Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
A Ramadan tent is a venue erected during the month of Ramadan for people to eat the daily Iftar meal. They are common across the Middle East and can be found anywhere there are communities of Muslims. Ramadan tents provide a place for people to meet with friends and family after the daily fast is broken at sunset. People gather there to eat Iftar, drink tea, and smoke shisha. Ramadan tents are traditionally a family or neighborhood affair in the Middle East. A Jordanian journalist described a typical Ramadan tent thus in 2008:

In recent years, restaurants and hotels have begun running Ramadan tents to attract customers. Most luxury hotels (4- or 5-star) hotels in Jordan, the UAE, and other countries set up Ramadan tents. These for-profit Ramadan tents typically charge an entrance fee of $10 to $15, though more expensive ones at nice hotels will charge $36 or more. More upscale Ramadan tents also often have music or other entertainment. The highly commercial and materialistic nature of these Ramadan tents has led many in the Middle East to criticize them for cheapening the holiday and in particular for associating "corporate-sponsored materialism with morality." However, some do not share this negative opinion of Ramadan tents; the aforementioned Jordanian journalist writes that:

In contrast to this materialism, some charitable organizations and individuals host free Ramadan tents that are open to strangers, especially the poor and those who otherwise have nowhere to go for Iftar. These charitable Ramadan tents are rarer than the lavish, commercial kind, although they can be found in countries with Muslim populations around the world. One such organization, the Ramadan Tent Project (RTP), hosts free Iftar dinners in open Ramadan tents that have served more than 50,000 people on four continents. These open Ramadan tents have been in operation since RTP was founded in 2011 by a graduate student at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) in London. The open Iftar dinners of the RTP are open to people of all faiths.

History
Ramadan tents are a relatively recent tradition, and they do not date back to the origins of the holiday. Ramadan tents are believed to have their origin in Egyptian "saradek," tents set up in Cairo for people to offer their condolences. Over time, organizations and merchants began to use these saradek. Saradek became venues for providing food and shelter to the needy, particularly during the winter months. This marked the beginning of its transition to becoming the Ramadan tent that is well-known today. Soon, the saradek merged with the preexisting traditions of Arab hospitality and lavish Iftar dinners to create the modern Ramadan tent. However, Ramadan tents only became popular in the Levant following the end of the Lebanese Civil War in 1990, when they were introduced to Lebanon by a prominent businessman from the Tabbara family. Because Ramadan tents are a recent tradition, they are considered bid‘ah (, innovation or heresy), by certain sects of Sunni Islam such as Salafism.

References

Ramadan
Tents
Henry Holmes (9 July 1906 – 8 July 1992), often known as Harry Holmes, was a politician in Northern Ireland.

Holmes was educated at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution before opening his own draper's shop, "Henry's Stores".  In 1943, he became the Honorary Treasurer of Harry Midgley's Commonwealth Labour Party, but he left in 1944 to join the rival Northern Ireland Labour Party (NILP), for which he stood unsuccessfully in Antrim at the 1945 United Kingdom general election.

Holmes was elected to the Dock ward of Belfast City Council in the 1940s, but lost his seat in 1947.  Holmes was Chairman of the NILP in 1948, but he resigned the following year to join the Ulster Unionist Party, taking a seat in Belfast City Council's Pottinger ward the following year.  He defeated the veteran Independent Unionist MP Tommy Henderson in Belfast Shankill in 1953 and was re-elected in 1958.  He resigned in 1959, following business difficulties, and later retired to Weston-super-Mare in England.

References

1906 births
1992 deaths
Members of Belfast City Council
Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1953–1958
Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1958–1962
Northern Ireland Labour Party politicians
Ulster Unionist Party members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland
Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland for Belfast constituencies
Ulster Unionist Party councillors
A beap, or bi-parental heap, is a data structure where a node usually has two parents (unless it is the first or last on a level) and two children (unless it is on the last level). Unlike a heap, a beap allows sublinear search. The beap was introduced by Ian Munro and Hendra Suwanda. A related data structure is the Young tableau.

Performance

The height of the structure is approximately . Also, assuming the last level is full, the number of elements on that level is also . In fact, because of these properties all basic operations (insert, remove, find) run in  time on average. Find operations in the heap can be  in the worst case. Removal and insertion of new elements involves propagation of elements up or down (much like in a heap) in order to restore the beap invariant. An additional perk is that beap provides constant time access to the smallest element and  time for the maximum element.

Actually, a  find operation can be implemented if parent pointers at each node are maintained. You would start at the absolute bottom-most element of the top node (similar to the left-most child in a heap) and move either up or right to find the element of interest.

References

 
 

Heaps (data structures)
Sia Saran (), also rendered as Seyah Saran or Siah Sara, may refer to:
 Sia Saran-e Olya
 Sia Saran-e Sofla
Robert Wardell Clark (May 10, 1891 - July 28, 1955) was a professional baseball infielder in the Negro leagues. He played with the St. Louis Giants and the Pittsburgh Keystones in 1921.

References

External links
 and Baseball-Reference Black Baseball stats and Seamheads

Pittsburgh Keystones players
St. Louis Giants players
1891 births
1955 deaths
Baseball second basemen
Baseball shortstops
Baseball players from Kansas
20th-century African-American sportspeople
Najas minor, known as brittle naiad or brittle waternymph, is an annual aquatic plant, a submersed herb. It is native to Europe, Asia and North Africa from the Netherlands to Morocco east to Japan and the Philippines, including China, Siberia, Central Asia, Iran, Turkey, Ukraine, Germany, France Italy and a host of other countries. It is now introduced to North America and considered a weedy invasive species in the eastern half of the United States from Florida to Oklahoma to New Hampshire to Ontario to South Dakota.  This plant prefers calm waters, such as ponds, reservoirs, and lakes, and is capable of growing in depths up to 4 meters.

Identification
Najas minor grows in dense clusters and has highly branched stems.  These stems fragment easily and this plant is capable of propagation from stem fragments or from small seeds which grow along its stem. The small flowers are located in clusters along the leaf axils.  The leaves of the plant are opposite, unbranched, strap-shaped, and are around 4.5 centimeters in length.  The leaves have serrations which are visible to the naked eye.  This plant is similar in morphology to coontail or slender naiad.

Distribution
Najas minor is distributed widely in the Northern Hemisphere, such as Canada, the United States, Japan, China, Europe. This species is also reported from tropical Asia (Thailand), but the report is now recognized as an identification error.

Invasive spread and control
Brittle naiad was introduced to the United States, where it is considered an invasive species or noxious weed, in the 1900s.  Brittle naiad in the United States is established in the Mid-Atlantic States. Established populations are found as far west as Oklahoma and Ontario, Canada in the north.  The presence of this plant is a problem because its dense growth covers wide areas, inhibiting the growth of native species of aquatic macrophytes.  The thick, clustering growths of brittle naiad can make fishing access or the operation of a boat difficult in a pond or lake.  Brittle naiad may spread to new areas by stem fragments carried on a boat's hull, deck, propeller, or trailer.  Control measures for brittle naiad include the use of aquatic herbicides, but application of chemicals may not destroy the seeds.  Grass carp are another widely used control measure and have been known to readily consume brittle naiad plants.  Mechanical harvesting of brittle naiad is difficult, as the brittle stems readily break and are easily disbursed throughout the system.  As with most invasive species, prevention of an infestation is easier than eradication.

References

External links
Ohio Department of Natural Resources factsheet for lesser naiad
NEMESIS Chesapeake Bay Introduced Species Database

 GLANSIS Species FactSheet

minor
Aquatic plants
Plants described in 1773
Flora of Europe
Flora of North Africa
Flora of temperate Asia
Flora of tropical Asia
Taxa named by Carlo Allioni
The Hope Race or Hope Sled Dog Race is a defunct international sled dog race between Nome, Alaska and Anadyr, Russia, across the Bering Strait. The race was established in 1991, shortly after the fall of the Soviet Union, and according to information on the race's (now inactive) website, the race was run as recently as 2004.  Racers covered 1,200 miles, but did not actually race across the Bering Strait. Teams instead were shipped across the strait on boats and raced on land. In 1995, Alaska musher Bob Holder became the only person to compete in the Hope Race, Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, and Yukon Quest in the same year.

References

Dog sledding races
Recurring events disestablished in 2004
Recurring sporting events established in 1991
Sports competitions in Russia
Sports competitions in Alaska
1991 establishments in Alaska
1991 establishments in Russia
2004 disestablishments in Alaska
2004 disestablishments in Russia
Bering Strait
In law, frivolous or vexatious is a term used to challenge a complaint or a legal proceeding being heard as lacking in merit, or to deny, dismiss or strike out any ensuing judicial or non-judicial processes.

The term is used in several jurisdictions, such as England & Wales, Ireland and New Zealand. While the term is referenced in laws and regulations, it is often not defined by statute, being developed instead by decisions of the courts.

General meaning
"Frivolous" and "vexatious" generally mean different things, however both are typically grouped together as they relate to the same basic concept of a claim or complaint (or a series of many) not being brought in good faith:

 A "frivolous" claim or complaint is one that has no serious purpose or value. Often a frivolous claim is one about a matter that is so trivial, meritless on its face, or without substance that investigation would be disproportionate in terms of time and cost. The implication is that the claim has not been brought in good faith because it clearly has no reasonable prospect of success and/or is not significant enough to warrant its mention.
 A "vexatious" claim or complaint is one being pressed specifically to cause harassment, annoyance, frustration, worry, or even bring financial cost (such as the engagement of a defence lawyer) to their defendant or respondent.

In Ireland

Meaning
The term is not defined in statute law, but has been defined in legal cases. One of the earliest cases was Keaveney v. Geraghty, where the plaintiff's libel proceedings were stayed on the grounds that they were, inter alia, frivolous, vexatious, and "an abuse of the process of the Court". The plaintiff was effectively declared a vexatious litigant.

A case is frivolous if it has no reasonable chance of succeeding, and is vexatious if it would bring hardship on the opposite party to defend against an unnecessary and inevitably unsuccessful claim.

Usage
The term is used in many Acts of the Oireachtas and statutory instruments. For example, the Data Protection Commissioner shall investigate any complaint made to him about the contravention of the Data Protection Acts unless he is of the opinion that it is frivolous or vexatious and the head of a government department may refuse access to records under the Freedom of Information Act if the request is frivolous or vexatious. The High Court and Supreme Court may order judgement to be entered on an action or for it to be stayed or dismissed where an action or defence is frivolous or vexatious.

See also
Frivolous litigation
Vexatious litigation
Isaac Wunder order

References

Further reading
"Isaac Wunder" orders, which may be made in the event of frivolous or vexatious litigation, unconstitutional
A case issuing such an order
Unconstitutional

Abuse of the legal system
Civil procedure
Law of the Republic of Ireland
Law of New Zealand
Civil procedure legal terminology
The Wausau Woodchucks are an American baseball team that plays in the Northwoods League, a collegiate summer baseball league. They play their home games at Athletic Park in Wausau, Wisconsin.

History
The team was known as the Wausau Woodchucks from 1994 to 1998, but the team name was changed to Wisconsin Woodchucks for the 1999 season, as they were the only remaining team in Wisconsin in the league at that time.

The team filled the void left by the Wausau Timbers of the Class A Midwest League, who relocated after the 1990 season to Geneva, Illinois, to become the Kane County Cougars.

In 1998 Clark Eckhoff purchased The Wisconsin Woodchucks, and Eckhoff truly made an impact on the team as well as the community as a whole.  Not only did attendance dramatically increase with Eckhoff as owner, but the Woodchucks would go on to win two league championships in 2001 and 2003.

The 'Chucks gained some star power for the 2007 season, as former Milwaukee Brewer and University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh product Jim Gantner managed the team. Gantner has been involved with the Brewers in various capacities since his retirement in 1992, including some coaching, but the Woodchucks job is his first managerial experience. Gantner, a native Wisconsinite who owns a second home in Boulder Junction, is familiar with the Wausau area and had expressed interest] in coaching college-age players.

On February 2, 2022, the Woodchucks announced their return as the Wausau Woodchucks, with a new logo and color scheme.

Players
A number of major leaguers and other notables have played for the Wausau Woodchucks, including:

 J. D. Davis, 2012 (third baseman for teams including the New York Mets and the San Francisco Giants)
 Steve Foster (baseball), 2003 (pitcher for the Cincinnati Reds)
 Dave Gassner, 1998 (pitcher for the Minnesota Twins)
 Casey Janssen, 2001 (pitcher for the Toronto Blue Jays)
 Mark Lowe, 2002–03 (pitcher for teams including the Seattle Mariners and the Texas Rangers)
 Pat Neshek, 2000 (2-time MLB All Star and relief pitcher for teams including the Minnesota Twins and St. Louis Cardinals)
 Wes Obermueller, 1995 (relief pitcher for teams including the Milwaukee Brewers)
 Kevin Pillar, 2010 (outfielder for teams including the Toronto Blue Jays and the New York Mets)
 Darin Ruf, 2007 (outfielder for teams including the Philadelphia Phillies and San Francisco Giants)
 Pat Venditte, 2008 (switch pitcher for teams including the Oakland Athletics)
 Ben Zobrist, 2003–04 (3-time MLB All Star and World Series MVP with the Chicago Cubs)

References

External links
 Wausau Woodchucks – official site
 Northwoods League – official site

Northwoods League teams
Sports in Wausau, Wisconsin
Amateur baseball teams in Wisconsin
Special Telecommunication Service (Serviciul de Telecomunicații Speciale in Romanian, abbreviated STS) is the Romanian institution that coordinates the activities in the field of special secure communications. STS is an agency with military status.

Activity
The service provides special communication facilities to all of the institutions accredited by law (such as the Presidency, Government and other bodies of national interest). STS is in charge of "transmissions, emissions or receptions of signs, signals, writings, images, sounds or information of any kind, transmitted through wire, radio, optic system or other electromagnetic systems".

STS is also in charge of the Single National Emergency Call System (abbreviated SNECS), which operates the emergency telephone number, 112. SNECS, including its infrastructure, falls under the direct command of STS.

Projects of public interest
In June 2011, STS announced that it would establish a nationwide intranet network. This network is designed to ensure secure and reliable communications between different state institutions. The project will be financed by the Romanian Government, but the costs are unknown. The network will be free-of-charge, and all the important state ministries and agencies will be given a free connection to the network.

History
STS was created on December 18, 1992. The agency's original purpose was to provide communication between the executive and the legislative of Romania, but it has since expanded to other bodies of national interest.

In 2003, the Single National Emergency Call System project was started. In July 2005, the emergency telephone number (112) became operational, under the supervision and lead of STS.

References

External links
  Official site
  budget for 2012

Romanian intelligence agencies
1992 establishments in Romania
Government agencies established in 1992
Romania
Raunioissa () is the fourth studio album by the Finnish death metal band Sotajumala. It entered the Finnish billboard charts at position 4 on its release week.

All tracks written by Sotajumala

References

Sotajumala albums
2015 albums
Patrick Pigneter (born 19 July 1987) is an Italian luger who has competed since 2007. A natural track luger, he won nine medals at the FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships with four golds (Men's singles: 2009, Men's doubles: 2009, Mixed team: 2009, 2011), two silvers (Men's doubles: 2011, Mixed team: 2007), and three bronzes (Men's singles: 2005, 2007, 2011).

Pigneter won six medals at the FIL European Luge Natural Track Championships with two golds (men's singles: 2010, men's doubles: 2010), two silvers (men's doubles: 2008, mixed team: 2010) and two bronzes (men's singles: 2006, 2008).

Pigneter's father, Raimund, competed in natural track luge from the late 1970s to the mid-1980s.

References
FIL-Luge profile
FIL-Luge.org October 6, 2008 article on the FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 2009 featuring Raimund and Patrick Pigneter. - accessed October 7, 2008.
Natural track European Championships results 1970-2006.
Natural track World Championships results: 1979-2007

External links

 

1987 births
Living people
Italian lugers
Italian male lugers
People from Völs am Schlern
Sportspeople from South Tyrol
Holzapfelia floricola is a species of lactic acid bacteria.

References

Lactobacillaceae
Lake Babine Nation (also Nataotin, Nat'oot'en Nation) is a Babine band government, historically located on the banks of Babine Lake in central British Columbia, Canada. Its main community has been in Woyenne, near Burns Lake, since many of the nation's members moved there in the 1940s. Other year-round communities include Tachet on the central part of Babine Lake and Wit'at (Fort Babine) at the end of the northwest arm of the lake. Seasonal communities include Nedo'ats (Old Fort) at the north end of the lake and Donald's Landing (Pinkut Nation) toward the south end.

The nation consists of roughly 2,000 members, living both on and off reserve. Its traditional language is Babine-Witsuwit'en, a Northern Athabaskan language. It was initially created in December 1957 by legislation from the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada which amalgamated the Fort Babine and Old Fort Bands. It is currently at stage 4 of the British Columbia Treaty Negotiation Process.

Woyenne, with approximately 940 residents, is adjacent to the community of Burns Lake, British Columbia, but has its own preschool, kindergarten, daycare, and adult learning centre. The Nation's main band office is located in Woyenne.

Wit'at (Fort Babine) has approximately 60 permanent residents, an elementary school, a health clinic, a water treatment plant and a satellite band office. Because the forced amalgamation in the 1950s, there has been a separation movement in the community of Wit'at. In fact, some people in this community will refer to themselves as "Wit'at Nation."

Tachet also has approximately 130 permanent residents, a satellite band office, a water treatment plant and a convenience store.

Clans
The Lake Babine Nation has traditionally comprised four clans:
 Jilh tsekh xu (Frog)
 Likh c’ bu (Bear)
 Likh tsa mis xu (Beaver)
 Gilanton (Cariboo)

References

Indian and Northern Affairs Canada First Nation profile

Further reading 
 Patrick, Betty & Fiske, Jo-Anne, Cis Dideen Kat (When the Plumes Rise): The Way of the Lake Babine Nation (UBC Press, 2000).

External links
 BC Treaty Commission - Lake Babine Nation 
 Official Homepage - Under Construction

Babine
Dakelh governments
Omineca Country
Henry Brown Amos (24 May 1869 – 22 October 1946) was a Scottish animal rights and vegetarianism activist, and humanitarian.

Biography

Amos was born in Tyninghame, Scotland, on 24 May 1869. He first became interested in vegetarianism in about 1886. He later worked as a drapery salesman and married Ruth Helen Bowker Sharp (1869–1905) on 7 February 1899; they had two children. 

Amos was a member of the Humanitarian League and former member of the RSPCA. In the mid-1890s he was an organizer in the London for the Vegetarian Federal Union. In 1895, he was Hon. Secretary of the Vegetarian Cycling & Athletic Club and was associated with Sidney H. Beard and the Order of the Golden Age (1901–1903). He succeeded Albert Broadbent as Secretary of the Vegetarian Society (1913–1914). In 1915, he published a short pamphlet on cooking vegetarian meals.

Amos founded the League Against Cruel Sports (LACS) in 1924 with Ernest Bell and George Greenwood. The league aimed to abolish the hunting of deer, foxes, hares, otters, and the coursing of hares and rabbits. Amos' letters campaigning against rabbit-coursing in Surrey led to its prohibition in 1924. He organized the Leeds Rodeo Protest Committee the same year. 

Amos became highly critical of the RSPCA because during this time they were unwilling to take action against hunting. His published criticism of the RSPCA caused an internal conflict and because of this Greenwood resigned from LACS in 1927 and Bell resigned in 1931. LACS began producing a monthly journal Cruel Sports which Amos edited. According to E. S. Turner, the journal "criticised the RSPCA for its toleration of fox-hunting, and attacked the Church for sheltering behind the RSPCA." In the 1927 January edition, Amos noted that "little has been done either by religion or education to stem the tide of cruelty involved in hunting." 

In 1935, Amos was jailed briefly for throwing a copy of Henry Stephens Salt's Creed of Kinship through a stained glass window at Exeter Cathedral during evensong. Suffering for years from a bronchial illness, he was eventually forced to retire from his work with the League at the end of 1936.

Amos died in Hendon, north London, on 22 October 1946, at the age of 77; he was survived by two daughters.

Selected publications

The Food Reformer's Year Book and Health Annual  (editor for multiple years, 1909)
Economical, Nourishing Dishes for Times of Stress and How to Cook Them (1915)
Opinions in Favour of Vegetarianism by Leading Temperance Reformers (1919)

References

External links
Two of our favorite 'Leagues'! – Art for the Benefit of Animals – from circa 1924
Letter to Alfred Wallace, 25 January 1906
Letter to Thomas Hardy, 24 August 1926

1869 births
1946 deaths
Anti-hunting activists
Anti-vivisectionists
People associated with the Vegetarian Society
People from East Lothian
Scottish animal rights activists
Scottish drapers
Scottish humanitarians
Scottish vegetarianism activists