Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
The Two Airlines Policy (or Two Airlines Agreement) was a policy of the Government of Australia from the late 1940s to the 1990s. Under the policy, only two airlines were allowed to operate flights between state capital cities and between capitals and nominated regional centres. The Two Airlines Policy was a legal barrier to new entrants to the Australian aviation market. It restricted intercapital services to the two major domestic carriers. This anti-competitive arrangement ensured that they carried approximately the same number of passengers, charged the same fares and had similar fleet sizes and equipment.

For most of the period of the policy, the two airlines were the privately owned Ansett Airlines and the government-owned Trans Australia Airlines. Though persisting for some decades, the policy finally fell into abeyance with airline deregulation in Australia in 1990.

Beginnings
The First and Second Chifley (Labor) ministries established Trans Australia Airlines (TAA) in 1946, after passing legislation establishing TAA in 1945. TAA was initially intended to be a monopoly national carrier, subsuming all the routes flown by Australian National Airways and any other non-government airlines. This was successfully challenged in two High Court cases.

Formal establishment
The Two Airlines Policy was formulated by the Fifth Menzies Ministry with the Civil Aviation Agreement Act 1952 taking effect. The policy took practical effect when Ansett purchased the failing Australian National Airways in 1957, resulting in it being the only competitor for the government-owned TAA.

While smaller regional airlines were free to operate flights between regional airports and between cities and regional centres, the policy allowed only two airlines to operate flights between major cities in Australia. This led to some minor intrusions by other airlines, for example in 1970, East-West Airlines briefly operated between Sydney and Melbourne by linking a longstanding Sydney to Albury service with a newly added Albury to Melbourne sector, thereby including a nominal number of through passengers at lower than normal fares. Another aspect of the policy was that scheduled flights on the same routes would take off about five minutes apart, with Ansett taking off before TAA.

Continuation of the Duopoly
The failing Australian National Airways was taken over in 1957 by Ansett. Subsequent governments continued to allow TAA and Ansett to hold a duopoly over domestic flights in Australia for almost four decades until the deregulation of the industry which resulted in Compass Airlines, Impulse Airlines and Virgin Australia to compete from 1990. 

In 1966, interstate courier company Ipec began operating interstate flights carrying freight from Brisbane to Cowra to connect with trucks to and from Melbourne. This was deemed in breach of the law and the service ceased. In 1981, freight services were removed from Two Airlines Policy to allow Ipec to operate services between the mainland and Tasmania.

References

Aviation in Australia
Cartels
Tugela Fairy (Made of Stars) is the second studio album by South African singer and songwriter Simmy, released on November 6, 2020, through EL World Music and Sony.

The album debuted number 3 in South Africa.

Background 
In October 2020, Simmy  announced  her album via Instagram account.

Music and lyrics 

The standard edition Tugela Fairy (Made Of Stars) is about one hour, twelve minutes, and 29 seconds long, consisting of 16 tracks.

Composition 
Critics categorize Tugela Fairy (Made of Stars) as a Neo Soul, Afro House, and Afro-Pop. It also incorporates Maskandi, Mbaqanga, Kwaito, and  Old house elements.

Themes 
Tugela Fairy (Made of Stars) lyrically is the continuation of her debut album Tugela Fairy,
it describe musical journey and tells her story of strength and woman empowerment.

Critical reception 
John Israel A of Ubetoo said "the album is a compilation worth the wait and a splendid advertisement of Simmy’s musical growth" and rated the album 4.5/5.

Year-end lists

Commercial performance 
Upon its release the album debuted number 3 in South Africa.

Track listing

Accolades 
The album was nominated for Best Afro pop Album at the 27th ceremony of South African Music Awards.

|-
|rowspan="2"|2021
|rowspan="2"| Tugela Fairy  (Made of Stars)
| Best Afro Pop Album 
| 
|-
| Best Produced Album of the Year 
|

Certifications and sales

Releases 
"Emakhaya" was released on October 16, 2020, featuring South African DJ's Sun-El Musician and Da Capo as album's second single.

Release history

References 

2020 albums
EL World Music albums
Borovica () is a Serbo-Croatian toponym. It may refer to:
Borovica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Borovica, Montenegro

See also
Borowica (disambiguation)

Serbo-Croatian place names
Steve Doerr is a retired American soccer midfielder who played professionally for the Memphis Americans in the Major Indoor Soccer League.

Doerr attended Indiana University, playing on the men’s soccer team from 1977 to 1980.  In 1978 and 1980, the Hoosiers finished runner-up to the San Francisco Dons in the NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship.  In 1981, Doerr turned professional with the Memphis Americans of the Major Indoor Soccer League.  He played one hundred games for the Americans over three seasons before retiring in 1984.

Personal life
It has been said by some that Doerr is a stunt double for former professional soccer player now broadcaster Alexi Lalas, although that has been dispelled by the widely held opinion that Doerr is too handsome for that assignment.

External links
 MISL stats

References

Living people
1959 births
Soccer players from Phoenix, Arizona
American men's soccer players
Indiana Hoosiers men's soccer players
Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) players
Memphis Americans players
Men's association football midfielders
Rashida () is a village in Chiniot District in Punjab, Pakistan. It is located on Jhang-Chiniot road with an approximate population of 2,000.

Villages in Chiniot District
The Electric Warlock Acid Witch Satanic Orgy Celebration Dispenser is the sixth solo studio album by American heavy metal vocalist Rob Zombie. It was released on April 29, 2016.

Singles 
On January 27, 2016, "Well, Everybody's Fucking in a U.F.O." debuted on Sirius XM.

On March 17, 2016, "The Hideous Exhibitions of a Dedicated Gore Whore" was made available on iTunes if the album was preordered.

On April 14, 2016, the video for "In the Age of the Consecrated Vampire We All Get High" was released on YouTube.

Commercial performance 
The album debuted at number six on the Billboard 200 with 41,000 album-equivalent units; it sold 40,000 copies in its first week. It was the fifth-best-selling album of the week and spent three more in the Top 200 before falling off the chart. The Electric Warlock Acid Witch Satanic Orgy Celebration Dispenser became Zombie's sixth consecutive top ten album.

Track listing

Personnel 
 Rob Zombie – vocals
 John 5 – guitars
 Piggy D. – bass
 Ginger Fish – drums
 Zeuss – keyboards, programming 

Production

Zeuss - producer, engineering, mixing
Tom Baker - mastering

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

External links

2016 albums
Albums produced by Rob Zombie
Universal Music Group albums
Rob Zombie albums
The Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute () was a research institute based in Norway.

Organizationally subordinate to the Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture and Food, it is autonomous in its research. It was established on 1 July 2006 through a merger of the Norwegian Forest Research Institute () and the Norwegian Institute of Land Inventory (). Headquarters are in Ås, and regional offices are in Bergen, Steinkjer and Tromsø.

The director is Arne Bardalen.

On June 30, 2015 the Institute was merged into the Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research.

References

Research institutes in Norway
Multidisciplinary research institutes
Earth sciences organizations
Forest research institutes
Forest and Landscape Institute
Education in Viken (county)
Forestry in Norway
Scientific organizations established in 2006
2006 establishments in Norway
Quecha may refer to two different groups of Native American peoples and languages:

 Quechan, people who live on the Fort Yuma Indian Reservation in Arizona and California
 Quechan language, language of the Quechan people
 Quechua people of South America, including Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia and Argentina
 Quechuan languages, family of languages spoken by the Quechua peoples

See also
 Quechua (disambiguation)

Language and nationality disambiguation pages
The Rt Rev Francis Ambrose Gregory (1848 - 31 January 1927) was a former Bishop of Mauritius.

Born into an ecclesiastical family  in 1848 and educated at Trinity College, Glenalmond and Corpus Christi College, Oxford, he was ordained in 1873 and began his career as a Curate  in Cheam.  After that he was a SPG Missionary in  Madagascar. In time he became the Principal of St Paul’s College, Ambatoharanana  and Chaplain to the Bishop. He was Bishop of Mauritius from 1904  to 1919.

He died on 31 January 1927 and is buried at Northiam Cemetery, East Sussex.

Notes

External links
Ny Boky Fivavahana Portions of the Book of Common Prayer in Malagasy (1904) translated by Gregory

1848 births
People educated at Glenalmond College
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
English Anglican missionaries
20th-century Anglican bishops in Africa
Anglican bishops of Mauritius
1927 deaths
English chaplains
Anglican chaplains
British expatriates in Madagascar
British expatriates in Mauritius
British Mauritius people
Anglican missionaries in Madagascar
Assarting is the act of clearing forested lands for use in agriculture or other purposes. In English land law, it was illegal to assart any part of a royal forest without permission. This was the greatest trespass that could be committed in a forest, being more than a waste: while waste of the forest involves felling trees and shrubs, which can regrow, assarting involves completely uprooting all trees—the total extirpation of the forested area.

The term assart was also used for a parcel of land assarted. Assart rents were those paid to the British Crown for the forest lands assarted. The etymology is from the French word essarter meaning to remove or grub out woodland. In northern England this is referred to as ridding.

Process
In the Middle Ages, the land cleared was usually common land but after assarting, the space became privately used. The process took several forms. Usually it was done by one farmer who hacked out a clearing from the woodland, leaving a hedged field. However, sometimes groups of individuals or even entire villages did the work and the results were divided into strips and shared among tenant farmers. Monastic communities, particularly the Cistercians, sometimes assarted, as well as local lords. The cleared land often leaves behind an assart hedge, which often contains a high number of woodland trees such as small leafed lime or wild service and contains trees that rarely colonise planted hedges, such as hazel. Examples are in Dorset, where there is a difference in the hedges in the west and the east of the county, at Hatfield Broad Oak in Essex where the modern hedges still follow the boundaries of an ancient forest, and at Shelley in Suffolk where there is an unusually long hedge made up of coppiced lime trees that is the remnant of a nineteenth-century woodland clearance.

History
Assarting has existed since Mesolithic times and often it relieved population pressures. During the 13th century, assarting was very active, but decreased with environmental and economic challenges in the 14th century. The Black Death in the late 1340s depopulated the countryside and many formerly assarted areas returned to woodland.

Assarting was described by landscape historian Richard Muir as typically being "like bites from an apple" as it was usually done on a small scale but large areas were sometimes cleared. Occasionally, people specialized in assarting and acquired the surname or family name of 'Sart'.

Field names in Britain sometimes retain their origin in assarting or colonisation by their names such as: 'Stocks'; 'Stubbings'; 'Stubs'; 'Assart'; 'Sart'; 'Ridding'; 'Royd'; 'Brake'; 'Breach'; or 'Hay'. Many Northern French places called 'Les Essarts' or ending with '-sart' refer to that practice.

References

Further reading

Forest management
Climate forcing
English legal terminology
English forest law
Forest law

fi:Kaskeaminen
Erik Hornung (28 January 1933 – 11 July 2022) was a Latvian Egyptologist and one of the most influential modern writers on ancient Egyptian religion. He was professor emeritus of Basel University.

Biography
Hornung was born in Riga, Latvia in 1933 and gained his PhD at the University of Tübingen in 1956. He was Professor of Egyptology at the University of Basel from 1967 to 1998. His main research field has been funerary literature, the Valley of the Kings in particular. He published the first edition of the Book of Amduat in three volumes between 1963 and 1967. J. Gwyn Griffiths described Hornung as the foremost authority in such literature. His book Conceptions of God in Ancient Egypt, The One and the Many has become his best-known work, in which he concludes, whilst acknowledging previous work by Henri Frankfort and his "multiplicity of approaches" and John A. Wilson's "complementary" treatment of Egyptian modes of thought, that "Anyone who takes history seriously will not accept a single method as definitive; the same should be true of anyone who takes belief seriously". Hornung became Vice-President of the Society of the Friends of the Royal Tombs of Egypt in 1988. His books have been published in German, but many have been translated into English.

Select bibliography
Conceptions of God in Ancient Egypt, The One and the Many, 1982 (Translated by John Baines, original German edition 1971)
The Valley of the Kings: Horizon of Eternity, 1990
The Tomb of Pharaoh Seti I, 1991
History of Ancient Egypt. An Introduction, 1999
Akhenaten and the Religion of Light, 1999
The Ancient Egyptian Books of the Afterlife, 1999
The Secret Lore of Egypt, 2001

References

External links 
 Obituary, International Association of Egyptologists
 

1933 births
2022 deaths
Writers from Riga
Baltic-German people
Egyptologists
Latvian archaeologists
Academic staff of the University of Basel
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
Rafael Erich's cabinet was the sixth Government of Republic of Finland. The cabinet's time period was March 15, 1920 – April 9, 1921. It was a minority government.

Erich's cabinet's main task was to conclude the official peace treaty with Soviet Russia. The treaty was signed in Tartu, Estonia, on October 14, 1920. Soviet Russia recognized Finland's independence officially and its frontier between the two countries.

Assembly

References

 

Erich
1920 establishments in Finland
1921 disestablishments in Finland
Cabinets established in 1920
Cabinets disestablished in 1921
Henry Pollack may refer to:

 Henry Pollack (broadcaster) (born 1961), Cuban-born American radio broadcaster
 Henry Pollack (geophysicist), professor of geophysics at the University of Michigan

See also
 Henry Pollak (disambiguation)
The Battle of Temalaca was a battle of the War of Mexican Independence that occurred on 5 November 1815 in the area around Temalaca, Puebla. The battle was fought between the royalist forces loyal to the Spanish crown and the Mexican rebels fighting for independence from the Spanish Empire. The Mexican insurgents were commanded by José María Morelos and the Spanish by Manuel de la Concha. The battle resulted in a victory for the Spanish Royalists.

At the end of the battle, Morelos was captured by Spanish forces under whose control he was soon after executed ending the second phase of the Mexican War of Independence.

See also 
 Mexican War of Independence
 José María Morelos

Bibliography 

Temalaca
Temalaca
Temalaca
Temalaca
1815 in New Spain
November 1815 events
Hornavan is a lake in northern Sweden. Located in Arjeplog Municipality in the province of Swedish Lapland, administratively known as Norrbotten County, it is the deepest lake in Sweden at . Being a high mountain lake downstream from the source of the Skellefte River, the deepest point of the lake basin is still located  above sea level. Due to the cold subarctic climate of the area, it always freezes over for several months of the year in spite of its depth.

Geography 
It is situated in the Scandinavian mountain range, at a height of . The town of Arjeplog is located on its south-western shore. The lake then extends  northwest up to the town of Jäckvik, containing about 400 islets, many of which have distinguishable flora and fauna. Research on the ecosystems comparing the larger islands with smaller islets in Hornavan and Uddjaur are popular due to their unpolluted environment, and have yielded . In June 2005 an international study was published in Nature entitled Effects of species and functional group loss on island ecosystem properties.

On its southern end, the lake attaches with the lake Uddjaure.

The surface area fluctuates between , but some sources give it as constant ; in any case, it is the eighth largest lake in Sweden. With a largest depth of  it is also the deepest.

The lake has been cultivated for water power. Hornavan, like all lakes in Arjeplog Municipality, has drinkable water.

Fishing 
Hornavan has 5 native species of whitefish: Coregonus pallasii, Coregonus megalops, Coregonus maxillaris, Coregonus nelssonii and Coregonus widegreni (the latter known under the name Valaam), with a sixth, Coregonus maraena, introduced in the 1940s.   Trolling for trout in the lake is also popular.

Sources 
  Allmänt om Arjeplog Arjeplog Official Site

References 

Skellefte River basin
Lakes of Norrbotten County
Syed Noor-ul-Hassan Bukhari was a Muslim Hanafi Deobandi Scholar, religious and political leader from the Indian subcontinent. He was one of founding members of the Tanzeem-e-Ahlay Sunnat.

Writing and speaking career 
Bukhari wrote historical, educational and religious books, including: 
 Al Ashaab fil kitab
 Kashf ul Haqaiq
 Masaib us Sahabah

References

1904 births
1983 deaths
20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
Deobandis
Hanafis
People from Rajanpur District
When the Morning Comes is the second studio album by A Great Big World and follows their debut album Is There Anybody Out There? and was released on Epic Records a division of Sony Music Entertainment on 13 November 2015.

Several musicians and producers collaborated on the album including Dave Eggar, Derek Fuhrmann, Gregg Wattenberg, Greg Holden, Kevin Kadish, Josh Kear, Dan Romer and Mozella.

Singles
The lead single "Hold Each Other" was released on July 22, 2015 featuring rapper Futuristic. The non-rap version was released on July 24, 2015.

The second single "Oasis" was released on February 22, 2016.

The third single "Won't Stop Running" was released on May 10, 2016.

Track listing
"All I Want Is Love" (3:11)
"Kaleidoscope" (3:49)
"End of the World" (3:33)
"Hold Each Other" (featuring Futuristic) (3:37)
"Oasis" (3:23)
"Come On" (3:27)
"Won't Stop Running" (3:46)
"One Step Ahead" (4:12)
"The Future's Right in Front of Me" (3:27)
"When the Morning Comes" (3:45)
"Where Does the Time Go" (3:48)
"Hold Each Other" (3:14)

Charts

References 

2015 albums
A Great Big World albums
Georgios Zorbas (; 1865  September 16, 1941) was a Greek miner upon whom Nikos Kazantzakis based Alexis Zorbas, the protagonist of his 1946 novel Zorba the Greek.

Biography
Georgios Zorbas was born in 1865 at Katafygio village in Pieria Mountain, then in the Ottoman Empire. His full name, father's name, year and place of birth are documented in the registry book of Katafygio, which is preserved today. He was the son of Photios Zorbas, a wealthy landowner and sheep-owner and had three siblings; a sister, Katerina, and two brothers, Ioannis and Xenophon. His family had its roots in Kolindros, but after a conflict with the local Ottoman rulers, his father decided to move them to Katafygio. He worked in his fields and flocks at Katafygi, became a woodcutter, and later left for Palaiochori, Chalkidiki, where he spent the most decisive years of his life, 1889–1911. He worked as a miner for a French company in Stratoniki, Chalkidiki and became friends with the foreman, Giannis Kalkounis (Γιάννης Καλκούνης). He eloped with Kalkounis's daughter Eleni and eventually had eight children. By the end of this period, war and the death of his wife brought great unhappiness to his family.

After all this, he left Palaiochori for Eleftherohori, Pieria, only 8 km from Kolindros, where his brother Ioannis, a doctor, lived. In 1915, he decided to become a monk and left for Mount Athos. It was there that he met Nikos Kazantzakis and they become close friends. They went to Mani together, where they worked as miners in Prastova. It was their experiences there that Kazantzakis later wrote into The Life and Times of Alexis Zorbas () which is a fictionalized version of the life of Zorbas. It was later translated as Zorba the Greek and also adapted into Zorba musical (1968) and an Academy Award-nominated film, Zorba the Greek (1964), wherein his role was played by Anthony Quinn.

His life continued in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, where he settled in 1922 with his 10-year-old daughter, Katerina. Zorbas bought mines near Niš and near Skopje and began to deal in mining. In 1940, Katerina married a wealthy merchant, with whom she went to live in Belgrade.

Zorbas himself died on September 16, 1941, and was buried in the cemetery of Vodno (quarter) near Skopje, then part of the Kingdom of Bulgaria). Because of the change of urban plans, the bones of Zorbas were transferred in 1954 to the Butel cemetery (P-17), near Skopje.

His great-grandson was rock legend Pavlos Sidiropoulos.

References

Further reading 
 The Real Zorbas and Nikos Kazantzakis by Giannes Anapliotes. Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1978. .

External links
 Famous Macedonians : George Zorbas (a.k.a. Alexis Zorbas)
 

1865 births
1941 deaths
Greek Macedonians
Greek miners
Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire
Nikos Kazantzakis
People from Velventos
People associated with Mount Athos
Greek people from the Ottoman Empire
My Father, the Ape and I (German: Mein Vater, der Affe und ich) is a 1971 Austrian-West German comedy film directed by Franz Antel and starring Gerhart Lippert, Mascha Gonska, Paul Löwinger.

The film's sets were designed by the art director Nino Borghi.

Cast
Gerhart Lippert as Dr. Klaus Wolf 
Mascha Gonska as Brigitte 'Biggi' Hansen 
Teri Tordai as Ruth 
Gunther Philipp as Prof. Dr. Felix Grimm 
Paul Löwinger as Kranzl 
Beppo Brem as Engelbert 
Lotte Ledl  as Karin 
Eva Maria Meineke as Mrs. Finch 
Fritz Muliar as Smekal 
Carlo Böhm as Hotel doorman
Heinz Reincke as Konsul Hansen 
Michael Holm as Self

References

External links

1971 comedy films
German comedy films
Austrian comedy films
West German films
Films directed by Franz Antel
Films scored by Gerhard Heinz
Films about apes
Constantin Film films
1970s German-language films
1970s German films
Nortpert (died after 1076) was abbot of the Abbey of Saint Gall from 1034 to 1072.

Works 
Nortpert was called to Saint Gall from the reform monastery Stavelot in order to reintroduce a strict monastic way of life. Despite resistance on the part of the monks of Saint Gall, he was able to successfully assert a reform programme. In 1040, he welcomed King Henry III whom he accompanied on his campaign in Italy in 1046. In Rome in 1047, he obtained the canonisation of Saint Gall's local saint Wiborada who died as a martyr in the course of the Hungarian invasions. As an abbot who tried to preserve the property rights of his monastery, he came into a bloody conflict with Bishop Rumold von Konstanz. After 38 years in office, he abdicated in 1072.

Sources 

 Nortpert on the website of the Stiftsarchiv St. Gallen.
 Nortpert in the Stadtlexikon Wil. Quoted after Duft, Johannes: Die Abtei St. Gallen.

References 

Abbots of Saint Gall
11th-century deaths

Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown