Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
The Tour Sans Fins (“Endless Tower”) was a tower planned in La Défense that has since been cancelled. The spelling Tour Sans Fins may, to a native French-speaker, sound like a grammatical mistake as it would normally be written Tour Sans Fin without the ‘s’ at the end of fins. However, the idea was that this tower had no ends, even if one looked up or down at it, hence “ends” and not “end”.

History
The history of the Tour Sans Fins is linked to the early projects for La Défense. The Grande Arche was built in an area that was not yet developed. As a testimony to the lack of completed construction in La Défense, the winning design was selected next to an outdoor parking lot of the RER The winner of this contest was Jean Nouvel, and his Tour Sans Fins was meant to be 425m tall and would have been the tallest skyscraper in Europe. Technical reasons in addition to the economic crisis of the early 1990s resulted in the project being cancelled despite 20 million French francs being already spent.

Design
The tower was meant to have a very original design. Having the shape of a cylinder, the base of the tower was to be very dark, becoming more clear as it approached the sky, thus giving the sensation of the tower disappearing. At its base the tower would have gone several levels down below the earth, like a crater, and would have ended with a tuned mass damper absorbing vibrations on its top. Elevators were to be located on the sides, allowing for panoramic views during ascent, and allowing the offices to occupy the centre.

To achieve the impression of the tower just disappearing into the sky, a wide range of material were to be used in its construction: unpolished black granite, anthracite granite, polished mica, polished aluminium, polished stainless-steel, reflective glass, tinted glass, silk-screened glass and finally clear glass. As Jean Nouvel said:

References
“Skyscraper design of the recent past and for the near future” by Eric Höweler editions “Thames & Hudson”

External links
Picture and plans of how the building would have looked included in a 1991 article about the project

La Défense
Unbuilt buildings and structures in France
Section 201, as referred to in shorthand, is a section of the Trade Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-618) that permits the President to grant temporary import relief, by raising import duties or imposing nontariff barriers on goods entering the United States that injure or threaten to injure domestic industries producing like goods. The provision is the analog of Article XIX of the GATT, which allows GATT contracting parties to provide relief from injurious competition if temporary protection will enable the domestic industry to make adjustments to meet the competition.

Enforcement 
Though Section 201 is rarely invoked, a major case involving the solar industry in the United States. In April 2017, Suniva, a solar module manufacturer based in Atlanta, Georgia, declared bankruptcy, and in within a week had filed a trade complaint using Section 201 as its primary basis.

References 

Specific

United States federal trade legislation
Foreign trade of the United States
Scytonotus is a genus of flat-backed millipedes in the family Polydesmidae. There are about 17 described species in Scytonotus.

Species
These 17 species belong to the genus Scytonotus:

 Scytonotus australis Hoffman, 1962
 Scytonotus bergrothi Chamberlin, 1911
 Scytonotus cavernarus Bollman, 1887
 Scytonotus columbianus Chamberlin, 1920
 Scytonotus granulatus (Say, 1821) (granulated millipede)
 Scytonotus inornatus Shelley, 1994
 Scytonotus insulanus Attems, 1931
 Scytonotus laevicollis Koch, 1847
 Scytonotus michauxi Hoffman, 1962
 Scytonotus multituberculatus (Carl, 1905)
 Scytonotus nodulosus Koch, 1847
 Scytonotus orthodox Chamberlin, 1925
 Scytonotus pallidus Attems, 1931
 Scytonotus piger Chamberlin, 1910
 Scytonotus scabricollis Koch & C.L., 1847
 Scytonotus simplex Chamberlin, 1941
 Scytonotus virginicus (Loomis, 1943)

References

Further reading

 
 

Polydesmida
Articles created by Qbugbot
Turtles is a video game developed by Konami and published in arcades in 1981 by Stern and Sega. The Sega version was published as Turpin (ターピン). Turtles is a maze game where the player is a turtle trying to bring baby turtles (called "kidturtles") to their homes while avoiding beetles.

The game was ported to an unusual set of home systems. 1982 releases were for the Magnavox Odyssey², Arcadia 2001, and one of the four cartridges for Entex Adventure Vision. A handheld version of Turtles was also released by Entex in 1982. A port for the Casio PV-1000 followed in 1983.

Gameplay
Scattered throughout the maze are boxes with question marks on them. When the player walks over a question mark, a baby turtle crawls onto the main turtle's back, a house will appear at a random location on the map, and the player will have to bring the baby turtle to its house while avoiding beetles. Other times, however, beetles will come out of the boxes, which the player will have to quickly run away from.

The player's only offensive move is the ability to drop bombs (which behave more like mines) to temporarily stun the beetles.  Additional bombs can be picked up in the middle of the maze. Each maze represents a floor of the building. After eight floors, there is a cutscene showing the baby turtles following their rescuer out of the building, and gameplay begins again on the ground floor.

Reception
The Odyssey² version of Turtles received a Certificate of Merit in the category of "1984 Best Arcade-to-Home Video Game/Computer Game Translation" at the 5th annual Arkie Awards. Joystik magazine had a different view of the Odyssey port: "There is not much more to this slow-moving game. Even the background music is disappointing and joystick control is awkward."

Reviews
Games #44

References

External links
Turtles at the Killer List of Videogames
Turpin at the Killer List of Videogames

1981 video games
Adventure Vision games
Arcade video games
Konami games
Sega arcade games
Stern video games
Magnavox Odyssey 2 games
Maze games
Handheld electronic games
Video games about reptiles
Konami arcade games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games developed in Japan
Mine warfare refers to the use of different types of explosive devices:
Land mine, a weight-triggered explosive device intended to maim or kill people or to  disable or destroy vehicles
Minelaying, deployment of explosive mines at sea
Naval mine, a self-contained explosive device placed in water to destroy ships or submarines
Mining (military), the use of tunnels and sometimes large amounts of explosives to bring down fortifications

See also
 Minesweeper (disambiguation)
 Minehunter
 Minelayer
Epidendrum cornutum is the accepted name for a species of Epidendrum native to Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela at altitudes of 2.4–3 km.

The stem of this epiphyte is covered by close, tubular sheathes which bear bamboo-like (lnarrow, linear-lanceolate, very acute, with a cuneate sessile base) leaves on the upper part of the stem.  The foot-long terminal inflorescence emerges from 1—3 large sheathes which completely cover the peduncle, and ends in a densely flowered raceme of fragrant, fleshy, flowers with filiform petals and a deeply three-lobed lip with slightly denticulate margins.  The flower color can be white, light yellow, light green, or tan.

Homonymy 
The identity of this taxon has been confused by the publication, in 1894, of a description of Stanhopea oculata (first described in 1832) under the name Epidendrum cornutum.

References

External links 

cornutum
Orchids of Colombia
Orchids of Ecuador
Orchids of Peru
Orchids of Venezuela
Hoards Dairyman is an American agricultural trade publication that focuses on dairy farming. It was founded in 1885 by William D. Hoard as a supplement to the Jefferson County Union and is published in Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin.

History
The Dairyman was founded in 1885 in Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin, by William D. Hoard as an expansion of regular agriculture columns he wrote in the Jefferson County Union. It began as a four-page folio supplement to the Union and became a wholly separate publication in 1889. The publication grew rapidly, rising from 700 subscriptions to the folio in its first year to more than 6,000 subscriptions by 1889.

Hoard used the magazine to advocate for new agricultural techniques, including the use of alfalfa as cattle feed, the use of silos to store silage, and the use of the Babcock test to measure the level of butterfat in milk. Advocacy for the use of silos had particular success; by 1925, one-fourth of all silos in the United States were on the farms of Dairyman subscribers. Hoard also used the magazine to advocate for legislation, such as using the Dairyman to organize a letter writing campaign to increase regulations on the sale of oleomargarine in 1895. Hoard led the publication until his death in 1918, when he was succeeded as managing editor by Arthur J. Glover. 

By the mid-1920s, the Dairyman had an international audience, with readers in Japan, Australia, and England. By 1985, circulation had grown to 180,000 in 104 countries. That year, 91% of milk producers in the United States received the Dairyman. As of 2021, circulation of the magazine had declined to 47,650.

Cow judging contest

A popular tradition is the magazine's Cow Judging Contest, normally held annually. 2011 was the 81st year in which the contest was held. Over the course of five issues, readers are asked to evaluate four cows from one particular breed of cattle. The breeds judged are the Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, Holstein, Guernsey, Jersey, Milking Shorthorn, and Red & White. Each of the four cows is presented in three poses: a side view, a rear view, and an upper rear view showing the cow's back. Readers can rank cows from each class on an entry form in the magazine. 
The entry that comes closest to the evaluation of a panel of judging experts is the winner and receives cash prizes.

Hoard's Dairyman Farm

In 1899, Hoard established Hoard's Dairyman Farm north of Fort Atkinson. Described by the Los Angeles Times as the "best-known dairy farm in the world," the property was used as a means to increase the credibility of the Dairyman and as a place to conduct agricultural experiments. It was where Hoard proved the efficacy of alfalfa as cattle feed.  

The farm maintains the oldest continuously registered herd of Guernsey cattle in the United States. Editorial staff of the Dairyman manage the operations of the farm.

See also
Hoard Historical Museum

References

External links
 Hoard's Dairyman

Agricultural magazines
Business magazines published in the United States
Food and drink magazines
Jefferson County, Wisconsin
Magazines established in 1885
Magazines published in Wisconsin
Professional and trade magazines
Newspaper supplements
British Muslim Initiative (BMI) is a British based Muslim organisation that describes itself as seeking "to fight racism and Islamaphobia, combat the challenges Muslims face around the world, encourage Muslim participation in British public life, and improve relations between the West and the Muslim world",  and which "aims to provide a platform from which issues of concern to British Muslims, particularly those of a political nature, can be researched, analysed and highlighted." It has been described as affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood.

In 2010, Muhammad Sawalha was the president of BMI.  Anas Al Tikriti was reported to be the leader or spokesman of the BMI in 2013.

The Initiative was formed in 2007 by former leaders in the Muslim Association of Britain, Sawalha, Azzam Tamimi, and Al Tikriti.  The group was founded as a "result of a conflict between traditionalists in the MAB who were unhappy with the high level of involvement" in British politics with the Green Party and Respect Party, "while those who formed the BMI wished such activity to continue." The organisation was set up by Daud Abdullah.

References

Religious activism
Islamic organisations based in the United Kingdom
Islamic organizations established in 2007
The Sunderland Tramways Company operated a tramway service in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear between 1879 and 1901.

History

Horse-drawn tramway services started on 28 April 1879, running from Monkwearmouth to Roker.  Additional lines south of the river were completed by June 1879. In 1880 an experiment was made with steam locomotives, but this came to nothing, and horse power remained until the company terminated services in 1901.

During the lifetime of the company, the tramcar fleet reached a maximum of 33 vehicles.

Closure

The Corporation purchased the company in 1900 for the sum of £35,000, and commenced a programme of modernisation and electrification. The tramway re-opened as Sunderland Corporation Tramways.

References

Tram transport in England
Transport in the City of Sunderland
Felix Johannes Erdmann Grüneberg (8 Match 1876 – 15 November 1945) was a German organ builder in Finkenwalde near Stettin.

Life 
Born in Szczecin (Stettin), Province of Pomerania, Grüneberg continued the tradition of the family, who had been organ builders in Szczecin since 1782. The father Barnim Grüneberg was the most important organ builder in north-eastern Germany in his time and built or rebuilt about 500 organs. The mother was Clara, née Müller.

Felix learned from his father and took over the management of the workshop at Domstraße 24 in Stettin from about 1905. In 1906, a new organ-building workshop was built in Finkenwalde near Szczecin at Lange Straße 61 (now ul. Batalionów Chłopskich 61), with a large assembly hall, several workshops and a , which is the only one of these that has survived to this day.

After the death of his father in 1907, he was the person responsible for organ building. The company initially remained in the possession of his mother Clara Grüneberg, and since 1911 in the possession of his brother Georg.
The Orgelbau-Anstalt B. Grüneberg had up to 65 employees and built or rebuilt about 300 organs.
Grüneberg was a member of the NSDAP after 1933, but according to his grandson, he saved the lives of some Jewish employees by sending them to work in the villages.

In 1945, the family fled west, the workshop was confiscated, and the factory was demolished in the 1950s. Grüneberg died at the end of the year 1945 in Watenstedt at the age of 69.

The son Barnim Albert Bogislaw Grüneberg (13 April 1914 in Stettin – 24 May 1963 in Munich) learned from his father and in France and was active in the workshop since 1935. Since 1946, he was an organ builder in Greifswald and repaired many organs there, including those of his ancestors, which were thus preserved.

References

Further reading 
 Dietrich W. Prost: Die Orgelbauerfamilie Grüneberg. In  22.  1991. .
 Uwe Pape: Felix Grüneberg. In Uwe Pape, Wolfram Hackel, Christhard Kirchner (ed.): Lexikon norddeutscher Orgelbauer. Vol. 4. Berlin, Brandenburg und Umgebung einschließlich Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Pape Verlag, Berlin 2017. pp. 191f.
 Orgelbauanstalt mit Dampfbetrieb Stettin-Finkenwalde B. Grüneberg. 1912. Neudruck: Pape Verlag, Berlin 2006, .mit Opusliste 
 Gallilea Kirche

German pipe organ builders
1876 births
1945 deaths
People from Szczecin
The 2019 Lafayette Leopards football team represents Lafayette College in the 2019 NCAA Division I FCS football season. The Leopards are led by third-year head coach John Garrett and play their home games at Fisher Field. They are a member of the Patriot League.

Previous season
The Leopards finished the 2018 season 3–8, 2–4 in Patriot League play to finish in a three-way tie for fourth place.

Preseason

Preseason coaches' poll
The Patriot League released their preseason coaches' poll on July 30, 2019 (voting was by conference head coaches and sports information directors). The Leopards were picked to finish in sixth place.

Preseason All-Patriot League team
The Leopards had four players selected to the preseason All-Patriot League team.

Offense

Nick Pearson – WR

Jake Marotti – OL

Defense

Malik Hamm – DL

Yasir Thomas – DB

Schedule

Game summaries

At William & Mary

At Monmouth

Sacred Heart

At Albany

Penn

At Princeton

At Georgetown

Bucknell

Fordham

At Holy Cross

Colgate

At Lehigh

References

Lafayette
Lafayette Leopards football seasons
Lafayette Leopards football
The Bahrain men's national volleyball team represents Bahrain in international volleyball competitions and friendly matches. The team is currently ranked 76th in the world.

Competition history

Asian Championship
 1979 — 14th place
 1983 — Did not enter
 1987 — 8th place
 1989 — 16th place
 1991 — Did not enter
 1993 — Did not enter
 1995 — Did not enter
 1997 — 10th place
 1999 — 10th place
 2001 — Did not enter
 2003 — 13th place
 2005 — 10th place
 2007 — Did not enter
 2009 — Did not enter
 2011 — Did not enter
 2013 — 12th place
 2015 — 12th place
 2017 — Did not enter
 2019 — Did not enter
 2021 — 10th place
 2023 — 8th place

Asian Games
 1978 — 13th place
 1982 — Did not enter
 1986 — 8th place
 1990 — Did not enter
 1994 — Did not enter
 1998 — Did not enter
 2002 — Did not enter
 2006 — 8th place
 2010 — Did not enter
 2014 — Did not enter
 2018 — Did not enter
 2022 — TBD

Asian Cup
 2022 —  Bronze Medal

Asian Challenge Cup
 2023 —  Silver Medal

Kit providers
The table below shows the history of kit providers for the Bahrain national volleyball team.

References

National sports teams of Bahrain
National men's volleyball teams
Volleyball in Bahrain
Konstantinos Kallaris (, 1858–1940) was a senior Hellenic Army officer who distinguished himself in the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913.

Born in Athens in 1858, Kallaris studied at the Hellenic Army Academy and was commissioned into the Army on 28 July 1880 as an Ensign of Engineers. He fought in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897. Due to his extensive education, he was placed in the General Staff Corps upon its creation in 1905. In early 1911 he was placed as commander of the 2nd Infantry Division at Athens, which quickly became a model formation under the supervision of the French military mission to Greece.

Promoted to Major General, he led his division in the First Balkan War, where he lost one of his sons, Spyridon, during the Battle of Bizani (his second son Angelos fell in the Asia Minor Campaign in 1922). Kallaris led the 2nd Division in the Second Balkan War as well, first in the attack against the Bulgarian garrison in Thessaloniki and thereafter in the battles of Kilkis and Kresna.

In 1914, promoted to Lieutenant General, he assumed command of the newly established I Army Corps. He served briefly as Minister of Military Affairs in the summer of 1916, and retired from service on 29 June 1918.

He died in 1940.

References

Sources
 

1858 births
1940 deaths
Hellenic Army lieutenant generals
Greek military personnel of the Balkan Wars
Military personnel from Athens
Ministers of Military Affairs of Greece
St. Ottilien station () is a railway station in the municipality of Eresing, in Bavaria, Germany. It is located on the Mering–Weilheim line of Deutsche Bahn. The station takes its name from the nearby St. Ottilien Archabbey.

Services
 the following services stop at St. Ottilien:

 RB: hourly service between  and ; some trains continue from Weilheim to .

References

External links
 
 St. Ottilien layout 
 

Railway stations in Bavaria
Buildings and structures in Landsberg (district)
Caldbeck is a civil parish in the Cumberland unitary authority area of Cumbria, England. It contains 79 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England.  Of these, one is listed at Grade I, the highest of the three grades, one is at Grade II*, the middle grade, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade.  The parish contains the villages of Caldbeck and Hesket Newmarket, and is otherwise mainly rural.  Most of the listed buildings are houses and associated structures, or farmhouses and farm buildings, in the villages and the surrounding countryside.  The other listed buildings include a church, former industrial buildings, a former moot hall and a market cross, a public house, and bridges.


Key

Buildings

Notes and references

Notes

Citations

Sources

Lists of listed buildings in Cumbria
Francis Yohana Kalabat (born May 13, 1970) is an Catholic prelate who serves as Eparch of Saint Thomas the Apostle of Detroit in the Chaldean Catholic Church.

Life
He began undergraduate (philosophy) studies at the University of San Diego's Saint Francis de Sales Center for Priestly Formation, in San Diego County, California. Subsequently, he began the requisite graduate theological training for the Chaldean Catholic priesthood at Sacred Heart Major Seminary, in Detroit, Michigan. Ordained a priest on July 5, 1995, he was appointed Parochial Vicar (Associate Pastor) of Mother of God Church in Southfield, Michigan, the city where the Eparchy has its cathedral. Since 2001, Eparch Kalabat has been Pastor of Saint Thomas Church in West Bloomfield, Director of Vocations for the Eparchy, and has been involved with the Center for Re-Evangelization. He speaks Arabic, English and Aramaic, and also knows Spanish. He received his episcopal ordination, and was installed as Eparch on June 14, 2014.

On August 9, 2017, Pope Francis named Kalabat as administrator of Eparchy of Addai of Toronto.

See also
 

 Catholic Church hierarchy
 Catholic Church in the United States
 Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States
 List of Catholic bishops of the United States
 Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

References

Further reading

External links 

 Chaldean Catholic Eparchy of Detroit Official Site
 Bishop Frank Yohana Kalabat 

1970 births
Living people
Chaldean bishops
American Eastern Catholic bishops
University of San Diego alumni
Bishops appointed by Pope Francis
Sarah Till "Sally" Boysen (born March 5, 1949) is a professor of psychology at Ohio State University. Boysen is a primate researcher and former Director of the Chimp Center at the university. She was selected as the one of the top 50 women scientists by Discover magazine in 2002.

Early life
Boysen was born on March 5, 1949, in Sandusky, Ohio. She has two younger brothers and two older sisters.

Research
Boysen primarily studies chimpanzees. She established the Comparative Cognition Project at the Ohio State University Chimpanzee Center  in 1983. Boysen's research focuses on chimpanzees' cognitive abilities in relation to intelligence, linguistics and neuroscience. Her current research topics include animal cognitive development, social behaviors, cognition, the last of which examines animals' "numerical competence" and ability to count. Boysen has also studied how captive lowland gorillas use tools.

Boysen has been the subject of many documentaries, including ones on the BBC, National Geographic Frontiers, NOVA, and Nature. She has also been featured in numerous Discovery Channel specials centered around her chimpanzee studies.

Shutdown of Centre
In February 2006, her research center was shut down by Ohio State University. The university cited lack of external funds to support the high costs of maintaining the center. The chimpanzees in the center were relocated to Primates, Inc. in San Antonio, Texas. Boysen filed a restraining order in February 2006 to stop the chimps from being moved to Texas, but it was denied. Boysen claimed that Primates, Inc. did not provide proper care for the chimpanzees, and she wanted them to be sent to Chimp Haven in Keithville, Louisiana instead. After the relocation, two of the chimpanzees died.

In response to the chimpanzees dying, she filed a federal lawsuit against the university, which was unsuccessful. However, the remaining chimpanzees were relocated to Chimp Haven after the initial deaths.

See also
 Sarah (chimpanzee)

References

American women psychologists
21st-century American psychologists
Ohio State University faculty
1949 births
Living people
American women academics
21st-century American women
20th-century American psychologists