Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
Gabriella Machado e Silva (born December 12, 1988 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) is a Brazilian butterfly swimmer and Olympian. As of October 2008, she was the South American and Brazilian record holder in the long-course 100-metre butterfly.

At the 2007 Pan American Games, in Rio de Janeiro, Gabriella won the bronze medal in the 100-metre butterfly. She also won bronze in the 4×100-metre medley  by participate in heats, but, subsequently, this result was impeached due to Rebeca Gusmao's doping.

Gabriella competed at the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, where she finished 7th in the Women's 100-metre butterfly, and was a member of Brazil's women's 4×100-metre medley Relay which finished 10th.

At the 2009 World Aquatics Championships in Rome, Gabriella Silva finished in 5th place in the 100-metre butterfly, getting the best placement of a Brazilian woman in the World Championships. She was also a finalist in the 4×100-metre medley, finishing in 8th place and finished 13th place in the 50-metre butterfly.

She was at the 2010 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships in Irvine, where she finished 5th in the 50-metre butterfly, and 15th in the 100-metre butterfly.

At the 2011 Pan American Games, in Guadalajara, Gabriella finished 10th in the 100-metre butterfly, not going to the final.

Early Retirement 
After the 2009 World Aquatics Championships in Rome, she did two operations on her shoulders to fix a "looseness in the joint capsule of the left shoulder" (congenital), and never managed to get good results as before. So, in January 2013, at age 24, defeated by the pains and injuries, she announced her retirement.

Records 
 Long course (50 meters)
 Former South American record holder at 50m butterfly: 26.02, obtained on July 31, 2009
 South American record holder at 100m butterfly: 56.94, obtained on July 27, 2009
 South American record holder at 4 × 100 m medley: 3:58.49 obtained on August 1, 2009 with Fabiola Molina, Carolina Mussi and Tatiana Lemos

 Short course (25 meters)
 Former South American record holder at 100m butterfly: 58.75, obtained on November 15, 2008
 South American record holder at 50m butterfly: 25.93 obtained on September 12, 2010

See also
List of South American records in swimming
List of Brazilian records in swimming

References
 
 2008 Olympics profile

1988 births
Living people
Brazilian female butterfly swimmers
Olympic swimmers for Brazil
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2007 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 2011 Pan American Games
Swimmers from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Brazil
Pan American Games medalists in swimming
South American Games gold medalists for Brazil
South American Games medalists in swimming
Competitors at the 2006 South American Games
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games
21st-century Brazilian women
20th-century Brazilian women
Tudric is a brand name for pewterware made by W. H. Haseler's of Birmingham for Liberty & Co. of London, the chief designer being Archibald Knox, together with David Veazey, Oliver Baker and Rex Silver. The gold and silver ranges were known as Cymric (pro: Kumric).  Liberty began producing Tudric in 1899, and continued to the 1930s.  The designs use Art Nouveau and Celtic Revival styles, and remain popular with collectors.

Tudric pewter differentiated from other pewters with better quality, it had higher content of silver. Pewter is traditionally known as "the poor man's silver".

Gallery

Art Nouveau
Celtic art
Celtic Revival
Decorative arts
Antiques
Peleg Peak () is a rock peak (920 m) in eastern Voden Heights on Oscar II Coast in Graham Land. It stands 4 nautical miles (7 km) northwest of Ishmael Peak. Surveyed by Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) in 1955. Named by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) after Captain Peleg, part-owner of the whaling ship Pequod in Herman Melville's Moby Dick.

Mountains of Graham Land
Oscar II Coast
Alexei Fedorovich Kozlovsky (15 October 1905, Kiev – 9 January 1977, Tashkent) was a Soviet composer, conductor, folklorist, and academic. He was a collector of Uzbek and Karakalpak folk music which he synthesized with European music traditions in his own compositions. His most well known works are Ferganskaya syuita Lola and the vocal-symphonic poem Tanovar; the latter of which is based on the Uzbeck folk song Kora soch.

Career and education
From 1931–1936 Kozlovsky was a conductor at the Stanislavsky Opera Theatre, and he served as principal conductor of the Uzbek Philharmonic from 1949–1957 and 1960–1966. He is credited with raising the quality of the Uzbek Philharmonic to one of the highest professional caliber. As an academic he was for many years the head of the department of music composition and instrumentation at the Tashkent Conservatory.

From 1917–1919 Kozlovsky studied composition with Boleslav Leopol′dovich Yavorsky at the Kiev Conservatory. He later studied conducting with Aleksandr Borisovich Khessin and composition with Nikolai Myaskovsky and Nikolai Zhilyayev at the Moscow Conservatory.

References

1905 births
1977 deaths
Kyiv Conservatory alumni
Moscow Conservatory alumni
Soviet composers
Soviet folklorists
Soviet conductors (music)
Paratrichodorus minor is a species of nematode in the family Trichodoridae, the stubby-root nematodes. It occurs in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It damages plants by feeding on the roots and it is a vector of plant viruses. It is a pest of some agricultural crops.

Like other stubby-root nematodes, this species is microscopic, reaching up to 0.71 millimeters in length. Its body is rounded at both ends. It has an onchiostyle, a curved, solid stylet which it uses to puncture plant roots. It stabs the plant tissue rapidly, up to 10 times per second, to make a hole. It injects saliva, which hardens into a hollow tube, and it uses this like a drinking straw to withdraw the contents of the plant cells. It moves around the root, leaving old tubes in place and creating new ones. It is an ectoparasite, attacking the plant externally rather than entering its tissues.

Damage to plants is evident when it stops the roots from growing, leaving the root system "stubby"-looking. A plant cannot obtain water and nutrients from the soil and becomes stunted and wilted. It shows signs of nutrient deficiency. An affected crop field may have patches of withered plants. The nematode also introduces viruses to plants, including tobacco rattle virus, which causes the disease corky ringspot in potatoes. A potato tuber with corky ringspot has large brown rings on its surface and discolored spots inside. Entire potato crops can be made unmarketable by the appearance of the disease.

The nematode has been observed in over 100 plant hosts, including turfgrasses such as St. Augustine grass and bermudagrass, vegetables such as cabbage and tomato, and other crops such as corn, sorghum, sugarcane, peanut, and soybean. It is a pest of vineyards in California. It is most abundant in coarse soils.

Most individuals of the species are female and they reproduce by parthenogenesis, producing offspring without fertilization. They lay eggs in the soil and the juveniles feed on roots as they develop. The length of the life cycle varies with temperature, but it may be as short as 16 days.

Infected plants 
See :
 List of African daisy diseases
 List of cucurbit diseases
 List of grape diseases
 List of oat diseases
 List of pearl millet diseases
 List of sorghum diseases
 List of soybean diseases
 List of sweet potato diseases

References 

Enoplia
Agricultural pest nematodes
Ornamental plant pathogens and diseases
Grape pest nematodes
Oats diseases
Pearl millet diseases
Sorghum diseases
Root vegetable diseases
The discography of American rapper Young Dro consists of six studio albums, 21 mixtapes 3 compilation albums and 27 singles (including 17 as a featured artist).

Albums

Studio albums

Mixtapes

Compilation albums

Singles

As lead artist

As featured artist

Guest appearances

See also 
 Grand Hustle Records discography

References 

Discographies of American artists
Hip hop discographies
Artocarpeae is a tribe within the plant family Moraceae.  It includes 7 to 12 genera and 70 to 87 species including Artocarpus altilis, the breadfruit.

Description
Species in the Artocarpeae are tropical trees or shrubs which, like all members of the Moraceae, produce latex.  Most are dioecious, although some are monoecious.  The male and female inflorescences include a variety of elongate or compact structures.  The Artocarpeae is the least homogeneous of the five tribes that make up the Moraceae.

Taxonomy
The tribe is based on the genus Artocarpus, the largest and best-known genus in the group.  The first post-Linnaean description of the species was done by Sydney Parkinson during James Cook's first voyage to the Pacific.  Parkinson, an artist employed by Joseph Banks, died on the return leg of the voyage and his descriptions were published posthumously by his brother Stanfield Parkinson in 1773 in A Journal of a Voyage to the South Seas.  Parkinson named the species Sitodium altile.  Three years later, Johann Reinhold Forster and Georg Forster published a description of the species using the name Artocarpus communis.  Over the next 160 years the name Artocarpus was much more widely used, leading to its preservation as a conserved name.

Distribution
Members of the Artocarpeae are native to tropical Asia, the Indo-Pacific, southern Africa, Madagascar and the Neotropics.  In addition, members of the genus Artocarpus are cultivated throughout the tropics, especially Artocarpus altilis, the breadfruit, and A. heterophyllus, the jackfruit.

The native range of Artocarpus, the largest genus, includes tropical Asia, Indonesia, New Guinea, the Philippines and Micronesia.  Artocarpus altilis, was introduced across Oceania by Polynesians colonists.  Batocarpus and Clarisia are native to the Neotropics.  Hulletia is native to Southeast Asia, Parartocarpus and Prainea (sometimes included in Artocarpus) to the Indo-Pacific and Treculia to tropical Africa and Madagascar.

Genera 
Artocarpus – Breadfruit, jackfruit
Batocarpus
Clarisia
Hullettia
in a new tribe parartocarpeae
Parartocarpus
in a new tribe parartocarpeae
Prainea
Treculia

References 

Moraceae
Rosales tribes
The Priestley Cup is a cricket cup competition contested by clubs in the Bradford Premier League. It is one of the most prestigious club competitions in English cricket and is widely reported by regional media. Matches are played on Sunday afternoons over five rounds, with the final being played at a pre-determined neutral venue in late August.

The Cup is named for Sir William Priestley, who was President of the Bradford Cricket League when the competition was founded and donated the silver trophy that continues to be presented to the victorious club.

27 teams have won the competition, which celebrated its centenary in 2004.  Undercliffe has been the most successful club with 13 wins up to 2008.

Winners

References

External links
Priestley Cup - official site

Cricket competitions in Yorkshire
The Herceghalom rail crash occurred on 1 December 1916 at 00:24 in the station of Herceghalom, Hungary, on the Budapest–Hegyeshalom line as a side collision of an express train running into a shunting passenger train. 69 people were killed. This is the deadliest train incident in Hungary.

Background 

Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria, who was also King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia had died on 21 November 1916 in Schönbrunn. The funeral was held on 30 November 1916. Many mourners from Hungarian area travelled home by train. They used two special trains in the night of 30 November to 1 December 1916. The express train No 3 from Vienna to Budapest was split into two parts because of the high demand. The trains were delayed.

Passenger train No 1308 from Budapest via Győr to Graz should have used track No 3, but had been inadvertently led to track No 2. The station master wanted to correct this mistake, but miscalculated the time that the delayed express train would need to reach the station. He ordered that the passenger train should move to track No 3. He secured this movement by displaying "Stop" at the entry signal.

Accident 
The engine driver of the first part of express train No 3 passed the pre-signal with a speed of . He said that he had not seen the request to stop. He saw the "Stop" signal  down the line and began to brake hitting the shunting passenger train in its side after another . Seven carriages of the passenger train and one saloon car and one first-class passenger car of the express train were completely destroyed. All comments about the signals and the begin of braking are from the engine driver, as no automated control systems were installed.

Fatalities and injuries 
69 people, including Lajos Thallóczy, were killed. 164 were wounded, 60 of them severely.

References 
 

Train collisions in Hungary
Railway accidents involving a signal passed at danger
Railway accidents in 1916
1916 in Hungary
December 1916 events
Cape Cloos () is a high rock cape fronting on Lemaire Channel and marking the north side of the entrance to Girard Bay on Kyiv Peninsula, on the west coast of Graham Land. It was discovered by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition, 1897–99, under Gerlache, and named after M. Cloos, sometime Honorary Consul in Denmark.

References
 SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica.
 

Headlands of Graham Land
Graham Coast
The Royale Sports 2000 series, namely the Royale S2000M, the Royale RP37, the Royale RP38, and the Royale RP42, are a series of Sports 2000 prototype race cars, designed, developed and built by British manufacturer Royale, for 2-liter sports car racing, between 1981 and 1985.

References

Sports prototypes
Boris Timofeyevich Shtokolov (; March 19, 1930 – January 6, 2005), was a famous Soviet and Russian singer, one of the greatest basses of the 20th century.

Boris Shtokolov was born in the settlement of Kuzedeyevo in Gorno-Shorsky District of Kuznetsk Okrug in Siberian Krai (now in Novokuznetsky District of Kemerovo Oblast). In 1949, he entered the Ural State Conservatory in Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg), but wanted to become a military pilot. Georgy Zhukov, having heard his singing, said: There are many guys like you in aviation, but in opera singing you are unique. In 1950 and 1951, he was singing at the Sverdlovsk Philharmonic Society before he became a soloist at the Sverdlovsk Opera and Ballet Theater. In 1959, he was invited to the Mariinsky Theater in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) where he gained world fame as a leading soloist from 1959 to 1989. At the Mariinsky Theater he sang a great number of roles, such as Ruslan, Don Basilio, Boris Godunov, Ivan Susanin, the title role in Anton Rubinstein's The Demon, Prince Gremin, Mefistofele, and many others.

He died on 6 January 2005 in St. Petersburg, and was buried at the Literatorskie Mostki of the Volkovo Cemetery.

Boris Shtokolov was also a prominent theorist of opera singing and breathing techniques. In 1995, he published a book Burn, Burn, My Star: How to Sing.

Honors
People's Artist of the USSR (1966)
USSR State Prize (1981)
Order of Lenin (1980)
Order of the October Revolution (1983)
Order of the Red Banner of Labor (twice)
Order of the Patriotic War (2nd class)
Honorary Member of the Slavic Academy
 Honorary Citizen of the Kemerovo Oblast (2002)

References

External links
Short biography 
Extracts from Shtokolov's memoirs and works about him
Article on Shtokolov in Neva News
Boris Shtokolov on YouTube

1930 births
2005 deaths
Soviet male opera singers
Honored Artists of the RSFSR
Operatic basses
People's Artists of the RSFSR
People's Artists of the USSR
People from Kemerovo Oblast
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Russian basses
Walking, Walking (, and also known as Keep Walking) is a 1983 Italian drama film directed by Ermanno Olmi. It was screened out of competition at the 1983 Cannes Film Festival.

Cast
 Alberto Fumagalli - Mel
 Antonio Cucciarrè - Rupo
 Eligio Martellucci - Kaipaco
 Renzo Samminiatesi - Shepher
 Marco Bartolini - Cushi
 Lucia Peccianti
 Guido Del Testa
 Tersilio Ghelardini
 Adolfo Fanucci
 Fernando Guarguaglini - Arupa
 Anna Vanni - Arupa's partner
 Giulio Paradisi - Astioge
 Rosanna Cuffaro
 Simone Migliorini - Eramo
 Stefano Ghelardini

References

External links

1983 films
1983 drama films
Italian drama films
1980s Italian-language films
Films directed by Ermanno Olmi
Films scored by Bruno Nicolai
1980s Italian films
The instantiation principle or principle of instantiation or principle of exemplification is the concept in metaphysics and logic (first put forward by David Malet Armstrong) that there can be no uninstantiated or unexemplified properties (or universals). In other words, it is impossible for a property to exist which is not had by some object.

Consider a chair. Presumably chairs did not exist 150,000 years ago. Thus, according to the principle of instantiation, the property of being a chair did not exist 150,000 years ago either. Similarly, if all red objects were to suddenly go out of existence, then the property of being red would likewise go out of existence.

To make the principle more plausible in the light of these examples, the existence of properties or universals is not tied to their actual existence now, but to their existence in space-time considered as a whole. Thus, any property which is, has been, or will be instantiated exists. The property of being red would exist even if all red things were to be destroyed, because it has been instantiated. This broadens the range of properties which exist if the principle is true. 

Those who endorse the principle of instantiation are known as in re (in thing or in reality) realists or 'immanent realists'.

Difficulties for the instantiation principle arise from the existence of truths about the uninstantiated, for example about higher infinities, or about an uninstantiated shade of blue (if such a shade exists). Those truths appear to be about something, but what can their truthmaker be if they do not in some sense exist?

See also
 In re structuralism

References

Concepts in logic
Philosophical realism
Metaphysical principles
Mabel Addis Mergardt (21 May 1912 – 13 August 2004) was an American writer, teacher and the first video game writer. She designed The Sumerian Game, programmed by William McKay, for the IBM 7090 in 1964. It inspired similarly-styled kingdom management games such as Hamurabi from the early 1970s.

Early life and education
Mabel Holmes was born on 21 May 1912 to James Holmes and Mabel Wood. She grew up in Mount Vernon and excelled in school, graduating valedictorian from Brewster High School in 1929. After graduating, she attended Barnard College. At Barnard, she obtained a degree in ancient history and a minor in psychology by 1933. She attended Columbia University for her graduate schooling, and obtained a masters degree in education.

Career
Upon obtaining her master’s degree in education, Addis worked in a rural one-room school. In 1937, she moved to the Hyatt Avenue School. She worked there for thirteen years before finally moving to Katonah-Lewisboro School District in 1950. She taught in this district until 1976.

Addis was very active in her community during this period of time. She used her knowledge of history to contribute to both history and book committees in the school district. She wrote and published historical articles, started an oral history collection, and co-authored a book titled Katonah: a History of a New York Village and Brewster Through the Years. 

However, her most notable work occurred in the 1960s. Addis was elected to work with IBM and Boards of Cooperative Educational Services to create the first text-based computer game. The game was titled The Sumerian Game. It allowed the players to act as rulers of the Sumerian city of Lagash. This was effectively the first video game established on a fully electronic computer. Subsequently, this made Addis the first writer for computer video games, as well as the first person to design a video game.

Personal life and legacy 
She married Alexander L. Addis in 1942, officially becoming Mabel Addis. Alexander died in 1981. Addis remarried in 1991 to Gerard Mergardt. Mergardt died in 1995. 

Addis passed away in 2004. She was posthumously awarded the Pioneer Award during the 2023 edition of Game Developers Conference on 23 February 2023.

References 

1912 births
2004 deaths
20th-century American women writers
American women non-fiction writers
American video game designers
Barnard College alumni
Columbia University alumni
Electronic literature writers
Game Developers Conference Pioneer Award recipients
Women video game designers
Woman Seen from the Back is an 1860s photograph by 19th-century French photographer, Vicomte Onesipe Aguado de las Marismas (French, Évry 1830–1893 Paris). It is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and was purchased by the Museum in 2005 as part of the Gilman Photographs Collection.

Early history and creation

Onesipe Aguado, born May 9, 1830, in Évry, France was the youngest of three brothers born to the wealthy banker Alexandre Aguado, marquis de las Marismas del Guadalquiver.  Onesipe and his oldest brother Olympe Aquado were amateur enthusiasts who split their time between socialite activities, a close family life, and photography. Upon their father's death in 1842, Onesipe and Olympe inherited a considerable fortune that included vacation homes.

Onesipe and Olympe were students of Gustave Le Gray, and were active early members of the Societe Francaise de Photographie.  They were early makers of photographic enlargements and known for their experimentations with photographic processes—producing daguerreotypes, cartes-des-visites, techniques with negative paper for landscapes and collodion on glass for portraits.  They were also known for the diversity of their subjects—deserted interiors, close studies of trees as well as sweeping pastorals, portraits, reproductions of works of arts and snapshots of sailboats.

Description and interpretation
The portrait, Woman Seen from the Back, a salted paper print from glass negative, suggests the wit and playfulness of its photographer. The image is devoid of depth, possibly an extension of the artists' work on foreshortening, making the sitter appear two dimensional and merely a silhouette.

Later history and influence
Aquado's unique composition of his subject—that focuses on the subject's back, is also seen in the 1818 painting, Wanderer above the Sea of Fog by Caspar David Friedrich and later, in 1928, in La Mort des Fantômes (1928) by René Magritte.

The photograph illustrated the front cover of the 1999 Susan Sontag novel, In America.

References

1860s photographs
Photographs in the Metropolitan Museum of Art