Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
In quantum mechanics, the exchange operator , also known as permutation operator, is a quantum mechanical operator that acts on states in Fock space.  The exchange operator acts by switching the labels on any two identical particles described by the joint position quantum state .  Since the particles are identical, the notion of exchange symmetry requires that the exchange operator be unitary.

Construction

In three or higher dimensions, the exchange operator can represent a literal exchange of the positions of the pair of particles by motion of the particles in an adiabatic process, with all other particles held fixed.  Such motion is often not carried out in practice.  Rather, the operation is treated as a "what if" similar to a parity inversion or time reversal operation.  Consider two repeated operations of such a particle exchange:

Therefore,  is not only unitary but also an operator square root of 1, which leaves the possibilities

Both signs are realized in nature.  Particles satisfying the case of +1 are called bosons, and particles satisfying the case of −1 are called fermions.  The spin–statistics theorem dictates that all particles with integer spin are bosons whereas all particles with half-integer spin are fermions.

The exchange operator commutes with the Hamiltonian and is therefore a conserved quantity.  Therefore, it is always possible and usually most convenient to choose a basis in which the states are eigenstates of the exchange operator.  Such a state is either completely symmetric under exchange of all identical bosons or completely antisymmetric under exchange of all identical fermions of the system.  To do so for fermions, for example, the antisymmetrizer builds such a completely antisymmetric state.

In 2 dimensions, the adiabatic exchange of particles is not necessarily possible.  Instead, the eigenvalues of the exchange operator may be complex phase factors (in which case  is not Hermitian), see anyon for this case.  The exchange operator is not well defined in a strictly 1-dimensional system, though there are constructions of 1-dimensional networks that behave as effective 2-dimensional systems.

Quantum chemistry
A modified exchange operator is defined in the Hartree–Fock method of quantum chemistry, in order to estimate the exchange energy arising from the exchange statistics described above.  In this method, one often defines an energetic exchange operator as:

where  is the one-electron exchange operator, and , are the one-electron wavefunctions acted upon by the exchange operator as functions of the electron positions, and  and  are the one-electron wavefunction of the -th electron as functions of the positions of the electrons. Their separation is denoted . The labels 1 and 2 are only for a notational convenience, since physically there is no way to keep track of "which electron is which".

See also
Exchange interaction
Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)
Coulomb operator
Exchange symmetry or permutation symmetry

References

External links
 2.3.Identical particles, P. Haynes 
Chapter 12, Multiple Particle States
Exchange of Identical and Possibly Indistinguishable Particles, J. Denker

Quantum chemistry
Otto Ernst Schweizer (27 April 1890 – 14 November 1965) was a German architect. His work was part of the architecture event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics.

References

1890 births
1965 deaths
20th-century German architects
Olympic competitors in art competitions
People from Schramberg
Gösta Bernhard Svensson (21 November 1929 – 14 October 2018) was a Swedish high jumper. He competed at the 1950 European Athletics Championships and 1952 Summer Olympics and finished in fifth and fourth place, respectively. In 1952 he set a new national record at 2.02 m.

References

1929 births
2018 deaths
Swedish male high jumpers
Olympic athletes for Sweden
Athletes (track and field) at the 1952 Summer Olympics
People from Karlshamn
Sportspeople from Blekinge County
20th-century Swedish people
Amritpal Singh (born January 5, 1991) is an Indian professional basketball player who represents Punjab at the National Basketball Championship. In the past, he played for the Sydney Kings of the Australian National Basketball League.

Early life
Amritpal Singh comes from a family of farmers. He began playing basketball in 2009, after playing kabaddi as a youth. In March 2010, he joined the Ludhiana Basketball Academy.

Professional career
In August 2015, Amritpal Singh signed with Tokyo Excellence of Japan's National Basketball Development League (NBDL). After putting up impressive performances in the BJ Challenge Summer League from June to August playing for the Hyogo Impulse team, Singh secured a one-year contract with the Tokyo team. In March 2016, he helped Tokyo Excellence win the 2015–16 NBDL Championship.

In April 2017, Singh impressed a number of teams at the NBL Draft Combine in Melbourne. He participate in the combine alongside fellow Indian players Amjyot Singh, Yadwinder Singh and Vishesh Bhriguvanshi. Two months later, Singh was invited to join the Sydney Kings for a tournament in China, known as the Atlas Challenge 2017.

On 30 August 2017, Singh signed with the Sydney Kings for the 2017–18 NBL season, becoming the first Indian-born player to be signed by an Australian NBL team. In 24 games, he averaged 2.1 points and 1.4 rebounds per game.

National team career
Singh made his debut for the Indian national team in 2011 at the FIBA Asia Championship. He has since competed at the 2013 FIBA Asia Championship, 2014 FIBA Asia Cup, 2015 FIBA Asia Championship, 2016 FIBA Asia Challenge, 2016 FIBA Asia Champions Cup and 2017 FIBA Asia Cup. At the 2016 FIBA Asia Challenge in Iran, Singh averaged 18 points and 10 rebounds per game.

References

External links
Amritpal Singh at fiba.basketball
REAL GM Player Profile

1991 births
Living people
Basketball players at the 2014 Asian Games
Basketball players from Punjab, India
Centers (basketball)
Indian expatriates in Australia
Indian expatriates in Japan
Indian men's basketball players
Sydney Kings players
Yokohama Excellence players
Asian Games competitors for India
Aristidis Konstantinidis () was a Greek racing cyclist.  He competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens.

Olympic success in 1896
Konstantinidis competed in the 10 kilometres, 100 kilometres, and road races. He won the road race, covering the 87 kilometres from Athens to Marathon and back in a time of 3:22:31 despite his bicycle breaking down shortly after turning around and him falling during the return trip. The race was then done with the help of pacemakers, and some sources say that he finished the race on a pacemaker's bicycle, because his bicycle had broken down. Other sources tell that he finished the race with a bicycle from a spectator.

Konstantinidis did not do as well in the track races, finishing fifth in the 10 kilometres after colliding with countryman Georgios Kolettis and not finishing the 100 kilometres.  He was one of seven to not finish out of the nine that started the race.

Olympic games in 1906
In the 1906 Intercalated Games, Konstantinidis participated again, this time in the road race and in the 20 kilometres. He did not finish in the road race, and was eliminated in the second round in the 20 kilometres.

After cycling
Konstantinidis co-founded the Athens Cycling Association.

References

External links
 
 

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Cyclists at the 1896 Summer Olympics
19th-century sportsmen
Greek male cyclists
Greek track cyclists
Olympic gold medalists for Greece
Olympic cyclists for Greece
Place of birth missing
Olympic medalists in cycling
Medalists at the 1896 Summer Olympics
Place of death missing
Gu Jun (; born 3 January 1975) is a Chinese former badminton player.

Career
Gu and her regular partner Ge Fei were the world's dominant women's doubles team from the mid-1990s to their retirement after the 2000 Olympics. They won over thirty top tier international tournaments together, including two Olympic competitions and two IBF World Championships (which were then held biennially). They helped China to regain the Uber Cup (women's world team trophy) from Indonesia in 1998, and to retain the Cup in 2000. Gu Jun was elected to the World Badminton Hall of Fame in 2008.

Summer Olympics
Gu competed in the Atlanta 1996 Olympics in the women's doubles with Ge Fei. They won the gold medal by beating Gil Young-ah and Jang Hye-ock of South Korea 15–5, 15–5 in the final match.

Gu and Ge successfully defended their women's doubles title in the Sydney 2000 Olympics. They won by the same score as 1996, this time against their compatriots Huang Nanyan and Yang Wei.

Achievements

Olympic Games 
Women's doubles

World Championships 
Women's doubles

World Cup 
Women's doubles

Mixed doubles

Asian Games 
Women's doubles

Asian Championships 
Women's doubles

Asian Cup 
Women's doubles

World Junior Championships 
The Bimantara World Junior Championships was an international invitation badminton tournament for junior players. It was held in Jakarta, Indonesia from 1987 to 1991.

Girls' doubles

Mixed doubles

IBF World Grand Prix (34 titles, 5 runners-up) 
The World Badminton Grand Prix sanctioned by International Badminton Federation (IBF) from 1983 to 2006.

Women's doubles

IBF International (1 title, 1 runners-up) 
Women's singles

Women's doubles

References
badmintoncn.com
European results

All England champions 1899-2007

External links
 
 
 
 

1975 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Wuxi
Badminton players from Jiangsu
Chinese female badminton players
Badminton players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Badminton players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic badminton players for China
Olympic gold medalists for China
Olympic medalists in badminton
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Badminton players at the 1994 Asian Games
Badminton players at the 1998 Asian Games
Asian Games gold medalists for China
Asian Games bronze medalists for China
Asian Games medalists in badminton
Medalists at the 1994 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games
World No. 1 badminton players
Nanjing Sport Institute alumni
21st-century Chinese women
20th-century Chinese women
Stegea simplicialis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Arizona and Texas.

The length of the forewings is 6–9 mm. Adults are on wing from July to August.

References

Moths described in 1907
Glaphyriinae
Liancourt is a commune in the Saint-Marc Arrondissement, in the Artibonite department of Haiti. Once a communal section, a presidential decree on 22 July 2015 made it a commune.

References

Populated places in Artibonite (department)
Communes of Haiti
Conowingo Creek is a  tributary of the Susquehanna River in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania and Cecil County, Maryland.

The name of the creek comes from the Lenape, meaning "at the rapids".

It originates near the northern border of East Drumore Township and flows south, meeting Jackson Run near the southern border. It enters Fulton Township just above the birthplace of Robert Fulton, for whom the township is named. Flowing along the east side of Wakefield, it meets Little Conowingo Creek below the town, and begins to flow through hillier terrain before entering Maryland. Its valley soon deepens into a gorge as it approaches the Susquehanna. It empties into the Conowingo Reservoir at Pilot Station.

See also
List of rivers of Maryland
List of rivers of Pennsylvania

References

 

Rivers of Maryland
Rivers of Pennsylvania
Tributaries of the Susquehanna River
Rivers of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Rivers of Cecil County, Maryland
The 2005–06 Serie A season was the 72nd season of the Serie A, the top level of ice hockey in Italy. Eight teams participated in the league, and the HC Milano Vipers won the championship by defeating SV Ritten in the final.

First round

Second round

Group A

Group B

Playoffs

Semifinals
 HC Milano Vipers - HC Alleghe 3:1 (5:2, 4:5 OT, 6:1, 6:5 OT)
 SV Ritten - SG Cortina 3:2 (2:5, 4:6, 4:3 OT, 3:1, 5:2)

Final 
 HC Milano Vipers - SV Ritten 3:0 (4:1, 3:1, 4:3 SO)

External links
 Season on hockeyarchives.info

Serie A (ice hockey) seasons
Italy
2005–06 in Italian ice hockey
Flower is an arcade game developed by Komax and published by Sega. The game was released exclusively in Japan on May 1986 for Arcade. The PCB and ROM for the game indicates a copyright to the company Clarue.

The game also released in North America but there were only two known instances and American Classic Arcade Museum was the only place available to play the game.

Gameplay 
Flower is a side-scrolling shooter which the player play as a spaceship and the game was set in outer space. The player can use two buttons which are lasers and missiles. The game set the player to shoot falling objects, different types of flowers which the daisies dropped power-up items after being destroy for powerful weapons such as cutters and speed and end-level bosses.

Reception

References 

1986 video games
Arcade-only video games
Japan-exclusive video games
Sega arcade games
Shoot 'em ups
Side-scrolling video games
The Patrick D. Hanan Book Prize for Translation (China and Inner Asia) is given biennially to an outstanding English translation of a significant work in any genre originally written in Chinese or an Inner Asian Language, from any time period.

About the Prize 
The prize was established in 2015, and is named for Patrick D. Hanan, who was renowned for his translations from Chinese into English. it is administered by the Association for Asian Studies.

Winners

2020 
 Winner: Eleanor Goodman, The Roots of Wisdom by Zang Di, Zephyr Press.
 Honorable Mention: Michael Berry, Remains of Life by Wu He, Columbia UP.

2018 
 Winner: Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li, David Schaberg, Zuo Tradition/Zuo Zhuan: Commentary on the “Spring and Autumn Annals”, University of Washington Press.
 Honorable Mention: Anthony Barbieri-Low, Robin Yates, Law, State and Society in Early Imperial China, Brill

2016 
 Winner: Xiaofei Tian, The World of a Tiny Insect: A Memoir of the Taiping Rebellion and Its Aftermath by Zhang Daye, University of Washington Press
 Honorable Mention: Anne Behnke Kinney, Exemplary Women of Early China: The Lienü zhuan of Liu Xiang, Columbia University Press

References 

 Translation awards
Thomas Kirk (1765–1797) was a noted English artist, book illustrator, and engraver of the late 18th century.

A pupil of Richard Cosway, Kirk exhibited the first of 25 works at the Royal Academy in 1785, and created many famous engravings based either upon his own work or works by, amongst others, Angelica Kauffman, Richard Westall, and Sir Joshua Reynolds.

Although he illustrated James Thomson's The Seasons in 1793, he was employed most consistently by Cooke for his editions of celebrated works of literature. Cooke's Pocket Edition of English Poets (1796-8) was especially popular, and Kirk's illustrations impressed many of his contemporaries. Edward Dayes said of him: 'He passed like a meteor through the region of art'.

Original drawings by him are rare, often in oval format, and owe much to the influence of Kauffman. The draughtsmanship is of the highest quality and some his pictures are described as 'ornamented' by R. W. Satchwell, who occasionally drew the surrounds.

His promising career was cut short by illness. Working to the end, he died in 1797 of consumption (i.e. tuberculosis), having exhibited his final works at the Royal Academy (Evening and A Dream) the previous year. His last known address was 8 Judd Place West, New Road (renamed Euston Road in 1857), London.

References

Book Illustrators in 18th Century England by H. Hammelmann (Yale University Press, 1975)
A Century of British Painters by Samuel and Richard Redgrave (Phaidon Press)

1765 births
1797 deaths
English engravers
18th-century English painters
English male painters
18th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis deaths in England
18th-century English male artists
Amal Taha was an Iraqi film actress and comedienne. She died on 19 May 2016.

References

1956 births
2016 deaths
Iraqi film actresses
People from Wasit Governorate
Iraqi television actresses
Iraqi stage actresses
The 2019 San Benedetto Tennis Cup was a professional tennis tournaments played on clay courts. It was the 15th edition of the tournament which was part of the 2019 ATP Challenger Tour. The event took place in San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy, from 15 to 21 July 2019.

Singles entrants

Seeds 

 1 Rankings as of 1 July 2019.

Other entrants 
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
  Riccardo Balzerani
  Francesco Forti
  Lorenzo Musetti
  Gianluigi Quinzi
  Samuele Ramazzotti

The following player received entry into the singles main draw using a protected ranking:
  Íñigo Cervantes

The following player received entry into the singles main draw as an alternate:
  Giulio Zeppieri

The following players received entry into the singles main draw using their ITF World Tennis Ranking:
  Riccardo Bonadio
  Ivan Nedelko
  Christopher O'Connell
  Pietro Rondoni
  Jeroen Vanneste

The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
  Andrea Basso
  Daniel Elahi Galán

The following player received entry as a lucky loser:
  Walter Trusendi

Champions

Singles 

  Renzo Olivo def.  Alessandro Giannessi 5–7, 7–6(7–4), 6–4.

Doubles

  Ivan Sabanov /  Matej Sabanov def.  Sergio Galdós /  Juan Pablo Varillas 6–4, 4–6, [10–5].

References

San Benedetto Tennis Cup
2019
2019 in Italian tennis
July 2019 sports events in Italy
The 1999 Rhein Fire season was the fifth season for the franchise in the NFL Europe League (NFLEL). The team was led by head coach Galen Hall in his fifth year, and played its home games at Rheinstadion in Düsseldorf, Germany. They finished the regular season in third place with a record of six wins and four losses.

Offseason

Free agent draft

Personnel

Staff

Roster

Schedule

Standings

Game summaries

Week 3: vs Amsterdam Admirals

Week 6: at Amsterdam Admirals

Notes

References

Rhein Fire seasons
Rhein
Rhein
Rhein
The Owensboro Transit System, is the primary provider of mass transportation in Daviess County, Kentucky. Eight routes traverse various urbanized sectors of the region. In , the system had a ridership of .

Routes 
All routes meet downtown at the OTS Office.
Red Route through 2nd/4th Streets
Blue Route through 7th/9th Streets to Audubon Plaza
Yellow Route to Daymar and State Office Building
Brown Route through Frederica Street to Towne Square Mall and Target
Purple Route through Jr Miller Boulevard to Walmart
Orange Route through Triplett/Breckenridge Streets and New Hartford Road to Owensboro Community and Technical College and Regional Campus of the Western Kentucky University
Green Route to Commonwealth Plaza
White Route through 4th Street to Owensboro Health Regional Hospital

See also
List of bus transit systems in the United States

References

External links 
 

Bus transportation in Kentucky
Owensboro, Kentucky
Martín Barahona (1943-March 23, 2019) was an El Salvador Anglican bishop. He served as head of the Anglican-Episcopal Church of El Salvador.

In April 2002, he was elected primate of the Anglican Church in Central America.

A man shot at Barahona on March 17, 2010, missing Barahona but hitting his driver, Francis Martínez.

He eventually was succeeded as bishop of El Salvador by Juan David Alvarado, who took office in 2015.

Barahona died from cancer on March 23, 2019, at Hospital Divina Providencia in San Salvador.

References

Anglican bishops of El Salvador
2019 deaths
Shooting survivors
Deaths from cancer in El Salvador
1943 births
Anglican archbishops of Central America
Katarina Lavtar (born 23 March 1988) is a World Cup alpine ski racer from Slovenia.

Lavtar made her World Cup debut March 2009 in Ofterschwang, Germany. She participated at the 2013 World Ski Championships, where she achieved a 27th place in Slalom. Lavtar will represent Slovenia at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Slalom and Giant Slalom.

References

1988 births
Living people
Slovenian female alpine skiers
Alpine skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic alpine skiers for Slovenia
The 2004 Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship was the 114th staging of the Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Tipperary County Board in 1887. The knock-out stage of the new-look league-championship began on 5 September 2004 and ended on 10 October 2004.

Toomevara were the defending champions.

On 10 October 2004, Toomevara won the championship after a 4–12 to 2–12 defeat of combination side Éire Óg-Golden-Kilfeacle in the final  at Semple Stadium. It was their 19th championship title overall and their second title in succession.

External links
 The County Senior Hurling Championship (2004)

References

Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship
Tipperary
Kokoutse Fabrice Dabla (born 20 November 1992) is an athlete from Togo who represented his country at the 2016 and 2020 Summer Olympics.

He competed in the 2016 Men's 200 metres track race, but finished seventh in his heat with a time of 21.63 seconds and did not advance. Although there were eight entrants in the heat, Kenyan Mike Nyang'au did not start, meaning Dabla finished last among those who did. He fared better in the Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres in which he qualified from the preliminary races in a time of 10.57 seconds.

References

External links

Olympic athletes for Togo
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Togolese male sprinters
1992 births
Living people
World Athletics Championships athletes for Togo
Athletes (track and field) at the 2019 African Games
African Games competitors for Togo
Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic male sprinters
21st-century Togolese people