Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
Sir Vivyan (or Vyvian) Edward Naylor-Leyland, 3rd Baronet (1924-1987) was a British aristocrat and banker.

Biography

Early life
Vivian Edward Naylor-Leyland was born on 5 March 1924. His father was Sir Albert Naylor-Leyland, 2nd Baronet (1890-1952) and his mother, Marguerite de Belabre. His paternal grandfather was Sir Herbert Scarisbrick Naylor-Leyland, 1st Baronet (1864–1899), who served as Member of Parliament for Colchester from 1892 to 1895 and for Southport from 1898 to 1899. He grew up at his paternal family residence of Nantclwyd Hall, a Grade II listed mansion in Llanelidan, Denbighshire, Wales.

He was educated at Eton College, a private boarding school in Eton, Berkshire. He graduated from Christ Church, Oxford, a constituent college of the University of Oxford, and the Royal Agricultural University in Cirencester, Gloucestershire.

Career
He served in the Grenadier Guards of the British Army, becoming Lieutenant.

Later, he made a fortune as a banker in Liverpool.

On 23 September 1952 he became the 3rd Baronet Naylor-Leyland, of Hyde Park House, Albert Gate, London. With his inherited title came the family country seat of Nantclwyd Hall. At Nantclwyd, he commissioned the architect Clough Williams-Ellis (1883–1978) to add a fibreglass temple, a clock tower, a ceremonial arch, gazebos, a dovecote, and formal gardens.

Personal life
On 17 January 1952 he married Hon. Elizabeth-Anne Marie Gabrielle Fitzalan-Howard, the daughter of Henry FitzAlan-Howard, 2nd Viscount FitzAlan of Derwent (1882-1962) and Joyce Elizabeth Mary Langdale (1898–1995). They had a son, Sir Philip Vyvian Naylor-Leyland, 4th Baronet. On 17 November 1967 he married Noreen Starr Anker Simmons; they had a daughter. Thirdly, he married Jameina Flora Reid. They had two daughters. He died on 2 September 1987 at the age of 63.

References

1924 births
1987 deaths
People from Denbighshire
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Alumni of the Royal Agricultural University
Grenadier Guards officers
English bankers
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Llanelidan
Vivian
20th-century English businesspeople
Istiṣḥāb ( ) is an Islamic term used in the jurisprudence to denote the principle of the presumption of continuity. It is derived from an Arabic word suhbah meaning accompany. It is one of the fundamental principles of the legal deduction that presumes the continuation of a fact. It is based on probability and can be applied in the absence of other proofs.

Istishab, an initiative of ash-Shafii, is the rationalistic principle of extracting a legal solution according to which changes are not considered to occur until clear signs of these changes are apparent. It serves as the basis for many legal rulings such as the presumption of innocence—the person is regarded as innocent unless proven guilty. Malik ibn Anas and ash-Shafii regarded it to be a proof until it is contradicted. Several classical jurists differed over this principle with some Hanafi jurists refusing to regard it as an evidence. It is now widely employed by the contemporary scholars

Definition 

Ibn al-Qayyim defined it as

Al-Qarafi expressed it as the validity of the former state in the following words.

Types 
Istishab is divided into several types. The majority of the scholars agree upon three types.

Presumption of the original absence 
It is the absence of any Shariah norms on an adult Muslim, until their legitimacy is established. An example is the absence of the mandatory sixth prayer for a Muslim, the resumption of the person's innocence in a crime, etc. Islamic theologians are unanimous regarding the validity of this type.

Basis in everyday life is permissibility 
The overwhelming majority of jurists believe that the basis in useful everyday things is permissibility and in harmful things is prohibition. For example, a certain type of food is allowed until a Sharia argument is established, proving its prohibition.

Presumption of existence before evidence is available 
If there are Sharia texts with respect to any norm, backed up by the Istishab, then statements about the abolition of this rule will not be accepted until they are backed up by evidence. An example is the continued ownership of property rights. The application to terminate property will not be accepted until evidence is submitted supporting these statements. Another example is the validity of the ablution, which will not invalidated on the mere basis of doubt.

References 

Arabic words and phrases in Sharia
Islamic jurisprudence
Yao Guangxiao (姚廣孝, 1335–1418), also known by his dharma name Daoyan (), was a Chinese military strategist, statesman and Chan Buddhist monk who lived in the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties.

Daoyan was born in Changzhou County (today a part of Suzhou, Jiangsu), and was ordained as a bhikkhu (full monk) at the age of fourteen. He studied Buddhist dharma, yin yang and divination. In 1382, he came to Beijing, and was appointed the abbot of Qingshou Temple (慶壽寺). Later, he became a close adviser of the imperial prince Zhu Di, the Prince of Yan.

According to History of Ming, it was Daoyan who suggested a revolt against the Jianwen Emperor after the emperor, a nephew of Zhu Di, started to crack down on the influence of his uncles the imperial princes. Daoyan played an important role in the resulting three-year civil war, the Jingnan Campaign, which resulted in the disappearance of the Jianwen Emperor, and the Prince of Yan becoming the new Yongle Emperor. He was left in Beijing together with Zhu Gaochi to guard the base area. Zhu Di asked him for strategy through letters before important battles. It was Daoyan who suggested driving south to attack Nanjing directly, which made Zhu Di the final victor.

After Zhu Di was crowned the Yongle Emperor, Daoyan was bestowed the name Yao Guangxiao, and granted the title Crown Prince's Preceptor (). The Yongle Emperor ordered him to return to secular life but he refused. He was then ordered to participate in superintending the recompilation of Taizu Shilu, the imperial annal of the Ming dynasty's founder, the Hongwu Emperor. Later, he was appointed general editor of the Yongle Encyclopedia together with Xie Jin.

Yao died in Qingshou Temple, Beijing, in 1418, and was given the posthumous name Gongjing () by the Yongle Emperor. His ashes was buried underneath Yao Guangxiao Pagoda (, in modern Changlesi Village, Qinglonghu Town, Fangshan District, Beijing).

References

1335 births
1418 deaths
Politicians from Suzhou
Ming dynasty government officials
Yuan dynasty Buddhist monks
Chan Buddhists
Rinzai Buddhists
Ming dynasty Buddhist monks
David Greetham (October 21, 1941 – March 24, 2020) was an American literary critic and the founder of the Society for Textual Scholarship.

Career

Greetham received his undergraduate degree from the University of Oxford in 1963 and completed his Ph.D. in English at the City University of New York.

Marta Werner of D'Youville College describes Greetham as "drawn to texts that spill over the boundaries of genre, that exist in multiple versions, that explore intertextuality, and that complicate in various other ways the notion of text as fixed or stable." In his works, Greetham has sought to co-opt "the terminology
and practice of literary theory in re-designating textual operations in
the guise of ... literature, anthropology, sociology,
gender studies, history, political science, linguistics, psychology, [and]
philosophy."

As a theorist of scholarly editing, Greetham has taken up a middle ground between intentionalist positions like that of G. Thomas Tanselle and the social textual criticism of Jerome McGann, maintaining the goal of establishing an authoritative text while allowing the possibility that multiple authorized versions can exist.  In his later work, Greetham has moved away from the idea that an editor can establish a "psychic" connection with the author through which he or she can determine the author's true intentions, instead seeing editing as an occasion for reflections on the ideology underlying scholarly practice.

Greetham died on March 24, 2020, from a long-illness at the age of 78.

Society for Textual Scholarship

Greetham was one of the founders of the Society for Textual Scholarship and served as the Society's President from 1999 to 2001. Founded in 1979, the Society provides an interdisciplinary forum for presentation of research in a number of textual disciplines. Notable past members have included G. Thomas Tanselle, Paul Oskar Kristeller, Fredson Bowers, and Jerome McGann.

Selected works

 The Pleasures of Contamination (2010)
 Theories of the Text (1999)
 Textual Transgressions: Essays Toward the Construction of a Biobibliography (1998)
 The Margins of the Text: Editorial Theory and Literary Criticism (1997)
 Scholarly Editing: A Guide to Research (1995)
 Textual Scholarship: An Introduction (1992)
 TEXT: An Interdisciplinary Annual of Textual Studies (1984)

References

Textual scholarship
1941 births
2020 deaths

People from Lenox, Massachusetts
University Hospital Kerry () is a public hospital in Quill Street, Tralee, County Kerry, Ireland. It is managed by South/Southwest Hospital Group.

History
The hospital was commissioned to replace the aging St Catherine's Hospital on the north side of Quill Street in Tralee. The new hospital, which was built on a site to the south of the old hospital, opened as the Tralee General Hospital in 1984. After evolving to become Kerry General Hospital, it was renamed University Hospital Kerry in February 2016.

Services
The hospital provides acute services and has 377 beds and delivers nearly 1,500 babies a year. It is affiliated with University College Cork.

References

External links

Hospital buildings completed in 1984
1984 establishments in Ireland
Hospitals in County Kerry
Hospitals established in 1984
Health Service Executive hospitals
Wellington Free Ambulance (WFA), also known simply as Wellington Free, is a charitable organisation providing free to the patient ambulance services in the Greater Wellington Region of New Zealand.

History

The Wellington Free Ambulance service was inaugurated on 9 November 1927 by the mayor of Wellington, Sir Charles Norwood. The catalyst for establishing a free ambulance service for the Wellington community came from the frustration of seeing an injured man lying on the road, and no hospital ambulance being available.

The service began operating from the Old Navals boatshed, which later became the Wellington Rowing Club clubhouse. The original station building soon proved to be less than desirable and in 1932, Lord Bledisloe laid the foundation stone on a purpose-built station in Cable Street.

Wellington Free expanded, and in 1956 the first station to be built out of Wellington City was established in Lower Hutt, followed by stations in Upper Hutt (1961), and Porirua (1963). The Kapiti Coast got its ambulance station in 1977, the same year a station was established in Newtown.

By the early 1990s, Wellington Free had outgrown its Cable St building. After a major fundraising effort, in 1994 then-Prince Charles opened a replacement station in Davis Street, Thorndon, which still operates as the service's headquarters today.

Bases were established in Waikanae and Wainuiomata in 1999, a replacement Porirua Station building opened in October 2000, followed by the Linkspan Response Post on the Wellington Waterfront in November 2008, and the Johnsonville Station in May 2010.

In March 2011, after a concerted fundraising and significant contribution by the Wellington Free Ambulance Trust, the Newtown Regional Ambulance Station was opened in the new Wellington Hospital grounds. In March 2012, after winning a Government tender to outsource the last DHB run ambulance service in the Wairarapa, Wellington Free Ambulance became the ambulance service in for the region.

Operations

The service annually assists nearly 74,000 patients in the Greater Wellington Region. The headquarters includes vehicle maintenance facilities, and a communications centre - one of three in the national network.

Funding
The cost of running the service in 2013 was $21M. 80% of this cost is met by the Ministry of Health and the Accident Compensation Corporation. The remainder comes from donations and bequests from the public, proceeds from first aid training and supplies, and medical alarms.

Resources
 the service has the following resources:
 10 ambulance stations
 25 ambulances
 3 emergency fast response vehicles
 2 4WD rescue vehicles
17 patient transport vehicles
 6 events ambulances
 2 Urgent Community Care vehicles
 1 major incident response truck
 2 major incident response trailers

References

External links
Official website
Youtube WFA responding to a call

1927 in New Zealand
1927 establishments in New Zealand
Ambulance services in New Zealand
Organisations based in Wellington
Emergency services in New Zealand
Malagasy Communist Party () was a communist party in Madagascar. PCM was formed in 1958 and its First Secretary was René Anselme Randrianja. It held its first party congress in Antananarivo March 18-March 20, 1960.

It appears that the PCM had been founded without being endorsed by either the French Communist Party or the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Randrianja travelled to Moscow in 1960 to seek recognition, but was not invited to participate in the international conference of communist parties held there. Afterwards he travelled to China, where he was received by the Chinese communists. During the Sino-Soviet split, PCM sided with China. It was however rapidly eclipsed by the pro-Soviet AKFM.

The PCM published a forthnighly organ, Ady Farany in Malagasy language. R. Ratsimazda was the editor of the publication. Between 1958 and April 1, 1966, 235 issues were published.

References

Communist parties in Madagascar
Defunct political parties in Madagascar
Political parties established in 1958
1958 establishments in Madagascar
Eiko Hirashima (born 7 October 1950) is a Japanese gymnast. She competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

References

External links
 

1950 births
Living people
Japanese female artistic gymnasts
Olympic gymnasts for Japan
Gymnasts at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Japanese women
Gruppi di Acquisto Solidale (G.A.S., Italian for ethical purchasing groups) are an Italian-based system of purchasing goods collectively. These groups are usually set up by a number of consumers who cooperate in order to buy food and other commonly used goods directly from producers or from big retailers at a price that is fair to both parties.

The meaning of the word Solidale (Solidal)
When a buying group does not search for the ultimate discounted rate, but instead puts people and environment before profit the group becomes a Solidal buyers group. As a consequence, in a Solidal buying group the guidelines in the choice of the products and the producers are respect for the environment and the solidarity between the members of the group, the traders and the producers.

These guidelines lead to the choice of local products (in order to minimize the environmental impact of the transport), fair-trade goods (in order to respect disadvantaged producers by promoting their human rights, in particular those of women, children and indigenous people) and reusable or eco-compatible goods (to promote a sustainable lifestyle).

Motivation
Each individual group has its own specific motivations, but most groups are rooted in a critical approach to the global economic model and consumer lifestyle; individuals that feel the unfairness in this model and are searching for a practical alternative can find reciprocal aid and advice by joining solidal buying groups.

Often, when a group of friends develop a tendency toward a less consumerist way of life, the idea of undertaking shared purchasing initiatives comes naturally. When the idea begins to develop into something more tangible, a fair amount of effort is needed in order to find local producers that meet the solidarity criteria; the final step is to establish an internal structure in the group in order to collect orders and redistribute the products.

See also 
Community-supported agriculture

External links
 ReteGAS, the GAS Italian network

Ethical consumerism
Public choice theory
Community organizations
Consumer organisations in Italy
"Just Wanna Dance" is a single by American singer La Toya Jackson. It is taken from her EP Startin' Over released in 2011.

Song information
After six years in seclusion after escaping an abusive relationship with late former husband and manager Jack Gordon, La Toya Jackson returned to the studio to record an autobiographical album entitled Startin' Over. "Just Wanna Dance" was recorded in 2002, but it wasn't until 2004 that it was released as Startin' Over's lead single.

Jackson began work on the song by visiting night clubs to hear what sort of music people were dancing to. To accomplish this, Jackson disguised herself as a male alter-ego named "Toy." As a result, the song's sexually ambiguous lyrics describe a ribald night out at a club where the party-goers "don't know if I'm a he or a she".

The single was initially released under Jackson's nickname Toy, so disc jockeys would give the record a fair chance before tossing it aside. To Jackson's satisfaction, the strategy worked. Jackson phoned DJs who had played her track to reveal "Toy's" true identity saying, "One phone call at a time, I am letting them know all about Toy. While some of them knew that Toy was me, others were surprised. The overall response has been rewarding and encouraging."

The single includes mixes by Vibelicious and Jason Randolph. About.com praised Randolph's "Extended Vocal" mix saying it had "a running synth line that could move anyone to the dancefloor." Jackson's vocals were complimented as "suit[ing] the sing-songy verses quite well." Outword Magazine called the track "energetic" and "infectious".

Although the single reached the #13 position on the United States dance chart in October 2004, a commercial release never followed, mostly because Jackson's record company, Ja-Tail Records, had not yet secured a distribution deal. A follow-up single, "Free the World", was released 5 months later. On the back of the singles' success, Ja-Tail obtained a distribution deal with Universal-Bungalo Records. A music video was reportedly planned, but during rehearsals Jackson's toe was broken when a microphone fell on it.

Jackson performed "Just Wanna Dance" for the first time on the grand finale of Mexican reality TV series La Academia on 18 December 2011.

Official remixes
"Just Wanna Dance (Radio Edit)" (3:54)
"Just Wanna Dance (Vibelicious Radio Remix)" (4:38)
"Just Wanna Dance (Randolph's Tribal Radio Remix)" (3:48)
"Just Wanna Dance (Randolph's Dirty Radio Mix)" (3:55)
"Just Wanna Dance (Vibelicious Club Mix)" (6:59)
"Just Wanna Dance (Vibelicious Cyber Club Mix)" (8:08)
"Just Wanna Dance (Randolph's Tribal Club Mix)" (9:41)
"Just Wanna Dance (Randolph's Tribal Alternative Remix)" (9:54)
"Just Wanna Dance (Randolph's House Dub)" (9:46)
"Just Wanna Dance (Toy's Extended Vocal)" (9:54)
"Just Wanna Dance (Toy's Dub)" (9:46)

References

2004 singles
La Toya Jackson songs
LGBT-related songs
2004 songs
Songs written by La Toya Jackson
Without Warning! is a 1952 American film noir crime film directed by Arnold Laven and starring Adam Williams, Meg Randall, and Ed Binns.  The film is shot in a semidocumentary-style with police procedural voice-over narration in parts.  Without Warning! was released commercially for the first time on DVD in 2005.  Previously, the film was considered lost and unavailable for viewings.

Plot

A quiet gardener living in Los Angeles, California picks up blond women and is murdering them with garden shears.  The police attempt to track him down but the man continues to kill.  The killer lives in a shack on a hill overlooking Los Angeles (Chavez Ravine).

Cast
 Adam Williams as Carl Martin
 Meg Randall as Jane Saunders
 Ed Binns as Lt. Pete Hamilton
 Harlan Warde as Police Detective Sgt. Don Warde
 John Maxwell as Fred Saunders
 Angela Stevens as Janet Collier (Blonde)
 Byron Kane as Police Chemist Charlie Wilkins
 Charles Tannen as Wolf
 Marilee Phelps as Virginia
 Robert Foulk as Wilson, Motel Manager
 Connie Vera as Carmelita
 Robert Shayne as Dr. Werner, Police Psychiatrist
 Lee Phelps as "Doc," the Police Coroner
 Arthur Gardner (movie's co-producer) as Jackson, Rapid Transit Cab Co. Driver

Production
It was the first team from Laven, Gardner and Levy who met in the army. Sol Lesser liked the film and picked it up for distribution.

Release

Home media
Without Warning! was released for the first time on DVD by MPI Home Video on August 30, 2005.

Reception

TV Guide rated the film two out of five stars, calling it "A capable first feature by the production team, with talented unknowns as actors".

References

External links
 
 
 
 

1952 films
1950s crime thriller films
American black-and-white films
American police detective films
Film noir
Films directed by Arnold Laven
Films scored by Herschel Burke Gilbert
Films set in Los Angeles
United Artists films
1952 directorial debut films
American crime thriller films
1950s English-language films
1950s American films
Rediscovered American films
1950s rediscovered films
Tadeusz Żuliński (28 May 1889, Lwow – 5 November 1915, Kamieniucha), pseudonym Roman Barski, was an activist, member of Polska Partia Socjalistyczna - Frakcja Rewolucyjna and Związek Walki Czynnej (from 1908), Związek Strzelecki (from 1910). He was an organiser and commander of Polish Military Organisation (1914–1915).

References
 

1889 births
1915 deaths
Military personnel from Lviv
Polish Military Organisation members
Polish Socialist Party politicians
The Ejército del Centro (Army of the Centre) was one of the four large corps, plus a reserve, that resulted from the re-organisation of the existing regiments and corps of the Spanish Army in the early months of Spain's War of Independence (1808-14), part of the Peninsular War (1807–1814).

Background
The jubilation following General Castaños' mid-July victory at Bailén was short-lived, and General Merlin's sacking of Bilbao, on 16 August 1808, caused much popular discontent throughout the country, which was aimed specifically at the Juntas and the generals.

The Junta Central published a political manifesto on 10 November 1808 (dated 28 October 1808), in which, among other declarations, it announced its intention of maintaining a force of 500,000 troops, together with 50,000 cavalry.

Spain's new Army would be presided over by a Junta Central de Guerra (Central War Board), to be headed by Francisco Javier Castaños, 1st Duke of Bailén.

Structure
According to the manifesto, the Army of the Centre would be made up of the four divisions from Andalucia (under Castaños), together with those of Castile (under General Cuesta), Extremadura and those of Valencia and Murcia that had entered Madrid under Pedro González Llamas. It was hoped that the British forces would join this Army in the event that they decided to advance up towards France.

On 11 January 1809, the Ejército del Centro comprised an effective and available force of 20,505 troops and officers, of a total force of 30,097 men. Headed by Field marshal, the Duke of Albuquerque (at the head of the Vanguard); Lieutenant general, the Marquis de Coupigny, at the head of the 1st Division; Field marshal, the Count of Orgaz, at the head of the 2nd Division, and Lieutenant general Manuel de Lapeña heading the Reserve troops.

Although this structure was maintained until December 1810, there were some modifications to the original organisation. The Ejército de Estremadura was never fully integrated into the Ejercito del Centro, although two of its divisions did participate at Burgos (10 November 1808) and some of its troops, together with troops from the Ejercito del Centro, fought at Somosierra (30 November 1808). However, they were reincorporated into the Ejercito de Estremadura in January 1809.

References

Military units and formations of Spain
Military units and formations of the Napoleonic Wars
Military units and formations of the Peninsular War