Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
Cobham's thesis, also known as Cobham–Edmonds thesis (named after Alan Cobham and Jack Edmonds), asserts that computational problems can be feasibly computed on some computational device only if they can be computed in polynomial time; that is, if they lie in the complexity class P. In modern terms, it identifies tractable problems with the complexity class P.

Formally, to say that a problem can be solved in polynomial time is to say that there exists an algorithm that, given an n-bit instance of the problem as input, can produce a solution in time O(nc), using the big-O notation and with c being a constant that depends on the problem but not the particular instance of the problem.

Alan Cobham's 1965 paper entitled "The intrinsic computational difficulty of functions" is one of the earliest mentions of the concept of the complexity class P, consisting of problems decidable in polynomial time. Cobham theorized that this complexity class was a good way to describe the set of feasibly computable problems.

Jack Edmonds's 1965 paper "Paths, trees, and flowers" is also credited with identifying P with tractable problems.

Limitations

While Cobham's thesis is an important milestone in the development of the theory of computational complexity, it has limitations as applied to practical feasibility of algorithms. The thesis essentially states that "P" means "easy, fast, and practical", while "not in P" means "hard, slow, and impractical". But this is not always true, because the thesis abstracts away some important variables that influence the runtime in practice:
 It ignores constant factors and lower-order terms.
 It ignores the size of the exponent. The time hierarchy theorem proves the existence of problems in P requiring arbitrarily large exponents.
 It ignores the typical size of the input.

All three are related and are general complaints about analysis of algorithms, but they particularly apply to Cobham's thesis, since it makes an explicit claim about practicality. Under Cobham's thesis, a problem for which the best algorithm takes n200 instructions is considered feasible, and a problem with an algorithm that takes 20.00001 n instructions infeasible—even though one could never solve an instance of size n = 2 with the former algorithm, whereas an instance of the latter problem of size n = 106 could be solved without difficulty. In fields where practical problems have millions of variables (such as operations research or electronic design automation), even O(n3) algorithms are often impractical.

A separate consideration is that in many cases, one is often content with approximate solutions if an exact solution cannot be found. For example, the traveling salesman problem is widely suspected to be unsolvable exactly in polynomial time (it is NP-hard), but good solutions can be obtained in polynomial time with methods such as the Christofides algorithm.

References

Computational complexity theory
Troll Mill is a children's fantasy novel written by Katherine Langrish, the second in the Troll Trilogy. It follows the events of Troll Fell, but takes place three years later.

Synopsis
The hero Peer Ulffson now lives with his friend Hilde and her family.  One evening on the beach, having just returned from a fishing trip in stormy weather, he is horrified when a neighbour's young wife, Kersten, pushes her newborn child into his arms before throwing herself into the sea.  As he carries the baby home through the windy night, he sees the old deserted mill mysteriously working away ‘all by itself’.

Rumours abound in the village that Kersten was a seal woman, and that her husband Bjørn the fisherman, Peer's friend and mentor, is now cursed, doomed to die at sea.  As he struggles to understand these mysteries and protect the vulnerable ‘seal-baby’ from the predatory water spirit Granny Greenteeth, Peer must also learn to cope with his feelings for Hilde, and try to carve out a future for himself.

As in the first book of the trilogy, Troll Fell, Langrish uses a variety of folklore motifs such as the Orkney legends of seal people or selkies to create an unusual and believable fantasy.

2005 British novels
Children's fantasy novels
HarperCollins books
Facundo Nahuel Pansardi (born February 16, 1989) is an Argentine footballer. He was born in San Martín (Buenos Aires), and currently plays for Cobreloa of the Primera B de Chile.

Teams
  Estudiantes de Buenos Aires 2008-2012
  Temperley 2012-2013
  Platense 2013-2014
  Nueva Chicago 2015
  Cobreloa 2015–present

References
 
 

1989 births
Living people
Argentine men's footballers
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Estudiantes de Buenos Aires footballers
Club Atlético Temperley footballers
Club Atlético Platense footballers
Club Atlético Nueva Chicago footballers
C.D. Cobreloa footballers
Primera B de Chile players
Expatriate men's footballers in Chile
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Buenos Aires
The Miss Wisconsin Teen USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Wisconsin in the Miss Teen USA pageant.

Wisconsin has placed at Miss Teen-USA on six occasions. The first placement was in 1984, when Adrianne Hazelwood made the ten semi-finalists, and then endured an eighteen-year dry spell until Vanessa Semrow won the Miss Teen USA crown in 2002. Then lastly with two consecutive semi-final placements with Katherine (Kate) Patrice Redeker (2013) and Patience Ann Vallier (2014), followed by Shreya Gundelly in 2021 and her sister Sage Gundelly in 2022.

Five Wisconsin teen titleholders have competed at Miss USA, (four as Miss Wisconsin-USA in 1995, 2014, 2010, and 2016; and one as Miss Connecticut USA in 1985). One teen, Maria Kim, has also competed at Miss America in 1987 and won two talent awards. In 2007, Bishara Abridasheed Dorre, Miss Wisconsin Teen-USA 2006, became the first former Miss Teen-USA state titleholder to win a Miss America's Outstanding Teen state title, when she was crowned Miss Wisconsin's Outstanding Teen 2007.

Sage Gundelly of Mequon was crowned Miss Wisconsin Teen USA 2022 on May 8, 2022 at Madison Marriott West Hotel in Middleton. She will represent Wisconsin for the title of Miss Teen USA 2022.

Results summary

Placements
Miss Teen USA: Vanessa Marie Semrow (2002)
Top 10: Adrianne Hazelwood (1984)
Top 15: Patience Ann Vallier  (2014)
Top 16: Katherine Patrice Redeker (2013), Shreya Gundelly (2021), Sage Gundelly (2022)
Wisconsin holds a record of 6 placements at Miss Teen-USA.

Winners 

1 Age at the time of the Miss Teen USA pageant

References

External links
Official website

Wisconsin
Women in Wisconsin
Edith T. Martin is an American artist and museum professional.

Life
She was born in Caroline County, Virginia. She moved to Washington D.C. where she earned a degree in Fine Arts from American University and also attended Georgetown University. She worked as an artist and museum technician at the Smithsonian American Art Museum and Renwick Gallery.

Martin was active in the arts community in Washington D.C. and advocated for exhibitions of the work of African American women artists in particular. She was affiliated with the D.C. Art Association, the Smithsonian Institution Women's Council, the National Conference of Artists, and the Washington Women's Art Center. She was a member of the Executive Board of the National Conference of Artists. Martin's works reside in several permanent art collections in the United States.

Martin participated in and curated many exhibitions, particularly at the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum, the Smithsonian American Art Museum and the Renwick Gallery.

Martin's work on a proposed February 1979 exhibit of Black women artists, Contemporary Afro-American Women Artists, helped create an archive of artists from the period.

References

American art curators
American women curators
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
African-American women artists
Artists from Virginia
Artists from Washington, D.C.
American University alumni
Georgetown University alumni
Smithsonian Institution people
People from Caroline County, Virginia
20th-century American artists
21st-century American artists
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American women artists
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American artists
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American artists
Hay Niños Aquí is an album by the Costa Rican band Malpaís. It was released in 2010 by the Costa Rican music label Papaya Records.

Track listing

"Hay Niños Aquí" - 3:55
"El Barrio de los Jazmines" - 4:21
"Los Cuentos de María Rosa" - 3:57
"La Niña que Vino el Futuro" - 3:58
"Soy lo que Soy (intro)" - 2:14
"El Maravilloso" - 3:39
"Río Grande" - 3:55
"Canción del Capitán" - 4:08
"Barrilete" - 2:40
"Soy lo que Soy (continuación)" - 1:42
"La Calle de la Lluvia" - 5:39
"Despertate Guila" - 4:16

2010 albums
Malpaís (group) albums
Coulby Gunther (February 5, 1923 – July 14, 2005) was an American professional basketball player who spent two seasons in the Basketball Association of America (BAA) as a member of the Pittsburgh Ironmen (1946–47) and the St. Louis Bombers (1948–49). He played in the Professional Basketball League of America (PBLA) during the 1947–48 season, where he served as the player-coach of the Atlanta Crackers. Gunther also played for six teams in the American Basketball League (ABL). He attended Boston College.

BAA career statistics

Regular season

Playoffs

External links

1923 births
2005 deaths
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from New York City
Boston College Eagles men's basketball players
Forwards (basketball)
Pittsburgh Ironmen players
Professional Basketball League of America players
South Side High School (Rockville Centre) alumni
St. John's University (New York City) alumni
St. Louis Bombers (NBA) players
Undrafted National Basketball Association players
XHQZ-FM is a radio station on 94.9 FM in San Juan de los Lagos, Jalisco. It is known as Ritmo 94.9.

History
XEQZ-AM 1540 received its concession on April 17, 1970. It was owned by José Ismael Alvarado Robles and later moved to 720 kHz, with power staying at 1 kW day.

XEQZ was authorized to move to FM in 2011.

References

Radio stations in Jalisco
Mid-term parliamentary elections were held in Cuba on 1 November 1930 in order to fill half the seats in the House of Representatives, as well as 24 seats in the Senate. The Liberal Party was the biggest winner, taking 28 of the 59 seats in the House and 18 of the 24 seats in the Senate.

Results

Senate

House of Representatives

References

Cuba
Parliamentary elections in Cuba
1930 in Cuba
November 1930 events
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results
Mahmood Rahman (; born 22 August 1982) is a Pakistani guitarist and former member of the Lahore-based rock band Overload.

Personal life 
His paternal grandfather is Justice S. A. Rahman (d. 1990), a judge associated with the Pakistan Movement and who served as Chief Justice of Pakistan in 1968, his father, Asad Rahman (d. 2012), a journalist and human rights activist, was also a guerrilla commander in Balochistan who has been named Chakar Khan by the local peoples for his contributions, while his mother, Tanvir Rahman, is an artist and film producer. 

Through his father, his uncle is Rashid Rehman, a journalist who has been the editor of Daily Times, who's the father of musician and leftist intellectual Taimur Rahman.

Rahman is married to actress-singer Meesha Shafi, daughter of actress Saba Hameed and sister of actor-singer Faris Shafi.

Career 

Rahman started his career as a guitarist with Atif Aslam in 2003, played guitar for his two No. 1 albums Jal Pari and Meri Kahani. He later parted ways amicably with Atif Aslam and went on to join Overload. His first and only album with Overload was Pichal Pairee. He has also composed and produced the lead single from the soundtrack of The Reluctant Fundamentalist, Dhol Bajay Ga. He hss also worked with Noori, and is currently playing with Meesha Shafi and Ali Azmat

He is also the President of the PAKMMA Fighting Alliance, Pakistan's biggest and most successful Mixed martial arts organisation in Pakistan. The Fighting Alliance is associated with ONE FC, Asia's largest MMA promotion with a viewership of over 350 million viewers across Asia. PAKMMA in Pakistan is responsible for nurturing upcoming talent, providing audiences with quality live entertainment, and eventually representing Pakistan on the big stage in ONE FC.

Discography

References

1982 births
Living people
Punjabi people
National College of Arts alumni
Pakistani male singers
Singers from Lahore
Llancayo is a village in Monmouthshire, south east Wales, United Kingdom.  It is located two miles north of Usk on the B4598 road to Abergavenny, in the community of Gwehelog Fawr.

History and amenities 
Llancayo Mill is situated in fields visible from the road. It was built around 1813 and destroyed by fire by about 1830.  The local story is that the miller left the mill gears engaged when he went to market, and when the wind changed direction the mechanism overheated, igniting the surrounding timber.   A Monmouthshire poet, Myfanwy Haycock, wrote a poem about the now disused windmill.  It has now been fully restored, with working sails, for use as a "luxury retreat".

The River Usk flows close by.

References

External links
 A photo of Llancayo Mill
 Myfanwy Haycock's poem

Villages in Monmouthshire
A student quiz show (sometimes academic quiz show) is a television or radio quiz show featuring contestants who represent the schools they attend. NBC4's It's Academic in the Washington, DC metropolitan area is the longest running student quiz program in the world.

Gameplay and variations

Student quiz shows are played by two to four teams of players. Each game usually consists of several differing rounds of play. Some rounds are played with a lock-out device and electronic signaling devices ("buzzers") and questions played with them are called tossups. Once a player has rung in, they usually have only few seconds to give answer. This time is usually long for computational mathematics problems.

There are also usually rounds that are directed towards a single team to answer. These are usually known as "lightning rounds" or "60 second rounds".

Winnings teams sometimes win a monetary prize provided by either program sponsors the studio itself. This prize can come in the form of a scholarship or as a check to the winning school that the administration will decide its use.

See also
List of televised student quiz competitions
Quiz bowl

References

Game shows
Television genres
Secondary education in the United States
"Stool Pigeon" is a 1982 song by Kid Creole & The Coconuts. It was the second single to be released from the group's third studio album Tropical Gangsters. It reached a peak of #7 on the UK Singles Chart and #25 on the US US Club Play Chart. August Darnell, the lead singer of Kid Creole & The Coconuts, was a great fan of the 1940s dress style, which for gangsters was double breasted pinstriped suits and hats. "Stool Pigeon", which Darnell wrote, was a tribute to this whole genre.

The 12" remix of "Stool Pigeon" features a guitar solo by Chic guitarist Nile Rodgers.

Track listing

Charts

References

External links
 Video On YouTube
 Page On Discogs

1982 songs
1982 singles
Kid Creole and the Coconuts songs
Songs written by August Darnell
In a tribe called Marueta, located in Venezuela, South America, live the Maco people. They are one of several tribes called "Maco" by the Arawak peoples.

Indigenous peoples in Venezuela
Indigenous peoples of the Guianas
Yasko or Jasko (Cyrillic: Ясько) is a gender-neutral Slavic surname that may refer to the following notable people:
 Brett Yasko, American graphic designer
Tomáš Jasko (born 1983), Slovak ice hockey player
Yelyzaveta Yasko (born 1990), Ukrainian politician and film producer

See also
 

Ukrainian-language surnames
Olarikkara, usually called Olari, is an important gateway to Thrissur city of Kerala state, South India.  It is a major residential area in the city.  It is 5 km away from Thrissur city. Several Hospitals, Temples and Churches are situated here. One of the E.S.I Hospitals of the city is here. Like all the places in Thrissur, it has very good bus facilities. Olari is Ward 46 of Thrissur Municipal Corporation.

History
The village got its name from a root story about the Temple of Shree Bhagavathy. Hundreds of years ago there was a Sacred Brahmin’s house where the temple is situated now. At the "Nadumuttom" of the house, it is believed that there was the presence of ‘Goddess Vanadurga’ and this Goddess was worshipped by the Brahmin with full faith. At that time the Brahmin was titled with surname "Ola" by the rulers. Hence the location of  the temple was renowned as "Ola Irikkum Kara" which is later renowned as Olarikara.

Important Amenities
 Federal bank
 South Indian Bank
 South Malabar Grammeen bank
 Bank of baroda
 Trichur urban co operative bank
 Govt Ayueveda dispensary
 Navajyothi B ED college
 Ayyanthole telephone exchange
 Ayyanthole K S E B
 Kerala lakshmi mill
 Trichur West A E O office
 Mother Hospital
 C.A.M Hospital
 E.S.I Hospital
 Thattil Supermarket
 Ilajithara charitable trust
 Karthika Super Market
 Margin free market
 Sheeba Theatre
 Bhavi Badhra Kuries
 Niya Regency 4 Star Hotel
 State Bank of India
Dr Jawaharlal's Clinic
Sagar Hotel

Important Places to Worship
Little Flower Church (a Church of Roman Catholic Syro malabar rite community and even has a High School in its name)
Shree Bhagavathy Temple (also called 'Durga' Temple. The main deity here is Durga)
Sri Parthasarathy Temple (main deity worshipped here is Lord Krishna)
Sree Chathan Temple
Mosque

See also
 Thrissur
 Thrissur District

References

Suburbs of Thrissur city
Eucalyptus flindersii, commonly known as the South Australian grey mallee, mallee red gum, or grey mallee, is a species of mallee that is endemic to South Australia. It usually has smooth, pinkish grey bark, lance-shaped to curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of three or seven and conical or hemispherical fruit with the valves protruding.

Description
Eucalyptus flindersii is a mallee, rarely a small tree, and typically grows to a height of  and usually has smooth, dull, grey bark that sheds in flakes to reveal a paler layer, sometimes with rough bark at the base of the trunk. Young plants and coppice regrowth have stems that are more or less square in cross-section, and leaves that are petiolate, egg-shaped,  long and  wide. Adult leaves are the same dull to slightly glossy, green to blue-green colour on both sides, lance-shaped to curved,  long and  wide on a petiole  wide. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of three or seven on an unbranched peduncle  long, the individual buds sessile or on pedicels up to  long. Mature buds are oval,  long and  wide with a rounded to conical operculum. Flowering occurs between August and October and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody hemispherical to conical capsule  long and  wide with the valves protruding above the rim of the fruit.

Taxonomy and naming
Eucalyptus flindersii was first formally described in 1980 by Clifford Boomsma in the Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens from a specimen collected by Roger Callen on Mount Hack in the Flinders Ranges. The specific epithet (flindersii) honours Captain Matthew Flinders, after whom the Flinders Ranges, where this species occurs, was named.

Distribution and habitat
The South Australian grey mallee grows on slopes and between rocks in open woodland, mainly in the Flinders Ranges but with outliers to the south near Yunta and Quorn.

See also
List of Eucalyptus species

References

flindersii
Myrtales of Australia
Flora of South Australia
Plants described in 1980
The Driving Instructors (Registration) Act 2016 (c. 16) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that amends certain sections of the Road Traffic Act 1988, in respect of the registration of driving instructors.

The act provides for measures to simplify the registration and deregistration of driving instructors from the Approved Driving Instructor register.

Prior to the amendments made by this act a driving instructor was added to the register on qualification and remained on the list for a period of 4 years at which point they would be required to undertake a quality check to ensure they had retained the approved standard.

The issue that this act sought to overcome was that a person could only be removed from the register if their registration expires or they were removed from the register for conduct, competence or disciplinary reasons.

The act sought to amend the original legislation in the Road Traffic Act 1988 to allow for voluntary deregistration from the register.

Content of the Act

Amendments to existing regime 
Section 1 introduced a new section, section 126A to the Road Traffic Act 1988 to deal with re-entry to the register following the expiry of registration where an application is made within one year or removal or four years of removal subject to passing a fitness test.

Section 2 introduced a new sections, section 128AZA in respect of voluntary removal from the register and section 128AZB in respect of re-entry to the register following voluntary removal. Section 128AZA required to Registrar to remove a person's name from the register where a person had requested it to be removed. Section 128AZB allowed for re-registration following voluntary deregistration under similar terms to those brought in under Section 1 following expiry.

Sections 3 and 4 made amendments to the Road Safety Act 2006 to bring this act in line with the amendments made to the Road Traffic Act 1988 as a result of sections 1 and 2.

General Provisions 
Sections 5,6 & 7 of the Act included general provisions relating to consequential amendments, transitional provisions, the territorial extent of the act and its commencement date.

References

United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 2016
Neu-Ems Castle ( or Schloss Glopper) is a medieval castle in Hohenems in the province of Vorarlberg, Austria. It was the fortification of the nobility Herren von Ems (Lords of Ems). Neu-Ems Castle is  above sea level.

Location
The castle is in the mountainside east of the town, in its mountain village Emsreute on a crest above the Rhine valley.

History 
Approved by Emperor Louis IV the Bavarian, Ritter Ulrich I. von Ems (Knight Ulrich I of Ems) in 1343 built a new castle to have a comfortable home for his large family in dangerous times. He placed it near his fortress Alt-Ems on a hilltop.

During the Appenzell Wars in 1407 the castle was destroyed and rebuilt shortly afterwards.

In 1603 a chapel was assembled to the ground floor. Except two lancet windows in the northern wall there is nothing left over of it today. Since 1835 the former winged altar of this chapel is exhibited in the Tyrolean State Museum in Innsbruck.

Since 1843 the stronghold is privately owned by the family Waldburg-Zeil.

See also
 List of castles in Austria

References

External links
Website of Hohenems: Schloss Glopper or Neu-Ems

Castles in Vorarlberg