Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
The Madhyamakāvatāra () is a text by Candrakīrti (600–c. 650) on the Mādhyamaka school of Buddhist philosophy. Candrakīrti also wrote an auto-commentary to the work, called the Madhyamakāvatārabhasya.

It is traditionally considered as a commentary on the meaning of Nagarjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā and the Ten Stages Sutra (Daśabhūmika Sūtra). As such, within the Tibetan Buddhist canon this text is classified as commentarial literature.

The text
The Madhyamakāvatāra relates the Mādhyamaka doctrine of śūnyatā to the "spiritual discipline" (Sanskrit: sādhanā) of a bodhisattva. The Madhyamakāvatāra contains eleven chapters, where each addresses one of the ten pāramitās or "perfections" fulfilled by bodhisattvas as they traverse the 'ten stages' (Sanskrit: bhūmi) to buddhahood, which is the final chapter.

Commentarial literature

The Madhyamakāvatārabhasya is Candrakīrti's own auto-commentary to the text.
The Madhyamakāvatāraṭīkā is an elaborate 11th century commentary by the Indian scholar Jayānanda.
Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso (1846–1912) wrote a commentary on the Madhyamakavatara entitled: dbu ma la 'jug pa'i 'grel pa zla ba'i zhal lung dri me shel phreng; the title has been rendered into English by Duckworth (2008: p. 232) as: Immaculate Crystal Rosary and by Padmakara Translations in  it is titled The Word of Chandra: The Necklace of Spotless Crystal 

Khenpo Shenga, dbu ma la 'jug pa'i 'grel mchan legs par bshad pa zla ba'i 'od zer
Khenpo Ngawang Palzang, dbu ma 'jug pa'i 'bru 'grel blo gsal dga' ba'i me long 
Jeffrey Hopkins (1980). Compassion in Tibetan Buddhism. Ithaca: Snow Lion. (first five chapters based on Tsongkhapa’s commentary)
Rendawa Shonnu Lodro (1997). Commentary on the Entry into the Middle, Lamp which Elucidates Reality, translated by Stotter-Tillman & Acharya Tashi Tsering, Sarnath, Varanasi.

English translations
Fredrik Liland (trans) (2020). Madhyamakāvatāra (Bibliotheca Polyglotta) with Madhyamakāvatārabhasya and translations from Jayānanda's commentary.
Geshe Rabten (translator, commentator) Stephen Batchelor (translator, editor) (1983). Echoes of Voidness, London : Wisdom Publications
Huntington, C. W. (1989). The Emptiness of Emptiness. University of Hawaii Press
Geshe Kelsang Gyatso. Ocean of Nectar: Wisdom and Compassion in Mahayana Buddhism. London: Tharpa Publications, 1995.
Padmakara Translation Group (2002). Introduction to the Middle Way (Candrakirti's Madhyamakāvatāra with Mipham Rinpoche's Commentary). Shambhala
Introduction to the Middle Way: Chandrakirti's Madhyamakavatara with commentary by Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche, edited by Alex Trisoglio, Khyentse Foundation, 2003
A translation of the Madhyamakavatara and its Auto-Commentary by Chandrakirti with additional commentary by Khenpo Namdrol Rinpoche

See also
Je Tsongkhapa
Istituto Lama Tzong Khapa

References

Further reading
Huntington, C. W.(1983). "The system of the two truths in the Prasannapadā and The Madhyamakāvatāra: A study in Mādhyamika soteriology." Journal of Indian Philosophy 11 (1): pp: 77-106.

Madhyamaka
Mahayana texts
Buddhist philosophy
Tibetan Buddhist texts
Buddhist commentaries
Edward Nash (1778–1821) was an English painter, best known for his miniatures.

Life 
Edward Nash was born in 1778. He became a pupil of Samuel Shelley, and trained as a miniaturist. He visited the Netherlands with Robert Southey and his family in 1815. Nash painted a miniature of the famous poet, and a double portrait miniature of Edith May Southey and Sara Coleridge, in 1820. In later life, he also spent several years in India. He exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts in London from 1811 to 1820. He died in 1821, in London.

Gallery

References

Sources 

 Beyer, Andreas; Savoy, Bénédicte; Tegethoff, Wolf, eds. (2021). "Nash, Edward (1778)". Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon – International Artist Database – Online. Berlin, New York: K.G. Saur. Retrieved 15 September 2022 – via De Gruyter.
 Oliver, Valerie Cassel, ed. (2011). "Naish, Edward". Benezit Dictionary of Artists. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 15 September 2022 – via Oxford Art Online.
 Youngquist, Paul; Wang, Orrin N. C., eds. (2019). "Nash, Edward (1778–1821)". Romantic Circles. University of Colorado Boulder. Retrieved 15 September 2022.

1778 births
1821 deaths
19th-century English painters
Herbert Young Cho Choy (January 6, 1916 – March 10, 2004) was the first Asian American to serve as a United States federal judge and the first person of Korean ancestry to be admitted to the bar in the United States. He served as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.

Education and career

Born to Korean immigrants who worked in sugar plantations in Hawaii on January 6, 1916, in Makaweli, Kauai, Hawaii, Choy received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1938 from the University of Hawaii. He received a Juris Doctor in 1941 from Harvard Law School. He served in the Hawaii Territorial Guard from 1941 to 1942. He served in the United States Army from 1942 to 1946. In 1946, Choy served in the Judge Advocate General's Corps. Choy was in private practice in Honolulu, Hawaii, from 1946 to 1971. He was the first person of Korean ancestry to be admitted to the practice of law in the United States. He served with the law firm of Fong Miho Choy & Robinson from 1947 to 1957, with one of his partners being future United States Senator Hiram Fong. From 1957 to 1958, Choy served as Attorney General for the Territory of Hawaii.

Federal judicial service

At the recommendation of Senator Fong, Choy was nominated by President Richard Nixon on April 7, 1971, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit vacated by Judge Stanley Barnes. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 21, 1971, and received his commission on April 23, 1971. He was the first Asian American on the federal bench as well as the first Hawaii native. He assumed senior status on October 3, 1984. His service terminated on March 10, 2004, due to  his death.

Former clerk

In 2001, one of Choy's former law clerks, Richard Clifton, became the second judge from Hawaii to serve on the Ninth Circuit.

Death

Choy died in Honolulu on March 10, 2004, due to complications from pneumonia.

See also

Shiro Kashiwa - first Japanese American federal judge (1972) 
Masaji Marumoto - first Asian American territorial court justice (1956)
Kathryn Doi Todd - first female Asian American judge in the U.S. (1978)
Wilfred Tsukiyama - first Asian American state chief justice (1959)
Delbert E. Wong - first Chinese American judge in the continental U.S. (1959)

References

External links
 

1916 births
2004 deaths
American politicians of Korean descent
Harvard Law School alumni
Hawaii Attorneys General
Hawaii lawyers
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
United States court of appeals judges appointed by Richard Nixon
20th-century American judges
American jurists of Korean descent
American military personnel of Korean descent
United States Army Judge Advocate General's Corps
United States Army soldiers
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa alumni
United States Army personnel of World War II
Deaths from pneumonia in Hawaii
Mount Pleasant Towne Centre is an upscale shopping center located in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina. The shopping center has over 65 national and local retail stores such as Belk, Buckle, Chico's, Gap, LOFT, Lululemon, LUSH Cosmetics, Versona, and Victoria's Secret. 
Mount Pleasant Towne Centre is located on Highway 17 North at the Isle of Palms Connector.

The complex hosts an annual "Fashion Camp" where young fashionistas can learn about the clothing industry, and visit stores in the area.

Town Center is served by CARTA Public Transit with two sheltered inbound stops available for transit riders traveling west to other Parts of Mount Pleasant and downtown Charleston. Eastbound the route runs all the way to Wando High School.

References 

Buildings and structures in Charleston County, South Carolina
Shopping malls in South Carolina
Shopping malls established in 1999
Mount Pleasant, South Carolina
1999 establishments in South Carolina
The 1970 Tour de Suisse was the 34th edition of the Tour de Suisse cycle race and was held from 11 June to 19 June 1970. The race started in Murten and finished in Zürich. The race was won by Roberto Poggiali of the Salvarani team.

General classification

References

1970
Tour de Suisse
June 1970 sports events in Europe
People v. Collins was a 1968 American robbery trial in California noted for its misuse of probability and as an example of the prosecutor's fallacy.

Trial
After a mathematics instructor testified about the multiplication rule for probability, though ignoring conditional probability, the prosecutor invited the jury to consider the probability that the accused (who fit a witness's description of a black male with a beard and mustache and a Caucasian female with a blond ponytail, fleeing in a yellow car) were not the robbers, suggesting that they estimated the odds as:

The jury returned a guilty verdict.

Appeal
The California Supreme Court set aside the conviction, criticizing the statistical reasoning for ignoring dependencies between the characteristics, e.g., bearded men commonly sport mustaches, and for drawing an incorrect statistical inference.  This mistaken inference, commonly called the prosecutor's fallacy, incorrectly equates the probability that a random defendant has certain traits with the chance that the defendant is guilty. 

The Court said of the fallacy "we think that the entire enterprise upon which the prosecution embarked, and which was directed to the objective of measuring the likelihood of a random couple possessing the characteristics allegedly distinguishing the robbers, was gravely misguided. At best, it might yield an estimate as to how infrequently bearded Negroes drive yellow cars in the company of blonde females with ponytails."

The court noted that the correct statistical inference would be the probability that no other couple who could have committed the robbery had the same traits as the defendants given that at least one couple had the identified traits.  The court noted, in an appendix to its decision, that using this correct statistical inference, even if the prosecutor's statistics were all correct and independent as he assumed, the probability that the defendants were innocent would be over 40%.

The court asserted that mathematics, "...while assisting the trier of fact in the search of truth, must not cast a spell over him."  In particular, the court expressed its concern that complex mathematics would distract the jury from weighing the credibility of witnesses and the reasonableness of their doubts.  The court also expressed concern that if mathematics became common tools for prosecutors that there would not be enough defense attorneys skilled at mathematics to put on a skilled defense.

See also
Howland will forgery trial

References

Bibliography

External links

California state case law
Forensic statistics
1968 in United States case law
1968 in California
Strophitus undulatus is a species of mussel in the Unionidae, the river mussels. It is native to eastern Canada and the eastern United States. Its common names include creeper, squawfoot, sloughfoot, and strange floater.

This mussel has a somewhat flattened, smooth, oval shell which is thin in young animals and becomes thicker with age. It is green, brown, or black in color with pink to orange nacre. It grows up to  long. The beak is ridged.

This species lives in a variety of freshwater habitat types, including rivers, streams, ponds, and lakes. It tolerates still water and low to moderate flow gradients, but usually not high flow areas. It lives in mud, sand, and gravel substrates.

Like other freshwater mussels, this species releases larvae called glochidia, which must attach parasitically to a host organism, generally a fish, so they can develop into free-living juveniles. Some mussels release their glochidia inside a spongy, sticky mass called a conglutinate. The conglutinate sometimes resembles a prey item, such as a worm, which attracts the fish. When the fish bumps the conglutinate, it breaks apart and releases the glochidia, which attach to the fish. S. undulatus produces an interesting kind of conglutinate. It is whitish and rod-shaped, up to 7 millimeters long and contains around 12 glochidia. The glochidia of this species are larger than those of most other mussels, measuring up to almost 500 micrometers. The conglutinate moves by itself, making a pulsing motion. This may be caused by the swelling of the structure when it contacts the water. The motion helps to squeeze out the glochidia and it may help to attract fish hosts. Sometimes one of the glochidia will attach to a host while remaining attached to the conglutinate; in this case, the other glochidia in the structure may be dragged along with it and have an easier opportunity to parasitize the host.

This mussel uses a wide variety of organisms as hosts, especially fish. It has been observed on black bullhead (Ameiurus melas), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus), yellow perch (Perca flavescens), fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), spotfin shiner (Cyprinella spiloptera), walleye (Stizostedion vitreum), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae), fallfish (Semotilus corporalis), golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas), slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus), and many others. It can also use amphibians as hosts, such as the larva of the northern two-lined salamander (Eurycea bislineata), and red-spotted newt (Notophthalmus viridescens). It has been noted to parasitize species not native to the ecosystem, as well as an anadromous species. The glochidia of this mussel may very occasionally be able to develop without attaching to a host species.

This mussel has a wide range in North America, and while its populations are stable in most areas, it may have been extirpated from the North Fork Holston River in Virginia.  It is designated as state threatened in Iowa.

References

Unionidae
Bivalves described in 1817
Leopold Mozart's Trumpet Concerto in D major  was completed in 1762, and is now  "popular with trumpeters." The work is in two movements:

 Largo
 Allegro moderato

Besides the solo trumpet in D, the concerto is scored for two horns in D and strings. Only the first movement provides room for a cadenza; the Gábor Darvas edition published by Editio Musica gives an 8-measure cadenza which requires no ledger lines but consistently involves small note values. In fact, in regards to range, the concerto is "cautious."

Discography

Nikolaus Harnoncourt with Vienna Concentus Musicus chooses this Trumpet Concerto to cap off a disc  of music by the composer's son, which includes the Bassoon Concerto K. 191.

It can also be found on several CDs with trumpet concertos by other composers, such as:
 George Vosburgh's recording with the Seattle Symphony and Gerard Schwarz, which includes Joseph Haydn's Trumpet Concerto in E-flat major, Johann Nepomuk Hummel's Trumpet Concerto in E major and Georg Philipp Telemann's Trumpet Concerto in D major. 
 The Naxos Records album The Art of the Baroque Trumpet, Volume 1, with Niklas Eklund, groups Mozart's Concerto with Baroque trumpet concertos such as the aforementioned Telemann, and adds Molter, Purcell, Fasch and Handel. Eklund wrote his own cadenza for the first movement.
 Miroslav Kejmar also includes it in his Famous Trumpet Concerti album, which besides Joseph Haydn's is all Baroque. 
 On Telarc, Rolf Smedvig with the Scottish Chamber Orchestra conducted by Jahja Ling plays Mozart's Concerto as well as Telemann's and Bach's Brandenburg Concerto No. 2.
 Wynton Marsalis plays this concerto along with the famous concerti by Haydn and Hummel. This recording is part of the Great Performances series by Sony.
 Maurice André, with the Berliner Philharmoniker conducted by Herbert von Karajan on EMI 5 66909 2 (Great Recordings of the Century series), together with concertos by Hummel, Telemann, and Vivaldi.
 John Wilbraham, with the Academy of St. Martin-in-the-Fields conducted by Neville Marriner on Decca 417 761-2 (Ovation series), together with concertos by Haydn (played by Alan Stringer), Telemann, Albinoni and Hummel.
 Edward H Tarr, with the Consortium Musicum conducted by Fritz Lehan on a two-disc compendium entitled Trumpet Classics on EMI Seraphim 5 69140 2, together with music for trumpet by Haydn, Torelli, Viviani, Telemann, Franceschini, Hummel, Hertel, Handel, Albinoni and Vivaldi, with a variety of performers.

References

Compositions by Leopold Mozart
Mozart
1762 compositions
Compositions in D major
"Pets" is a song by alternative rock band Porno for Pyros and the second single from their 1993 self-titled album Porno for Pyros. "The Cursed Female / Cursed Male" single preceded Pets, but saw only a limited radio station and promotional release, making Pets the first widely available commercial single from the album.

The song became a No. 1 hit on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. In Australia, the song reached number 68 and came in at number 33 on the 1993 Triple J Hottest 100 countdown. The song's success was aided, in part, by a unique video directed by Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris which received heavy rotation on MTV. They would later direct the critically acclaimed film Little Miss Sunshine.

Song information
"Pets" deals with dissatisfaction with the human race ("Adults are even more fucked up") and how it is on the brink of destruction ("My friend says we're like the dinosaurs only we are doing ourselves in much faster than they ever did"). The song then describes how aliens might be able to take over the world and treat humans as pets.

A single/radio edit, included on all versions of the single, censored profanity to make the song acceptable for radio play. No material was cut; the edit had virtually the same running length as the album version. Commercially, the song reached No. 67 on the US Billboard Hot 100, No. 1 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart and No. 53 on the UK Singles Chart. In Australia, "Pets" peaked at number 68 on the ARIA Singles Chart and was the 33rd most popular radio hit on the Triple J Hottest 100 countdown for 1993.

Most versions of the single included the previously unreleased non-album track "Tonight", recorded during the Porno for Pyros album sessions. "Tonight" is a cover of a song written by Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim in 1956 for the Broadway musical West Side Story.

The non-album B-side "Cursed Female / Cursed Male (Medley)" found on some versions of the single was previously released on Porno for Pyros''' first single, "Cursed Female / Cursed Male".

Packaging
There were several different versions of the "Pets" single released in 1993. The standard (and most common) version, released on both CD and 7" vinyl, included only the radio edit of the title track and the B-side "Tonight."

The second limited edition version, also made available on CD and vinyl, featured two additional tracks as well as three full-panel band photos. The 12" vinyl picture disc featured the cover art from the album Porno for Pyros'' embossed on the A-side of the vinyl itself, while the B-side featured the band's red "Devil" logo. The additional tracks found on this version were the standard album version of "Pets" and "Cursed Female / Cursed Male (Medley)".

Various other import and promotional versions were released, all containing some combination of these four tracks.

Track listings

Standard edition

Limited edition

Charts

See also
List of Billboard number-one alternative singles of the 1990s
Triple J Hottest 100, 1993

References

1992 songs
1993 singles
Music videos directed by Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris
Porno for Pyros songs
Warner Records singles
Battling with Buffalo Bill is a 1931 American pre-Code Western serial film directed by Ray Taylor and starring Tom Tyler, Lucile Browne, William Desmond, Rex Bell, and Francis Ford.

Based on the book The Great West That Was by William F. "Buffalo Bill" Cody, the film is about a cowboy named Buffalo Bill who goes up against a shady gambler who is attempting to scare off the townspeople so he can gain possession of a gold strike. When a nearby Indian tribe is provoked into attacking the town, the cavalry rides in to the rescue. Cody's book was also used as the inspiration for the studio's highly successful 1930 serial The Indians Are Coming.
Battling with Buffalo Bill was Universal Pictures's 78th serial, the 10th with sound and 4th with full sound, of the studio's total of 137 serials.

Plot
The plot is a variation on the standard B-Western "Land Grab" plot: Gold has been discovered in the area and gambler Jim Rodney intends to make sole claim to it by pushing the rightful owners off the land and taking it for himself. To do so he has his henchmen kill an Indian woman, provoking attacks from her tribe. This brings Buffalo Bill and the United States Cavalry into the town. Buffalo Bill proceeds to defeat Rodney and his schemes.

Cast
Tom Tyler as William "Buffalo Bill" Cody
Lucile Browne as Jane Mills, Buffalo Bill's love interest
William Desmond as John Mills
Rex Bell as Dave Archer, Buffalo Bill's sidekick.
Francis Ford as Jim Rodney, villainous gambler trying to illicitly claim a local gold strike
George Regas as 'Breed' Johns
Yakima Canutt as Scout Jack Brady
Bud Osborne as Joe Tampas, one of Rodney's henchmen
Joe Bonomo as Joe Brady
Jim Thorpe as Swift Arrow

Production
Along with the more successful The Indians Are Coming (1930) this serial was based on the book "The Great West That Was" by Buffalo Bill Cody.

Stunts
 Joe Bonomo
 Yakima Canutt
 Cliff Lyons

Chapter titles
 Captured by Redskins
 Circling Death
 Between Hostile Tribes
 The Savage Horde
 The Fatal Plunge
 Trapped
 The Unseen Killer
 Sentenced to Death
 The Death Trap
 A Shot from Ambush
 The Flaming Death
 Cheyenne Vengeance
Source:

See also
 List of American films of 1931
 List of film serials by year
 List of film serials by studio

References

External links
 
 
 
 

1931 films
1931 Western (genre) films
American black-and-white films
Cultural depictions of Buffalo Bill
1930s English-language films
Universal Pictures film serials
Films directed by Ray Taylor
American Western (genre) films
1930s American films
The Oxford Concordance Program (OCP) was first released in 1981 and was a result of a project started
in 1978 by Oxford University Computing Services (OUCS) to create a machine independent text analysis program for producing word lists, indexes and concordances in a variety of languages and alphabets.

In the 1980s it was claimed to have been licensed to around 240 institutions in 23 countries.

History
OCP was designed and written in FORTRAN by Susan Hockey and Ian Marriott of Oxford University Computing Services in the period 1979–1980 and its authors acknowledged that it owed much to the earlier COCOA and CLOC (University of Birmingham) concordance systems.

During 1985–86 OCP was completely rewritten as version 2 to increase the efficiency of the program, a version was also produced for the IBM PC called Micro-OCP.

See also
 Concordance (publishing)

References

History of software
Digital humanities
The third edition of the women's Strade Bianche was held on 4 March 2017, in Tuscany, Italy. Elisa Longo Borghini won the race, in bad weather, ahead of Katarzyna Niewiadoma and the previous year's champion, Lizzie Deignan.

The women's Strade Bianche served as the first event of the second UCI Women's World Tour, the highest level of professional women's cycling.  The race is organized on the same day as the men's event, at a shorter distance, but on much of the same roads.

Results

See also
 2017 in women's road cycling
 2017 UCI Women's World Tour

References

Strade Bianche
Strade Bianche
Strade Bianche