Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
Skuld (Old English sceal, Northumbrian scule "I owe/he owes, will have to, ought to, must" (infinitive sculan, past tense sceolde), from *skulanan, a common Germanic preterite-present verb (along with can, may, will), from Proto-Germanic *skul- (source also of Old Saxon sculan, Old Frisian skil, Old Norse and Swedish skola, Middle Dutch sullen, Old High German solan, German sollen, Gothic skulan "to owe, be under obligation"). This is said to be related, via a past tense form, to Old English scyld "guilt," German Schuld "guilt, debt;" Modern English “shall.”) is a Norn in Norse mythology. Along with Urðr (Old Norse "fate") and Verðandi (possibly "happening" or "present"), Skuld makes up a trio of Norns that are described as deciding the fates of people. Skuld appears in at least two poems as a Valkyrie.

Poetic Edda
Skuld is mentioned in Völuspá, a poem collected in the 13th century Poetic Edda:

Prose Edda

Gylfaginning
In the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning, Snorri informs the reader that the youngest Norn, Skuld, is in effect also a valkyrie, taking part in the selection of warriors from the slain:
These are called Valkyrs: them Odin sends to every battle; they determine men's feyness and award victory. Gudr and Róta and the youngest Norn, she who is called Skuld, ride ever to take the slain and decide fights."

Nafnaþulur
In the Nafnaþulur addition to Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda the following sections reference Skuld:

See also
 Antevorta
 Atropos

Notes

References
 Orchard, Andy (1997). Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. Cassell. 

 Origin of the word “shall”

https://www.etymonline.com/word/shall

Norns
Valkyries
Female supernatural figures in Norse mythology
Textiles in folklore
Time and fate goddesses
Gýgjar
Bill Parkyn (1950–2012) was an American scientist who lived in Lomita, California area and worked on nonimaging optics.

Early life
Parkyn was born in New Jersey and raised in Orange County, California

Education

Bachelor of Science (BS), Aeronautics/Aviation/Aerospace Science and Technology, General at Massachusetts Institute of Technology on a full four-year scholarship.

Career
Parkyn worked on nonimaging optics. His specialties were solving new optical design problems for LED illumination and generating new intellectual property. The book "Introduction to Nonimaging Optics", in its acknowledgments, refers that  it "benefited from the writing skills and extensive experience of Bill Parkyn in optics, who edited the whole book, greatly improving readability."

He was the chief scientist of InteLED from 2001 to 2012, Chief Technology Officer of Teledyne Lighting & Display in Marina Del Rey, California from 1992 to 2002 and part of the technical staff at bd Systems in Torrance CA from 1985 to 1994.

In his job at bd Systems, Parkin developed PC-based programs for simulating Earth orbit surveillance, launch vehicle performance, SDI particle-beam targeting, missile-warfare scenarios, and ASAT coverage. bd Systems was a provider of aerospace engineering and information technology (IT) services.

In the 1980s he worked at National Technical Systems where he set up and ran one of the few approved solar thermal panel testing facilities in the United States.

Parkyn's technical expertise was wide-ranging and included the fields of: nonimaging optics, optical engineering, thermal engineering, solar energy and patent drafting.  Parkyn was a prolific inventor and his list of patents is extensive.  He was one of the inventors of the modern TIR (Total Internal Reflection) lens as exemplified by US patent 5676453 issued in 1997 with his co-inventor Dr. David Pelka.  He and Dr. Pelka collaborated on a number of inventions over a period of several decades.  Parkin was also a co-inventor with the famous Dr. Roland Winston (US 6177761) on a patent to better extract and radiate light from LEDs.  Parkyn collaborated on many inventions with  researchers at the company Light Prescriptions Innovators (USA and Spain) and Universidad Politécnica de Madrid from 2000 to 2012.  Overall, Parkyn held 23 patents.

His personal interests were also varied and included world history, astrophysics, economics, cell biology, political philosophy or philosophy of the mind and Vikings and their written language or runes.

See also
 Nonimaging optics

References

External links
  Bill Parkyn in LinkedIn

1950 births
2012 deaths
People from Orange County, California
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
People from Teaneck, New Jersey
People from Lomita, California
Miskin (c. 1560 - c. 1604), also known as Miskina, was a Mughal painter in the court of Akbar I. The name 'Miskin' itself is a pen name. Miskin is recorded by the historian and grand vizier of Akbar, Abu'l-Fazl, in a record containing a list of prominent Mughal painters. Further, he is regarded as an extremely skilled painter of animals.

Life and work 
Miskin was likely born around the year 1560, with little additional information being known about his early life save for his father, Mahesh, and brother, 'Asi, also working as artists.

References 

Mughal painters
Court painters
17th-century Indian painters
16th-century Indian painters
Indian male painters
Animal painters
Raymond "Tank" Austin was a baseball pitcher in the Negro leagues. He played with the Nashville Elite Giants and Birmingham Black Barons in 1930 and the Atlanta Black Crackers in 1932.

Career
Austin started the first game of the 1930 Negro National League season for the Nashville Elite Giants. He was relieved by Rosey McCauley in a losing effort against the St. Louis Stars.  

His final recorded game came with the Atlanta Black Crackers in 1932, when he faced the Montgomery Grey Sox on June 19, 1932. He pitched either four or five innings, depending on the source, in a losing effort.

References

External links
 and Seamheads 

Atlanta Black Crackers players
Birmingham Black Barons players
Nashville Elite Giants players
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Baseball pitchers
William Marvin Howe (24 February 1906 – 17 July 1996) was a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Palmerston, Ontario and became a merchant by career.

Marvin Howe was first elected at the Wellington—Huron riding in the 1953 general election, then re-elected there in 1957, 1958, 1962, 1963 and 1965. In the 1968 federal election, Howe was re-elected at the newly configured Wellington—Grey riding. In 1972, after completing his term in the 28th Canadian Parliament, Howe left federal office and did not seek re-election to the House of Commons.

External links
 
 Parliament of Canada: History of Federal Ridings since 1867

1906 births
1996 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Guido Maus (born 5 November 1964, Malmedy) is a Belgian-born gallery owner, gallerist, curator, and long-time collector of contemporary art. He is currently living and working in Birmingham, Alabama.

Gallery
In early 2010, Maus opened beta pictoris Gallery / Maus Contemporary dedicated to supporting contemporary creativity across the visual arts in photography, painting, sculpture and works on paper as well as mixed media, with a strong emphasis on issue-driven artwork and committed to experimentation and risk-taking. Through representing emerging, established, and internationally recognized artists, the gallery is committed to bringing a global perspective to contemporary issues and practices across the visual arts. The program consists of exhibitions, print publications, and media outreach.

The gallery represents the artists Jelili Atiku, John Bankston, Jarrod Beck, Steven Bindernagel, Manuel Caeiro, Willie Cole, Clayton Colvin, Derek Gracco, John Fields, Mark Flood, Peter Fox (artist), Irene Grau, Deborah Karpman, Barbara and Michael Leisgen, Sharon Louden, Odili Donald Odita, Sonja Rieger, Bayeté Ross Smith, Leslie Smith III, Susana Solano, Travis Somerville, Taravat Talepasand, Melissa Vandenberg, and the Estates of Eugene J. Martin and Yoshishige Furukawa.

beta pictoris gallery is a member of ICI, Independent Curators International (ICI), New York, a supporting member of The Birmingham Museum of Art, and its Collectors Circle for Contemporary Art, as well as its Sankofa Society, a support group for African and African-American Art. beta pictoris gallery is also a supporting member of the Museum of Contemporary Art Denver in Denver, Colorado and the Boulder Museum of Contemporary Art in Boulder, Colorado.

Gallery exhibits curated by Maus in beta pictoris gallery / Maus Contemporary have been reviewed in many art magazines and art blogs including Artforum, ARTslant, Square Cylinder Northern California Art, and Hyperallergic, among others.

Notes and references

External links
beta pictoris Gallery / Maus Contemporary Home Page Retrieved 2013-07-20.
3rd ArtPad iteration represents more than typical fare by Scott Jennings, June 2013 Retrieved 2013-07-20.
Emotionally charged exhibits on display at Beta Pictoris by Walter Lewellyn, January 2013 Retrieved 2013-07-20.
Everyone in the ArtPad, Artnet Magazine, May 2012 Retrieved 2013-07-20.
Art of the Urbane, Bhamarchitect's Blog, May 2010 Retrieved 2013-07-20.

1964 births
Living people
Belgian painters
Artists from Birmingham, Alabama
Postmodern artists
Belgian multimedia artists
Lloyd's Evening Post, also known as The London Packet and Lloyd's Evening Post and British Chronicle, was a British evening newspaper published tri-weekly in London  from 1757 to 1808. Founded shortly after the London Chronicle and similar in format, it came out on Monday, Wednesday and Friday, alternating in "friendly rivalry" with the London Chronicle which came out on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday.

History
The Lloyd's Evening Post was founded in July 1757 by James Emonson (a former partner of William Bowyer), and was published from  Emonson's printing office in St John's Square, Clerkenwell. According to the colophon of the July 14–16, 1762 edition, copies of the paper could be purchased from W. Nicoll in St. Paul's Church Yard, and letters to the editor and advertisements were accepted at Lloyd's Coffee House and at the publisher's.

John Rivington (1756–1785), a member of the Rivington publishing family, began working for Emonson in 1777 and took over the printing business when Emonson retired. Complicating matters somewhat was another tri-weekly, The London Packet, which was founded in 1771 and in 1777 changed its subtitle to "The New Lloyd's Evening Post".  The Lloyd's Evening Post issue for June 8–10, 1778 announced that the newspaper would henceforth be published by Rivington at 59 Paternoster Row. From 1784 to 1790, the paper was published by J. Hancock at 23 Paternoster Row. It was subsequently published by Thomas Spilsbury and Son at 57 Snowhill. The Spilsbury family remained its publishers until the paper's demise in 1808. For a few months in 1805, the Scottish writer Robert Heron served as the paper's editor. He had hoped to buy a share in it as well, but his perpetual financial difficulties made that impossible. Heron died penniless two years later in the fever ward of the St Pancras Workhouse.

In the first decade of the 19th century, the rise of daily newspapers had led not only to the end of Lloyd's Evening Post but also several other tri-weekly publications such as the London Evening Post, the Evening Post, and the short-lived Inquisitor (published by John Browne Bell, the son of the literary publisher John Bell). The London Chronicle, which by 1801 was selling twice as many copies as Lloyd's Evening Post (as indicated by the amount of stamp duty the papers paid), managed to hang on until 1823.

Library collections

The Burney Collection of Newspapers at the British Library has digitized copies of the paper from 1757 to 1805. The Guildhall Library holds the complete run to 1808 either in print or on microfilm.

References

External links
Complete digitised copy of Lloyd's Evening Post, November 5–7, 1778 from the University of Florida George A. Smathers Libraries

London newspapers
Defunct newspapers published in the United Kingdom
Publications established in 1757
Li Dan or Lidan may refer to:

People
 Laozi ( 6th century BC), philosopher and founder of Taoism, one of his posthumous names being Li Dan
 An Indian Brahmin who died in Xi'an in 564 CE, known for the Tomb of Li Dan
 Emperor Ruizong of Tang (662–716), 2-time Tang emperor, known as Li Dan from 678 to 690
 Li Siyuan (867–933), Later Tang emperor, known as Li Dan from 927 to 933
 Li Dan (magnate) (died 1625), Chinese merchant and political figure
 Li Dan (sport shooter) (born 1962), Chinese sport shooter
 Li Dan (activist) (born 1978), Chinese HIV/AIDS activist
 Li Dan (speed skater) (born 1986), female Chinese speed skater (Olympian 2014)
 Li Dan (speed skater) (born 1994), female Chinese speed skater (Olympian 2018)
 Li Dan (gymnast) (born 1988), female Chinese trampoline gymnast
 Li Dan (runner) (born 1995), Chinese long-distance runner
 Li Tan (died 757), Tang prince

Places
 Lidan River, a Swedish river
 Lidan, Li County (澧澹街道), a subdistrict in Li County, Hunan, China

See also
 Daniel Little, American philosopher and professor who publishes in China under his Chinese name "Li Dan"

Li, Dan
The Esparragalejo Dam was a Roman multiple arch buttress dam at Esparragalejo, Badajoz province, Extremadura, Spain. Dating to the 1st century AD, it is the earliest known multiple arch dam.

See also 
 List of Roman dams and reservoirs
 Roman architecture
 Roman engineering

Notes

References 
 
 
 
 

Roman dams in Spain
Arch dams
Buttress dams in Spain
Province of Badajoz
Buildings and structures in Extremadura
Poland national youth football team can refer to the following age group teams:

 Poland national under-21 football team
 Poland national under-20 football team
 Poland national under-19 football team
 Poland national under-18 football team
 Poland national under-17 football team
 Poland national under-16 football team

Poland national football team
National youth association football teams
Youth association football in Poland
Huluboaia is a village in Cahul District, Moldova, By the 2014 census the village has a population of 794 people.

Until 1912 it was called Novohrad, in 1912 it was renamed Goluboje (Russian: Голубое). It was founded by Czechs, and has a Czech minority, which calls it Holuboje. By the fall of the Soviet Union, most Czechs returned to the Czech Republic.

Geography
Huluboaia lies about  northeast of Cahul, approximately  from the Romanian border. It is located on the elevation 164 meters above sea level on the river Salcia Mare.

Demographics
By the last census (2014) 794 people lived here.
According to the 2004 census, 1011 people lived here (494 male, 517 female).

Ethnic makeup (2004):

History
Huluboaia was founded in the 1880s by Czechs from Ukrainian Novhorodkivka (also a Czech settlement). Because in Ukraine, there was a small amount of soil for harvesting crops, 153 migrants moved to the then Bessarabia, where they established the village Novohrad. In the year 1912 the village renamed to Holuboje (meaning „dove“ or „blue“). From the year 1934 a school functioned, where Czech was being learned.

Huluboaia today is the center of Czech countryman in Moldova. Surnames like Karásek, Pluhař or Lněnička are common here, even if the young generation speaks Czech more advisedly and use Russian.

Present
From the year 2004 a Czech countryman association Novograd, is registered here, under the presidency of Ivan Lauda. The association has more than 120 members.

Most of the people, live from own agricultural activities, mostly harvesting corn and grapevine. In school functions a Czech language course (Kroužek českého jazyka Novohrádek); in the summer students from the Czech Republic arrive here, to teach Czech. The current mayor is Valeriu Oboroc.

Local russified Czechs, have worries from the alleged Moldovan nationalism, watch mainly Russian television and have a Russian stance on the Russo-Ukrainian War and the role of the US in it. Local schoolchildren are either from mixed Czech-Moldovan or Czech-Bulgarian wedlock and the Russian environment caused, that they view Russian as native.

References

External links

 Milena Štráfeldová: Olga Granici je první Češka z moldavského Holuboje, která se vypravila studovat do Prahy, Radio Prague, 6. 3. 2010
 Holuboje, česká vesnice v Moldavsku – short informational video on YouTube

Villages of Cahul District
Jesús Arango Cano (21 June 1915 – 9 January 2015) was a Colombian economist, diplomat, anthropologist, archaeologist and writer.

Biography 
Arango Cano was born in La Tebaida, Colombia, a village that his father, archaeologist Luis Arango Cardona, founded a year after his birth. He attended the Rutgers Preparatory School in New Brunswick, New Jersey and studied Economy at the University of California and later International Relations at Columbia University, New York.

In the 1940s Arango Cano became consul for Colombia in São Paulo, Brazil and Undersecretary of International Relations.

Arango Cano has written more than fifty books of which 40 are published. His first two books were Inmigración para Colombia, published in 1951, and Inmigración y Colonización en la Gran Colombia in 1953.

In 1965 Arango published his book Mitos, leyendas y dioses chibchas, about the myths, legends and deities of the Muisca. He also wrote about the Quimbaya, Calima and other indigenous groups, not only of Colombia, but also about the Aztec and Incas. Arango published about the Eje Cafetero, the coffee region in central Colombia where he was born.

In the 1970s, Arango Cano followed his father and became an archaeologist. In 1974 his work Las esmeraldas sagradas: el tesoro de Furatena about Furatena, mythological figure for the Muzo people was published.

On May 23, 1980, Arango Cano together with other historians founded the Academia de Historia del Quindío.

Jesús Arango Cano has published mainly in Spanish and also in English and German.

Arango Cano died in Armenia, Quindío, on January 9, 2015, at age 99.

Works 
This list is a selection.

Books 
 1996 - Cuentos y relatos de la vida real
 1991 - Fantasías del corazón
 1989 - Mitología en América precolombina : México-aztecas, Colombia-chibchas, Perú-incas
 1987 - Las dos caras de Estados Unidos
 1976 - Cerámica quimbaya y calima
 1974 - Las esmeraldas sagradas: el tesoro de Furatena
 1971 - Cuentos y anécdotas de mi tierra
 1969 - Diálogos cafeteros
 1962 - Capitalismo, comunismo y libertad
 1959 - Estados Unidos, mito y realidad
 1957 - La industria mundial del cafe
 1955 - Geografía física y económica de Colombia
 1953 - Inmigración y colonización en la Grancolombia

Articles 
 2000 - Y hablando de ortografía
 1999 - En defensa de la gramática y a propósito de la "ch" y la "ll"
 1997 - Cervantes, don Quijote y el amor
 1979 - La dimensión espacial de la crisis en España

See also 

List of Muisca scholars
Muisca

References

Notable works by Arango Cano 
 

1915 births
2015 deaths
Colombian anthropologists
20th-century Colombian historians
Colombian archaeologists
Muisca scholars
Rutgers Preparatory School alumni
Sagittaria lancifolia, the bulltongue arrowhead, is a perennial, monocot plant  in the family Alismataceae, genus Sagittaria, with herbaceous growth patterns. It is native to the southeastern United States. It is known from every coastal state from Delaware to Texas. The species is also considered native to Mexico, Central America, the West Indies and northern South America. It has become naturalized on the Island of Java in Indonesia.

A common name is "duck potato" because of the large potato-like corms which can form underground.

Description

The plant is conspicuous for its large, lance-shaped leaves which grow up from  underground rhizomes and its showy, white three-petaled flowers which form at the end of long, thick stalks.  Each flower has three green sepals, three white or pink-tinged petals, at least six stamens, and  pistils which may be in separate flowers.   The plant likes to grow in fresh or brackish water and is commonly found in ditches, marshes, swamps and along the shores of lakes and streams.

Sagittaria lancifolia reproduces both asexually through spreading  rhizomes and sexually through  reproduction of copious achenes, a dry fruit each of which carries a single seed. The achenes are  dispersed through  animal vectors and  through hydrochory (dispersal through wind, water, or gravity). The achenes germinate only under light, and with or without available fluid,  but the period of their germination is shorter when they are submersed in water. Temperature is a factor, with 100% germination occurring at . Germination is reduced in anaerobic conditions. Growth is also dependent on temperature.

Sensitivity to in-situ burning of applied crude oil
Louisiana is one of the top five U.S. states in oil production, oil that is piped through marshes in Louisiana to market and sometimes leaks into the marsh land polluting it. Field studies suggest that, although the application and burning of South Louisiana Crude oil on  Sagittaria l. plants in plots of fresh Louisiana  marsh land  had short term negative effects on the growth rate of Sagittaria l., over time plant recovery was just as rapid as in the plots where the plants were oiled but not burned. This suggests that allowing a polluted marsh to degrade and recover without burning is a viable option, while burning is a viable option when a rapid recovery is needed on sensitive lands.

Notes

External links

lancifolia
Plants described in 1759
Aquatic plants
Flora of Northern America
Flora of Southern America
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Francisco José Granados Lerena (Valdemoro, 23 January 1964) is a Spanish politician. Involved in the infamous "Púnica" corruption case (actually named after him in a pun) he was held in preventive detention from October 2014 to June 2017. A prominent figure of the People's Party of the Community of Madrid in his capacity as Esperanza Aguirre's lieutenant in the regional branch of the PP, he has served as Mayor of Valdemoro (1999–2003), Minister in the regional government of the Community of Madrid as well as a member of the regional legislature.

Notes

References 

Mayors of places in the Community of Madrid
Members of the 6th Assembly of Madrid
Members of the 7th Assembly of Madrid
Members of the 8th Assembly of Madrid
Members of the 9th Assembly of Madrid
Government ministers of the Community of Madrid
Spanish prisoners and detainees
Members of the People's Parliamentary Group (Assembly of Madrid)
1964 births
Living people
Spanish politicians convicted of crimes
The Nature Of Betrayal is the second album release by the band The Funeral Pyre.

Originally released by Creator Destructor Records, a Bay Area label, it had seen great success during its debut in late 2006. Despite being unsigned at the particular time, the band had scheduled over 100 shows in the Bay area alone, and was praised for the mood that they could convey using both aggressive death/black metal sounds, and the harmonies of a keyboard. It was also praised for its sound and songwriting, despite the band's young age.

This album has been heavily praised for its fuse of both black metal and death metal and the atmosphere created by keyboardist Daniella Jones' synthesizers, and drummer Alex Hernandez's use of blast beats throughout the album.

The album was re-released in March 2007 with a distribution deal by Prosthetic Records after 5 weeks of constant touring.

The artwork for this record "was created by Gustave Doré."

Track listing

Personnel
 James Joyce - all guitars
 Adam Campbell - bass guitar
 Alex Hernandez - drums
 Daniella Jones - keyboards
 John Strachan - vocals

References

2006 albums
The Funeral Pyre albums
Prosthetic Records albums