Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
Adolf Karl Ludwig Claus  (6 June 1838 – 4 May 1900) was a German chemist. He is known for his structure of benzene proposed in 1867.

Life
Claus was born in 1838 in Kassel, Germany. Starting from 1850, he studied medicine in Marburg and later chemistry at the University of Marburg, with Hermann Kolbe. After spending a short time at the University of Berlin, he worked with Friedrich Wöhler at the University of Göttingen. He received his PhD in 1862, and in the same year changed his position and started working at the University of Freiburg. He completed his habilitation in 1866 and became assistant professor in the following year. With the retirement of Lambert Heinrich von Babo, Claus succeeded him as full professor. He held that position until his retirement due to health problems in 1900. Clause died in Horheim near Wutöschingen in the same year.

Work

Claus mostly worked in organic chemistry where his interests were very diverse and included alkaloids, aromatic substitution, oximes and theoretical considerations on the structure of organic molecules. Claus is best known for proposing a model of benzene molecule in 1867.

In his model, the six carbon atoms of benzene form a hexagon with a hydrogen atom attached to every corner. To preserve valence 4 for carbons, the opposite corners of the hexagon are connected by single bonds. It took years of research before the three postulated structures of benzene – by Albert Ladenburg (1869), August Kekulé 1865 and by Claus – found their place in organic chemistry. Ladenburg's prismane and Claus' benzene were both proven to be wrong. While the prismane was synthesized in 1973, calculations showed that the synthesis of Claus' benzene is impossible.

Claus synthesized and determined the structure of several isomers of oximes. He described the isomerism by differences in the bond structure of the molecules whereas several other scientists found it more convincing to describe the difference by the relatively new concept of stereochemistry. This scientific dispute lasted until his death in 1900.

References

1838 births
1900 deaths
19th-century German chemists
Ruapehu District Council () is the territorial authority for the Ruapehu District of New Zealand.

The council consists of the mayor of Ruapehu, , and 11 ward councillors.

Composition

Councillors

 Mayor: 
 Taumarunui Ward: five councillors
 National Park Ward: one councillor
 Ohura Ward: one councillor
 Waimarino-Waiouru Ward: four councillors

Community boards

 National Park Community Board: four elected members, a councillor
 Taumarunui/Ohura Ward Committee: five Taumarunui Ward councillors, one Ohura Ward councillor
 Waimarino-Waiouru Community Board: four elected members, a councillor

History

The council was established in 1989, through the merger of Taumarunui County Council (established in 1910), Ohakune County Council (established in 1911), and Raetihi County Council (established in 1921).

References

External links
 Official website

Ruapehu District
Politics of Manawatū-Whanganui
Politics of Taranaki
Politics of Waikato
Territorial authorities of New Zealand
René Bricard was a Frenchman who was active in the French Resistance during World War II. He was made a Commander of the Legion of Honour in 2002.

References

French Resistance members
French torture victims
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Commanders of the Legion of Honour
The Pierinae are a large subfamily of pierid butterflies. The subfamily is one of several clades of butterflies often referred to as the whites.

Species
It includes the following species (additional species can be found under the tribes listed in the adjacent box):

Anthocharis belia – Morocco orange tip
Anthocharis cethura – desert orangetip
Anthocharis cethura catalina – Catalina orangetip
Anthocharis damone – eastern orange tip
Anthocharis euphenoides – Provence orange tip
Anthocharis gruneri – Grüner's orange tip
Anthocharis julia – southern Rocky Mountain orangetip
Anthocharis lanceolata – gray marble
Anthocharis limonea – Mexican orangetip
Anthocharis midea – falcate orangetip
Anthocharis sara – Sara's orangetip
Anthocharis sara thoosa – southwestern orangetip
Anthocharis scolymus – yellow tip
Anthocharis stella – Stella orangetip
Anthocharis stella browningi – Utah Stella orangetip
Euchloe belemia – green-striped white
Euchloe charlonia – greenish black-tip
Euchloe crameri – western dappled white
Euchloe olympia – Olympia marble
Phoebis avellaneda – red-splashed sulphur
Pieris angelika – Arctic white
Pieris brassicae – large white
Pieris marginalis – margined white
Pieris marginalis reicheli – Reichel's margined white
Pieris oleracea – mustard white
Pieris oleracea frigida – Newfoundland white
Pieris rapae – small white
Pieris virginiensis – West Virginia white butterfly

References

Further reading 
 Glassberg, Jeffrey (2001). Butterflies through Binoculars, The West
 Guppy, Crispin S. and Shepard, Jon H. (2001). Butterflies of British Columbia
 James, David G. and Nunnallee, David (2011). Life Histories of Cascadia Butterflies
 Pelham, Jonathan (2008). Catalogue of the Butterflies of the United States and Canada
 Pyle, Robert Michael (2002). The Butterflies of Cascadia

External links 
 
 Pierinae at TOL Suggested phylogeny and images.
 Butterflies and Moths of North America
 Butterflies of America

 

Butterfly subfamilies
The Linnaistensuo Mire is a nature reserve in Lahti, Finland. Linnaistensuo is a typical southern Finnish raised bog. It is located in the Kujala area near Linnaistenmäki, 7 kilometers from the city centre of Lahti.

Linnaistensuo is an area of 200 hectares. It contains 15 different natural mire types and the average peat in Linnaistensuo is 2.9 metres deep. A boardwalk trail, 1,5 kilometers, crosses the area. Linnaistensuo is also a popular destination for short hikes.

At Linnaistensuo the ditches have been blocked and there was a project to restore the natural state of the nature between the years 2002–2004. In the first phase, 100 hectares were protected and later the protected area has been supplemented.  Thanks to the new areas last added in 2003, nature reserve is now around 200 ha.

Linnaistensuo was accepted into the European Union's Natura 2000 network in 1998 as a representative sample of the raised bog nature in southern Finland.

External links
 Photos of Linnaistensuo

References

Lahti
Natura 2000 in Finland
Protected areas of Finland
Rashid Shaz (;  ) is an Indian Islamic scholar at the Aligarh Muslim University, India. His books include: Idrak Zawal-e-Ummat, lastam pokh, kitabul Urooj, and Manifesto of United Islam.

Brief introduction
Rashid Shaz is an ISESCO Ambassador for Dialogue of Culture among Civilizations  and a professor of English at the Aligarh Muslim University, India. In 2008, he released in Monaco an important founding document “Calling for a New Dialogue between Islam and Christianity”. Shaz has also engaged with the debate on shibh-ahle-kitab. In his book ادراک اسباب تراجع الامۃ(۲ مجلد) he takes up the issue from the point where Al-Baironi and Shahrastani had left. In 2004, he motivated many enlightened intellectuals in Abrahamic traditions to debate the common issues on futureislam.com.

Appreciation and activism
In 1992, while the Oslo Peace Accord was in the air, he went on a peace mission to London and Washington DC to convey to the policy makers in these capitals about the Muslim sentiments on Jerusalem. In 1994, he launched from New Delhi a weekly newspaper Milli Times International that ceased publishing in the year 2001.

In news
Professor Rashid Shaz condemned the silence of Aligarh on lynching incidents.

References

External links
Future Islam  
Bridge Course 
www.rashidshaz.com
Madrasa Sirajul Uloom Hilali Sarai Sambhal

1963 births
Living people
Academic staff of Aligarh Muslim University
Indian activists
Indian male writers
21st-century Muslim scholars of Islam
Ameles syriensis is a species of praying mantis found in Syria and Turkey.

References

Syriensis
Mantodea of Asia
Insects of the Middle East
Insects of Turkey
Insects described in 1915
Richard Innes (born ) was a Scottish cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-fast bowler who played for Norfolk. He was born in Aberdeen.

Innes, who made his debut cricketing appearance for Norfolk Young Amateurs at the age of 17, made his Minor Counties Championship debut eight seasons later, where he played for Norfolk for four seasons.

Innes made his sole List A appearance in the NatWest Trophy competition of 1983, against Glamorgan. From the tailend, he scored 0 not out, and took figures of 0-34 from 11 overs with the ball.

External links
Richard Innes at CricketArchive 

1953 births
Living people
Cricketers from Aberdeen
Norfolk cricketers
Scottish cricketers
Aleksandr Vlasov (20 January 1932 – 9 June 2002; ) was a Soviet politician, who held different cabinet posts, including interior minister and prime minister. He was the last communist prime minister of Russia, and a close ally of Mikhail Gorbachev.

Early life and education
Vlasov was born into a Russian family in Babushkin, Buryat-Mongol ASSR, Russian SFSR (now Buryatia, Russia) on 20 January 1932. He attended the Irkutsk Mining Metallurgical Institute and graduated with a degree in mining engineering in 1954.

Career
Vlasov worked as a foreman in an eastern Siberia mine. He left the job less than in a year and joined the Communist Party in 1956. Then he began to work in the Komsomol.

In 1965, Vlasov was named as second secretary of Yakut party obkom. He also worked a member of the military council of the North Caucasian military district when Gorbachev was working there. Vlasov began to work at the central committee of the Communist Party in Moscow from 1972. He was promoted to first secretary of the party in 1975. Then Vlasov became first secretary of the party in Rostov in southern Russia in 1984.

In January 1986, Vlasov was appointed interior minister, replacing Vitaly Fedorchuk in the post. Then Vlasov was appointed to the Politburo as a non-voting member in late September 1988. His tenure as interior minister lasted until 10 October 1988. Vadim Bakatin replaced him as interior minister.

Vlasov was elected as prime minister of the Russian Republic by the Supreme Soviet on 3 October 1988. He succeeded Vitaly Vorotnikov in the post.

Vlasov was nominated for presidency of the Supreme Soviet in May 1990. However, he lost the election to Boris Yeltsin who outpolled him, 535 votes to 467, receiving just 4 votes more than the minimum required for election.

Decorations and awards
 Order of Lenin
 Order of the October Revolution
 Order of the Badge of Honour, twice

References

External links

20th-century Russian engineers
1932 births
2002 deaths
Burials in Troyekurovskoye Cemetery
Heads of government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Candidates of the Central Committee of the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Candidates of the Politburo of the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
People from Buryatia
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Russian mining engineers
Soviet engineers
Soviet Ministers of Internal Affairs
The Treasury and Finance Department (;  ) is the finance department of the Basque Government.

External links 
  
  

Basque Government
The 61st Mobil 1 12 Hours of Sebring was an endurance sports car race held on March 16, 2013, at the Sebring International Raceway in Florida, United States. 

It was the last edition under the American Le Mans Series rules, marking the last year for the P1/LMP1 class at Sebring. The 2014 event was raced under the United SportsCar Racing brand.

Qualifying

Qualifying result
Pole position winners in each class are marked in bold.

Race

Race result
Class winners in bold.  Cars failing to complete 70% of their class winner's distance are marked as Not Classified (NC).

References

12 Hours of Sebring
Sebring
Sebring
Sebring
The Tweralpspitz is a mountain in the Appenzell Alps, located near Wattwil in the canton of St. Gallen. It is the highest point of the chain situated north of Ricken Pass.

References

External links
Tweralpspitz on Hikr

Mountains of the Alps
Mountains of Switzerland
Mountains of the canton of St. Gallen
Appenzell Alps
Venus Returning is the debut studio album by Australian pop band The Mavis's, released in May 1996 by record label Mushroom. It was produced by Kalju Tonuma (Nick Barker). Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, described how it "highlighted the band's brash sound, which mixed the Thomas siblings' idiosyncratic, imperfect vocal blend, crashing guitars, sugar-frosted melodies, goofy keyboard embellishments and odd instrumentation (sitar, Tibetan bells and Indian banjo)." The album provided three singles, "Thunder" (March 1996), "Box" (June) and "Lost" (November). "Thunder" was listed on the national youth radio Triple J audience poll, Hottest 100 of 1996, at No. 92.  The album peaked at No. 76 on the Australian ARIA Albums Chart.

Track listing 

 "Moon Drone Gold" – 3:10
 "Thunder" – 3:32
 "Box" – 3:59
 "Giant" – 3:32
 "Do You Have a Brother?" – 2:54
 "Supa*Star" – 3:28
 "See-Saw" – 3:06
 "The Land That Time Forgot" – 2:59
 "Sleep" – 2:51
 "Lost" – 3:55
 "Ribcage" – 3:53
 "Ghosts of the Night" – 3:09

Charts

References 

1996 debut albums
The Mavis's albums
Mushroom Records albums
Enteromius yeiensis is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Enteromius known from Chad and Sudan.

References 

 

Enteromius
Fish described in 1926
Taxa named by Sigurd Johnsen
Indascia is a genus of hoverflies native to India and Sri Lanka. Indascia is very similar to Paramicrodon.

Species
The four known species are:
I. brachystoma (Wiedemann, 1924)
I. gigantica Reemer, 2013
I. gracilis Keiser, 1958
I. spathulata Reemer, 2013

References

Hoverfly genera
Diptera of Asia
Microdontinae
Thyestes was the mythical king of Olympia. 

Thyestes may also refer to:
 Thyestes (Euripides), a lost play of Euripides
 Thyestes (Seneca), a Roman tragedy
 Mount Thyestes, in Canada
 Thyestes (fish), a genus of fossil fish
 14792 Thyestes, an asteroid

See also
 Thyestes Chase, a National Hunt handicap steeplechase run in Ireland
State Route 96 (SR 96) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia.  Known for most of its length as Virgilina Road, the state highway runs  from U.S. Route 501 (US 501) near Cluster Springs east to the North Carolina state line in Virgilina.  In Virgilina, SR 96 runs concurrently with SR 49 south to the border, where the highways continue as North Carolina Highway 96 (NC 96) and NC 49, respectively.

Route description

SR 96 begins at an intersection with US 501 (Huell Matthews Highway) south of Cluster Springs in southern Halifax County.  The state highway heads southeast as Virgilina Road, which crosses Mayo Creek.  East of Bluewing Creek, SR 96 heads east to the town of Virgilina, where the highway follows 7th Street.  In the center of town, the state highway meets SR 49 at Florence Avenue.  Northbound SR 49 follows 7th Street toward Clarksville while both state highways turn south onto Florence Avenue.  After crossing over the former alignment of the Norfolk, Franklin and Danville Railway, the two highways reach their respective termini at the North Carolina state line.  The two highways, which retain their numbers south of the border, continue south for a short distance before diverging; NC 49 heads southwest toward Roxboro and NC 96 heads southeast toward Oxford.

History
SR 96 was originally part of State Route 302, added in 1931 from State Route 18 (now US 501) east three miles (5 km) towards Virgilina. By 1932, this southern piece of SR 302 became part of State Route 59, and that year it was extended east the rest of the way to Virgilina. In the 1933 renumbering, all of SR 59 became part of State Route 49. The piece west of Virgilina, as well as the several blocks south to the state line in Virgilina (which had not been numbered before then), became State Route 96 in the 1940 renumbering to match North Carolina Highway 96.

Major intersections

References

External links

Virginia Highways Project: VA 96

096
State Route 096
Alexander Miller Harvey (November 24, 1867 in Richmond, Kentucky – March 9, 1928 in Topeka, Kansas) was an American lawyer, politician, and author.

Political career
A lawyer from Topeka admitted to the bar in 1893, Harvey was elected Lieutenant Governor of Kansas in 1896 on the Populist ticket along with John W. Leedy and served from 1897 to 1899.

In 1900 Harvey was again a candidate for lieutenant governor, on a Populist/Democratic/Free Silver Republican fusion ticket with John W. Breidenthal for governor; Breidenthal lost to incumbent governor William E. Stanley by 164,793 votes to 181,893.

In 1904 Harvey was the Democratic Party candidate for US representative from the First District of Kansas; he lost to the Republican Party candidate, future vice president Charles Curtis. In 1914 he lost again to Curtis, in the Republican US Senate primary (Harvey came in a poor fourth).<ref>Nineteenth Biennial Report of the Secretary of State, Kansas Secretary of State, Topeka, 1914, p. 18</ref>

Legal career
Harvey was the president of the Topeka Bar Association from 1922 to 1923.

Following the conviction of Industrial Workers of the World organizer Harold Fiske under the Kansas Criminal Syndicalism act in late 1923, Harvey was hired to handle the appeal to the Kansas Supreme Court and later to the United States Supreme Court. Harvey, working with his son Randal C. Harvey and Charles L. Carroll, obtained the 1927 Fiske v. Kansas decision freeing Fiske and establishing that state laws must conform to federal freedom of speech rights.

Another prominent case was the two bribery trials, on separate cases, of Governor Jonathan M. Davis in 1925, in which Harvey, fellow Populist Frank Doster, and John Addington obtained acquittals on all charges.

Other activities
In May 1898 Harvey joined the 22nd Kansas Infantry as a major; the regiment did not see action and was mustered out in November 1898. During his brief time in the service Harvey served in part as a military lawyer, defending a surgeon in his regiment against a charge of grave-robbing. He was active in the National Association of Spanish–American War Veterans, serving as Inspector General in 1903.

In 1903 Harvey was one of the leaders of rescue efforts during severe flooding in Topeka, and wrote a short account of his experiences.

Harvey also wrote short stories, a collection with the title Tales and Trails of Wakarusa'' was published in 1917.

Harvey was also a chess player and the Kansas state chess champion as of 1909. He also had played against Emanuel Lasker in simultaneous exhibitions, scoring one win and one draw.

References

External links
 
 
 

 

Lieutenant Governors of Kansas
Kansas lawyers
Kansas Populists
People from Richmond, Kentucky
Politicians from Topeka, Kansas
American short story writers
1867 births
1928 deaths
Kansas Republicans
Writers from Topeka, Kansas
Kansas Democrats
19th-century American lawyers
American chess players
This is a list of flags which have been, or are still today, used in Ireland.

Island of Ireland
The following flags have been used to represent the island of Ireland as a whole, either officially or unofficially.

Northern Ireland

Republic of Ireland

Defence Forces flags

Naval Service

Air Corps

Army

Defence Force Training Centre (DFTC)

Coast Guard

Traditional province flags

City and town flags

Sporting flags

Ensigns

Historical military flags

University flags

Organisations

Political flags

Religious flags

Former national flag proposals

Other former flag proposals

See also

 Cross-border flag for Ireland
 GAA county colours
 List of flags used in Northern Ireland
 Northern Ireland flags issue

References

External links

 Symbols in Northern Ireland – Flags Used in the Region by Dara Mulhern and Martin Melaugh; illustrated article from CAIN Project (Conflict Archive on the INternet)
 National Library of Ireland

Ireland
National symbols of the Republic of Ireland
 
Republic of Ireland-related lists
Ireland-related lists
Womble is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

David Womble (born 1977), English cricketer
Larry W. Womble (1941–2020), American politician
Royce Womble (1931–2016), American football player
Trevor Womble (born 1951), English footballer
Warren Womble (1920–2015), American basketball coach
Desulfuromonas chloroethenica is a gram-negative metal-reducing proteobacterium. It uses tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene as electron acceptors.

References

Further reading

External links

LPSN
Type strain of Desulfuromonas chloroethenica at BacDive -  the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase

Desulfuromonadales
Bacteria described in 1997
Super Pig may refer to:
Super Pig (book), a 1976 book by William Rushton
Saban Entertainment's English version of Pig Girl of Love and Courage: Tonde Burin
Gibberula sassenae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Cystiscidae. It is named after Dutch-American sociologist Saskia Sassen.

Description
The length of the shell attains 2.39 mm.

Distribution
This marine species occurs off Guadeloupe.

References

sassenae
Gastropods described in 2015
The Abbotsford was a scooter-like lightweight bike with a 1.5 bhp overhead valve engine. Production was limited.

See also
Abbotsford motorcycles

References

External links
 Line drawing

Motorcycle manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Motorcycles introduced in the 1910s
Karachi Kings is a franchise cricket team that represents Karachi in the Pakistan Super League (PSL). They were one of the six teams that competed in the 2023 Pakistan Super League. The team was coached by Johan Botha, and captained by Imad Wasim. Wasim Akram was the president of Karachi Kings.

Squad
 Players with international caps are listed in bold.
 Ages are given as of 13 February 2023, the date of the first match in the tournament|}

Source: CricInfo

Management and coaching staff

Source: Mykhel

Kit manufacturers and sponsors

|

Season standings

Points table 

The top 4 teams qualified for the playoffs.
  Advances to Qualifier.
  Advances to Eliminator 1.

Notes:
 C = Champions; 
 R = Runner-up;
 (x) = Position at the end of the tournament

Group fixtures

Statistics

Most runs 

Source: ESPNcricinfo

Most wickets 

Source: ESPNcricinfo

References

External links 
 Official website
 Team records 2023

2023 Pakistan Super League
2020s in Karachi
Karachi Kings seasons