Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
A peroxy acid (often spelled as one word, peroxyacid, and sometimes called peracid) is an acid which contains an acidic –OOH group.  The two main classes are those derived from conventional mineral acids, especially sulfuric acid, and the peroxy derivatives of organic carboxylic acids.  They are generally strong oxidizers.

Inorganic peroxy acids

Peroxymonosulfuric acid (Caro's acid) is probably the most important inorganic peracid, at least in terms of its production scale. It is used for the bleaching of pulp and for the detoxification of cyanide in the mining industry. It is produced by treating sulfuric acid with hydrogen peroxide. Peroxymonophosphoric acid (H3PO5) is prepared similarly.

Some peroxy acids are only hypothetical, but their anions are known. This is the case for peroxycarbonate and perborate (see sodium perborate).

Organic peracids
Several organic peroxyacids are commercially useful. They can be prepared in several ways.  Most commonly, peracids are generated by treating the corresponding carboxylic acid with hydrogen peroxide:

RCO2H  +  H2O2      RCO3H  +  H2O
A related reaction involves treatment of the carboxylic anhydride:
(RCO)2O  +  H2O2   →   RCO3H  +  RCO2H
This method is popular for converting cyclic anhydrides to the corresponding monoperoxyacids, for example monoperoxyphthalic acid.
The third method involves treatment of acid chlorides:
RC(O)Cl  +  H2O2   →   RCO3H  +  HCl
meta-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA) is prepared in this way.

A related method starts with the peroxyanhydride.

Aromatic aldehydes can be autoxidized to give peroxycarboxylic acids:
Ar-CHO + O2 → Ar-COOOH (Ar = aryl group)
The products, however, react with the initial aldehyde forming the carboxylic acid:

Ar-COOOH + Ar-CHO → 2 Ar-COOH

Properties and uses
In terms of acidity, peroxycarboxylic acids are about 1000 times weaker than the parent carboxylic acid, due to the absence of resonance stabilization of the anion.  For similar reasons, their pKa values tend also to be relatively insensitive to substituents.

The most common use of organic peroxy acids is for the conversion of alkenes to epoxides, the Prilezhaev reaction.  Another common reaction is conversion of cyclic ketones to the ring-expanded esters using peracids in a Baeyer-Villiger oxidation.  They are also used for the oxidation of amines and thioethers to amine oxides and sulfoxides.  The laboratory applications of the valued reagent mCPBA illustrate these reactions. 

Reaction of peroxycarboxylic acids with acid chlorides affords diacyl peroxides:

RC(O)Cl  +  RC(O)O2H   →   (RC(O))2O2  +  HCl

The oxidizing tendency of peroxides is related to the electronegativity of the substituents. Electrophilic peroxides are stronger oxygen-atom transfer agents. The oxygen-atom donor tendency correlates with the acidity of the O−H bond. Thus, the order of oxidizing power is CF3CO3H > CH3CO3H > H2O2.

See also
 Organic peroxide
 Peracetic acid
 Peroxyacyl nitrates

References

Organic peroxy acids
Oxidizing agents
An ice nucleus, also known as an ice nucleating particle (INP), is a particle which acts as the nucleus for the formation of an ice crystal in the atmosphere.

Ice nucleation mechanisms
There are a number of mechanisms of ice nucleation in the atmosphere through which ice nuclei can catalyse the formation of ice particles. In the upper troposphere, water vapor can deposit directly onto solid particles. In clouds warmer than about −37 °C where liquid water can persist in a supercooled state, ice nuclei can trigger droplets to freeze.

Contact nucleation can occur if an ice nucleus collides with a supercooled droplet, but the more important mechanism of freezing is when an ice nucleus becomes immersed in a supercooled water droplet and then triggers freezing.

In the absence of an ice nucleating particle, pure water droplets can persist in a supercooled state to temperatures approaching −37 °C where they freeze homogeneously.

As per Web of Science, the key word "ice nucleation" that appeared under Met Atm Sci and Env Sci categories till Dec 2021 was plotted using number of papers published. 

There are several research groups that study ice nucleating properties of atmospheric aerosols (for example see FIN-02 research article by DeMott et al. 2018 or the FIN-02 INP measurement intercomparison study). The ice nucleation research capability is also available through user facility call at EMSL, PNNL.

Cloud dynamics
Ice particles can have a significant effect on cloud dynamics. They are known to be important in the processes by which clouds can become electrified, which causes lightning. They are also known to be able to form the seeds for rain droplets. It has become clear that the concentration of ice nucleating particles in shallow clouds is a key factor in cloud-climate feedbacks.

Atmospheric particulate matter
Many different types of atmospheric particulate matter can act as ice nuclei, both natural and anthropogenic, including those composed of desert dust, soot, organic matter, bacteria (e.g. Pseudomonas syringae), pollen, fungal spores and volcanic ash amongst others. However, the exact nucleation potential of each type varies greatly, depending on the exact atmospheric conditions. Very little is known about the spatial distribution of these particles, their overall importance for global climate through ice cloud formation, and whether human activity has played a major role in changing these effects.

See also
Bergeron process
Cloud condensation nuclei
Nucleation
Snow
Supercooling

References

Cloud and fog physics
Particulates
Jean Verdier, PSS (19 February 1864 – 9 April 1940) was a French Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Archbishop of Paris from 1929 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1929.

Biography
Jean Verdier was born to a modest family in Lacroix-Barrez, Aveyron, and studied at the seminary in Rodez before entering the Society of Saint-Sulpice in 1886. He was ordained to the priesthood on 9 April 1887 and then taught at the seminary of Périgueux until 1898, serving as its rector from 1898 to 1912. From 1912 to 1920, Verdier served as a professor and the superior of the Seminary "Des Carmes" in Paris. He became an honorary canon of the metropolitan cathedral of Paris in 1923, and served as Vice-Superior General (1926–1929) before being elected Superior General of his society on 16 July 1929. During that same year, he was made vicar general of Paris and a protonotary apostolic.

On 18 November 1929, Verdier was appointed Archbishop of Paris by Pope Pius XI. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 29 December from Pope Pius himself, with Archbishop Alfred-Henri-Marie Baudrillart, Orat, and Bishop Emmanuel-Anatole Chaptal serving as co-consecrators, in the Sistine Chapel. Early in his tenure as Archbishop, he ordered all French priests to conduct an "extensive survey" into any alcoholism existing in their parishes.

Pius XI created him Cardinal Priest of Santa Balbina in the consistory of 16 December 1929; Verdier was the first Sulpician to be elevated to the College of Cardinals. He served as Special Legate to several events between 1930 and 1939, and was one of the cardinals who participated in the 1939 papal conclave that elected Pope Pius XII.

An opponent of Fascism, Verdier described World War II as "a crusade...We are struggling to preserve the freedom of people throughout the world, whether they be great or small peoples, and to preserve their possessions and their very lives. No other war has had aims that are more spiritual, moral, and, in sum, more Christian". Besides his native French, he was fluent in German and Italian, but spoke little English, for which he required an interpreter on international visits.

The Cardinal died in Paris, at the age of 76. He is buried in Notre-Dame Cathedral.

References

External links
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
 

1864 births
1940 deaths
People from Aveyron
Archbishops of Paris
20th-century French cardinals
Burials at Notre-Dame de Paris
Superiors General of the Society of the Priests of Saint Sulpice
Sulpician bishops
The mental foramen is one of two foramina (openings) located on the anterior surface of the mandible. It is part of the mandibular canal. It transmits the terminal branches of the inferior alveolar nerve and the mental vessels.

Structure 
The mental foramen is located on the anterior surface of the mandible. It is directly below the commisure of the lips, and the tendon of depressor labii inferioris muscle. It is at the end of the mandibular canal, which begins at the mandibular foramen on the posterior surface of the mandible. It transmits the terminal branches of the inferior alveolar nerve (the mental nerve), the mental artery, and the mental vein.

Variation 
The mental foramen descends slightly in toothless individuals.

The mental foramen is in line with the longitudinal axis of the 2nd premolar in 63% of people. It generally lies at the level of the vestibular fornix and about a finger's breadth above the inferior border of the mandible.

In the general population, 17% of mandibles have an additional mental foramen or foramina on at least one side, while 4% of the mandibles show multiple mental foramina on both sides. Most are unequal in size, often with a single large foramen while any others are smaller. An incisive mental foramen is observed in 1% of the side of the mandible.

Clinical significance 
The mental nerve may be anaesthetized as it leaves the mental foramen. This causes loss of sensation to the lower lip and chin on the same side.

Additional images

See also 

 Mandibular foramen

References

External links 

  ()
 Diagram at uni-mainz.de

Foramina of the skull
Elliott Smith (1969–2003) was an American singer-songwriter and musician.

Elliott Smith, Elliott-Smith or Elliot Smith may also refer to:

Elliott Smith (album), a 1995 album by Elliott Smith
Elliott Smith (book), a 2007 biography about Elliott Smith
Elliott F. Smith (1931–1987), American politician in the New Jersey General Assembly
Bruce Elliott-Smith, British songwriter and producer
Charles Henry Elliott-Smith (1889–1994), British air commodore
Grafton Elliot Smith (1871–1937), Australian-British archaeologist and anatomist
Elliot Smith (American football) (born 1967), defensive back
Elliot Smith House, a historic house in Worcester, Massachusetts
Ermesinde Sport Clube was a Portuguese sports club from Ermesinde.

The men's football team had two stints in the third-tier Segunda Divisão B; from 1991 to 1994 and 1998 to 2004. Later they were also relegated from the 2006–07 Terceira Divisão into the regional leagues.

In the AF Porto Liga Honra, Ermesinde finished 17th of 18. After that, the club went extinct. A phoenix club Ermesinde S.C. 1936 was founded in its place.

References

Football clubs in Portugal
Association football clubs established in 1936
1936 establishments in Portugal
Association football clubs disestablished in 2013
2013 disestablishments in Portugal
Alexander Dick (18271 June 1867) was an Australian politician.

He was the son of Scottish immigrant Alexander Dick, a silversmith, and Charlotte Hutchison. He was admitted as a solicitor in 1850 and practised in Sydney. In 1860 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Liverpool Plains, but he resigned in 1862 to accept an appointment as 2nd Examiner of Titles. Dick died on .

References

 

1827 births
1867 deaths
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
19th-century Australian politicians
Eilam or Eillam is an Israeli name. Notable people with this name include:

Avraham Eilam-Amzallag (born 1941), Israeli musician and composer
Barak Eilam, Israeli electrical engineer and businessman
Eldad Eilam, author of Reversing: Secrets of Reverse Engineering
Esther Eillam (born 1939), Israeli feminist
Tamar Eilam, Israeli-American computer scientist
Uzi Eilam, Israeli general and director of the Israel Atomic Energy Commission
Sadhan Chandra Mahavidyalaya, established in 2007, is an undergraduate college in Harindanga, West Bengal, India. This college is affiliated to the University of Calcutta.

Departments

Arts
Bengali
English
Sanskrit
History
Geography
Political Science
Philosophy
Education

Accreditation
Sadhan Chandra Mahavidyalaya is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC).

See also 
List of colleges affiliated to the University of Calcutta
Education in India
Education in West Bengal

References

External links
Official website

Educational institutions established in 2007
University of Calcutta affiliates
Universities and colleges in South 24 Parganas district
2007 establishments in West Bengal
Edwin Cox may refer to:

 Edwin L. Cox, American businessman and philanthropist
 Edwin P. Cox (1870–1938), American politician in the Virginia House of Delegates
 Edwin Charles Cox (1868–1958), British soldier and railway manager
 Edwin Thoms Cox (1881–1967), mayor of Dunedin
Julije (Julio) Bajamonti (Italian: Giulio Bajamonti; 4 August 1744 – 12 November 1800) was a medical historian, writer, translator, encyclopedist, historian, philosopher, and musician from the city of Split in present-day Croatia. His wife was Ljuba Bajamonti, a Split commoner.

Bajamonti is known for composing the first preserved oratorio in Croatia (La traslazione di San Doimo), writing about the history of Split (unfinished and unpublished), and helping Alberto Fortis, with his journey around Dalmatia which also included the discovery of the now famous South Slavic Muslim song, Hasanaginica.

After the fall of Venice in 1797 he urged that Dalmatia should be annexed to the Habsburg monarchy. In his speech in 1797 he stated that Austria was the successor of the old Venetian state. Like many other intellectuals along the Dalmatian coast Bajamonti wrote most of his works in Italian. Niccolò Tommaseo claims that there was no one in Italy who wrote better than Bajamonti during his time.

He performed his medical work in the cities of Split, Hvar, and Kotor (in the area of Boka Kotorska in today's Montenegro).

See also 
Antonio Bajamonti
House of Bajamonti

References

External links
 
 Free scores by  Bajamonti Julije  on loumy.org
 

1744 births
1800 deaths
Writers from Split, Croatia
Croatian philosophers
Croatian composers
18th-century Venetian historians
18th-century composers
18th-century male musicians
18th-century musicians
Musicians from Split, Croatia
Physicians from Split, Croatia
Nepal Dalit Shramik Morcha is a political party in Nepal, founded by Ruplal Bishvakarma. The party took part in the 1999 election, campaigning for rights for lower caste people. The party got 6852 votes.

The party is registered with the Election Commission of Nepal ahead of the 2008 Constituent Assembly election.

Ahead of the Constituent Assembly polls, the party presented a closed proportional representation list with 46 candidates, headed by Roma Bishwakarma. The party presented 1 candidate for the First Past the Post seats, Prem Singh Bishwakarma in the Kailali-6 constituency.

References

Political parties in Nepal
The Mambatuta Falls is a steep waterfall on the Luapula River, which originates in Lake Bangweulu and flows through Zambia and along the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo into Lake Mweru.

The Luapula flows south from Lake Bangweulu as a broad, swampy river a few hundred meters (yards) wide. It then turns west and runs along the border with the Democratic Republic of Congo. After the Mambatuta falls the river narrows and meanders north, then descends through the Mambilima falls, following which it broadens into a wetland region  that feeds the south end of Lake Mweru.

Mambatuta is a steep waterfall that descends in a single vertical drop.
At one time the Bangweulu / Mweru basin was part of the Zambezi system, and several species of fish that are common in the Zambezi system are found in the Luapula.
Congo fauna have penetrated up the Luvua into Lake Mweru, but have been blocked by the Mambatuta Falls from entry into Lake Bangweulu. The transition occurred in the early Tertiary.

References

Lake Mweru
Luapula River
Waterfalls of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Isdhoo or Isdū (according to the Admiralty charts) (Dhivehi: އިސްދޫ) is one of the inhabited islands of Haddhunmathi Atoll, administrative code Laamu part of Maldives in the Indian Ocean.

History
This island has important ruins from the historical Maldivian Buddhist era. These ruins include one of the largest stupas so far found in the Maldives.

Isdū Lōmāfānu
Lōmāfānu are ancient royal edicts written on copper plates. Lōmāfānu edicts were etched on long copper plates held together by a ring of the same metal. The lōmāfānu were written in the curly Evēla form of the Divehi akuru or old Maldive alphabet and they are very important documents in the History of the Maldives.
The oldest lōmāfānu that have hitherto been found and preserved are from Malé, the royal capital, and from the islands of Isdū and Dambidū in Haddhunmathi Atoll, where there were large Buddhist monasteries. These copperplates were issued at the end of the twelfth century AD.
These (lōmāfānu), make it clear that the general conversion from Buddhism to Islam was ordered by the king. Thanks to the lōmāfānu it is also known that the monasteries in Haddummati Atoll (Satu Duvu) were of great importance in the ancient Buddhist Kingdom of the Maldives.

According to the Isdū Lōmāfānu, monks from monasteries of the southern atoll of Haddhunmathi were brought to Malé and beheaded.

Geography
The island is  south of the country's capital, Malé.

Demography

See also
 History of the Maldives

References

H.C.P. Bell, The Maldive Islands, An account of the physical features, History, Inhabitants, Productions and Trade. Colombo 1882, 
Xavier Romero-Frias, The Maldive Islanders, A Study of the Popular Culture of an Ancient Ocean Kingdom. Barcelona 1999,  

Islands of the Maldives
Folketing elections were held in Denmark on 14 June 1855 in order to approve amendments to the constitution. Peter Georg Bang remained Prime Minister following the elections.

Electoral system
The elections were held using first-past-the-post voting in single-member constituencies. Only 15% of the population was eligible to vote in the elections, with suffrage restricted to men over 30 who were not receiving poor relief (or who had not paid back any previous poor relief received), were not classed as "dependents" (those who were privately employed but did not have a household) and who had lived in their constituency for a certain length of time.

Results

References

1855 in Denmark
Elections in Denmark
Denmark
Denmark
Arnaldo Caverzasi (born 12 January 1948) is an Italian former professional racing cyclist. He rode in the 1975 Tour de France and 1976 Tour de France.

References

External links
 

1948 births
Living people
Italian male cyclists
Cyclists from the Province of Varese
Tour de Suisse stage winners
Nemesis Game is a 2003 mystery-thriller film directed and written by Jesse Warn. The story itself involves the main character, Sara Novak (played by Carly Pope), solving complex riddles and mysterious deaths of people around her.

Plot
The main character of the movie is Sara Novak, a college student who, along with comic book store owner named Vern (played by Adrian Paul), spend their time solving riddles. The movie takes a twist when the riddles lead to the death of her friend Jeremy (played by Jay Baruchel), leaving Sara to fear whether she is someone else's game.

Cast
Carly Pope as Sara Novak  
Ian McShane as Jeff Novak  
Adrian Paul as Vern  
Rena Owen as Emily Gray  
Brendan Fehr as Dennis Reveni  
Jay Baruchel as Jeremy Curran  
Vanessa Guy as Marie  
Eve Crawford as Lea  
Richard Fitzpatrick as Tom  
Ron Pardo as News Anchor #1  
Tony Munch as Bearded Man  
Michael Kinney as Doctor  
Philip Williams as Police MC  
Victor A. Young as Professor (as Victor Young)

Awards and nominations
2003 New Zealand Film Awards

Awards:
Makeup – Barbara Barkey
Design – Peter Cosco
Editing – Bruce Lange
Cinematography – Aaron Morton

Nominations:
Best Film
Best Contribution to a Soundtrack – Frank Ilfman
Best Costume Design – Shelley Mansell
Best Director – Jesse Warn
Best Screenplay – Jesse Warn

External links

2003 films
2000s mystery thriller films
2003 psychological thriller films
2000s English-language films
The Cummins C Series engine is a straight-six diesel engine with a displacement of .  Cummins began producing the engines in 1998.  The engine was based on its predecessor, the Cummins C 8.3-litre engine originally introduced in 1985 as the 6C8.3 (this was co-designed with the Case Corporation, along with the smaller 6B5.9).  The first electronic version, known as the C8.3E and designed for the urban bus market exclusively, went into production in late 1996.

By late 2003, Cummins announced that they will revise the engine to sport a High-Pressure Common-Rail (HPCR) system to help with emissions and also a variable geometry turbocharger system to help with the performance on this engine.

The Cummins ISC also has a sister engine which is designed off the existing ISC 8.3-litre cylinder block which runs on compressed natural gas (CNG).  Cummins reintroduced this engine as the C PLUS engine which has a maximum power rating of .  A few thousand units of this engine are now roaming in the world operating on a variety of applications.

Applications

Medium Duty Trucks
Buses
Marine
Excavators
Fork Lifts
Generators
Heavy Equipment

Popular power ratings
Excavator 
 @ 1,300 rpm,  electronically governed at 2,400 rpm
 @ 1,300 rpm,  electronically governed at 2,500 rpm
 @ 1,300 rpm,  electronically governed at 2,500 rpm
 @ 1,300 rpm,  electronically governed at 2,500 rpm
Generators 
 @ 1,300 rpm,  electronically governed at 2,200 rpm
 @ 1,300 rpm,  electronically governed at 2,500 rpm
 @ 1,300 rpm,  electronically governed at 2,500 rpm
 @ 1,300 rpm,  electronically governed at 2,500 rpm
 @ 1,300 rpm,  electronically governed at 2,500 rpm
 @ 1,300 rpm,  electronically governed at 2,400 rpm

Excavator /generator 
 @ 1,300 rpm,  electronically governed at 2,500 rpm
 @ 1,300 rpm,  electronically governed at 2,500 rpm
 @ 1,300 rpm,  electronically governed at 2,400 rpm

References

 CumminsEngines.com.(2011). http://cumminsengines.com/sites/every/applications/motorhome/EPA_2010_ISC83_MH.page

External links
Cummins.com official website

Cummins diesel engines
Diesel engines by model
Straight-six engines
Goodrow is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Barclay Goodrow (born 1993), Canadian professional ice hockey player
 Garry Goodrow (1933–2014), American actor
Brokaw is a surname.

Brokaw may also refer to:

Brokaw, Wisconsin a village in Marathon County, Wisconsin
Brokaw Bullet, a two-seat sports airplane designed in the United States for amateur construction

See also
Brokaw-McDougall House a historic mansion in Tallahassee, Florida Built in 1856
Brokaw Site a location off of U.S. Route 40 in Richland Township west of St. Clairsville, Ohio
Brokaw bandgap reference, a voltage reference circuit widely used in integrated circuits, with an output voltage around 1.25 V
Hosta capitata is a species of the genus Hosta.

References

capitata
Ingólfsdóttir is a patronymic. Notable people with the surname include:

 Kristín Ingólfsdóttir (born 1954), Icelandic scientist
 Ragna Ingólfsdóttir (born 1983), Icelandic badminton player
 Rósa Ingólfsdóttir (born 1947), Icelandic actress

Icelandic-language feminine surnames
Miroslav Rejman (17 October 1925 in Chrudim, Czechoslovakia – 31 January 2008 in Prague) was a Czech ice hockey player who competed in the 1952 Winter Olympics.

References

External links
 

1925 births
2008 deaths
Czech ice hockey forwards
Ice hockey players at the 1952 Winter Olympics
Olympic ice hockey players for Czechoslovakia
People from Chrudim
Sportspeople from the Pardubice Region
Czechoslovak ice hockey forwards