In medicine, the Ilizarov apparatus is a type of external fixation apparatus used in orthopedic surgery to lengthen or to reshape the damaged bones of an arm or a leg; used as a limb-sparing technique for treating complex fractures and open bone fractures; and used to treat an infected non-union of bones, which cannot be surgically resolved. The Ilizarov apparatus corrects angular deformity in a leg, corrects differences in the lengths of the legs of the patient, and resolves osteopathic non-unions; further developments of the Ilizarov apparatus progressed to the development of the Taylor Spatial Frame. 

Dr. Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov developed the Ilizarov apparatus as a limb-sparing surgical remedy for the treatment of the osteopathic non-unions of patients with unhealed broken limbs. Consequent to a patient lengthening, rather than shortening, the adjustable-rod frame of his external-fixation apparatus, Dr. Ilizarov observed the formation of a fibrocartilage callus at and around the site of the bone fracture, and so discovered the phenomenon of distraction osteogenesis, the regeneration of bone and soft tissues that culminates in the creation of new bone.

In 1987, Dr. Victor Frankel introduced to U.S. medicine the Ilizarov apparatus and Dr. Ilizarov's surgical techniques for repairing the broken bones of damaged limbs. The mechanical functions of the Ilizarov apparatus derive from the mechanics of the shaft bow harness for a horse.

The apparatus

The Ilizarov apparatus is a specialized external fixator of modular construction, composed of rings (stainless steel, titanium) that are transfixed to healthy bone with Kirschner wires and pins of heavy-gauge stainless steel, and immobilised in place with additional rings and threaded rods that are attached with and through adjustable nuts. The circular construction of the apparatus, the rods, and the controlled tautness of the Kirschner wires immobilises the damaged limb to allow healing.

The mechanical functions of the Ilizarov apparatus are based upon the principles of tension (pulling force), wherein the controlled application of mechanical tension to the damaged limb immobilises the broken bones, and so facilitates the biological process of distraction osteogenesis (the regeneration of bone and soft tissue) in a reliable and reproducible manner. Moreover, external fixation with the apparatus allows the damaged limb to bear weight early in the medical treatment.

Once emplaced onto the limb, the top rings of the apparatus transfer mechanical force to the bottom ring through the rods, and so by-pass the site of the fractured bone, thus the Ilizarov apparatus immobilizes the damaged limb and relieves mechanical stresses from the wound, which then allows the patient to move the entire limb. The middle rings stiffen the support rods and hold the bone fragments in place, whilst supporting the immobilised limb. In by-passing the site of the bone fracture, the top and bottom rings bear the critical load by transferring mechanical force from the area of healthy bone above the fracture to the area of healthy bone below the fracture.

Clinical application

The Ilizarov surgical method of distraction osteogenesis (regeneration of bone and soft tissues) for repairing complex fractures of the bones of the limbs is the preferred treatment for cases featuring a high risk of bacterial infection; and for cases wherein the extent and severity of the fracture precludes using internal fixators to immobilise the damaged bone for proper repair.

In 1968, Dr. Ilizarov successfully treated the non-union osteopathy of Valeriy Brumel, a Soviet athlete, who suffered a broken ankle and a broken shinbone (tibia) of the right leg, had undergone more than twenty failed bone-repair surgeries in three years, and yet his broken leg-bones had not healed and the leg was shorter than before the motorcycle accident in 1965. By way of distraction osteogenesis and an external-fixation apparatus, Dr. Ilizarov resolved Brumel's osteopathic non-union, by growing new leg bone, which extended the athlete's leg  to its normal length.

In 1980, Ilizarov successfully treated the osteopathic non-union of Carlo Mauri, a journalist and an explorer, who, ten years earlier, had broken the distal end of a tibia in an Alpine accident, yet his broken leg-bone had yet to heal. During an expedition in the Atlantic Ocean, Mauri's leg wound reopened; a concerned teammate, a Russian doctor, recommended that Mauri consult with Dr. Ilizarov for proper diagnosis, surgical repair, and treatment in the city of Kurgan, Russia.

In 2013, consequent to a PTSD-induced fall that broke his left leg, the British war correspondent Ed Vulliamy underwent limb-sparing medical treatment that featured surgeries and an Ilizarov apparatus to repair and heal the severely fractured bones in his left leg.

Clinical example
The photographs and radiographs illustrate the application and emplacement of an external fixator, an Ilizarov apparatus, to repair the open fracture of the lower left leg of a man. The photographs were taken four weeks after the patient fractured the shinbone (tibia) and the calfbone (fibula) of his left leg, and two weeks after the surgical emplacement of the Ilizarov apparatus to immobilise the leg and isolate the wound and fracture site to facilitate healing.

Bone work

The Ilizarov apparatus corrects deformed bones by way of the process of distraction osteogenesis, which reproduces bone tissues. After an initial surgery during which the bone to repair is fractured, and the apparatus is attached to the limb of the patient; once the fracture has been immobilised, the bone tissues begin to grow and eventually bridge the fracture with new bone. In the course of the osteogenesis process, the bone grows and the physician extends the rods of the Ilizarov apparatus to increase the space between the rings at each end of the apparatus. As the rings are installed at and connected to the opposite ends of the fracture site, the adjustment, done four times a day, separates the healing fracture by approximately one millimetre per day; in due course, the millimetric adjustments lengthen the bone of the damaged limb. Upon completing the bone-lengthening phase of treatment, the Ilizarov apparatus remains emplace for a period of osteopathic consolidation, the ossification of the regenerated bone tissues. Using crutches, the patient is able to bear weight on the damaged limb; once healed, the patient undergoes a second surgery to remove the Ilizarov apparatus from the repaired limb. The result of the Ilizarov surgical treatment is a limb that is much longer than before the medical treatment.

In the case of lengthening a leg bone, an additional surgery will lengthen the Achilles tendon to accommodate the longer length of the treated bone. The therapeutic advantage of the Ilizarov treatment is that the patient can be physically active whilst awaiting the bone to repair. The Ilizarov apparatus also is used to treat and resolve a structural defect in a long bone, by transporting a segment of bone whilst simultaneously lengthening and regenerating the bone to reduce the defect, and so produce a single bone. Installing the Ilizarov apparatus requires minimally invasive surgery, and is not free of medical complications, such as inflammation, muscle transfixion, and contracture of the affected joint.

See also

 Bone healing
 Fibrocartilage callus
 Osteoporosis
 Stress fracture
 Blowout fracture
Octopod External Fixator
 Pseudarthrosis
 List of Russian inventions
Instruments used in general surgery
 Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records
 Fibular hemimelia

References

External links

 Living with an Ilizarov/Taylor Spatial Frame UK newspaper article
 More information and pictures about the Ilizarov surgical technique
 Institute for Limb Lengthening and Reconstruction
 Providing excellent case summaries for Ilizarov treatment of complex fractures, including X-rays

Orthopaedic instruments
Soviet inventions
Russian inventions
Science and technology in the Soviet Union
Orthopedic treatment