Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
Land reforms were attempted in Sicily Since the 18th century. Their goal was to free the peasants from the bondages of feudalism, but currently they are regarded as one of the main causes for the rise of the Sicilian Mafia.

In the Kingdom of Sicily 
Under feudalism, the nobility owned most of the land. They enforced law and order through their private armies, which were also used to keep unruly workers and tenants in line.

In 1773, in the Palermo revolt, guilds (maestranza) urged peasants to apply for the nationalized lands of the Jesuits. in 1781-1786, Viceroy Caracciolo ruled that the fiefs of nobles now belong to the king. He also declared that private armies are illegal. Peasant obligations to lords were reduced.

In 1789, an edict called for enclosure of common lands, to be distributed to the poor in copyhold in exchange for yielding some of their feudal rights. However, most peasants were too poor to buy their rights, and the laws could be interpreted and enforced only by local magistrates. As a result, the rich became richer and the poor became poorer. A rural proletariat was created.

After 1812, the feudal barons steadily sold off or rented their lands to private citizens. Primogeniture was abolished, land could no longer be seized to settle debts, and one fifth of the land was to become private property of the peasants.

In the Kingdom of Italy 
In the 1860s, After Italy annexed Sicily in the Italian unification wars, it redistributed a large share of public and church land to private citizens.

Some scholars claim that the unification forces did not favor land reform, and with little benefit to them, the peasants rebelled. The insurrection was put down in 1865, killing 5000 peasants.

Other scholars claim that, on the contrary, the redistribution resulted in a huge boom in landowners: from 2,000 in 1812 to 20,000 by 1861.

With this increase in property owners and commerce came more disputes that needed settling, contracts that needed enforcing, transactions that needed oversight, and properties that needed protecting. The barons were releasing their private armies to let the state take over the job of enforcing the law, but the new authorities were not up to the task, largely due to their inexperience with capitalism. Lack of manpower was also a problem: there were often less than 350 active policemen for the entire island. Some towns did not have any permanent police force, only visited every few months by some troops to collect malcontents, leaving criminals to operate with impunity from the law in the interim. Compounding these problems was banditry: rising food prices, the loss of public and church lands, and the loss of feudal commons pushed many desperate peasants to steal. In the face of rising crime, booming commerce, and inefficient authorities, property owners turned to extralegal arbitrators and protectors.  These extralegal protectors would eventually organize themselves into the first Sicilian Mafia clans.

References 

Sicily
Sicily
Reform in Italy
A sound card mixer is the analog part of a sound card that routes and mixes sound signals. This circuit receives inputs from both external connectors and the sound card's digital-to-analog converters. It selects or mutes, amplifies (with variable gain) these signals, adds them together, and finally routes the result to both external output connectors and the sound card's analog-to-digital converters. Different mixing schemes are in use, but the ones implemented in most IBM-PC compatible computers today are variants of a scheme defined in Intel's AC'97 Audio Component Specification.

Mixer controls 
Sound card mixer controls are provided through the GUI interface in the computer's operating system. On most desktop environments, the mixer can be accessed via a Volume icon in the system tray.

Mixer controls are similar to that of a mixing console. They consist of volume sliders or rotary controls that represent each individual source, which may be accompanied by balance and mute controls. Most interfaces provide a method of switching between playback (output) sources and recording (input) sources. Additional hardware or software may add other effects such as low-pass filters, distortion and boost controls.

Mixing scheme 
The following schematic shows a greatly simplified example of how some sound card's mixers manipulate sound from different sources:

A more accurate depiction of the mixing scheme used in AC'97 compatible sound cards can be seen in Figure 17 of the AC'97 spec.

Typical input channels and controls 
Each of the following signal sources has its own gain and mute control in a typical mixer scheme:

Typical output channels and controls 
Each of the following signal destinations has its own gain and mute control in a typical mixer scheme:

Typical record controls 
In a typical AC’97 style mixer scheme, the analog-to-digital converters that allow the CPU to receive audio signal can either be connected directly to one of each of the inputs, or they can be connected to the same summation result that the mixer can provide via the line, aux and mono analog outputs. Therefore, in addition to the above input and output gain controls, a mixer also provides a number of controls for selecting the recording source. The result of this selection is again subject to a mute and gain control before it is digitized.

References

Sound cards
Panagiotis Sofianopoulos (; born 7 July 1968) is a retired Greek football striker.

References

1968 births
Living people
Greek men's footballers
Panserraikos F.C. players
Olympiacos F.C. players
Men's association football forwards
Greece men's international footballers
Footballers from Serres
Madge Irene Connor ( – 12 October 1952) was an Irish-born Australian police officer, who was the first woman to become a member of Victoria Police, and the first policewoman in Victoria, when she was appointed as a police agent in October 1917.

Early life
Connor was born in Waterford, Ireland around 1874 (although numerous versions of her name and date of birth exist, the Australian Dictionary of Biography says she was "possibly" born on 14 November 1874). Her father, John McCarthy, was a mariner, and Connor stated that after he was lost at sea when she was aged 2, she lived with family in England, then emigrated to the United States, and later to New Zealand. At the age of 16, she met and married Edward Connor (O'Connor), an English-born labourer, with the couple eloping to Melbourne, Australia.

Police career
Connor's husband Edward died suddenly in 1916, and Connor came to the attention of Victoria Police when his death was registered. Later that year, she began working for the police force, investigating illegal gambling and residing undercover in a boarding house to gather evidence against a notorious criminal. In 1917, after a campaign by women's groups to appoint women as police members, Connor was the first of two women to be appointed 'police agents', essentially a type of special constable with half the salary and no powers of arrest, uniform or weapon.

Connor led a group of female agents and watch-house matrons, and advocated for the appointment of women to Victoria Police, which occurred on 12 November 1924 when she and three other female police agents were officially sworn in as police officers, with equal pay and arrest powers.

Due to a quirk of police regulations, Connor lost her senior status in the force and was considered a junior officer. She was forced to retire on 14 November 1929, and was ineligible for a police pension as she had not served the requisite fifteen years as a sworn officer, so she utilised her detective skills as a private investigator.

Connor died on 12 October 1952 at St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, and was buried at Boroondara General Cemetery in Kew. In August 2017, Victorian Police Minister Lisa Neville and Chief Commissioner Graham Ashton unveiled a plaque at the cemetery commemorating her role as a pioneer of women in policing, and in November that year, a statue of Connor was unveiled at the Victoria Police Academy.

See also 
 Lillian May Armfield (1884–1971), one of the first two female NSW police officers (July 1915) 
 Kate Cocks (1875–1954), first two South Australian female police officers (December 1915) 
 Zara Dare (1886–1965), one of the first two female Queensland police officers (March 1931) 
 Women in law enforcement

References

1870s births
1952 deaths
Police officers from Melbourne
Women police officers
Irish emigrants to colonial Australia
Police officers from County Waterford
19th-century Irish women
Calodendrum eickii is a rare forest tree from Tanzania which is closely related to the widely cultivated Calodendrum capense, or Cape chestnut.

The tree is endemic to montane Juniperus forest in the West Usambara Mountains where it is under threat from expansion of commercial pine plantations and agricultural development.

References

Trees of Africa
Flora of Tanzania
Critically endangered plants
Zanthoxyloideae
Taxa named by Adolf Engler
Niederlausitz (Lower Lusatia) is a small region for table wine and country wine in eastern Germany, which was defined in an amendment to the German wine law in 2007. It is located in Brandenburg, which is the federal state surrounding Berlin. The designation Brandenburger Landwein is used for country wines from this region.

Lower Lusatia is not part of the 13 well-established German wine regions for quality wine (usually referred to as Anbaugebiete), and is located to the north of all of them, but south of Stargarder Land, which was defined in 2004. This means that Lower Lusatian wineries are not allowed to produce wine of all quality levels of the German wine classification. Only the lower part - Tafelwein (table wine) and Landwein (country wine) - and not the higher "quality wine" categories Qualitätswein bestimmter Anbaugebiete (QbA) and Prädikatswein may be produced. 

Currently, the Niederlausitz region covers only  of vineyards spread out over 14 locations. A peculiar aspect of the Niederlausitz region is that some of the vineyards are planted in former coal strip mines.

References

Wine regions of Germany
Geography of Brandenburg
(Wenche) Sahra Hausmann (born 6 February 1973) is a Norwegian team handball player who played for the club Bækkelagets SK and on the Norway women's national handball team. She became World champion at World Women's Handball Championship in 1999, won silver medal at the World Women's Handball Championship in 1997, and became European champion in 1998. She competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, where Norway finished 4th.

Hausmann made her debut on the national team in 1993. She scored more than 150 goals for the national team during her career.

References

External links

1973 births
Living people
Norwegian female handball players
Olympic handball players for Norway
Handball players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Handball players from Oslo
20th-century Norwegian women
20th-century Norwegian people
Sportspeople from Oslo
Whatcom may refer to Whatcom County, Washington, USA, or to several places and entities therein:

 Lake Whatcom
 Whatcom Creek drains Lake Whatcom into Bellingham Bay
 Whatcom Falls Park, Bellingham, containing the upper part of Whatcom Creek
 Whatcom Peak, North Cascades National Park
 Whatcom Glacier, North Cascades National Park
 Whatcom Trail, a gold prospectors' trail from Bellingham Bay to the upper Fraser Valley
 Whatcom, a settlement incorporated into Bellingham, Washington in 1903
 Whatcom County Council
 Whatcom Community College, Bellingham
 Whatcom Middle School, Bellingham School District

See also

 New Whatcom, one of the towns in Whatcom County that merged to form Bellingham, Washington
 New Whatcom Normal School, former name of Western Washington University
is a professional Japanese baseball player. He plays infielder for the Yokohama DeNA BayStars.

References 

1994 births
Living people
Baseball people from Saitama Prefecture
Japanese baseball players
Nippon Professional Baseball infielders
Yokohama DeNA BayStars players
Keyanna Conner is an American politician. She served as the Virginia Secretary of Administration in the Cabinet of Governor Ralph Northam. She worked for Mark Warner's campaign and administration before joining Northam's cabinet.

Education
Keyanna Conner grew up on the Eastern Shore of Virginia and is a native of Wattsville, Virginia. 
Conner studied chemistry at Hampton University, where she took part in an environmental health project at Dar es Salaam, Tanzania where she put her skills in analytical chemistry to work. Conner graduated from Hampton University in 2006 and received a doctorate in organic chemistry from Virginia Commonwealth University in 2015, where she worked on her thesis "Gas Phase Studies of Organic Reaction Mechanisms" under adviser Scott Gronert.
During her educational pursuits, Conner was actively involved in public service projects.

Career
After watching Barack Obama's presidential campaign kickoff speech, Conner was inspired to be politically active and volunteered making phone calls and data entry for the Obama campaign. 

After earning her undergraduate degree in 2006, she moved to Richmond, where, in 2012, she served as the Chair of the Democratic Committee in Henrico County. Conner joined Senator Mark Warner's 2014 campaign for the U.S. Senate as a senior adviser and political director. She then worked for Senator Warner, first as his Director of Government and Community Affairs and then as his State Director.

After serving on Senator Warner's staff, Conner accepted a position in Virginia Governor Ralph Northam's cabinet as Secretary of Administration.
In this role, she oversaw the Department of Human Resource Management, the Department of Elections, the Compensation Board, the Virginia Information Technologies Agency, and the Department of General Services.
In December 2020, it was announced that Conner would leave her position for a job in the private sector.

Honors
In 2018, Conner received one of "VCU Alumni's 10 Under 10" awards.

References

External links
 
 

Living people
People from Accomack County, Virginia
Politicians from Richmond, Virginia
Hampton University alumni
Virginia Commonwealth University alumni
State cabinet secretaries of Virginia
African-American state cabinet secretaries
Virginia Democrats
Women in Virginia politics
African-American women in politics
African-American people in Virginia politics
21st-century American chemists
21st-century American women scientists
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American politicians
Year of birth missing (living people)
Everyday Life in a Syrian Village () is a Syrian documentary film by the director Omar Amiralay. The film was ranked #55 on the Dubai International Film Festival's 2013 list of the top 100 Arab films.

Awards
Berlin International Film Festival - Interfilm Award - Otto Dibelius Film Award, 1976.
 Prix spécial du Jury - Festival de Toulon, 1976.

References

External links
 

1970s Arabic-language films
1974 films
Syrian black-and-white films
Syrian documentary films
Films directed by Omar Amiralay
1974 documentary films
Documentary films about economics
Documentary films about agriculture
Documentary films about Syria
These are the results of 2019 BWF World Senior Championships' 60+ events.

Men's singles

Seeds 
  Dan Travers (silver medalist)
  Arnold Dendeng (gold medalist)
  Yuri Smirnov (bronze medalist)
  Per Juul (bronze medalist)
  Tariq Farooq (fourth round)
  Ong Then Lin (fourth round)
  Loke Poh Wong (quarterfinals)
  Chan Wan Seong (second round)
  Rolf Rüsseler (fourth round)
  Cheddi Liljeström (second round)
  Chongsak Suvanich (fourth round)
  Rick Paap (third round)
  Eric Plane (second round)
  Birger Steenberg (fourth round)
  Vladimir Koloskov (second round)
  Sergey Bushuev (quarterfinals)

Finals

Top half

Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Bottom half

Section 5

Section 6

Section 7

Section 8

Women's singles

Seeds 
  Heidi Bender (silver medalist)
  Svetlana Zilberman (gold medalist)
  Kuniko Yamamoto (bronze medalist)
  Christine Black (quarterfinals)

Finals

Top half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom half

Section 3

Section 4

Men's doubles

Seeds 
  Eric Plane / Roger Taylor (second round)
  John Molyneux / Ian M. Purton (bronze medalists)
  Vladimir Koloskov / Yuri Smirnov (second round)
  Tariq Farooq /  Karsten Meier (quarterfinals)
  Chan Wan Seong / Ong Then Lin (quarterfinals)
  Sergey Bushuev /  Mirza Orujov (second round)
  Per Juul / Birger Steenberg (silver medalists)
  Jesper Helledie /  Dan Travers (gold medalists)

Finals

Top half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom half

Section 3

Section 4

Women's doubles

Seeds 
  Heidi Bender /  Svetlana Zilberman (gold medalists)
  Sugako Morita / Kukiko Yamamoto (silver medalists)
  Jenny Cox / Christine M. Crossley (bronze medalists)
  Anne C. Bridge / Christina Davies (bronze medalists)

Finals

Top half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom half

Section 3

Section 4

Mixed doubles

Seeds 
  Ian M. Purton / Christine M. Crossley (gold medalists)
  Dan Travers / Christine Black (silver medalists)
  Jens Dall-Hansen / Birte Bach Steffensen (quarterfinals)
  Toshio Kawaguchi / Masuyo Namura (second round)
  Ong Then Lin /  Yu Xiaomin (quarterfinals)
  Jeffrey Jamin Zee /  Kuniko Yamamoto (quarterfinals)
  James Buckle / Anne C. Bridge (quarterfinals)
  Philip Ian Richardson / Jackie Hurst (bronze medalists)

Finals

Top half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom half

Section 3

Section 4

References 
Men's singles
Women's singles
Men's doubles
Women's doubles
Mixed doubles

2019 BWF World Senior Championships
Darzi Mahalleh () may refer to:
 Darzi Mahalleh, Gilan
 Darzi Mahalleh, Babol, Mazandaran Province
 Darzi Mahalleh, Babolsar, Mazandaran Province
 Darzi Mahalleh, Neka, Mazandaran Province
Fangatau Airport  is an airport serving the village of Teana, located on the Fangatau atoll, in the Tuamotu group of atolls in French Polynesia,  from Tahiti.

Fangatau Airport was inaugurated in 1978.

Airlines and destinations

References

External links
 Atoll list (in French)
 Classification of the French Polynesian atolls by Salvat (1985)

Airports in French Polynesia
Atolls of the Tuamotus
The National Union () was a Dutch fascist political party active during the 1920s and 1930s.

The Union was set up in 1925 by Carel Gerretson and Robert Frédéric Groeninx van Zoelen initially as a study group with the intention of arresting the factionalism that was gripping the Dutch far right at the time. The Union set itself the task of improving unity and entered into negotiations with a number of groups, notably the General Dutch Fascist League. Ultimately it came together with this group and the followers of Alfred Haighton to form the 'corporative concentration' in 1933. This however proved short-lived and when it broke down the following year the National Union largely fizzled out.

References

Fascist parties in the Netherlands
Political parties established in 1925
Mrigala is a village in Chanditala II CD Block in Srirampore subdivision of Hooghly district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It was earlier recorded as a census town.

Geography
Mrigala is located at .

Demographics
 India census, Mrigala had a population of 17,664. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Mrigala has an average literacy rate of 73%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 78%, and female literacy is 67%. In Mrigala, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

References

Villages in Chanditala II CD Block
Linné Nanette Ahlstrand (July 1, 1930 – January 18, 1967) was an American model and actress.  She was Playboy magazine's Playmate of the Month for its July 1958 issue. Her centerfold was photographed by Frank Bez.

Ahlstrand moved to New York City from Hollywood, California to pursue an acting and modeling career. She appeared in such movies as Living Venus, Beast from Haunted Cave, and in such TV Shows as Highway Patrol, and Johnny Stacatto.  She returned to the Los Angeles area in September, 1965, when she got married. Ahlstrand continued to pursue an acting and modeling career before her untimely death to cancer at age 36 in Pasadena, California in 1967.

Filmography
 Senior Prom (1958)
 Living Venus (1961)
 Staccato (1959) as Anona
 Beast from Haunted Cave (1959) as Natalie, the barmaid
 Highway Patrol - "Temptation" (1957), "Slain Cabby" (1957), "Deaf Mute" (1958),  "Insulin" (1958), "Mother's March" (1958)  as Dispatcher

See also
 List of people in Playboy 1953–1959

References

External links
 
 

1936 births
1967 deaths
Actresses from Chicago
1950s Playboy Playmates
20th-century American actresses
The following is a list of episodes of reality television series American Chopper: Senior vs. Junior, the spin-off of American Chopper. Starting December 13, 2010, the show moved to Discovery Channel. and ended.

Series overview 
Even though the American Chopper: Senior vs. Junior spin-off series retained its own season numbering scheme (seasons 1–4), it maintained the American Chopper season numbering continuation (seasons 7–10).

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="width: 50pt;" | Overallseason
! rowspan="2" style="width: 50pt;" | Spin-offseason
! rowspan="2" style="width: 50pt;" | Episodes
! colspan="2" | Originally aired
|-
! style="width: 125pt;" | Season premiere
! style="width: 125pt;" | Season finale
|-
| bgcolor="#FF6229" style="width: 10pt;" |
| 7
| [[List of American Chopper: Senior vs. Junior episodes#Season 1 (2010–2011)|1]]
| 18
| 
| 
|-
| bgcolor="#979797" style="width: 10pt;" |
| 8
| [[List of American Chopper: Senior vs. Junior episodes#Season 2 (2011)|2]]
| 21
| 
| 
|-
| bgcolor="#55FFFF" style="width: 10pt;" |
| 9
| [[List of American Chopper: Senior vs. Junior episodes#Season 3 (2012)|3]]
| 13
| 
| 
|-
| bgcolor="#008000" style="width: 10pt;" |
| 10
| [[List of American Chopper: Senior vs. Junior episodes#Season 4 (2012)|4]]
| 15
| 
| 
|-
|}

Episodes

Season 1 (2010–2011) 
The season one mid-season continuation was preceded by a special episode on November 29, 2010, titled "A Family Divided" where Paul Sr, Paul Jr, and Mikey reflect on how their family got to the dysfunctional state it is today. Certain segments about the family from past episodes are shown and the Teutuls are interviewed. Another special titled "A Crew Divided" premiered on January 3, 2011, where both production crews from Orange County Chopper and Paul Jr. Designs opened up about how they feel on the feuding Teutuls.

Season 2 (2011) 
On February 7, 2011, Paul Teutul Jr. announced that American Chopper: Senior vs. Junior had been renewed for a second season.

Season 3 (2012)

Season 4 (2012) 
Note: This season dropped the Sr. vs. Jr. subtitle and returned to the original American Chopper title.

Specials

See also 
 List of Orange County Choppers episodes

References

External links 
 
 
 

2010 American television seasons
2011 American television seasons
American Chopper
Lists of American non-fiction television series episodes
Lists of American reality television series episodes
Thomas Andrew Currie (born 6 November 1970) is a Scottish former footballer who played as a defender for Clydebank and Dumbarton.

He later played in the Junior grade of Scottish football, winning the West Region Super League in 2003–04 with Kilwinning Rangers.

References

1970 births
Scottish men's footballers
Dumbarton F.C. players
Clydebank F.C. (1965) players
Kilwinning Rangers F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
Scottish Junior Football Association players
Men's association football defenders
Footballers from West Dunbartonshire
Living people
People from Alexandria, West Dunbartonshire