Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
The 2008 Vermont Democratic presidential primary was an open primary that took place on March 4, 2008. Barack Obama won the primary, his only decisive win among the four March 4 contests.  The primary determined the 15 pledged delegates that represented Vermont at the 2008 Democratic National Convention.  The delegates were awarded to the candidates, Obama and Hillary Clinton, on a proportional basis.  Vermont also sent 8 unpledged "superdelegates", to the convention not bound by the results of the primary.

Delegate breakdown

The Vermont Democratic Party sent 23 total delegates to the 2008 Democratic National Convention. Of those delegates, 15 were pledged and 8 were unpledged. The 15 pledged delegates were allocated (pledged) to vote for a particular candidate at the National Convention according to the results of Vermont's Democratic primary on March 4. The 8 unpledged delegates (popularly called "superdelegates" because their votes represented their personal decisions rather than the collective decision of many voters) were free to vote for any candidate at the National Convention and were selected by the Vermont Democratic Party's officials.

The 15 pledged delegates were further divided into 10 district delegates and 5 statewide delegates. The 10 district delegates represented Vermont's single Congressional District. The 5 statewide delegates were divided into 3 at-large delegates and 2 Party Leaders and Elected Officials (abbreviated PLEOs).

Of the 8 unpledged delegates, 7 were selected in advance and 1 was selected at the Vermont Democratic Party's National Convention Delegate Meeting on June 7. The delegates selected in advance were 5 Democratic National Committee members, U.S. Representative from Vermont Peter Welch, and U.S. Senator from Vermont Patrick Leahy.

Delegate selection process

The Vermont Democratic Party used the results of the state's presidential preference primary on March 4 to determine the allocation of delegates to each presidential candidate. Though the primary was used for allocating delegates, the delegates themselves were selected in a caucus process. On March 22, the Party held a series of town-level caucuses to select its first tier of delegates. On May 24, the Party held its state convention in which the town-level delegates selected the 10 district-level delegates to attend the 2008 Democratic National Convention. The remaining 5 pledged delegates, plus the remaining unpledged delegate, were selected at the Vermont Democratic Party's National Convention Delegate Meeting on June 7.

Polls

On February 24, 2008, polls showed Sen. Barack Obama leading Sen. Hillary Clinton by an average margin of 24% (57% to 33%), with 10% Not Sure.

Results

See also
 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries
 2008 Vermont Republican presidential primary

References

Vermont
2008 Vermont elections
2008
Juliet Kaira Chibuta is a Zambian women's right activist. Since 2012 she has been the Executive Director of Zambia National Women’s Lobby (ZNWL).

Life
Juliet Chibuta was previously a journalist at Zambia Daily Mail.

In January 2015 Chibuta warned that many Zambian voters, particularly women, were being disenfranchised by restrictions on the replacement of voters' cards. In December 2015 Chibuta called for women to register to vote, citing violence as a factor inhibiting women from political participation. The ZNWL joined with Women For Change (WfC) to try to increase the participation of women in local government and national parliament. Chibuta spoke in support of Patricia Mulasikwanda, MP for Mulobezi. 

In September 2016 Chibuta urged President Lungu to appoint more women to his cabinet. After the cabinet was announced, she welcomed the inclusion of more women, though warned that there was still room for improvement.

In November 2016, after media attention to cases of women killing their husbands, Chibuta called for more informed counselling and guidance services, so that women felt leaving their husbands was an option in cases of domestic abuse.
 
In 2020 she also chaired the Steering Committee for the implementation of the Coordinated Elections Campaign Strategy (CECS) of the Non-Governmental Gender Organisations Coordinating Council (NGOCC). In October 2020 she issued a ZNWL statement condemning police brutality directed at Ms Carol Kambwili, the wife of NDC leader Chishimba Kambwili, and her daughter.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Women's rights activists
Zambian activists
Zambian women activists
Cannabis in Senegal is illegal; the drug is locally referred to as yamba.

History
As early as the 1960s, cannabis (referred to by locals as yamba) was produced in the Casamance region of southern Senegal by separatist rebels. The rebels initially protected growers from the government, but by the 1990s had moved to taxing cannabis cultivators to finance the resistance. By 1995, collected cannabis taxes had reached several million dollars annually. A 1995 report noted that cannabis was the only drug produced in Senegal, and mostly for local consumption, but that the government had taken few steps to counter the cannabis trade. 

In 1999, Senegalese authorities launched "Operation Cannabis V", which resulted in the destruction of some  of treated cannabis and another  of cannabis being confiscated.

Economy
Cannabis is cultivated in many parts of Senegal, particularly in the southern Casamance region. A small amount of cannabis is imported from neighbouring countries including Ghana, Mali, and Gambia, while cannabis resin has been found to enter Europe from Senegal, though that may have originated in further countries. Cannabis in Senegal is mainly distributed in the more developed regions, especially Dakar. A 1998 report stated that farmers preferred cannabis as a crop since it was worth 20 times more money per kilogram than the national principle crop, groundnuts; in 2020, a kilogram of cannabis in Senegal was reportedly worth $25–50 or 15,000 to 30,000 West African CFA francs.

References

Senegal
Drugs in Senegal
Matelot is a settlement in Trinidad and Tobago. Located on the north coast of Trinidad in the Sangre Grande region, the village has traditionally been seen as one of the most remote places on the island.

History 
The Matelot area was inhabited by Amerindian groups until 1760 when the population was resettled at the Spanish mission at Toco. In 1783 two Venezuelan families—Estrada and Salvary—settled in Matelot after being granted land in the Cedula of Population. By 1873 there were forty families in the village and in 1887 the population was reported to be about 280, most descended from the Estrada and Salvary families.

The development of cacao cultivation in the late nineteenth century lead to economic development and population growth. Driven by immigration from other West Indian islands and Venezuela, the population expanded to 605 by 1933. Falling cocoa prices in the 1920s and '30s drove the village into decline.

References

External links 
 
 

Populated places in Trinidad and Tobago
The Foreign Languages Publishing House (FLPH) is the central North Korean publishing bureau of foreign-language documents, located in the Potonggang-guyok of Pyongyang, North Korea. It employs a small group of foreigners to revise translations of North Korean texts so as to make those texts suitable for foreign-language publication.

The publishing house is under the control of the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Workers' Party of Korea, which also makes decisions concerning its staff.

Foreign Languages Publishing House maintains the Naenara and Publications of the DPRK web portals, and publishes the periodicals , Korea Today, Foreign Trade of the DPRK, and the newspaper Pyongyang Times.

Foreign Languages Publishing House has a sports team in the Paektusan Prize civil servants games.

See also

 Foreign Languages Publishing House (Soviet Union), Moscow - similar publisher in Soviet Union
 Foreign Languages Press, Beijing – similar publisher in China
Foreign Languages Publishing House (Vietnam), Hanoi - similar publisher in Vietnam which is now known as Thế Giới Publishers
 Workers' Party of Korea Publishing House
 Progress Publishers – a Soviet printing house which published books and pamphlets in English on a wide range of topics

References

External links
 Publications for download at Publications of the DPRK
 Naenara 
 A Year in Pyongyang , An autobiography of a foreign reviser, Andrew Holloway is available online.
 Foreign Languages Publishing House – electronic documents published by the Foreign Languages Publishing House in Pyongyang.
 Korean Publication  – N. Korean official outlet
 North Korea Books  – Canadian firm selling North Korean literature

State publishers
Publishing companies of North Korea
Political book publishing companies
Mass media in Pyongyang
State media
Marx Röist (1454–1524) was a member of the  political elite of Zürich, and from 1517 the second commander of the Papal Swiss Guard.

Biography 
The son of a wealthy patrician and city councillor, Heinrich Röist, he served as Schultheiß from 1476 and represented the Konstaffel guild in the city council from 1489.
He served as city treasurer from 1493, and as reeve of Altstetten from 1493.
He was elected mayor of Zürich in 1505. His political influence was considerable. He participated in most of the Diets of the Confederacy during 1500–1520, and he was the leader of the Swiss delegations to Louis XII of France in 1499 and to Pope Julius II in 1512.
He was knighted after the Battle of Murten in 1476, and served as an officer in all Confederate military actions during 1476 until 1515. He commanded the Swiss troops in the Battle of Marignano in 1515.

He was nominally the commander of the Papal Swiss Guard from 1517 until his death, but he was deputized by his son, Caspar Röist from 1518.  
During the Reformation in Zürich, Röist was in general agreement with Huldrych Zwingli, excepting Zwingli's iconoclasm, vehemently opposing the removal of religious imagery from the churches.
He died before the conflict with Zwingli escalated, and the city council enacted the decree permitting the removal of saints' images still on the very day of his death, 15 June 1524.

References

 R. Walpen, Die päpstliche Schweizergarde (2006), 64–66.

1454 births
1524 deaths
Politicians from Zürich
Mayors of Zürich
Commanders of the Swiss Guard
Swiss reeves
Röist family
Military personnel from Zürich
The Mercedes-Benz Travego (also known as O580) is an integral coach produced since 1999 by Daimler/EvoBus in Neu-Ulm and Mannheim in Germany and since 2005 at Mercedes-Benz bus plant in Hoşdere, Istanbul, Turkey. It succeeded the O404 and was originally introduced as the flagship of Mercedes-Benz touring coach range.

First generation - 1999-2006
In year 1999, the O580 Travego 1st generation with all new exterior design succeeded the O404 in the segment of luxury touring coach flagship. It shares many of its components with Setra 400 TopClass Series. Three lengths were available for sale: O580-15 RHD with 2 axles in 12.2m, O580-16 RHD with 3 axles in 13m and O580-17 RHD in 14m. The 12m version was also available as O580-15 RH with lowered floor. Technical novelties include: All new driver seat with a joystick for shifting instead of traditional gearshift lever. One year after its introduction, the Travego received new assistance systems such as Adaptive Cruise Control (ART), Lane Assist (SPA), Continuous Brake Limiter (DBL), and Electronic Stability Program (ESP), which were available either as standard or as optional equipment.

Second generation - 2006-2017

Third generation - 2017-present 
The third generation of Travego was launched in 2017. Unlike previous generations, it is available only in Turkey, when this model is produced. Elsewhere, Travego was replaced by third generation of Mercedes-Benz Tourismo.

Gallery

References

External links

Travego
Vehicles introduced in 1999
Coaches (bus)
The 1971 British Hard Court Championships was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at The West Hants Club in Bournemouth, England. The event was part of the 1971 Pepsi-Cola Grand Prix and categorized as B class. The tournament was held from 16 to 22 May 1971. Gerald Battrick and Margaret Court won the singles titles.

Finals

Men's singles
 Gerald Battrick defeated  Željko Franulović 6–3, 6–2, 5–7, 6–0

Women's singles
 Margaret Court defeated  Evonne Goolagong 7–5, 6–1

Men's doubles
 Bill Bowrey /  Owen Davidson defeated  Patricio Cornejo /  Jaime Fillol 8–6, 6–2, 3–6, 4–6, 6–4

Women's doubles
 Mary–Ann Curtis /  Françoise Dürr defeated  Margaret Court /  Evonne Goolagong 6–3, 5–7, 6–4

References

External links
 ITF Tournament details

British Hard Court Championships
British Hard Court Championships
Clay court tennis tournaments
1971 in English tennis
May 1971 sports events in the United Kingdom
The Willamette Valley Southern Railway was a railroad in Oregon that ran from Portland, Oregon, where it connected to the trolley line, through Molalla, Oregon, where it connected to the Eastern & Western Logging Railroad as well as Southern Pacific, to Mt. Angel, Oregon. The line was reorganized from the Clackamas Southern after facing financial troubles in 1915 and closed in 1933. Like many short lines of Oregon at the time, it ran off electricity from  hydroelectric dams. For the last three years the line stopped just outside of Molalla. Only 400 feet of the railroad remains intact, nudged over a few feet from its original position of the Oregon Pacific Railroad.

The Railroad used ALCo freight motors, as well as electric passenger cars similar to today's lightrail train cars. No original depots remain except a replica shelter north of Molalla. The railroad was sustained by logging operations in Molalla and when those ended in 1933 the railroad went bankrupt. Evidence of the former route is most prevalent in and south of Molalla

List of stops on the line, north to south:
Golf Junction,
Hendee,
 Milwaukie,
Lakewood,
Oak Grove,
Naef,
Ashdale,
Meldrum,
Gladstone,
Oregon City
Robbins,
Beaver Creek,
Ingram,
Spangler,
Buckner Creek,
Mulino, 
Liberal (connection with Southern Pacific, only remaining portion of the line now a spur) (Depot closed in the 1920s),
Molalla (connection with Eastern & Western Logging Line),
Kaylor.

(Past this point closed in 1930)
Yoder,
Monitor,
Mt. Angel (terminus with loop track, also connection to Southern Pacific).

References

1915 establishments in Oregon
1933 disestablishments in Oregon
Defunct Oregon railroads
Electric railways in Oregon
History of transportation in Oregon
Passenger rail transportation in Oregon
Haakon Bingen (22 September 1918 – 16 March 2002) was a Norwegian economist and civil servant.

History
He was born in Trøgstad, and studied economy at the University of Oslo. When the university was closed during the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, he found work in Statistics Norway. After the war he returned to his studies, graduated with the cand.oecon. degree in 1946, studied briefly at Harvard University before being hired in the International Monetary Fund.  Bingen is the father of political scientist Jon Bingen. He died in March 2002 following a short-term illness.

Career
Bingen was a member of the Norwegian Labour Party in 1948. He was also a chairman of Sosialistisk Forum and Sosialistiske økonomers forening, and was a central member of Folkebevegelsen mot EF, which rejected Norwegian membership in the European Communities in 1972. He rather wanted an independent cooperative organization between the Nordic countries.

In 1949, he was hired as a part-time consultant in the Norwegian Ministry of Finance. From 1 June 1950 to 1 September 1988 he worked as the secretary for the Standing Committee on Finance and Economic Affairs in the Parliament of Norway. At his retirement, the book Med Finanskomiteen i arbeid was published.

In the 1990s, Bingen was involved in an unusual case. He sued the academics Trond Bergh and Knut Einar Eriksen as well as the publishing house Cappelen Akademiske Forlag, because the second volume of the work Den hemmelige krigen (The secret war) contained information that portrayed Bingen as a close friend of communist Peder Furubotn. In late 1999, the Supreme Court of Norway found that this was not true, and circulation of the book was forbidden, until the reference to Bingen had been amended; in addition Bingen was awarded  of costs.

References

1918 births
2002 deaths
Norwegian economists
University of Oslo alumni
Norwegian expatriates in the United States
Norwegian civil servants
People from Trøgstad
A list of people, who died during the 13th century, who have received recognition as Blessed (through beatification) or Saint (through canonization) from the Catholic Church:

See also 

Christianity in the 13th century

13
 Venerated
 Christian saints
Lists of 13th-century people
Estela V. Welldon, MD DSc (Hon) F.R.C.Psych Hon. Memb. A.Psa.A. BPC, is an honorary consultant psychiatrist in forensic psychotherapy at the Tavistock and Portman NHS Trust.

Biography
Born in Mendoza, Argentina, she studied medicine at Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. She founded (and has been elected honorary president for life) of the International Association for Forensic Psychotherapy in 1991.

She works privately as a psychoanalytical psychotherapist and organizational consultant. She is a member of the British Association of Psychotherapists, the British Psychoanalytic Council, the Institute of Group Analysis, the American Group Psychotherapy Association and the International Association of Group Psychotherapy.

Welldon is the author of numerous articles and chapters as well as a number of books: Mother Madonna Whore, the Idealization and Denigration of Motherhood (Free Association Books, 1988, ),  Sadomasochism (2002, ) and Playing with Dynamite: A Personal Approach to the Psychoanalytic Understanding of Perversions, Violence, and Criminality (2011, (). Welldon was the primary editor of A Practical Guide to Forensic Psychotherapy (1997, ).

Awards and honours
In 1997, Welldon was awarded an Honorary Doctorate in Sciences from Oxford Brookes University in recognition of her work in developing and promoting forensic psychotherapy.

In January 2013, Welldon received an honorary membership in the American Psychoanalytic Association.

References

External links
Official Website
Welldon, E. V. (2009), Dancing with Death. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 25: 149–182. 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
British psychiatrists
Argentine expatriates in the United Kingdom
People from Mendoza Province
British women medical doctors
Group psychotherapists
British women psychiatrists
Lower Heidelberg Township is a township in Berks County, Pennsylvania. The population was 5,513 at the 2010 census.

History
The Hain Mill, Knorr-Bare Farm, Old Dry Road, and Tulpehocken Creek Historic District are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 15.5 square miles (40.1 km), of which 14.9 square miles (38.7 km) is land and 0.5 square mile (1.4 km) (3.49%) is water.

Adjacent townships
South Heidelberg Township (south)
Heidelberg Township (west)
North Heidelberg Township (northwest)
Penn Township (far north)
Bern Township (north)
Spring Township (east)
Adjacent boroughs
Sinking Spring (southeast)
Wernersville (south)

The unincorporated communities of Brownsville, State Hill, Cacoosing, Wooltown, (former) Blue Marsh are located in Lower Heidelberg Township.

Demographics

As of the 2000 census, there were 4,150 people, 1,544 households, and 1,156 families living in the township.  The population density was .  There were 1,578 housing units at an average density of .  The racial makeup of the township was 97.30% White, 0.87% African American, 0.02% Native American, 1.18% Asian, 0.27% from other races, and 0.36% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.04% of the population.

There were 1,544 households, out of which 35.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.3% were married couples living together, 5.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.1% were non-families. 22.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.11.

In the township, the population was spread out, with 26.6% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 23.0% from 45 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.9 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.7 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $61,375, and the median income for a family was $69,706. Males had a median income of $50,391 versus $27,500 for females. The per capita income for the township was $27,700.  About 1.4% of families and 2.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.5% of those under age 18 and 9.6% of those age 65 or over.

Recreation
Part of the Blue Marsh Lake and part of the Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 280 is located in the northern part of the township.

Transportation

As of 2019, there were  of public roads in Lower Heidelberg Township, of which  were maintained by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) and  were maintained by the township.

U.S. Route 422 is the only numbered highway serving Lower Heidelberg Township. It follows an east-west alignment along the southern edge of the township.

Gallery

References

External links

Official website

Townships in Berks County, Pennsylvania
Townships in Pennsylvania
The Ordinance of Nullification declared the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void within the borders of the U.S. state of South Carolina, beginning on February 1, 1833. It began the Nullification Crisis. Passed by a state convention on November 24, 1832, it led to President Andrew Jackson's proclamation against South Carolina, the Nullification Proclamation on December 10, 1832, which threatened to send government troops to enforce the tariffs. In the face of the military threat, and following a Congressional revision of the law which lowered the tariff, South Carolina repealed the ordinance.

The protest that led to the Ordinance of Nullification was caused by the belief that the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 favored the North over the South and therefore violated the Constitution. This led to an emphasis on the differences between the two regions and helped set the stage for conflict during the antebellum era, eventually leading to the American Civil War.

References

External links

Transcript of Ordinance of Nullification from The Federalist: A Commentary on the Constitution of the United States; edited by Paul Leicester Ford; 1898; Appendix pp. 690
President Jackson's Message to the Senate and House Regarding South Carolina's Nullification Ordinance; January 16, 1833
President Jackson's Nullification Proclamation (1832)

1832 in American law
1832 in South Carolina
November 1832 events
Legal history of South Carolina
South Carolina law
Nullification crisis