In mathematics, and in particular differential geometry and gauge theory, Hitchin's equations are a system of partial differential equations for a connection and Higgs field on a vector bundle or principal bundle over a Riemann surface, written down by Nigel Hitchin in 1987. Hitchin's equations are locally equivalent to the harmonic map equation for a surface into the symmetric space dual to the structure group. They also appear as a dimensional reduction of the self-dual Yang–Mills equations from four dimensions to two dimensions, and solutions to Hitchin's equations give examples of Higgs bundles and of holomorphic connections. The existence of solutions to Hitchin's equations on a compact Riemann surface follows from the stability of the corresponding Higgs bundle or the corresponding holomorphic connection, and this is the simplest form of the Nonabelian Hodge correspondence.

The moduli space of solutions to Hitchin's equations was constructed by Hitchin in the rank two case on a compact Riemann surface and was one of the first examples of a hyperkähler manifold constructed. 
The nonabelian Hodge correspondence shows it is isomorphic to the Higgs bundle moduli space, and to the moduli space of holomorphic connections.
Using the metric structure on the Higgs bundle moduli space afforded by its description in terms of Hitchin's equations, Hitchin constructed the Hitchin system, a completely integrable system whose twisted generalization over a finite field was used by Ngô Bảo Châu in his proof of the fundamental lemma in the Langlands program, for which he was afforded the 2010 Fields medal.

Definition 

The definition may be phrased for a connection on a vector bundle or principal bundle, with the two perspectives being essentially interchangeable. Here the definition of principal bundles is presented, which is the form that appears in Hitchin's work.

Let  be a principal -bundle for a compact real Lie group  over a compact Riemann surface. For simplicity we will consider the case of  or , the special unitary group or special orthogonal group. Suppose  is a connection on , and  let  be a section of the complex vector bundle , where  is the complexification of the adjoint bundle of , with fibre given by the complexification  of the Lie algebra  of . That is,  is a complex -valued -form on . Such a  is called a Higgs field in analogy with the auxiliary Higgs field appearing in Yang–Mills theory.

For a pair , Hitchin's equations assert that

where  is the curvature form of ,  is the -part of the induced connection on the complexified adjoint bundle , and  is the commutator of -valued one-forms in the sense of Lie algebra-valued differential forms.

Since  is of type , Hitchin's equations assert that the -component . Since , this implies that  is a Dolbeault operator on  and gives this Lie algebra bundle the structure of a holomorphic vector bundle. Therefore, the condition  means that  is a holomorphic -valued -form on . A pair consisting of a holomorphic vector bundle  with a holomorphic endomorphism-valued -form  is called a Higgs bundle, and so every solution to Hitchin's equations produces an example of a Higgs bundle.

Derivation 

Hitchin's equations can be derived as a dimensional reduction of the Yang–Mills equations from four dimension to two dimensions. Consider a connection  on a trivial principal -bundle over . Then there exists four functions  such that 

where  are the standard coordinate differential forms on . The self-duality equations for the connection , a particular case of the Yang–Mills equations, can be written 

where  is the curvature two-form of . To dimensionally reduce to two dimensions, one imposes that the connection forms  are independent of the coordinates  on . Thus the components  define a connection on the restricted bundle over , and if one relabels ,  then these are auxiliary -valued fields over .

If one now writes  and  where  is the standard complex -form on , then the self-duality equations above become precisely Hitchin's equations. Since these equations are conformally invariant on , they make sense on a conformal compactification of the plane, a Riemann surface.

References 

Differential geometry