Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
Approximate measures are units of volumetric measurement which are not defined by a government or government-sanctioned organization, or which were previously defined and are now repealed, yet which remain in use.

It may be that all English-unit derived capacity measurements are derived from one original approximate measurement: the mouthful, consisting of about  ounce, called the ro in ancient Egypt (their smallest recognized unit of capacity). The mouthful was still a unit of liquid measure during Elizabethan times. (The principal Egyptian standards from small to large were the ro, hin, hekat, and khar.)

Because of the lack of official definitions, many of these units will not have a consistent value.

United Kingdom
glass-tumbler
breakfast-cup
tea-cup
wine-glass
table-spoon
dessert-spoon
tea-spoon
black-jack
demijohn (dame-jeanne)
goblet
pitcher
gyllot (about equal to 1/2 gill)
noggin (1/4 pint)
nipperkin (measure for liquor, containing no more than 1/2 pint)
tumblerful (10 fl oz or 2 gills or 2 teacupsful)
apothecaries' approximate measures
teacupful = about 4 fl oz
wineglassful = about 2 fl oz
tablespoonful = about 1/2 fl oz
dessertspoonful = about 2 fl dr
teaspoonful = about 1 fl dr
drop = about minim
teacupful (5 fl oz, or 1 gill ibid)
wineglassful (2-1/2 fl oz or 1/2 gill or 1/2 teacupful or 1/4 tumblerful)
dessertspoonful (1/4 fl oz or 2 fl dr and equal to 2 teaspoonful or 1/2 tablespoonful)
teaspoonful (1/8 fl oz or 1 fl dr and also equal to 1/2 dessertspoonful or 1/4 tablespoonful)

United States
The vagueness of how these measures have been defined, redefined, and undefined over the years, both through written and oral history, is best exemplified by the large number of sources that need to be read and cross-referenced in order to paint even a reasonably accurate picture. So far, the list includes the United States Pharmacopoeia, U.S. FDA, NIST, A Manual of Weights, Measures, and Specific Gravity, State Board Questions and Answers,  MediCalc, MacKenzie's Ten Thousand Receipts, Approximate Practical Equivalents,  When is a Cup not a Cup?, Cook's Info, knitting-and.com., and Modern American Drinks.

Dashes, pinches, and smidgens are all traditionally very small amounts well under a teaspoon, but not more uniformly defined.  In the early 2000s some companies began selling measuring spoons that defined a dash as  teaspoon, a pinch as  teaspoon, and a smidgen as  teaspoon. Based on these spoons, there are two smidgens in a pinch and two pinches in a dash. However, the 1954 Angostura “Professional Mixing Guide” states that “a dash” is 1/6th of a teaspoon, or 1/48 of an ounce, and Victor Bergeron (a.k.a. Trader Vic, famous saloonkeeper), said that for bitters it was  teaspoon, but  fl oz for all other liquids.

References

Measurement
Jakir Hossain Raju is a Bangladeshi film director. Besides film-making, he is also a story writer, screenplay and dialogue writer. He won three National Film Awards for the films Bhalobaslei Ghor Bandha Jay Na (2010) and Moner Moto Manush Pailam Na (2019).

Early life
Jakir was educated in journalism at the University of Dhaka.

Filmography

Awards

See also 
 Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Story
 Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Dialogue

References

External links 
 

Living people
Bangladeshi film directors
Best Dialogue National Film Award (Bangladesh) winners
Best Story National Film Award (Bangladesh) winners
Place of birth missing (living people)
Date of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Ian James Clarke (5 March 1931 – 29 June 1997) was a New Zealand rugby union player, farmer and rugby administrator.

Clarke was the eldest of five sons of Alexander James Clarke, a blacksmith, and Annie Marie Taylor. He joined the Kereone Rugby Club in 1947, and in 1953 was selected for the All Black team that toured Britain and France. He captained the team in three tests against Australia in 1955. In 1961 all five Clarke brothers played for Waikato in a game against Thames Valley.

On 16 February 1963, Clarke married Jeanette Eleanor Welch, a copywriter; they had no children. He retired as a player in 1964 after completing 252 first-class games, including 24 tests. He then became a dairy farmer and a rugby referee and administrator. He served as vice president of the New Zealand Rugby Football Union, becoming its president in 1993. On 29 June 1997 he collapsed and died while feeding out stock.

References

1931 births
1997 deaths
20th-century New Zealand farmers
New Zealand rugby union players
People from Kaponga
People educated at Hawera High School
New Zealand international rugby union players
Rugby union players from Taranaki
This is a list of the shortest airport runways in the world.  While most modern commercial aircraft require a paved runway of at least  in length, many early aircraft were designed to operate from unprepared strips that could be improvised in small spaces. Los Angeles's Grand Central Airport, considered a landmark in aviation history, had a  runway during its first six years of operation from 1923 to 1929.  Such airstrips were used by heavy as well as light aircraft.  During the Doolittle Raid in WW II, twin-engine B-25 bombers with a loaded weight of seventeen tons took off from the  flight deck of the carrier USS Hornet. As late as 1977, a Lockheed Constellation demonstrated its ability to use the  runway of the Greenwood Lake Airport in New Jersey, and in 1946, a lightened Constellation took off from a grass strip in  on only three engines. Most general aviation aircraft retain this short-field performance; the Cessna 172, the most produced aircraft in history, will take off in as little as  at Standard Temperature when fully loaded. Many small airfields capable of accommodating these types remain in use, mostly in remote areas in the American West and the French Alps, where space is limited.

List of airports with a primary runway less than  long

See also 
 Airpark
 Altiport
 Aviation
 Density altitude
 Highway strip
 List of longest runways
 Satellite airfield
 STOLport
 Joint-use airport
 Naval outlying landing field

References 

Lists of airports
Technology-related lists
Neuroscience is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of neuroscience. It was established in 1976 with P.G. Kostyuk, Rodolfo Llinás, and A.D. Smith as founding editors-in-chief and originally published by Pergamon Press. The current editor-in-chief is Juan Lerma Gómez (Spanish National Research Council). The journal is published by Elsevier on behalf of the International Brain Research Organization (IBRO).

The journal continues the IBRO News section formerly published in Brain Research.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, Neuroscience has a 2020 impact factor of 3.590.

Notable articles
, the following articles are the most downloaded according to the publisher's data:

References

External links

Neuroscience journals
Elsevier academic journals
Academic journals established in 1976
English-language journals
Holiday Records was an American record label based out of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania which was active in the early 1950s. Owned by Dave Miller, who also owned Essex Records, it is best known for releasing some of the earliest recordings widely identified as rock and roll, most notably "Rocket 88" by Bill Haley and His Saddlemen (later known as The Comets) in 1951.

History
Dave Miller owned a radio station based in Chester, Pennsylvania in the late 1940s and early 1950s. He also owned the record labels, Holiday and Essex Records. In 1947, he hired a young musician named Bill Haley to work at his radio station. Haley had a band called the Four Aces of Western Swing which disbanded in 1949-1950 to form the Saddlemen. The group acted as the radio station house band, playing country music live on air.

According to Miller, in a 1980 interview with Stuart Colman for BBC Radio, he took a business trip to the Southern United States in 1951, and obtained a copy of Rocket 88, a rhythm and blues record written by Ike Turner for his Kings of Rhythm and sung by the sax player of the band, Jackie Brenston. The track was recorded at Sam Phillips' Recording Service in Memphis and released on Chess Records of Chicago. Miller hit on the idea of a white singer recording a cover version of a black R&B song so that it could be sold in then-segregated record stores.

Taking the record back to Philadelphia, he got Haley and the Saddlemen to record the song and released it on his Holiday label, with the more traditional country song "Tearstains on My Heart" as the flipside. Haley also recorded other music that was released by Holiday.

This recording is often identified as the first rock and roll song, although many musical historians say it was the Turner-Brentson original that deserved the appellation. Haley and Miller were encouraged by the success of "Rocket 88" and further experiments were recorded, such as "Green Tree Boogie" and "Sundown Boogie", after which Haley moved to Miller's larger Essex label and continued to have more success with early rock and roll, including his 1952 hit "Rock the Joint" and 1953's "Crazy Man, Crazy", an original song that became the first rock song to make the national American sales charts.

Miller disbanded Holiday Records not long after Haley was moved to Essex and the tracks Haley recorded for Holiday were rolled into the Essex catalog. Later, in the early 60's, Haley recorded for Sam Phillips on Holiday Inn Records formed by D. Wayne Foster and Kemmons Wilson.

See also
 List of record labels

References

External links
 [ Jackie Brenston and Rocket 88]
 [ Determining first Rock and Roll Record]

American record labels
Record labels disestablished in 1953
Bill Haley
Rock and roll record labels
Rhythm and blues record labels
Stackhousia minima is a perennial herb species in the family Celastraceae. It is native to New Zealand.

References
 New Zealand Plant Conservation Network, Stackhousia minima, accessed 2010-10-04.

Stackhousia
Flora of New Zealand
Krasnoselsk () is the name of several rural localities in Russia:
Krasnoselsk, Altai Republic, a selo in Choysky District of the Altai Republic
Krasnoselsk, Ulyanovsk Oblast, a settlement in Novospassky District of Ulyanovsk Oblast
Harold Lea Fetherstonhaugh ( ; 1887–1971) was a Canadian architect from Montreal, Quebec.

Biography
He received a diploma from McGill University in architecture in 1909, before perfecting his work alongside brothers Edward Maxwell and William Sutherland Maxwell. He founded a partnership in 1923 with J. C. McDougall, and in founded a sole proprietorship in 1934, where he worked until 1955. He is perhaps best known as the architect of the Church of St. Andrew and St. Paul in Montreal. He also designed the Collegiate Gothic William and Henry Birks Building, home to the McGill University Faculty of Religious Studies.

External links
 Vieux-Montréal, fiche d'un concepteur : Harold Lea Fetherstonhaugh 
 Images Montréal : Harold Lea Fetherstonhaugh 
 Historic Places in Canada

References

1887 births
1971 deaths
Architects from Montreal
McGill School of Architecture alumni
Anglophone Quebec people
313 is the fourth album released by composer Phideaux Xavier.

Xavier and his band of musicians had done three well rehearsed, well conceived albums, and decided to make an "album in a day".

On March 13, 2004, all of Phideaux Xavier's musicians met in Los Angeles for an unrehearsed recording session. During that day, they composed and recorded 13 songs; however, the final results were deemed to be nothing more than embryonic, and those sessions were shelved until after the album Chupacabras was released. In 2005, Xavier and Gabriel Moffat polished up the recordings, and on March 13, 2006, released the album.

The cover artwork for this album was by Margie Schnibbe, another childhood friend of Phideaux Xavier's.

Track listing

Personnel
Ariel Farber: vocals
Linda Ruttan: vocals
Valerie Gracious: vocals
Gabriel Moffat: guitar, bass guitar (1), FX, producer
Mark Sherkus: keyboards, synthesizer (1), grand piano (2, 4), Mellotron sample (1), electric guitar (3), electric sitar (3), bass synth (1), harpsichord sample(3), korg karma synth (2), Chamberlin sample (4), micro moog (5, 11), organ (6, 8 (A & B), 13), electric piano (12)
Phideaux Xavier: vocals (tracks 1-10), grand piano (1, 3, 5, 6, 10 (A)), piano (13), acoustic guitar (1, 6), electric guitar (2, 4, 7, 11, 12), bass guitar (2, 3, 4, 5-8, 12), electric sitar (8), vocoder (2, 8 (B)), Ensoniq synthesizer (2, 8 (A & B), 11), E-bow chorus (7, 8 (B)), solo E-bow guitar (12), tooth brush (11)
Julie Hair: bass, voice, percussion
Richard Hutchins: drums (tracks 1-6, 8(A & B), 9, 12), mallets & cymbals (10, 11), cymbals (13)
Molly Ruttan-Moffat: drums, vocals

Phideaux Xavier albums
2006 albums
Baynard House is a brutalist office block in Queen Victoria Street in Blackfriars in the City of London, occupied by BT Group. It was built on the site of Baynard's Castle. Most of the land under it is a scheduled monument. From 1982 to 1997 it housed the BT Museum.

Features and uses
The building was designed by William Holford incorporating a separation of pedestrians from streets, with a first-floor adjoining walkway along Queen Victoria Street that connects to Blackfriars station. The entrance foyer to Baynard House remains off this first floor level. A plaque in the building foyer reads:

Legislation protecting the sightline of St Paul's Cathedral from bridges across the Thames and from places such as Putney and Richmond Park restricted the overall height of the building to three full levels above ground.

Baynard House was for a few years a telephone exchange, and housed the first operational System X telephone exchange, which went live in 1980.  From 1982 to 1997 it housed the BT Museum.

It is the site of an unusual cast aluminium public sculpture by Richard Kindersley, entitled The Seven Ages of Man. The sculpture, consisting of a column made up of sculptural heads resembling a totem pole, was commissioned by Post Office Telecommunications and unveiled in April 1980.

 it had the largest solar panel area in the City of London and the second largest of a corporate building in the UK.

The Faraday Building, one of the first major telephone exchanges in the UK, is across the road.

In film
Actor Tom Cruise broke his ankle whilst performing a stunt, jumping from the roof in 2017, shooting scenes for the film Mission: Impossible – Fallout.

References

External links 

 Baynard House – Brutalist Beauty
 The Seven Ages of Man

Gallery 

Buildings and structures in the City of London
British Telecom buildings and structures
Telephone exchange buildings
Telecommunications buildings in the United Kingdom
Scheduled monuments in London
Brutalist architecture in London
Blackfriars, London
Sophia M. DiCaro is a former Republican member of the Utah House of Representatives. She represented House District 31 for one term from January 2015 through January 2017.

Early life and career 
DiCaro grew up in Utah and studied at the University of Utah. She has a bachelor's degree and a Masters of Public Administration. After college she worked in the Governor's Office of Planning and Budget. She is a resident of West Valley City. DiCaro is married and has three children.

Political career 
DiCaro began serving in the House in January 2015. She ran for office in 2014 and beat the Democratic challenger Larry Wiley. 

During the 2016 general session, DiCaro served on the following committees:
 House Health and Human Services Committee
 House Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice Committee
 Social Services Appropriations Committee

Legislation

2016 sponsored bills

Sources

External links 
 Official Page
 Campaign Website
 Biography Project Vote Smart

Living people
Women state legislators in Utah
Republican Party members of the Utah House of Representatives
University of Utah alumni
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
American women of Japanese descent in politics
Asian-American people in Utah politics
Year of birth missing (living people)
Asian conservatism in the United States
Nyla Usha Gopakumar is an Indian actress, television host, and radio jockey from Trivandrum, Kerala. After working for nearly a decade as an RJ at Hit 96.7 in Dubai, she made her acting debut in 2013 with Kunjananthante Kada.

Early life

Nyla was born to Gopakumar and Usha Kumari in Trivandrum, Kerala. She did her schooling at the Holy Angel's Convent Trivandrum and pursued her college education at All Saints College, Thiruvananthapuram. In 2004, she moved to Dubai and joined the radio station Hit 96.7 where she still works as a radio jockey.

Career 

In 2013, Nyla Usha debuted in the Malayalam film industry with Salim Ahamed's Kunjananthante Kada, opposite Mammootty. Ahamed had known Nyla since she had interviewed him on several occasions in Dubai and offered her the lead female role. She played Chithira, a woman who is going through an unhappy marriage.

Later that year she had her second release, Punyalan Agarbattis, in which she played "a vibrant girl, similar to the real me". Since she could relate herself to the character, she used her own looks and costumes in the film. Although she had a major role in Kunjananthante Kada she said that it was her role in Punyalan Agarbathis that fetched her recognition.

She played the female lead in Aashiq Abu's 2014 crime film Gangster and Deepu Karunakaran's 2015 thriller Fireman. From 2016 to 2017, she hosted the Malayalam version of Minute to Win It in Mazhavil Manorama. She essayed the role of Effymol in Diwanjimoola Grand Prix in 2018. In 2019, she had two releases, Prithviraj Sukumaran-directed action drama Lucifer, in which she played a TV channel executive, and Joshiy-directed action drama Porinju Mariam Jose, in which she played Mariam, one of the three title characters. Both the films were commercial successes.

Filmography 

All films are in Malayalam language unless otherwise noted.

Films

Television

Awards

References

External links 

 
 Nyla Usha in Box Office Noon

Indian radio presenters
Living people
Actresses from Thiruvananthapuram
Actresses in Malayalam cinema
Indian film actresses
Year of birth missing (living people)
Actresses in Malayalam television
Indian television actresses
21st-century Indian actresses
Indian women radio presenters
Female models from Thiruvananthapuram
The Battle of Rauge was a battle that took place on 15 September 1701 near Rõuge, Livonia during the Great Northern War in which the Swedes defeated the numerically superior Russians.

References

Rauge
Rauge
1701 in Russia
1701 in Sweden
Swedish Livonia
Rõuge Parish
18th century in Estonia
Rauge
Rauge
Battles in Estonia
Stuart Barnes (born 22 November 1962 in Grays, Essex) is a former English rugby union footballer, and now rugby commentator for Sky Sports. Barnes played fly-half for Newport RFC, Bristol, Bath; and represented England at international level.

Biography 
Born in Essex, he played schoolboy international rugby for Wales national under-18 rugby union team.

He moved from the U15s to the U19s after one season, and he did not miss a schools international for four years between 1976 and 1980. He captained the team on several occasions.

Barnes studied at St Edmund Hall, Oxford, matriculating in 1981. He won three rugby Blues. He played for Oxford against Cambridge University's Rob Andrew in the Varsity match. He graduated from Oxford with a third-class honours degree in history.

Club career 
While at university, Barnes played club rugby for Newport RFC.

Barnes later played for Bristol Bears, including in the 1984 RFU final against Bath Rugby. After being on the losing side for Bristol in that final, he joined Bath.

He arrived at Bath aged 22: "disaffected with England and, with my volatile character, I could easily have drifted out of the game altogether. At the time the big joke was that I'd had more clubs than Jack Nicklaus – Newport, Bristol and Bath by 22 and people doubted my character, they thought of me as being very fickle and at Bath I found what I wanted – a rugby home.".

He was nicknamed The Bath Barrel.

International career 
Barnes made his England debut against Australia in November 1984. He gained 10 caps for England and played his last international match in 1993 against Ireland.

Barnes played for the Barbarians against Wales in October 1990, converting three tries in the Barbarians victory.

Life after playing 
Barnes' last game was the Bath versus Leicester Pilkington Cup Final on 7 May 1994, which Bath won 21–9. He resigned from his job at the Bristol and West building society shortly afterwards. Barnes became a freelance writer and reporter for the The Daily Telegraph, and wrote his autobiography Smelling of Roses.

He later became involved in broadcasting, first with the BBC, and then joined Sky Sports in 1994.

References

External links 
 Statistics at Scrum.com
 1994 Interview post his retirement
 Lions profile

1962 births
Living people
Alumni of St Edmund Hall, Oxford
Barbarian F.C. players
Bath Rugby players
Bristol Bears players
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from England
England international rugby union players
English rugby union commentators
English rugby union players
Gloucestershire County RFU players
Newport RFC players
Oxford University RFC players
People educated at Bassaleg School
People from Grays, Essex
Rugby union fly-halves
Rugby union players from Essex
The term penetration fighter has been used to describe a long-range fighter aircraft designed to penetrate enemy air defences and attack defensive interceptors. The concept is similar to the escort fighter, but differs primarily in that the aircraft would not operate in close concert with bombers. Both types are sub-classes of the strategic fighter. The same general mission is also carried out by intruders, but these are generally night fighters or light bombers that do not have the air combat performance of this concept.

The presence of the North American P-51 Mustang above Germany allowed USAAF bombers to fly at will over the country, and is considered one of the turning points of the air war. In the post-war period, the development of jet-powered strategic bombers made this role difficult to fill; aircraft with performance to protect the bombers had very short range, and those with the range were propeller designs that could not keep up. The desire for a fighter that could penetrate enemy airspace along with the bombers led to several prototype designs in the early 1950s, including the McDonnell XF-88 Voodoo, Lockheed XF-90 and North American YF-93. In order to be competitive with existing interceptors, these had to be jet powered. The XF-88 was developed into the F-101 Voodoo supersonic penetration fighter-bomber.

The North American XF-108 Rapier project was for a long-range interceptor intended to launch from the continental United States and intercept Soviet bombers while still in the far Arctic. This long range meant that if they were launched from forward bases in Europe, Turkey or Alaska, the F-108 would be able to travel a fair distance over the USSR and help disrupt the defences for the following North American XB-70 bombers. The F-108 was ultimately cancelled in budget cuts.

See also
 Penetrator, the bomber equivalent

References

Fighter aircraft
Magati could refer to:

 Cesare Magati (1579-1647), Italian physician
 An alternative name for the language Persian Romani
 The Australian language Magati Ke
 A village at the base of the Usambara Mountains