Olga Vladimirovna Pilatskaya (; 1884–1937) was a Russian revolutionary and Bolshevik Party activist. She joined the party during the Russian Revolution of 1905 and went on to participate in the October Revolution as a member of the party's Moscow district committee. She filled a number of roles in Moscow until the end of the Russian Civil War, upon which she was transferred to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. She became a leading figure within the Communist Party of Ukraine, joining its Central Committee and taking a number of roles within the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee. She was stripped of all her positions after her arrest and execution during the Great Purge.

Biography
Olga Pilatskaya was born on  in Moscow, into a working-class family. She graduated from the Moscow Mariinsky Women's School. 

In 1904, she joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) and became a member of its Bolshevik faction. She was elected to the RSDLP's Moscow district committee and, in 1905, participated in the December Uprising. In 1909, Olga Pilatskaya was elected a member of the Russian Bureau of the RSDLP's Central Committee. But the following year, she was arrested and internally exiled to Saratov. She fled abroad with her husband Vladimir Zagorsky, moving to Leipzig, where she worked with Vladimir Lenin. In 1914 she returned home to Moscow, where she carried out underground work for the Bolsheviks.

After the February Revolution in 1917, she was again made a member of the RSDLP's Moscow District Committee. She also briefly became a member of the Bolshevik Central Committee, during the events of the October Revolution. In the wake of the Bolshevik takeover, she was appointed secretary of the city's revolutionary committee, as a judge of the local People's Court and as an investigator for the provincial Cheka. In 1921, she joined the People's Commissariat for Education, becoming the secretary of the party's agitprop department.

Following the establishment of the Soviet Union in 1922, she was transferred to Ukraine, where she headed the Communist Party of Ukraine's agitprop department in Katerynoslav province. On 12 December 1925, she was put up as a candidate for the party's Central Committee, which she finally joined on 29 November 1927. On the day she joined the party's central committee, she was simultaneously appointed as head of the women's department of the party, as a member of the presidium of the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee, and as a member of the Ukrainian Organisational Bureau. In December 1927, she was a Ukrainian delegate to the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party, and in 1928, she was also delegated to the 6th World Congress of the Communist International.

On 9 April 1929, she was put forward as a candidate for the secretariat of the party's central committee, although her candidacy was rejected on 5 June 1930. Instead, she was appointed as deputy chairman of the Ukrainian State Planning Committee, a position she held until 1937.  During this period, she was a delegate to the 16th Congress and 17th All-Union Communist Party Congresses, worked as director of the Ukrainian Institute of Red Professorship from 1932 to 1934 and as director of the Institute of Party History from 1934 to 1936. 

In 1937, she was arrested during the Great Purge and consequently stripped of her positions in the Central Executive Committee and the Organisational Bureau. On 22 December 1937, she was executed by shooting. The following month, on 27 January 1938, Pilatskaya was posthumously excluded from membership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine.

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1884 births
1937 deaths
20th-century Russian women politicians
Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union) members
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union) politicians
Executed Russian women
Executed people from Moscow
Executed revolutionaries
Expelled members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Female revolutionaries
Great Purge victims from Russia
Great Purge victims from Ukraine
Members of the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee
Old Bolsheviks
People executed by the Soviet Union by firearm
People of the 1905 Russian Revolution
Politicians from Moscow
Russian emigrants to Ukraine
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members