Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
The chloride process is used to separate titanium from its ores. The goal of the process is to win high purity titanium dioxide from ores such as ilmenite (FeTiO3) and rutile (TiO2).  The strategy exploits the volatility of TiCl4, which is readily purified and converted to the dioxide.  Millions of tons of TiO2 are produced annually by this process, mainly for use as white pigments.  The chloride process has largely displaced the older sulfate process, which relies on hot sulfuric acid to extract iron and other impurities from ores..

Process chemistry
In this process, the feedstock is treated at 1000 °C with carbon and chlorine gas, giving titanium tetrachloride. Typical is the conversion starting from the ore ilmenite:
2 FeTiO3 + 7 Cl2 + 6 C → 2 TiCl4 + 2 FeCl3 + 6 CO
The process is a variant of a carbothermic reaction, which exploits the reducing power of carbon.

Other impurities are converted to the respective chlorides as well, but most are less volatile than TiCl4. Vanadium tetrachloride and vanadium oxytrichloride codistill with TiCl4, but these impurities can be removed by chemical reduction.  The titanium tetrachloride is purified by distillation. It can be subsequently oxidized in an oxygen flame or plasma to give the pure titanium dioxide. 
TiCl4 + O2 + heat → TiO2 + 2Cl2
In this way, chlorine is recovered for recycling.

Process engineering

The standard chloride process for titanium dioxide base material consists of the following main production units:
Oxidation
Chlorination
Condensation
Purification

The following auxiliary production units are necessary:
Ore/coke storage
Off-Gas Treatment
Dust treatment

Under steady state conditions the chloride process is a continuous cycle in which chlorine changes from the oxidized state to the reduced state and reverse. The oxidized form of the chlorine is molecular chlorine Cl2, the reduced form is titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4). The oxidizing agent is molecular oxygen (O2), the reducing agent is coke. Both must be fed into the process. The titanium is fed into the process in form of ore together with the coke. Titanium ore is a mixture of oxides. The added O2 leaves the process with the product TiO2, the added coke leaves the process together with the added oxygen from the titanium ore in form of CO and CO2. The other fed metals leave the process in form of metal chlorides.

References

External links

Chemical processes
Chlorine
Mario Pezzi (born Gottolengo, 19 September 1941) is an Italian Catholic priest, theologian and catechist. He is one of leading names of the Neocatechumenal Way, with Kiko Argüello and Carmen Hernández.

Biography
He entered the Comboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus seminary in 1951, aged 10 years old. He was ordained a priest on 18 March 1969. He joined the Neocatechumenal Way in 1970, becoming a priest of their International Responsible Team the following year. He first met Pope John Paul II in 1979, together with the two founders of the Neocatechumenal Way.

His work is to present a theological-pastoral view inside the NCW, where he is the leading priest. Every year he carries out the work of collating texts from the Magisterium and Tradition of the Church to help the catechists and members of the NCW. His work is presented each year at the beginning of the catechesis of the NCW courses.

See also
Neocatechumenal Way

References

1941 births
Living people
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
Neocatechumenal Way
The coat of arms of Oldenburg is the coat of arms associated with the state of Oldenburg, a county, duchy and then grand duchy that existed between 1101 and 1918. The arms are also associated with the parts of the House of Oldenburg that ruled the state. 

The coat of arms recognised the full acquisitions of the state in those years. Various branches used assorted minor arms; those most associated with the Oldenburg part of the state were copies of the flags of Oldenburg. The inescutcheon was used on the state ensign of 1893 to 1918/1921.

Design
The main shield shows the arms of:
Kingdom of Norway (top-left);
Duchy of Schleswig (top-right);
Duchy of Holstein (middle-left);
Territory of Stormarn (middle-right);
Territory of Dithmarschen (bottom-left);
Lordship of Kniphausen (bottom-right).

The inescutcheon shows the arms of:
County of Oldenburg (family arms, top-left);
County of Delmenhorst (family arms, top-right);
Prince-Bishopric of Lübeck (principality of Eutin, bottom-left);
Principality of Birkenfeld (bottom-right);
Lordship of Jever (bottom-middle);

References

Oldenburg
Oldenburg (state)
Oldenburg
Oldenburg
Oldenburg
Oldenburg
Oldenburg
Oldenburg
Unio tumidiformis is a species of bivalve belonging to the family Unionidae.

The species is found in Pyrenees.

References

Unionidae
Konstantinos Michail (, 1751 – 1816) was a philosopher, physician and linguist.

He was born in Kastoria. He spoke Greek, Latin, French and German and was a student of Michail Papageorgiou. He left all his books to the schools of Kastoria.

List of Macedonians (Greek)

literary works
Dietetics, Vienna 1794
Handbook of the Wise Doctor (Tissot)

External links 
List of Great Macedonians (15th-19th century)

Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
People from Kastoria
Greek Macedonians
Linguists from Greece
Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire
18th-century Greek scientists
18th-century Greek educators
18th-century Greek physicians
19th-century Greek scientists
19th-century Greek educators
19th-century Greek physicians
18th-century Greek writers
19th-century Greek writers
William W. Moss (1872 – December 17, 1949) was a justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court from January 1935 to January 1948.

Born in Stonington, Connecticut, Moss received his undergraduate degree from Brown University in 1891 and his law degree from Harvard Law School in 1898. He gained admission to the bar in Rhode Island and Missouri, and practiced in Kansas City, Missouri, until 1902, when he returned to New England. He settled in Providence, Rhode Island, where was involved in various civic organizations, becoming an assistant attorney general from 1933 to 1935. In that capacity, Moss assisted Governor Theodore F. Green in writing an emergency relief bill in 1933 to address the high unemployment rates brought by the Great Depression. In January 1935, the Democratic Party unexpectedly gained control of the Rhode Island Senate, installing an entirely new five-member court, to which Moss was named as an associate justice. Moss retired from the court in January 1948, due to poor health; the Rhode Island General Assembly passed a measure to provide him with a pension in retirement.

Moss died in his home in Providence at the age of 77, following a brief illness.

References

1872 births
1949 deaths
People from Stonington, Connecticut
Brown University alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Justices of the Rhode Island Supreme Court
The Anthony Lane House is a historic house at 250 Seven Bridge Road in Lancaster, Massachusetts.  Built in 1809, it is one of the town's finest examples of Federal period architecture.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

Description and history
The Anthony Lane House is located northeast of the town center of Lancaster, at the northeast corner of Seven Bridge Road and Harvard Road.  It is a -story wood-frame house, five bays wide and two deep, with a front-facing gable roof, end brick walls, clapboard siding on the front, and interior chimneys on each side.  The front gable is fully pedimented, with a modillioned cornice and two small sash windows in the center.  Windows are set in rectangular openings with operable shutters, and are arranged symmetrically around the main entrance on the front facade. The front entrance is flanked by pilasters and topped by a half-round transom window.  The interior retains many original finishes, most notable finely carved wainscoting in the main parlor.

The house was built in 1809 by Pliny Newhall, a local bricklayer who purchased the land from his employer, whose yard was across the street.  He sold the house in 1818 to Captain Anthony Lane, a local farmer who served for several separate terms as town selectman.  Architecturally, the house is a harmonious blend of Greek Revival and Federal styles, unusual for the front-facing gable, an uncommon feature in Federal period houses.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Worcester County, Massachusetts

References

Buildings and structures in Lancaster, Massachusetts
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Worcester County, Massachusetts
WWCS  (540 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, and serving the Pittsburgh metropolitan area.  WWCS airs a religious format programmed by Overcomer Ministries.  The station is owned by Birach Broadcasting Corporation through its chairman and CEO, Sima Birach Jr.

WWCS is powered at 5,000 watts by day.  But AM 540 is a Canadian and Mexican clear channel frequency. So at night, WWCS must reduce its power to 500 watts to avoid interference. It uses a directional antenna at all times.  The transmitter is off Angerer Road in Canonsburg.

History
On November 27, 1957, the station first signed on as WCNG.  At first, it was a daytimer station, required to go off the air at night.  Its power was only 250 watts.  The original owner was R.A. Douglass.

At various times in its history, the station has aired Spanish language Tropical music, children's radio, classical music, ethnic programming, oldies and Christian talk and teaching.

The station's call sign later switched to WARO.  It was known as "Radio One" during its days as WARO.  

Following ABC's LMA of WWCS from owner Birach Broadcasting, operations for the station moved from its transmitter building at 38 Angerer Road (Strang Lane) in Canonsburg to 400 Ardmore Boulevard in Wilkinsburg, the home of WEAE (ESPN Radio 1250) and WTAE-TV.  Under ABC, the station carried Radio Disney.

WWCS ceased to carry Radio Disney upon the expiration of ABC's lease of WWCS on December 31, 2010; the network's programming then moved to Disney-owned WEAE (renamed WDDZ), which disaffiliated from ESPN Radio.  From January to February 2011, the station aired a music loop directing listeners to WDDZ.

In February 2011, a Spanish language tropical music format began airing as a simulcast of WSDS from Detroit. The simulcast was replaced by Fox Sports Radio programming on January 1, 2012.  The Fox Sports network was previously cleared in Pittsburgh on WBGG, which dropped it when it replaced WEAE as the area's ESPN Radio affiliate.

It later switched to the Houston-based SB Nation Sports Network, which changed its name to SportsMap in 2020.

In October 2021, the station switched to a religious format carrying programming by the late R.G. Stair's Overcomer Ministries 24/7.

References

External links

540 simulcasting Spanish station

WCS
Washington County, Pennsylvania
Birach Broadcasting Corporation stations
Former subsidiaries of The Walt Disney Company
Saint-Sulpice-de-Cognac (, literally Saint-Sulpice of Cognac) is a commune in the Charente department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.

Population

Its inhabitants are known as San Sulpicians or Sulpicians.

Climate
Saint-Sulpice-de-Cognac, as the whole region of Cognac, is located west of the department of Charente and has a marine climate.

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente
Charente communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
"Take-off" is the debut single released by the Japanese band Vivid. A document music video was made for the title song and is available on the limited B CD+DVD edition of their major debut (and fifth overall) single ""Yume": Mugen no Kanata" along with a live performance of the title track taped at Shibuya-AX on August 8, 2010. The single reached number 3 on the indies Oricon weekly charts and number 63 on the overall chart where it charted for a week. It has sold 1,319 copies.

Track listing

References

2009 songs
Vivid (band) songs
2009 debut singles
Bhale Jodi is a 1970 Indian Kannada language drama film written and directed by Y. R. Swamy. It stars Rajkumar in dual roles with Bharathi and Dinesh in other lead roles. The film was based on the story written by Jawar Seetharaman and was produced under Rajkamal Arts banner. The movie was remade in Telugu in 1972 as Bullema Bullodu starring Chalam and in Hindi in 1973 as Jaise Ko Taisa. He appeared as Echchamanayaka in a small drama sequence in the movie.

Cast 

 Rajkumar as Suresh / Ramesh
 Bharathi
 Dinesh as Raghava
 Balakrishna
 Nagappa
 Kupparaj
 Pandari Bai
 Ganapathi Bhat
 B. V. Radha
 Shyam
 Raghavan
 Baby Sunitha
 Baby Navitha

Soundtrack

The music of the film was composed by R. Rathna and lyrics for the soundtrack written by Chi. Udaya Shankar and R. N. Jayagopal. The album consists of six soundtracks.

See also
 Kannada films of 1970

References

External links 
 

1970 films
1970s Kannada-language films
Indian black-and-white films
Indian drama films
Twins in Indian films
Kannada films remade in other languages
Films directed by Y. R. Swamy
Thorvald Andersen (8 April 1883 – 3 May 1935 ) was a Danish architect. He contributed to Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen in the 1920s.

Family 
Carl Christian Thorvald Andersen was born in the parish of  Årup on the island of Funen in Assens Municipality, Denmark.  He is the son of Hans Ditlev Andersen and Petra Vilhelmine Johanne Louise Andersen. 
He attended Odense Technical School, with a graduation in 1903; He was admitted to the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in  1904 and left in 1910. 
He worked from 1907 to 1912 with Martin Borch (1852-1937) at Rigshospitalet which, starting in 1910, was relocated to its present location consisting of buildings surrounding a central garden. He worked for a number of years from 1912 with  Kristoffer Varming (1865-1936).

He was the supervisory architect and consultant for the Ministry of Justice buildings.

He died in 1975 in the Frederiksberg district of Copenhagen and was interred at Søndermark Cemetery.

See also
List of Danish architects

References

1883 births
1935 deaths
People from Assens Municipality
Danish architects
Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts alumni
Presidium of the Reichstag (German Empire)

First legislative session 1871-1874

Second legislative session 1874-1877

Third legislative session 1877-1878

Fourth legislative session 1878-1881

Fifth legislative session 1881-1884

Sixth legislative session 1884-1887

Seventh legislative session 1887-1890

Eighth legislative session 1890-1893

Ninth legislative session 1893-1898

Tenth legislative session 1898-1903

See also
Presidium of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
Presidium of the Reichstag (Third Reich)

German Empire
Government of the German Empire
Le Voyou, also known as The Crook, is a 1970 French action film which follows Simon the Swiss during his largest heist. Directed by Claude Lelouch in 1970, and starring Jean-Louis Trintignant, the film makes use of several cinematic techniques to convey the elusive nature of the title character, including a circular narrative, dialogue littered with conflicting statements, flashbacks, musical montage, multiple styles of film editing, misaligned sound editing, and movie within the movie.

Awards 

The film won the David di Donatello for Best Foreign Direction in 1971.

Cast
 Jean-Louis Trintignant as Simon Duroc, or "The Swiss"
 Danièle Delorme as Janine
 Charles Gérard as Charlot
 Christine Lelouch as Martine
 Charles Denner as Mr Gallois
 Amidou as Bill
 Judith Magre as Mrs Gallois

References

External links

1970 films
1970s crime films
French heist films
Films directed by Claude Lelouch
United Artists films
Films scored by Francis Lai
1970s heist films
1970s French films
The Border-to-Border (B2B) Trail is a partially constructed non-motorized trail in Washtenaw County, Michigan. The trail is planned to cover approximately  from Livingston County to Wayne County along the Huron River.

In thirteen segments from A to M, it will link Huron-Clinton Metroparks with Dexter Township, the Village of Dexter, Scio Township, the City of Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor Township, Ypsilanti Township, and the City of Ypsilanti. Segment A is located  on the Livingston County border to the north-west and M on the Wayne County border in the south-east. The trail is being developed in sub-segments (e.g. C1 and C2 make up part of C). As each segment is developed, there are sometimes refinements to the actual path. In the interest of continuity, parts of the current trail do not reflect the planned final route, but use existing surface streets until the final trail can be constructed.

Route 

On 24 September 2010, part of the border-to-border route in Ypsilanti was opened for access to the public. This temporary route, constructed using crushed-concrete, extends from Michigan Avenue Bridge, over the Huron River to Park Street.  Friends of the Border-to-Border trail called it "almost an urban wilderness".

The whole  planned Border-to-Border route, segments A to M, is from Livingston County to Wayne County along the Huron River.
Segment C is a  routed proposed north from Dexter to Hudson Mills Metropark.

The trail

References

External links

 Friends of the Border to Border Trail website

Hiking trails in Michigan
Transportation in Ann Arbor, Michigan
Ypsilanti, Michigan
Düsseldorf-Eller station is located in the district of Eller in the German city of Düsseldorf in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is on the Düsseldorf–Solingen line and is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 5 station.

Location
The station is located in the east of the district Düsseldorf-Eller. It is elevated above Vennhauser Allee. The station has a central platform with access to Vennhauser Allee.

History

The station building was built of brick in 1872. In 1909, a waiting room was added. By 1975, the station building was no longer used for railway purposes, but instead it was used for artists' studios. In 1982, it had its first public exhibition, which was followed by over 100 other shows, which were attended by more than 400 artists. In 1986, Freundeskreis Kulturbahnhof Eller e.V. (Friends of the Culture Station of Eller) was founded.

On 1 April 1985, the old station building was registered on Düsseldorf's heritage list in the category of technical monuments.

Services

The station is served by Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn line S 1 every 20 minutes and five bus routes (M1, 722, 730, 735 and 736), operated by Rheinbahn, at intervals between 10 and 60 minutes.

References

Footnotes

Sources

Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn stations
S1 (Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn)
Railway stations in Düsseldorf
Railway stations in Germany opened in 1874
Arbikie distillery is a scotch whisky, vodka and gin distillery in Inverkeilor, Angus, Scotland.

History
The distillery was built in 2013 on the Arbikie Highland Estate, a 2,000 acre farm owned by the Stirling family for four generations. There are earlier records of whisky production on the estate that date to 1794. The distillery is owned by Stirling brothers John, Iain and David.
 
Production uses barley and potatoes from the estate farm. Overall, it is stated that 90% of all raw materials in the production process come from the farm.

In August 2021, the distillery began an agreement with the company EcoSpirits for distribution, to reduce the carbon emissions associated with packaging and distribution.

In December 2021, the distillery was granted £3 million through the Green Distilleries Competition to create a new hydrogen power plant at the distillery.

A new experience visitor centre is due to open in Spring 2022.

Products
The distillery uses pot and column stills from 
CARL of Germany to produce whisky, gin and vodka.

The core gin expression is named 'Kirsty's Gin' after master distiller Kirsty Black and includes botanicals such as seaweed, carline thistle and Scottish blaeberry.

The distillery also produce a gin called Nàdar (nature) which is branded as climate positive in terms of environmental production. Unusually, the gin uses peas instead of wheat in production.

In 2014, the distillery produced Scotland's first commercial potato vodka. The vodka uses a blend of Maris Piper, King Edwards and Cultra potatoes.

In 2020, the distillery released a Highland Rye whiskey. On release, the rye whisky was the first commercial rye whisky produced for more than 100 years in Scotland.

References

Buildings and structures completed in 2013
British vodkas
Scottish malt whisky
2013 establishments in Scotland
Gins
Distilleries in Scotland
Christie Repasy (born December 19, 1958) is an American floral artist from Maywood, California. She is best known for her Victorian style and floral-painted furniture.

Early life and education 

Repasy has been painting since she was in the second grade. By age 14, she was painting furniture for friends and neighbors. Her first award was winning a high-school art contest, at Edison High School in Huntington Beach, California. She continued painting soft, French-inspired roses on canvas and furniture. She studied oil painting at Irvine Valley College under artist Chris Gwaltney.

Career 

She started selling her pieces at age 28. She uses vintage frames and ceiling-fan tiles for framing.

Her painted furniture and technique were included in an autumn 2010 cover story in Stampington & Company's Somerset Home magazine. She has been featured in four issues of Romantic Homes Magazine, February 2004, February 2009, October 2010 and spring 2011 editions. She was included in a short story and photo in spring 2011 and mentioned in March 2008 issues of Romantic Country Magazine.

In March 2006, the Orange County Register wrote an article about how she applies shabby chic in her works. In 2012, Today's Vintage Magazine wrote about Repasy's original artwork in a "Spotlight" article.

She has painted floral designs on antique and vintage pieces of furniture discovered at flea markets, which become pieces of art. HGTV, in a 2004 interview for its "Country Style" show, included in an article on its site that Repasy's "timeless flower paintings hang in homes around the country." She also appeared on Rachel Ashwell's Shabby Chic show on the Style Network. Repasy's work has been compared to that of artist Paul De Longpre.

Repasy's art has shown at the Laguna Beach Art Festival and she also participated in its 75th anniversary festival.

Personal life 

She hosts Chateau de Fleurs, a quarterly marketplace of artisans, at her home in Fallbrook, California. She also has a home and studio in Laguna Beach.

References

External links 
 
 Chateau de Fleurs, Repasy's blog
 Roseville Spring Antique Market, featuring Christie Repasy
 Art Links
 Artists of the World
 Cited in book, Miniature Scrapbooks: Small Treasures to Make in a Day by Taylor Hagerty

American women painters
Artists of the American West
Botanical illustrators
Painters from California
1958 births
Living people
People from Maywood, California
21st-century American painters
21st-century American women artists
People from Fallbrook, California
People from Huntington Beach, California
Toxins is a monthly open-access scientific journal covering toxins and toxicology. Toxins is published monthly online by MDPI.

The French Society on Toxinology (SFET), International Society for Mycotoxicology (ISM), Japanese Society of Mycotoxicology (JSMYCO) and European Uremic Toxins (EUTox) Work Group are affiliated with Toxins.

The journal covers toxinology and all kinds of toxins (biotoxins) from animals, microbes and plants. Some types of toxins covered are: aflatoxins, exotoxins, endotoxins, neurotoxins, any other toxin from animal, plant or microbial origin.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in  Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed, Science Citation Index Expanded, and  Scopus. Its 2017 impact factor is 3.273.

External links 
 
 Toxins: State of the Journal Report, 2017.

References 

Toxicology journals
Open access journals
MDPI academic journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 2009