Divorce in the Philippines is a process to dissolve a marriage that is not typically legally available to Filipino citizens. The Muslim Personal Code, however, allows for divorce for couples who got married through the Islamic rite under specific circumstances.

The Philippines is often cited as the "only country in the world" where divorce is illegal, aside from the Vatican City since Malta legalized it in 2011. Annulment is the only legal route to get out of a marriage for most citizens of the Philippines.

Couples may also opt for legal separation, alternatively referred to as 'relative divorce', although this process does not dissolve the marriage. Relative divorce is contrasted with 'absolute divorce', a setup where previously married individuals are allowed to remarry.

There has been several attempts to legalize absolute divorce in the Congress.

History

Spanish colonial era
During the Spanish era in the Philippines, absolute divorce is unrecognized. The colony was under the jurisdiction of the Siete Partidas, which only granted couples 'relative divorce' which is mensa et thoro or legal separation and does not legally dissolve the actual marital ties. The following are the prerequisite for a relative divorce under the Siete Partidas.

One of spouse seek to enter a religious order with consent from the other
Adultery committed by either
Heresy by one of the spouse, or conversion to Islam or Judaism

American colonial era
The United States would take over the Philippines after the conclusion of the Spanish–American War. During this period Act No. 2710 or the Divorce Law became law on March 11, 1917. The legislation provided for divorce a vinculo matrimonii or 'absolute divorce'. Divorce permissible was fault-based with the following prerequisite.

Adultery committed by the wife with criminal conviction
Concubinage committed by the husband with criminal conviction

Japanese occupation
When the Japanese Empire occupied the Philippines during the World War II, the Japanese installed Philippine Executive Commission issued Executive Order No. 141 on March 25, 1943 which repealed Act No. 2710 and expanded the divorce law in the archipelago through the new decree providing eleven grounds for a valid absolute divorce. Following the end of Axis occupation of the islands and the proclamation of the revival of the Philippine Commonwealth on October
23, 1944 by General Douglas MacArthur, Act No. 2710 was once again the prevailing law on divorce matters in the Philippines.

Post-Commonwealth and contemporary era
Following the Philippines independence from the United States in the Philippines in 1946, Act No. 2710 remained applicable for a time. Until the enactment of the Republic Act No. 386 or the Civil Code on August 30, 1950 which only allowed for legal separation or what was before known as 'relative divorce' and does not allow for absolute divorce. The grounds were adultery/concubinage by a spouse and an attempt on one's life of one spouse over another. There was deliberation within the Code Commission to include provisions on absolute divorce which was opposed by conservatives.

The Civil Code would be updated through the Family Code in 1987 but the newer law still did not allow for absolute divorce. The Civil Code allows for divorce for Muslims for a period of twenty years.

In 1977, President Ferdinand Marcos enacted the Code of Muslim Personal Laws which included absolute divorce provisions for Muslims.

Presidents Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Benigno Aquino III, and Rodrigo Duterte has expressed they would not support the passage of an absolute divorce bill during their presidencies. Although Aquino mentioned he was open to a 'legal separation' law which would allow couples to re-marry.

Current president Bongbong Marcos has said that he was open to legalizing divorce when he was still a candidate for the 2022 presidential election provided that the option "would not be easy".

By custom or rite of union

Indigenous people
The dissolution of marriages conducted under indigenous people's rites through divorce are not recognized by the government.

Several cultures recognize divorce in their marriages including the Ibaloi of Benguet, Tagbanwa of Palawan, Gadangs of Nueva Vizcaya, the Kankanais and Bontocs of the Cordilleras, and the Manobos and B'laans of Mindanao.

Muslims
The Code of Muslim Personal Laws of 1977 does allow for divorce for Filipino Muslims, many of who are part of the Moro people.

Transnational marriages
Where a non-Filipino is married to a Filipino citizen and a divorce is obtained abroad by the non-Filipino spouse, the Filipino spouse can remarry under Philippine law, even if the non-Filipino spouse acquired foreign citizenship after the marriage.

Legalization

Current proposals
The following are the current proposal to legalize divorce in the current 19th Congress of the Philippines.

Instituting absolute divorce and dissolution of marriage in the Philippines / House Bill No.4998 – by Davao del Norte 1st district representative Pantaleon Alvarez;
Dissolution of Marriage Act (2022) – by Senator Risa Hontiveros; no-fault divorce; parties are not prove criminal offense or 'psychological incapacity' of one party.
Unnumbered consolidated bill – no no-fault provision, excluded chronic unhappiness as grounds.

Opposition
The legalization of divorce has been opposed on religious grounds. Among those groups who oppose it are the Roman Catholic Church.

Opponents of legalization of divorce has also argued that the state sanctioning such process is unconstitutional on the basis of the provision which mandates the state to uphold the "sanctity of marriage and its being the foundation of the family".

Views of religious groups

Catholic Church
The Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines through the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) has historically lobbied against any legislation to legalize absolute divorce in the country viewing the sanction of the state of such process as "anti-marriage" and "anti-family". It already maintains that the process of legal separation and annulment for aggrieved married couples are already sufficient.

Bishop Socrates Villegas as CBCP President in 2015, in a published position argued that legalizing divorce is contrary to human rights especially of the children of divorce couples. He says that allowing divorce would deter couples from working on their relationship first. He says that children whose married parents already availed legal separation are already traumatized and that divorce would allow "a total stranger" to enter their lives in a form of a new legal spouse which would make their situation worse.

Other Christian groups
The Iglesia ni Cristo prohibits its members from availing divorce, and maintains that couples in a troubled marriages should work on their differences.

Bishop Modesto Villasanta of the United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP) meanwhile expressed that his group is open to discuss the issue of divorce. Villasanta states that it is "up to the Church on how they will teach their people the importance of marriage and not on barring its (a divorce bill's) approval".

Alternatives to divorce
While divorce is largely not recognized by the state. Marriages can be ended in the Philippines through annulment or declaring it null and void. Couples can also avail of legal separation.

See also
Divorce law by country
Marriage and wedding customs in the Philippines

References

Philippines 
Marriage, unions and partnerships in the Philippines