Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
An idiom is a common word or phrase with a figurative, non-literal meaning that is understood culturally and differs from what its composite words' denotations would suggest; i.e. the words together have a meaning that is different from the dictionary definitions of the individual words (although some idioms do retain their literal meanings – see the example "kick the bucket" below). By another definition, an idiom is a speech form or an expression of a given language that is peculiar to itself grammatically or cannot be understood from the individual meanings of its elements.  For example, an English speaker would understand the phrase "kick the bucket" to mean "to die" and also to actually kick a bucket.  Furthermore, they would understand when each meaning is being used in context.

To evoke the desired effect in the listener, idioms require a precise replication of the phrase: not even articles can be used interchangeably (e.g. "kick a bucket" only retains the literal meaning of the phrase but not the idiomatic meaning).

Idioms should not be confused with other figures of speech such as metaphors, which evoke an image by use of implicit comparisons (e.g., "the man of steel"); similes, which evoke an image by use of explicit comparisons (e.g., "faster than a speeding bullet"); or hyperbole, which exaggerates an image beyond truthfulness (e.g., "more powerful than a locomotive").  Idioms are also not to be confused with proverbs, which are simple sayings that express a truth based on common sense or practical experience.

Notable idioms in English

See also

 List of 19th-century English-language idioms
 List of proverbial phrases
 Siamese twins (linguistics)
 wikt:Category:English idioms
 Cliché

Notes

References

 
English grammar
Lists of English phrases
State-assisted suicide is the use of government to commit suicide. It is usually performed by committing a capital crime and receiving a capital punishment.

State-assisted suicide was a popular method in Medieval and Enlightenment Era Scandinavia, where religion forbade suicide and suicidees were prohibited from religious burial. The usual method was to kill an infant - infanticide was a capital crime; and infants, once baptized, were considered to be pure and sinless and therefore certain to receive salvation. The death penalty, usually by beheading, gave the condemned a chance to atone his or her sins before death. This was also common in the German states of the same period; several states outlawed the practice, but to no avail.

Timothy McVeigh, who had contemplated suicide in the past, notably called his execution "state-assisted suicide." Zacarias Moussaoui also sought to kill himself through the justice system. A typical strategy for this purpose is to commit a capital offense and then refuse to plea bargain in the face of overwhelming evidence, all the while showing no remorse and making statements calculated to cause grave offense.

Amnesty International said "While "volunteer" executions are sometimes referred to as a form of state-assisted suicide, prisoner-assisted homicide would be a more accurate label."

See also
Suicide by cop
Capital punishment
Assisted suicide

References

Assisted suicide methods
The Taiping Mountain Forest Railway (), also known as Bongbong Train () is a 36.4 km (22.6 miles) long narrow-gauge forest railway with a gauge of  in Yilan County, Taiwan. Part of it can be used for heritage trains, but it is temporarily closed.

History
The Taiping Mountain Forest Railway was commissioned in 1920 and connected to the Luodong Forest Railway in 1924. No regular passenger services have been provided since 1979, but a short section of the track was used for a sightseeing train.  Since commercial forestry has been phased out on Taiping Mountain, the area is used for sightseeing and recreation.

In 2012, due to damage caused by a typhoon, the sightseeing train was taken out of use. On 19 September 2018, the operation was officially resumed on a 3 km-long section of the track. Eight trips per day are available between Tài Píng Shān-sho station and Shigeru station at intervals of 30 minutes. Each one-way trip takes 20 minutes.

Maosing Reminiscent Trail
The 1.5 km (nearly 1 mile)-long Maosing Reminiscent Trail (, closed) starts at the platform of Maosing Railway Station. It runs at a height of 1.870 m to 1.950 m above sea level on the disused railway track and has thus only a relatively small gradient. There are recreation and information boards about history, natural resources, and geology.

The Maosing Reminiscent Trail provides a combination of both heritage and ecotourism. Most of the railway sleepers are rotten, but a majority of the rails are still in good order; the rails are left in place and railway sleepers are covered in gravel to provide a footpath. Most of the trestle bridges have collapsed or deteriorated. Thus, some of them have been repaired, some of them left as historic ruins, and others have had to be removed and replaced by modern suspension bridges.

Jancing Historic Trail
The Jancing Historic Trail () was installed on a section of the former Jancing Forest Railway and originally had a total length of 2.35 km (1.4 miles). Since a landslide occurred, only 0.9 km (0.5 miles) are publicly accessible. The former Jancing Forest Railway was approximately 5.5 km (3.4 miles) long and provides access to the natural and cultural heritage along the old railway track. The remaining rails, trolleys, and bogies are a reminder of long-gone times of the lumber industry.

Gallery

Track

Old Taiping Mountain Railway
The Old Taiping Mountain Railway () has been removed and only very little information about it is available.

New Taiping Mountain Railway
The New Taiping Mountain Railway () is the main system that exists today. It uses a combination of railways and aerial tramways to transport lumber down the mountainous terrain.

Stations

Lines

Dayuan Mountain Railway
Dayuan Mountain ()

References

Mountain railways in Taiwan
2 ft 6 in gauge railways in Taiwan
Forest railways in Taiwan
Railway lines opened in 1924
Tourist attractions in Yilan County, Taiwan
1924 establishments in Taiwan
Kolkata, historically known as Calcutta,is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. There are many environmental issues in Kolkata, severely affecting its biophysical environment as well as human health. Air pollution, water pollution, garbage, and Pollution of the natural environment are prevalent in Kolkata.

Introduction
According to data released in 2009 by the Scientific and Environmental Research Institute, atmospheric suspended particulate matter (SPM) in Kolkata was 511. This made Kolkata the most polluted metropolitan city in India, followed respectively by Mumbai, Delhi and Chennai. In a 6-years long study completed in 2007, the Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI) found that 70% of residents of Kolkata suffer from respiratory diseases, like lung cancer, dyspnea and asthma, caused by air pollution. According to the CNCI study, 18.4 cases of lung cancer per 100,000 people were reported from Kolkata.

According to data collected in 2010 by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Kolkata, along with Delhi, is among the worst affected Indian cities when it comes to air pollution. Between 2009 and 2011, the highest number of lung cancer cases in India were reported from Kolkata, Delhi and Mumbai. According to a report prepared by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), among the number of cancer cases reported between 2009 and 2011, the most frequent cases were of lung cancer with a share of 12%. According to an article published in The Telegraph, Kolkata has been nicknamed the "lung cancer capital of India". In the World Health Organization's (WHO) ranking of cities by air pollution, Kolkata ranks 25th among a total of 1100 cities.

Air pollution is high in Kolkata despite the city's relatively low rates of car ownership, compared to other large Indian cities, and its strong public transport. It may be possible to reduce Kolkata's energy emissions through measures that also save money, such as parking demand management and improved vehicle efficiency standards.

Water Pollution
A 2003 report released by the Federation of Consumer Associations (FCA) found that much of the drinking water in Kolkata was polluted with human waste. According to this report, 87% of reservoirs supplying water to residential buildings were contaminated with human excrement. There were significant traces of faecal matter in 63% of faucets, and 20% of the water samples collected from various city hospitals were also found to be contaminated. The study reported that approximately one-fifth of the deep water wells and hand pumps operated by the Kolkata Municipal Corporation were polluted with human waste. The former director of the All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health blamed the ongoing water pollution on a leaky sewer system and water pressure abnormalities.

Subsidence
Subsidence is an increasing problem in Kolkata due to "demand of groundwater for drinking, agricultural and industrial purposes [which] has increased due to rapid urbanization, according to a 2022 paper submitted to the Indian Academy of the Sciences.

See also
Environmental issues in India

References

Kolkata
Kolkata
Kolkata
The New Year's Eve 1963 snowstorm was a significant winter storm occurring from December 31, 1963 to January 1, 1964 over most of the Southern United States. The storm began when a surface low-pressure system moved northward through the eastern Gulf of Mexico and up the Fall Line east of the Appalachians, leading to a snowstorm from the central Gulf coast northward into Tennessee. Three people perished during the storm, and travel was severely restricted for a couple of days following the snowfall. The strong winds accompanied by heavy snow fall set historic new snowfall records in Alabama.

Synoptic history

A shortwave in the southern stream of the Westerlies closed off as it approached the central United States Gulf of Mexico coastline. A surface cyclone formed in the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico, slowly deepening as it moved north-northeast across the eastern Gulf. Cold air was residing across the Deep South in advance of this system, and as the surface cyclone tracked across northern Florida, heavy snowfall fell in its comma head from the Mouth of the Mississippi River northeast through Mississippi and Alabama into Tennessee, where the snow persisted into January 1. The cyclone ultimately moved along the east coast of the United States and Atlantic Canada, moving out into the far north Atlantic as a strengthening storm.

Effects

Southeast Louisiana saw , mainly east of the Mississippi river, with New Orleans, Louisiana measuring . Damages totalled at least US$50,000 (1963 dollars). A stripe of  of snow fell across portions of Mississippi, northwest Alabama, and into Tennessee, with lesser amounts falling on either side of this axis. Tree branches and power lines were downed as over a foot of snow fell in a band across eastern Mississippi. Three people lost their lives in traffic accidents relating to the storm. Damage totalled at least US$50,000.   Across Alabama, Huntsville recorded  of snow, setting a new record for daily, weekly, and monthly snowfall. It was the worst snow storm for the area since 1899.  In Mississippi, Meridian saw  while Bay St. Louis saw a  snowfall. This became the snowiest day in Biloxi, Mississippi history. Mobile, Alabama measured  of snow. Many roads and highways were impassable for two to three days after the snow fell. Damage totaled at least US$550,000 (1963 dollars).

Across Tennessee, central and eastern sections of the state recorded over  of snow, with up to 16 inches in south-central Tennessee at Lawrenceburg.  Power and telephone lines were downed. Several boats were sunk at their docks when a shed covering them collapsed under the weight of the snow. Damage totaled more than US$50,000. Farther north across Pennsylvania on January 1,  fell at Millersville.

See also
Surface weather analysis

References

1963 meteorology
1964 meteorology
Natural disasters in Alabama
Natural disasters in Louisiana
Natural disasters in Mississippi
Natural disasters in Pennsylvania
Natural disasters in Tennessee
1963 natural disasters in the United States
The 1968–69 New York Nets season was the first season of the Nets in New York and second overall season in the American Basketball Association (ABA). After one year in New Jersey, the team elected to play their games at Commack Arena in New York, the same place that they had tried to use for their one game playoff against the Kentucky Colonels that they forfeited due to unplayable conditions. Low attendance plagued the team at times, with the October 29 game drawing only 384 people to see the Nets play the Denver Rockets. Only 249 attended the game played on December 25, 1968 against the Rockets. The December 27 game was notable for a collision between Ken Wilburn and Rick Barry that cost Barry the rest of his season due to injury. Factors for the low attendance ranged from a lack of star power to the condition of the court, which was over the rink due to the Arena doubling as a hockey arena.

Draft picks

Roster

Playoffs

The Nets did not qualify for the playoffs this year.

References

New York Nets season
New Jersey Nets seasons
New York Nets
New York Nets
Sports in Smithtown, New York
Weyarn is a municipality in the district of Miesbach in Bavaria in Germany. 

It dates back to a monastery that was founded by Siboto II, count of Falkenstein in 1133. It is located 38 km southeast of Munich and can be easily reached on highway A8 running from Munich to Salzburg.

They have worked towards retaining their original identity through a project of Village Renewal since the 1990s. Currently, they have been adjudged to be very successful in this regard, and are now known for their established approach to rural development which has become an example in rural development studies in Germany and Europe. Their approach to rural development has become a subject of analyses in an academic research Journal publications, in and outside Germany. Many farming villages in the surrounding area are part of the municipality.

References

Miesbach (district)
The Mangas Mountain Lookout Complex, on Mangas Mountain near Mangas, New Mexico, was built in 1934.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.  The listing included one contributing building and one contributing structure.

It includes a fire lookout tower and a cabin or cottage.

photos only

References

Fire lookout towers on the National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico
National Register of Historic Places in Catron County, New Mexico
Buildings and structures completed in 1934
1934 establishments in New Mexico
Gila National Forest
The 2012 Milano–Torino was the 93rd edition of the Milano–Torino single-day cycling race. It was held on 26 September 2012, over a distance of 193 km, starting near Milan in Novate Milanese and ending near Turin on the Colle di Superga ("Superga Hill").

Team Saxo Bank–Tinkoff Bank rider Alberto Contador (winner of 2012 Vuelta a España) won the race, having attacked on the final climb to Basilica di Superga, winning a "classic" for the first time in his professional career. Diego Ulissi of Lampre–ISD was second and Astana's Fredrik Kessiakoff completed the podium.

Teams
The start list included 18 teams, with 11 ProTour teams, and more than 150 riders.

Results

References

Milano Torino
2012 in Italian sport
Milano–Torino
Camp Carleton was the largest of several military camps to be maintained at various times in the vicinity of San Bernardino. It was established in the fall of 1861 by Captain William A. McCleave and a detachment of the 1st California Cavalry to check any successionest activities in San Bernardino County.  After the camp was flooded in the Great Flood of 1862, the camp's garrison was moved to El Monte, where they established New Camp Carleton.

References

Camp Carleton
El Monte, California
1861 establishments in California
Eisenhower House, formerly known as the Commandant's Residence or Quarters Number One of Fort Adams, is a historic house that is part of Fort Adams State Park in Newport, Rhode Island.

History
The building was built by George C. Mason & Son in 1873. Its first inhabitant was General Henry Jackson Hunt. Dwight D. Eisenhower used the house as his summer residence during his presidency in 1958 and 1960. Initially, in 1958, the President was living at the Naval War College on Coasters Harbor Island. However, with his passion for golf, he moved to this location as it was close to the Newport Country Club. It then became the "Eisenhower House" and the Summer White House.

Today
The Eisenhower House became part of Fort Adams State Park after the U.S. Navy transferred Fort Adams to the State of Rhode Island in 1964. The residence was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. It is used for weddings and other social events.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport County, Rhode Island
 List of residences of presidents of the United States

References

External links
Rules for use/renting

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Houses completed in 1873
Houses in Newport, Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Newport, Rhode Island
Historic district contributing properties in Rhode Island
1873 establishments in Rhode Island
Michael C. Ormsby (born 1957) is the former United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Washington. He was appointed in 2010 by President Barack Obama upon the recommendation of Senator Patty Murray, replacing James A. McDevitt with whom he served at K&L Gates. As one of 93 US Attorneys nationwide, he represents the United States in all civil and criminal cases within his district.

Before his appointment as US Attorney, Ormsby was an attorney in private practice. From 1981 to 1988, he was an associate at the eastern Washington law firm, Lukins & Annis—the same firm where he clerked and interned as a law student. From 1988 to 2010, he was a partner at K&L Gates, where he specialized in municipal finance and involved in the fraudulent River Park Square transaction. Throughout this time, he was heavily involved in Spokane politics.

Ormsby is a 1975 graduate of North Central High School (Spokane, Washington), a 1979 graduate of Gonzaga University, and a 1981 graduate of Gonzaga University School of Law. He is a self-reported baseball enthusiast, and was a partial owner of a Minor League Baseball team (the Yakima Bears). His brother, Timm, is a member of the Washington House of Representatives.

See also
 2017 dismissal of U.S. attorneys

References

Living people
Gonzaga University School of Law alumni
Gonzaga University alumni
United States Attorneys for the Eastern District of Washington
1957 births
People from Spokane, Washington
The District Council of Blyth was a local government area in South Australia from 1872 to 1987 seated at Blyth in the Mid North.

History
The District Council of Blyth was officially proclaimed on 11 January 1872 as constituting the entirety of the Hundred of Blyth. Five inaugural councillors were appointed at the time of proclamation: Edward Lawson, Henry Longmire, John Shepherd, Thomas Roberts and George Semmens.

In January 1888 the council gained the Hundred of Everard under the District Councils Act 1887 before losing it again in September 1889 to the District Council of Snowtown.

In 1935, as a result of the statewide consolidation of local government areas, the Blyth council annexed most of the Hundred of Hart (east of the Gladstone railway line) from the District Council of Hutt and Hill Rivers and the two northern wards of the District Council of Hall (Hoyleton and Woodlands). From the Hutt and Hill Rivers annexation the new wards of Anama (north east) and Hart (north west) were created, and from the Hall annexation the new ward of Hoyleton (south) was created. The remainder of the new Blyth council area was to be split between three other wards: Blyth (centre east), Central (centre west), and Kybunga (centre south east).

On 9 December 1987, the council was amalgamated with the District Council of Snowtown to form the new District Council of Blyth-Snowtown.

Neighbouring local government
The following adjacent local government bodies co-existed with the Blyth council:
 District Council of Hutt and Hill Rivers lay north east from its establishment in 1885. It lay immediately north from 1888, when the Hundred of Hart was incorporated into that council, until 1935, when the south part of the Hundred of Andrews became part of the District Council of Spalding.
 District Council of Clare (established in 1853) lay immediately east.
 District Council of Upper Wakefield (established 1854) lay south east. From 1970, following the amalgamation of Upper Wakefield and Saddleworth councils, the District Council of Auburn and Saddleworth lay south east.
 District Council of Hall lay immediately south from its establishment in 1878 until it was split between Blyth and Balaklava councils in 1935.
 District Council of Balaklava (established 1877) lay south west from 1878 when the Hundred of Stow was incorporated into Balaklava council, and lay south and west from 1935 when the Hundred of Hall was split between Blyth and Balaklava councils. From 1983, following the amalgamation of Balaklava council with Port Wakefield and Owen councils, the District Council of Wakefield Plains lay south and west.
 District Council of Snowtown lay north west from its establishment in 1888 and lay north and west from 1889 when the Hundred of Everard was severed from Blyth council and annexed by Snowtown.

References

Blyth
1872 establishments in Australia
1987 disestablishments in Australia
Ullal Ravindra "U. R." Bhat is a noted economic columnist of India. He had his education in IIT Kanpur. He joined Indian Bank and quit to start a career in financial investments. He worked in Jardine Fleming India as head of the country operations. He is a regular at NDTV Profit Television channel. He works for Dalton Capital Advisors (India) Pvt. Ltd. He is also a director of Karnataka Bank. He belongs to Shivalli Brahmin community.

References

External links
Business Harvesting
Articles by U.R.Bhat

Indian bankers
Mangaloreans
Tulu people
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
IIT Kanpur alumni
Jujevan () is a village in the Noyemberyan Municipality of the Tavush Province of Armenia.

History 
The village was founded in 1874, and is the site of the Jujevank Monastery dating from the 19th century and a 12th/13th-century chapel. Poploz-Gash, an Early Iron Age cyclopean fort and the Jaghatsategh settlement from the Early Bronze Age are also located nearby.

Demographics 
The village had 407 inhabitants in 2000, and 514 inhabitants in 2011.

Notable people 
Shahin Mustafayev, Azerbaijani politician, First Deputy Prime Minister and former Minister of Economic Development of the Republic of Azerbaijan

References

External links 

Село Джуджеван

Populated places in Tavush Province
Populated places established in 1874
1874 establishments in the Russian Empire