Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
The Hofmann rearrangement (Hofmann degradation) is the organic reaction of a primary amide to a primary amine with one less carbon atom. The reaction involves oxidation of the nitrogen followed by rearrangement of the carbonyl and nitrogen to give an isocyanate intermediate. The reaction can form a wide range of products, including alkyl and aryl amines.

The reaction is named after its discoverer, August Wilhelm von Hofmann, and should not be confused with the Hofmann elimination, another name reaction for which he is eponymous.

Mechanism
The reaction of bromine with sodium hydroxide forms sodium hypobromite in situ, which transforms the primary amide into an intermediate isocyanate. The formation of an intermediate nitrene is not possible because it implies also the formation of a hydroxamic acid as a byproduct, which has never been observed. The intermediate isocyanate is hydrolyzed to a primary amine, giving off carbon dioxide.

Base abstracts an acidic N-H proton, yielding an anion.
The anion reacts with bromine in an α-substitution reaction to give an N-bromoamide.
Base abstraction of the remaining amide proton gives a bromoamide anion.
The bromoamide anion rearranges as the R group attached to the carbonyl carbon migrates to nitrogen at the same time the bromide ion leaves, giving an isocyanate.
The isocyanate adds water in a nucleophilic addition step to yield a carbamic acid (aka urethane).
The carbamic acid spontaneously loses CO2, yielding the amine product.

Variations
Several reagents can be substituted for bromine. Sodium hypochlorite, lead tetraacetate, N-bromosuccinimide, and (bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo)benzene can affect a Hofmann rearrangement.

The intermediate isocyanate can be trapped with various nucleophiles to form stable carbamates or other products rather than undergoing decarboxylation. In the following example, the intermediate isocyanate is trapped by methanol.

In a similar fashion, the intermediate isocyanate can be trapped by tert-butyl alcohol, yielding the tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc)-protected amine.

The Hofmann Rearrangement also can be used to yield carbamates from α,β-unsaturated or α-hydroxy amides or nitriles from α,β-acetylenic amides in good yields (≈70%).

Applications
 In the preparation of anthranilic acid from phthalimide 
 Nicotinamide is converted into 3-Aminopyridine
 The symmetrical structure of α-phenyl propanamide does not change after Hofmann reaction.
 In the synthesis of gabapentin, beginning with the mono-amidation of 1,1-cyclohexane diacetic acid anhydride with ammonia to 1,1-cyclohexane diacetic acid mono-amide, followed by a Hofmann rearrangement

See also
 Beckmann rearrangement
 Curtius rearrangement
 Iodoform reaction
 Lossen rearrangement
 Schmidt reaction
 Weerman degradation

References

Bibliography
 
 

Rearrangement reactions
Degradation reactions
Name reactions
Reserve Officers' Training Corps () in the Republic of China (Taiwan) was first proposed by the Ministry of National Defense for the ROC Armed Forces in September 1995 and has been in operation since 1997 or 1999. Other sources mention that an ROTC program was already active in Taiwan in the 1960s. ROTC in Taiwan is based on the counterpart program of the United States Armed Forces. The proposed training regimen consisted of three to four additional hours of military courses each week aside from university classes. During the winter vacation, students were to attend a one or two-week boot camp and in the summer, they would undergo six weeks of military training.

Benefits and obligation
The Ministry of National Defense provides three years of financial aid for the students' university studies, as well as stipends. Graduates of the ROTC program are given the rank of second lieutenant; they then proceed with specialized military training. ROTC graduates are required to serve in the military for four years, after which they are free to rejoin civilian life. They may also elect to remain in the military as career officers.

Other developments
As of 2001, the Taiwan ROTC program was only available for college students aiming to join the Army.

By 2009, the Ministry of Education has reduced the number of ROTC courses at National Taiwan University, considering the program a symbol of autocracy. Despite this, the ROTC program remains popular among Taiwanese college students.

See also
Reserve Officers' Training Corps
Reserve Officers' Training Corps (Philippines)
Reserve Officers' Training Corps (South Korea)

References

Military education and training in Taiwan
Minna Partridge Gill (January 7, 1896 – January 18, 1964) was an American librarian and suffragist.

Gill was a Washington D.C. native who was active in the women's suffrage movement and participated in many demonstrations for women's rights in the 1910s.

Gill was the daughter of scientific illustrators De Lancey Walker Gill and Mary Irvin Wright Gill. She was named for her grandmother Minna Partridge Wright. She attended George Washington University, and received a B.B.A. from the University of Texas where her thesis was Trade investigations, as conducted through merchandising departments of newspapers.

She worked as a librarian during the 1920s and 1930s, working for Science Service. Science Service (now called Society for Science) was an organization also known as The Institution for the Popularization of Science; it was organized under the auspices of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Research Council and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. They published a regular newsletter and would publish material from the scientific community straight to microfilm to make it available without using up paper or library shelf space. Gill was the organization's sole librarian, preparing various bibliographies about the meat industry in the United States and freight rates for agriculture as two examples. She also contributed to a straight-to-microfilm book that collected packing industry pamphlets of the times. Gill oversaw the "biographical morgue" of notable scientists and other famous people which Gill estimated covered 10,000 people in 1940. The organization was reported to have a library of approximately 6,000 volumes in 1934.

Gill later worked in the Smithsonian Institution library starting in 1942 when she was appointed assistant librarian in charge of the catalog. She retired in 1955 as chief of the catalog section.

Gill was an amateur artist and active in the Washington Arts Club and the alumni association for Alpha Phi sorority. She was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution which she joined in 1919.

References

1896 births
1964 deaths
American librarians
American women librarians
Smithsonian Institution people
George Washington University alumni
University of Texas alumni
Gonçalo Alexandre Domingues Agrelos (born 18 February 1998) sometimes known as Salo, is a Portuguese professional footballer who played for Real as a forward.

Football Career
He made his Taça da Liga debut for Belenenses SAD on 3 August 2019 in a game against Santa Clara.

References

External links

1998 births
Footballers from Lisbon
Living people
Portuguese men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
B-SAD players
Real S.C. players
Primeira Liga players
Campeonato de Portugal (league) players
K-RITH (Kwazulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV) was a tuberculosis and HIV research institute in Durban, South Africa. The Institute is a collaboration of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the University of KwaZulu-Natal. K-RITH's 7-story research facility is situated on the Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine Campus at UKZN and opened on 9 October 2012.

Building
The home of K-RITH is a seven-story, 4000 sq. meter research building on the grounds of the Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. The building was designed by FGG Architects and includes Biosafety level 3 (BSL3) laboratories, able to handle pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB, as well as HIV the causative agent of AIDS. Approximately 10 K-RITH research groups will conduct research in the building, and office space will be used by other organisations, such as CAPRISA.
The K-RITH Tower Building, as it is officially named, cost R346m to build, and was officially opened on 9 October 2012, to a crowd of many local and international dignitaries, including the South African Minister of Health, Aaron Motsoaledi.

In 2016, K-RITH merged with the African Centre for Population Health to form the Africa Health Research Institute.

References

External links
 Homepage of the institute

HIV/AIDS in South Africa
Research institutes in South Africa
University of KwaZulu-Natal
Vahid-Dastjerdi is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Hamid Vahid-Dastjerdi (born 1959), Iranian philosopher
Marzieh Vahid-Dastjerdi (born 1959), Iranian academic and politician, daughter of Seifollah
Seifollah Vahid Dastjerdi (1926–1999), Iranian physician

Compound surnames
Csaba László may refer to:

Csaba László (footballer, born 1964), Romanian-born Hungarian football player and manager currently manager for Chennaiyin FC
Csaba László (footballer, born 1967), Hungarian football player
Csaba László (politician) (born 1962), Hungarian politician, Minister of Finance 2002–2004
Meadow Lights is a   display of Christmas lights near Meadow, North Carolina, US open yearly from Thanksgiving to New Year, owned and operated by Roy Johnson and his family on land adjoining their home. The display features light displays, some several stories tall, alongside displays of mannequins depicting the life of Jesus. There is no admission fee, but visitors may purchase tickets for a train ride through the light display.

Johnson is a retired tobacco farmer who began the display as a hobby to entertain neighbors and his children. In 1994, the Johnsons built "The Old Country Store" in the parking lot to sell drinks and candy. In 2007, a carousel was added.

References

External links
 

Tourist attractions in Johnston County, North Carolina
Christmas in the United States
Papatoetoe Intermediate School is an intermediate school (years 7–8) in Papatoetoe, a suburb of Manukau Ward, Auckland Region, New Zealand.

History

The school opened in 1953 on a site adjacent to Dominion Breweries on Great South Road in Papatoetoe. The school was intended to be named Middlemore Intermediate, but changed to Otara Intermediate when the school opened in February 1953. The 650 pupils enrolled at that time came from both Papatoetoe and the surrounding district. The school comprised a double storey block of 16 classrooms and several specialist rooms, including a library. The headmaster was Mr R.A. Robbie. A school committee and a home and school association were formed.

In 1958, a school named Papatoetoe Intermediate was opened on Portage Road, which later changed its name to Kedgley Intermediate in 1967, after principal Maurice Kedgley died in office. Otara Intermediate changed its name to Papatoetoe Intermediate School in the following year, to avoid confusion with the suburb of Ōtara taking shape a kilometre or so to the east.

References

Educational institutions established in 1953
Intermediate schools in Auckland
1953 establishments in New Zealand
Ōtara-Papatoetoe Local Board Area
Ziruza Tasmagambetova (, Ziruza Saparğaliqyzy Tasmağambetova; born 10 January 1997),  known professionally as Ziruza, is a Q-pop singer, songwriter and actress. The first video clip was  released in 2017 for the song "Айт ендi".

Discography

Albums

Music videos

References

External links 
 
 
 
 
 

Kazakhstani pop singers
21st-century Kazakhstani women singers
People from Kostanay Region
1997 births
Living people
Lester Carrington Dole (July 8, 1855 – December 10, 1918), was a Major League Baseball outfielder who played in  in one game with the New Haven Elm Citys.

He was born in Meriden, Connecticut. After baseball, he worked as the athletic trainer at St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire for 40 years. He died from pneumonia in Concord on December 10, 1918.

References

External links

1855 births
1918 deaths
Baseball players from Connecticut
Major League Baseball outfielders
New Haven Elm Citys players
19th-century baseball players
Elise van der Horst (born 22 July 1982), better known as EliZe, is a Dutch singer. In 2010 she moved to Los Angeles, California.

Career 

As an eight-year-old she was selected to sing in a children's television show, Kinderen voor Kinderen ("Children for Children"), in which she performed for six years. Her last performance on Kinderen voor Kinderen was the famous tietenlied ("tits song"). After that she joined "Non Stop", a teenage choir, and participated in two amateur productions of the musicals Chicago and Les Misérables.

In 2004, EliZe recorded an album in Denmark. The songs were written and produced by Peter Hartmann and Jan Langhoff, who also worked with Aqua. The first single, "Shake", was released in 2004 in the Netherlands. Though the song received the title "Dancesmash!" by Radio 538, the single was a modest hit by peaking at number 32 on the Dutch Top 40. "Automatic (I'm Talking to You)", the second single, was released in 2005 in the Netherlands and also earned the title "Dancesmash!" shortly after its release. The song became her signature song, peaking at number 7 there and becoming her best-selling single to date. It is also the first song that has ever charted outside the Netherlands, charting in Finland and Belgium amongst others in the top 20. Her third single, "I'm No Latino", was released in August 2005, and became a TMF Superclip shortly after its introduction. The song did not perform as well as "Automatic" did, but still managed to peak at number 14 on the Dutch Top 40 and to remain in the chart for 6 weeks.

In 2006 her single "Into Your System" peaked at number 18 in the Dutch Top 40. Following the success of its singles, EliZe released her long-awaited debut album In Control on 29 September 2006 in the Netherlands. The album peaked at number 66 in the Dutch Mega Album Top 100. It was followed by the single "Itsy Bitsy Spider", featuring rapper Jay Colin. It did not perform well in the charts.

In May 2008, she released the first single of her second album, "Lovesick." In Bulgaria she scored a No. 1 hit with it and kept the top position for 6 weeks. This marked her second No. 1 hit in that country. The following singles were "Hot Stuff", a cover version from Donna Summer's song, and "Can't You Feel It?". Her second album More Than Meets the Eye was released on 26 June 2009 in the Netherlands.

In 2007, EliZe hosted the Dutch version of the TV show "Kids Top 20" and won a Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award for Best Singer while up against Netherlands' No. 1 singer Marco Borsato and Hilary Duff. In 2008 EliZe hosted the first season of the Dutch version of the internationally acclaimed TV show "So You Think You Can Dance".

In 2009, EliZe was voted Holland's Most desirable single woman by winning the Single & Famous Award.

Discography

Albums

Singles

Non-album appearances
Other songs by or with EliZe:

External links
Official website
Fan site

References

1982 births
Living people
Dutch child singers
Dutch dance musicians
Dutch people of Indonesian descent
Dutch pop singers
Musicians from Utrecht (city)
EliZe
21st-century Dutch singers
21st-century Dutch women singers
Nes () is a village on the Faroese island of Suðuroy located in the municipality of Vágur (Vágs kommuna). It is located west of Porkeri and east of Vágur.

It should not be confused with another village by the same name on Eysturoy (see Nes, Eysturoy). There is another village in Suðuroy with the same name, it is located on the southern side of the bay of Hvalba. Nes means cape in the Faroese language.

Artist Ruth Smith Lived in Nes 

One of the most famous artists of the Faroe Islands was Ruth Smith (1913–1958), who lived in the small village of Nes in the last years of her life. Several of her artworks show scenes from Nes. Some of them can be seen in the Ruth Smith Art Museum in Vágur, and some in Listasavn Føroya in Tórshavn.

View to Beinisvørð from Nes 
Nes lies beside the fjord of Vágsfjørður. From Nes one gets a view towards south to two other villages, which are on the other side of the fjords of Vágsfjørður and Lopransfjørður. These villages are Akrar and Lopra. One can also see the promontory sea cliff Beinisvørð, which rises 470 metres above the sea; the top of it rises above the village of Lopra.

See also
 List of towns in the Faroe Islands

External links
 Danish site with photographs of Nes
 The Ruth Smith Art Museum

Populated places in the Faroe Islands
The Cincinnati Kids were a soccer team based out of Cincinnati that played in the original Major Indoor Soccer League. They played only in the 1978–79 MISL season and were partially owned by Pete Rose. Their home arena was Riverfront Coliseum. In the Kids' only season in Cincinnati the average attendance was 3,191 per game.

Owner
 Pete Rose

Coach
 Len Bilous

Home Games At Riverfront Coliseum

 December 27, 1978 – vs Philadelphia Fever
 January 5, 1979 – vs New York Arrows
 January 7, 1979 – vs Houston Summit
 January 14, 1979 – vs Cleveland Force
 January 25, 1979 – vs Pittsburgh Spirit
 February 6, 1979 – vs Pittsburgh Spirit
 February 10, 1979 – vs Moscow Spartak
 February 13, 1979 – vs Houston Summit
 March 3, 1979 – vs Houston Summit
 March 4, 1979 – vs Cleveland Force
 March 10, 1979 – vs Philadelphia Fever
 March 18, 1979 – vs Pittsburgh Spirit

In popular culture
The Cincinnati Kids are referenced in "Sparky", an episode of the TV show WKRP in Cincinnati which guest-starred baseball great Sparky Anderson as himself. Anderson is hired by the station as host of a new sports talk radio program, and his first guest is the captain of the Cincinnati Kids, Derek Doogle, played by Andrew Bloch. The episode first aired December 24, 1979 after the team had folded.

External links
The Year in American Soccer – 1979
Cincinnati Kids roster

Defunct indoor soccer clubs in the United States
K
Soccer clubs in Ohio
Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) teams
1978 establishments in Ohio
1979 disestablishments in Ohio
Association football clubs established in 1978
Association football clubs disestablished in 1979
David James Boyd (born May 27, 1975) is an African American writer, composer and lyricist perhaps best known for composing the original music and lyrics for the off-Broadway play My Big Gay Italian Wedding.

Boyd's Broadway career started as an actor in multiple Broadway shows including Miss Saigon and Kiss of the Spider Woman. In 2012, Boyd created and starred in the dance/electronic musical The Groove Factory. Written along with co-librettist Chad Kessler, the musical opened to sold-out audiences at the 2012 New York Musical Theatre Festival.

In addition to theatre work, Boyd has co-produced music for artists Taylor Dayne, Judy Torres, Kim Sozzi, Ari Gold, Jason Dottley, Levi Kreis, and Inaya Day among others. In 2013, Boyd became musical director on the Emmy-nominated soap opera web series Tainted Dreams.

References

1970 births
Living people
21st-century American composers
American lyricists
The Forschungsflugkörper (German for research aircraft) was a sounding rocket manufactured by ERNO from 1972 to 1974 for the DLR. It was a single stage rocket that consisted of 1xFFK. Germany was the country that developed and tested this spacecraft. It had 3 launches, two of which were failures. It was a fairly small craft with a weight of 300 kg, a length of 4.00 metres, a core diameter of 0.25 metres, and apogee of 120 km.

Chronology
1972 October 10–14:00 GMT -  Launch Site: Biscarosse.  Launch Vehicle: Forschungsflugkörper.  LV Configuration: Forschungsflugkörper 1. FAILURE: Failure.
DLR C-FFK-45 Test mission Nation: Germany.  Agency: DLR.

1972 October 24 -  15:00 GMT -  Launch Site: Biscarosse.  Launch Vehicle: Forschungsflugkörper.  LV Configuration: Forschungsflugkörper 2. FAILURE: Failure.
DLR C-FFK-46 Test mission Nation: Germany.  Agency: DLR.

1974 May 7–13:00 GMT -  Launch Site: Biscarosse.  Launch Vehicle: Forschungsflugkörper.  LV Configuration: Forschungsflugkörper 3.
DLR C-FFK-47 Test mission Nation: Germany.  Agency: DLR. Apogee: 120 km (70 mi).

Sources and further reading
Jonathan's Space Home Page, Harvard University, 1997–present. Jonathan McDowell's complete on-line listing of all objects orbited and over 20,000 rocket launches.
Encyclopedia Astronautica

Sounding rockets of Germany
The 2002 European Curling Championships were held in Grindelwald, Switzerland December 5–14.

Men's

A tournament

Final round robin standings

Playoffs

Semifinals
December 13th, 20:00

Bronze-medal game
December 14th, 14:00

Gold-medal game
December 14th, 14:00

Medals

Women's

A tournament

Final round robin standings

Playoffs

Semifinals
December 13th, 16:00

Bronze-medal game
December 14th, 10:00

Gold-medal game
December 14th, 10:00

Medals

References
Men: 
Women: 

European Curling Championships
Curling Championships
European Curling Championships
Curling
Curling competitions in Switzerland
2002 in European sport

no:Curling-EM 2003
Calf Creek Plateau is a mountain in the northern San Juan Mountains of the Rocky Mountains of North America.  The mountain is located in Hinsdale County, and at an elevation of , it is the high point of the Powderhorn Wilderness.

Geology
Calf Creek Plateau is within the San Juan volcanic field and volcanic rocks dominate the region. The mountain itself is composed of basaltic lava flows of the Hinsdale Formation, which are dated as 16 to 19 million years old. These lava flows are thought to be among the last volcanic events in the area and are some of the best preserved. The Hinsdale Formation lava flows form an expansive alpine highland where the two highest ridges are Calf Creek Plateau and nearby Cannibal Plateau. Calf Creek Plateau was glaciated, and the most prominent glacial cirques are located on the north side of the plateau. Powderhorn Lakes, a popular hiking destination, are located in one of these cirques.

Hiking

The easiest route to the summit starts at the Powderhorn Lakes Trailhead located at the northern edge of the wilderness area. The Powderhorn Lakes Trail can be taken southwest . At the large subalpine meadow where the trail turns southeast toward Powderhorn Lakes, leave the trail and continue  up the ridge through meadows and eventually alpine tundra to the broad summit. The views along this alpine hike are expansive. The elevation gain on this route is .

Calf Creek Plateau can also be reached from the Devil’s Creek Trailhead to the west and the Deer Lakes, Brush Creek, and Powderhorn Park trailheads to the south. All these routes begin in subalpine forests before emerging into the scenic alpine landscape of the Powderhorn Wilderness.

References

External links
 

Landforms of Hinsdale County, Colorado
Mountains of Colorado