments in California
Soul is the sixth studio album released by American country rock & southern rock band The Kentucky Headhunters. It was released in 2003 on Audium Entertainment. No singles were released from the album, although one of the tracks, "Have You Ever Loved a Woman?", was first a single for Freddie King in 1960.

Track listing

Personnel
The Kentucky Headhunters
Anthony Kenney – bass guitar, tambourine, harmonica, background vocals
Greg Martin – lead guitar, acoustic guitar, rhythm guitar
Doug Phelps – lead vocals on all tracks except "I Still Wanna Be Your Man" and "Have You Ever Loved a Woman", background vocals, rhythm guitar, cabasa, güiro
Fred Young – drums, congas, tambourine
Richard Young – acoustic guitar, rhythm guitar, background vocals, lead vocals on "I Still Wanna Be Your Man" and "Have You Ever Loved a Woman"
Guest musicians
Robbie Bartlett – second lead vocals on "Everyday People"
Chris Dunn – trombone
Jim Horn – alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, baritone saxophone, horn arrangements
Steve Patrick – trumpet
Reese Wynans — Hammond organ
Technical
David Barrick – engineer, mastering, mixing
Mark Capps – engineer
Mitchell Fox – executive producer
Emmylou Harris – stylist, grooming
Paul McGarry – guitar technician
Steve Wilson – engineer

References

The Kentucky Headhunters albums
E1 Music albums
2003 albums
Anodic protection (AP) otherwise referred to as Anodic Control is a technique to control the corrosion of a metal surface by making it the anode of an electrochemical cell and controlling the electrode potential in a zone where the metal is passive.

Anodic protection  is used to protect metals that exhibit passivation in environments whereby the current density in the freely corroding state is significantly higher than the current density in the passive state over a wide range of potentials.

Anodic protection is used for carbon steel storage tanks containing extreme pH environments including concentrated sulfuric acid and 50 percent caustic soda where cathodic protection is not suitable due to very high current requirements.

In anodic protection potentiostat is used to maintain a metal at constant potential with respect to reference electrode. Out of three terminals of the potentiostat one is connected to tank to be protected, another to an auxiliary cathode(platinum) and the third to reference electrode. Thus, a  potentiostat maintains a constant potential between tank and reference electrode.

An anodic protection system includes an external power supply connected to auxiliary cathodes and controlled by a feedback signal from one or more reference electrodes.  Careful design and control is required when using anodic protection for several reasons, including excessive current when passivation is lost or unstable, leading to possible accelerated corrosion.

See also
 Cathodic protection
 Corrosion engineering
 Sacrificial metal
 Wetting voltage

References

Chemical processes
Corrosion prevention
Massingham may refer to:

 Great Massingham, a village in Norfolk, England
 RAF Great Massingham
 Little Massingham, a village in Norfolk, England
 Massingham railway station, a former station which served Great Massingham and Little Massingham

People with the surname
 H. J. Massingham (1888–1952), British writer
 Henry William Massingham (1860–1924), British journalist, father of H. J. Massingham
 Richard Massingham (1898–1953), British actor
 Harold Massingham (1932-2011), British poet and crossword setter
 Daniel Massingham (1991-), Grandson of Harold Massingham

Entertainment
 The Massingham Affair a 1962 novel by Edward Grierson
 The Massingham Affair (TV series), a 1964 BBC Television adaptation

See also
 Messingham (disambiguation)
 Missingham, a surname
Iran Standard Time (IRST) or Iran Time (IT) is the time zone used in Iran. Iran uses a UTC offset UTC+03:30. IRST is defined by the 52.5 degrees east meridian, the same meridian which defines the Iranian calendar and is the official meridian of Iran.

Between 2005 and 2008, by decree of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Iran did not observe daylight saving time (DST) (called Iran Daylight Time or IRDT). It was reintroduced from 21 March 2008. On 21 September 2022, Iran abolished DST and now observes standard time year-round.

Daylight Saving Time transitions
The dates of DST transitions in Iran were based on the Solar Hijri calendar, the official calendar of Iran, which is in turn based on the March equinox (Nowruz) as determined by astronomical calculation at the meridian for Iran Standard Time (52.5°E or GMT+3.5h). This resulted in the unique situation wherein the dates of DST transitions didn't fall on the same weekday each year as they do in most other countries.

DST started in Iran at 24:00 on 1 Farvardin, which corresponds to either 20 or 21 March in the Gregorian calendar, depending on the precise timing of the equinox.  (This is equivalent to 00:00 on 2 Farvardin, either 21 or 22 March.)  Clocks moved forward at that time to 01:00 on 2 Farvardin (21 or 22 March). This spring change took place at the end of the day of Nowruz, which is the Iranian New Year's Day and the most important festival in Iranian culture.

DST likewise ended in Iran at 24:00 on 30 Shahrivar, which corresponds to either 20 or 21 September. (Equivalently, at 00:00 on 31 Shahrivar, either 21 or 22 September). Clocks moved backward to 23:00 on 30 Shahrivar (20 or 21 September).

Recent and upcoming dates

Time zone changes

IANA time zone database
The IANA time zone database contains one zone for Iran in the file zone.tab, named Asia/Tehran.

See also

 Iranian calendars

References

Time in Iran
Time zones
The International Association of Astronomical Artists (IAAA), is a non-profit organization whose members implement and participate in astronomical and space art projects, promote education about space art and foster international cooperation in artistic work inspired by the exploration of the Universe.

The IAAA was founded in 1982 and was formally registered as an association of astronomical artists in 1986. Since its founding, the IAAA has grown to approximately 200 members, representing twenty countries. The organization serves the community of artists creating works inspired by astronomy and outer space, serving as a networking resource on topics specific to the trade as well as issues common to professional artists. Although the early practitioners in the 1930s and 40s, such as Lucien Rudaux and Chesley Bonestell, (see Space Art) were realists, many IAAA artists produce work which is impressionistic, expressionistic, abstract or surreal; however, the majority (unlike science fiction and fantasy artists, who work almost purely from imagination) do have a background in astronomy, physics and mathematics which enables them to interpret accurately the data from observatories and space probes, and convert them into believable images.

They may also be called upon to depict those very probes and satellites (often working with NASA or JPL scientists) – for who is out there to photograph them? They paint in oils, acrylics, gouache and markers, use pens, pastels or coloured pencils, or the latest digital technology. But these artists have an advantage over mere technology, for they can travel where machines cannot; and this includes into the past, the future and faster than light.

A major activity of the IAAA is space art workshops, in most cases at remote locations with geology common to what has been discovered on other worlds. Iceland, Death Valley, Hawaii, The Colorado Plateau including Meteor Crater, and other locations with a sense of the unworldly about them have been visited in workshops. Painting and sketching such scenery outdoors helps in training the artist to know the landscape and the forces shaping it, as well as to reinforce the sensory impressions one is putting into their work of the effects of light and shade in the atmosphere.

References

External links
 IAAA Homepage
 1983 Death Valley workshop

Space art
International cultural organizations
Arts organizations based in the United States
Arts organizations established in 1982
1982 establishments in the United States
Mozena lunata is a species of leaf-footed bug in the family Coreidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

Subspecies
These two subspecies belong to the species Mozena lunata:
 Mozena lunata lunata (Burmeister, 1835)
 Mozena lunata rufescens Ruckes, 1955

References

Further reading

 

Articles created by Qbugbot
Insects described in 1835
Nematopodini
Hemiptera of Central America
Belliella marina  is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and strictly aerobic bacterium from the genus of Belliella which has been isolated from seawater from the Indian Ocean.

References 

Cytophagia
Bacteria described in 2015
Lakeside Cemetery may refer to:
Lakeside Cemetery (Port Huron, Michigan), cemetery in United States
Lakeside Cemetery (Hamburg, New York), cemetery in United States
Carpenter, Lakeside, and Springvale Cemeteries, cemeteries in East Providence, Rhode Island, United States

See also
Lakeside Cemetery Chapel in Lakeside Cemetery, Wakefield, Massachusetts, United States
The Moscopole printing house was an 18th-century printing house founded in Moscopole, formerly a prosperous city in the Ottoman Empire and now a village in Albania.

History
The Moscopole printing house was founded by the monk Georgios Konstantinidis. Konstantinidis, owner of the printing house, was a teacher at the New Academy of Moscopole, and he might have been the same person as Gregory of Durrës. The printing house of Moscopole was founded in 1720 or in 1731, and was the second printing house in the Balkans after that of Constantinople (now Istanbul).

The printing house of Moscopole produced religious literature and school textbooks using the Greek language. A total of twenty books can be attributed without doubt to the Moscopole printing press. Mainly the collection of the Services to the Saints (1750) but also the Introduction of Grammar (1760) by the local scholar Theodore Kavalliotis, are known to have been printed in Moscopole. The printing house had close ties to the Monastery of Saint Naum, now in North Macedonia.

References

Moscopole
1720 establishments in Europe
1731 establishments in Europe
History of printing
Modern Greek Enlightenment
18th century in Albania
History of the Aromanians
18th century in the Ottoman Empire
The Ralph Avenue station was a station on the demolished BMT Fulton Street Line in Brooklyn, New York City. It had 2 tracks and 2 side platforms. It was opened on September 20, 1888, and served by trains of the BMT Fulton Street Line. It also had a connection to the trolley lines of the same name. Ralph Avenue was the easternmost station on the line until it was expanded to Rockaway Avenue on November 16, 1888. Less than a month later Saratoga Avenue would replace Ralph Avenue as the penultimate station on the line. The next stop to the east was Saratoga Avenue. The next stop to the west was Utica Avenue. 

In 1936, the Independent Subway System built their own Fulton Street subway and added an underground subway station with the same name. The el station became obsolete, and it closed on May 31, 1940.

References

Defunct BMT Fulton Street Line stations
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1888
Railway stations closed in 1940
Former elevated and subway stations in Brooklyn
Antonio Cippico (20 March 1877 – 17 January 1935) was an Italian politician, translator, and irredentist. Cippico was an Italian senator. He translated Shakespeare and Nietzsche into Italian, and the Oresteia together with Tito Marrone.

He was an Italian born in Zadar, Dalmatia, and was for many years Professor of Italian Literature at the University of London. Cippico was appointed senator by Benito Mussolini. He was also a delegate to the League of Nations Assembly. Cippico, who died in 1935, was a supporter of Italian fascism in its beginnings. Cippico was also an Italian irredentist. He wrote for the Giornale d'Italia ("The Newspaper of Italy"), publishing a series of articles about Italian interests in the Adriatic, and made fierce attacks on the so-called "neutralists", whom he scornfully called "Germanophiles". In the end of 1914 he co-founded in Rome the society Pro Dalmazia italiana ("In favor of an Italian Dalmatia").

References

1877 births
1935 deaths
Dalmatian Italians
Politicians from Zadar
Members of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy
Italian fascists
Burials in the Protestant Cemetery, Rome
Yelgondaguda sometimes written as Elgondaguda is a village and panchayat in Ranga Reddy district, Telangana, India. It falls under Shabad mandal.  Cherlaguda, Aspalliguda and Mirapur are the other villages in this panchayat.

Villages in Ranga Reddy district
Philippe Diaz, is a French filmmaker and producer. He is best known as the director of critically acclaimed films The Empire in Africa, New World Order: Somewhere in Africa and Now & Later.

Personal life
He was born in Paris, France.

Career
He studied philosophy at the University of Sorbonne. In 1980, Díaz started to make several short documentaries, largely for companies. In 1985, he worked as the executive producer and founded his production company 'Films Plain Chant'. After the establishment of production company, he started to produce the film Havre in 1986, which was later followed by, Rue du Départ and Mauvais Sang.

In 1989, he produced his fourth feature film Pierre et Djemila which was directed by Gérard Blain. The film received official competition at the Cannes Film Festival as well. Then Diaz produced an English film in India: La Nuit Bengali. The film became the directorial debut for Nicolas Klotz and Hugh Grant. With this film, he started to make collaborations with American studios, especially Columbia Pictures. Immediately, New Line Cinema also contacted Diaz to co-fund and produce the film The Walraff Affair, a political thriller starring Jurgen Prochnow and Peter Coyote.

In 1991, he moved to Los Angeles and continued to produce social and political films. After 1995, he collaborated French and African-based films to American audiences. In 2001, he produced the film Heavy Metal 2000, a collaboration with Columbia. In 2001, he made his directorial debut with the documentary New World Order: Somewhere in Africa. Due to its success, he then made the film The Empire in Africa in 2006.

Filmography

References

External links
 

Living people
French film directors
French film producers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Chippie (hr2-Computermagazin) was a German radio program. It was one of the first programs on computer topics, produced by the Hessischer Rundfunk (Hessian Broadcasting).

History
Chippie started in 1990. At first it was broadcast together with the youth magazine Radio unfrisiert, who won the Civis media prize that year. Later it got its own one-hour slot. The show was hosted by Claudia Bultje and Patrick Conley. Topics on the program were, for example: "Computer in Theater, Opera and Rock Concert" (2 May 1992), "Computer and Money" (5 September 1992), "Computers and Sex" (24 October 1992) and "Data Networks" (2 July 1994).

The first computer magazine in German radio was Bit, byte, gebissen (BR, 1985). Today well-known programs are the Chaosradio (RBB) and Matrix (ORF).

References
  Barbara Krebs: "Chippie – das Computermagazin". In: PCpur & TEST Magazin, Vol. 5, No. 3 (March 1992): p. 154.

External links
  Game Boy & Co. Interview mit Chippie-Moderator Patrick Conley (hr3, 24. November 1991)

1990 radio programme debuts
German talk radio programs
Science radio programmes
Hessischer Rundfunk
Frank Sherwin may refer to:
 Frank Sherwin (politician) (1905–1981), Irish independent politician
 Frank Sherwin (artist) (1896–1986), English artist