Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
In Islam, al-A'raf () is a separator realm or borderland between Jannah (heaven) and Jahannam (hell), inhabited by those who are evenly balanced in their sins and virtues, they are not entirely evil nor are they entirely good. This place may be described as a kind of benevolent purgatory with privation but without suffering.

The word is literally translated as "the heights" in English. The realm is described as a high curtain between hell and paradise. Ibn Kathir described A'raf as a wall that contains a gate. In this high wall lived people who witness the terror of hell and the beauty of paradise. They yearn to enter paradise, but their sins and virtues are evenly balanced. Yet with the mercy of God, they will be among the last people to enter the paradise. The Catholic scholar of Islam Louis Massignon believed the Christian concept of limbo was inspired by the Muslim interpretation of A'raf.

A'raf is described in the Quran in sura Al-A'raf, 46–47.

See also
Purgatory
Gehenna
Barzakh
Matarta in Mandaeism

References

Islamic eschatology
Islamic cosmology
Islamic terminology
Limbo
Afterlife places
Ficus watkinsiana, commonly known as strangler fig, Watkins' fig, nipple fig or the green-leaved Moreton Bay fig is a hemiepiphytic fig that is endemic to Australia. The species exists in three populations—one in northeast Queensland and the others in southeast Queensland and northeast New South Wales.
It also has been introduced to Kauai island (Hawaiʻi).

The pollinator of this species in Australia is Pleistodontes nigriventris (Girault).
On Kauai island, Port Jackson fig wasps (Pleistodontes imperialis) are able to do the job as substitute pollinators. The wasps and the strangler figs have a mutualistic symbiotic relationship. The wasp, P. imperialis, uses the tree to lay eggs into its ostioles, while the tree uses the wasp for pollination. The arrangement of the inner ostioles show convergent evolution in attraction of the wasps. Other species of the strangler fig species have homoplasy of the ostioles, so the wasp is strongly influenced by this genus of plants, and therefore enhances their growth.

Description

Ficus watkinsiana is a monoecious tree which grows up to  tall. Its leaves are  long and  wide. Its figs (syconia) are deep purple to black in colour,  long and  in diameter. It begins life as a hemiepiphyte. F. watkinsiana grows on another tree, using it as physical support, while also stealing sunlight, nutrients, space, etc. from it, which eventually kills the host plant. F. watkinsiana produces a large amount of fruit, which feeds a variety of mammals. Those mammals eat their seeds, defecating them throughout the rainforests so that Ficus watkinsiana has a high rate of dispersal, covering almost every square meter of the rainforest. The bigger the tree, the more surface area it has, the more dispersal it will have. Some host trees have developed possible defense mechanisms against the strangler figs. One mechanism may be lacking deep branches and hollows, and having smooth bark so there's no place for the seeds to become lodged and grow.

References

Rosales of Australia
Trees of Australia
Flora of Queensland
Flora of New South Wales
watkinsiana
Epiphytes
How the First Helandman of God Was Maid is an anonymous comic poem in Scots preserved in the Bannatyne Manuscript of the sixteenth century.

The poem narrates how, following a wager proposed to him by Saint Peter, God creates the first Highlander from a piece of horse manure. The prototype Highlander is depicted as a petty thief and a stealer of Lowlanders' cattle.

In the Bannatyne Manuscript the poem's full title is given as How the first Helandman of God was maid, Of ane Horss Turd, in Argylle, as is said. The piece is attributed to no author.

Synopsis

The Wager
The poem opens with God and Saint Peter walking "High up in Argyll, where their path lay." Peter asks the Lord "Can you not make a Highlandman out of this horse turd?"

The Highlander is Created
With a touch of his staff, God creates a Highlander from the piece of dung and asks him "Where do you want to go?"

The Highlander replies that he will go to the Lowlands to steal livestock.

When God points out to the Highlander that he will be hanged for this crime the man claims to be indifferent. "I must die one day" he says.

God is amused by this and then departs by leaping over a wall. While doing so his knife falls from its sheath.

The Missing Knife
Peter searches thoroughly but unsuccessfully for the lost knife.

God observes "Here's a marvel! How can it be that my knife is missing when there are only three of us here?"

The Highlander does not reply but, while turning to leave, the lost knife falls from a fold of his plaid.

Saint Peter reprimands him. "You will never do well. You, new-made, so soon turning to theft."

The Highlander is unrepentant. The poem ends with him swearing an oath upon a nearby church. "As long as I may find goods to steal, I will never work!"

References

Poetry of the Bannatyne Manuscript
Scottish poems
Scots-language works
Middle Scots poems
In dual decomposition a problem is broken into smaller subproblems and a solution to the relaxed problem is found. This method can be employed for MRF optimization. Dual decomposition is applied to markov logic programs as an inference technique.

Background 
Discrete MRF Optimization (inference) is very important in Machine Learning and Computer vision, which is realized on CUDA graphical processing units. Consider a graph with nodes and Edges . The goal is to assign a label to each so that the MRF Energy is minimized:

(1)  

Major MRF Optimization methods are based on Graph cuts or Message passing. They rely on the following integer linear programming formulation

(2)  

In many applications, the MRF-variables are {0,1}-variables that satisfy: label  is assigned to , while  , labels  are assigned to .

Dual Decomposition 

The main idea behind decomposition is surprisingly simple:

 decompose your original complex problem into smaller solvable subproblems,
 extract a solution by cleverly combining the solutions from these subproblems.

A sample problem to decompose:

where 

In this problem, separately minimizing every single over  is easy; but minimizing their sum is a complex problem. So the problem needs to get decomposed using auxiliary variables  and the problem will be as follows:

where 

Now we can relax the constraints by multipliers  which gives us the following Lagrangian dual function:

Now we eliminate  from the dual function by minimizing over  and dual function becomes:

We can set up a Lagrangian dual problem:

(3)   The Master problem

(4)  where The Slave problems

MRF optimization via Dual Decomposition 

The original MRF optimization problem is NP-hard and we need to transform it into something easier.

is a set of sub-trees of graph where its trees cover all nodes and edges of the main graph. And MRFs defined for every tree  in will be smaller. The vector of MRF parameters is and the vector of MRF variables is , these two are just smaller in comparison with original MRF vectors . For all vectors we'll have the following:

(5)  

Where and denote all trees of than contain node and edge respectively. We simply can write:

(6)  

And our constraints will be:

(7)  

Our original MRF problem will become:

(8)  where and 

And we'll have the dual problem we were seeking:

(9)  The Master problem

where each function is defined as:

(10)  where The Slave problems

Theoretical Properties 
Theorem 1. Lagrangian relaxation (9) is equivalent to the LP relaxation of (2).

Theorem 2. If the sequence of multipliers satisfies then the algorithm converges to the optimal solution of (9).

Theorem 3. The distance of the current solution to the optimal solution , which decreases at every iteration.

Theorem 4. Any solution obtained by the method satisfies the WTA (weak tree agreement) condition.

Theorem 5. For binary MRFs with sub-modular energies, the method computes a globally optimal solution.

References 

Markov models
Zeminar is a yearly event for people aged 15-20, members of Generation Z, about education, skills and well-being.

History
Zeminar was founded by Dr Damien Clarke and Ian Fitzpatrick, and first took place in October 2016. The aim of the event is to provide young people, those part of Generation Z, with information on skills development, health and well-being and educational opportunities. Owing to the interests of the co-founders, the event has an emphasis on mental health issues that are prevalent amongst younger people. It is believed to be the world's only such event for this age group.

2016 
In 2016 the event was attended by 14,000 students and young people, 850 teachers and 75 speakers and took place on 11 October. Speakers included Niall Breslin, Dr Rhona Mahony, Fr Peter McVerry, and Maria Walsh.

2017 
In 2017 the event coincided with global mental health week, and took place on 10 to 12 October. Speakers included Paul and Gary O’Donovan, Blindboy of The Rubberbandits, Sinéad Burke, and author Eilís Barrett. In 2017 15,000 people attended the event.

2018 
Speakers at the 2018 event included Panti Bliss, Kenneth Egan and Stella O'Malley. The event took place on 13-15 November.

References

External links
Official website

Autumn events in the Republic of Ireland
Annual events in Ireland
Ivo Lozančić (2 January 1957 – 17 November 2007) was a Bosnian Croat soldier and politician. 

Lozančić was born in the Bosnian village Donja Ozimica near Žepče. After the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina following the Bosnian War, Lozančić became the first president of the Croatian Democratic Union's Municipal Council in Žepče. He later led the defence of the town during the Bosnian War as a commander in the Croatian Defense Council. Within the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, he held the post of assistant to the minister of defence. 

Lozančić held high posts in the Croatian Democratic Union and later in the New Croatian Initiative. At one point he was also second-in-command of the united Army of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 

He was a member of the House of Representatives of the Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina and was its Chairman from 3 January to 16 September 1997. From 1999 until 2003, Lozančić was a member of the Croatian Parliament elected from the 11th electoral district (for the diaspora).

He was also a member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from 2002 to 2003 as a representative and until 2007 as a substitute.

Lozančić died in car accident on 17 November 2007 near Zenica.

References

1957 births
2007 deaths
People from Žepče
Croat politicians from Bosnia and Herzegovina
Politicians of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina politicians
Members of the House of Representatives (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Road incident deaths in Bosnia and Herzegovina
The 1949 AAFC season was the final season before the league folded and comprised only twelve games instead of the previously standard fourteen. The 49ers, in their fourth season, were unable to improve on the previous season's output of 12–2, only posting a record of 9–3, however, they were able to make their first playoff appearance. This was due to the league taking a different format, in which the top four teams played a tournament to determine the champion.

The 49ers, with the second seed, played the third-seeded New York Yankees (8–4). With their 17–7 victory over the Yankees, the 49ers moved on to play the Cleveland Browns in the league championship. The 49ers ended up losing 21–7. Until Super Bowl XLVII, it was the only time the 49ers lost a league title game.

Schedule

Playoffs

Standings

References

San Francisco
San Francisco 49ers seasons
1949 in sports in California
National Enquirer TV was a 30-minute newsmagazine show starring National Enquirer magazine columnist Mike Walker. The show debuted on August 30, 1999 in many markets.

In season 1, Mike's co host in the first half was former KABC-TV morning anchor Susan Campos. In the 2nd half of the 1st season, Campos was joined by current WOLO-TV anchor James Hill.

In season 2, National Enquirer TV changed its name to National Enquirer's Uncovered, and the show's host was former Sunset Beach actor Jack Maxwell. On the show, every episode includes Walker's Planet Gossip with its daily gossip on the day's news. Walker always ends his commentary with "And now you know it all, almost!"

The show's last first-run episode was aired on July 6, 2001.

In popular culture
The television series Second City Television predicted National Enquirer TV in a 1983 skit focusing on an episode of 'National Midnight Star TV' which tackled many of the same stories. This was 16 years before National Enquirer launched the television show.

External links

1990s American television news shows
2000s American television news shows
1999 American television series debuts
2001 American television series endings
Television series by MGM Television
Entertainment news shows in the United States
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
TV
Abildgaard is a Danish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Nicolai Abildgaard (1743–1809), Danish painter
Oliver Abildgaard (born 1996), Danish footballer
 (1916–1990), Danish poet
 (1740–1801), Danish physician and veterinarian
Søren Abildgaard (1718–1791), Danish  naturalist, writer and illustrator
 (1826–1884), one of the tenants of the thranite movement

Danish-language surnames
The Best Male Athlete ESPY Award, known alternatively as the Outstanding Male Athlete ESPY Award, is an annual award honoring the achievements of individual men from the world of sports. It has been presented annually at the ESPY Awards (Excellence in Sports Performance Yearly Award) since 1993 to the male voted irrespective of nationality or sport contested, adjudged to be the best athlete in a given calendar year. The Best Male Athlete ESPY Award trophy, designed by sculptor Lawrence Nowlan, is presented to the recipient at an annual ceremony in Los Angeles. Since 2004, the winner has been chosen by online balloting through three to five choices selected by the ESPN Select Nominating Committee. Before that, determination of the winners was made by an panel of experts. Through the 2001 iteration of the ESPY Awards, ceremonies were conducted in February of each year to honor achievements over the previous calendar year; awards presented thereafter are conferred in July and reflect performance from the June previous.

The inaugural winner of the Best Male Athlete ESPY Award was basketball player Michael Jordan in 1993. Three American athletes, golfer Tiger Woods, road cyclist Lance Armstrong, and basketball player LeBron James, have won the award multiple times. Woods was honored five times: in 1998 (jointly with baseball player Ken Griffey Jr.), 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2008. Armstrong was honored four times from 2003 to 2006 inclusive while James received the trophy on three occasions in 2012, 2013 and 2016. Basketball is the most successful sport, its players having received a total of nine awards and thirty-two nominations since its inception, followed by Golf players with five wins and ten nominations. The award has been won by a non-American four times – in 2011 by German basketball player Dirk Nowitzki, in 2018 by Russian hockey player Alex Ovechkin, in 2019 by Greek basketball player Giannis Antetokounmpo and in 2022 by Japanese baseball player Shohei Ohtani. All four were playing for American teams. It was not awarded in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Winners and nominees

Statistics

See also
Best Female Athlete ESPY Award
Best International Athlete ESPY Award

Notes

References

External links
 

ESPY Awards
United States Espy Male
Awards established in 1993
The 2000 metres or 2000-metre run is a track running event where five laps are completed around an outdoor 400 m track, or ten laps around a 200 m indoor track - the distance is 11.68 meters short of 1¼ miles. 

The global governing body World Athletics recognises official world records for the distance, and it is also recorded in continental and national record settings. The men's world record is held by Morocco's Hicham El Guerrouj, who ran a time of 4:44.79 in 1999, while the women's world record is held by Ethiopia's Genzebe Dibaba who ran a time of 5:23.75 in 2017. 

The distance sparsely features on event programmes of professional one-day track and field meetings, serving as a comparatively novel event with greater scope for record-breaking performances. It is also used at lower level competitions, such as school and youth tournaments.

Despite its world record status, it has not yet featured as a world championship level event indoors or outdoors: the event was briefly held at national level in the mid-1960s at the Spanish Indoor and Soviet Indoor Athletics Championships.

Records

World records

Continental records

All-time top 15

Men 
Correct as of February 2023.

Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 4:51.30:
Hicham El Guerrouj also ran 4:48.36 (1998) and 4:51.17 (2001).
Vénuste Niyongabo also ran 4:49.00 (1997).
Noureddine Morceli also ran 4:49.55 (1996).

Women 
Correct as of September 2021.

Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 5:30.19:
Genzebe Dibaba also ran 5:27.50 (2014).

References

General
Records by Event 2000 metres. World Athletics. Retrieved 2020-07-05.

Events in track and field
Middle-distance running
Davos is a municipality in Switzerland.

Davos also may refer to:

 Davos (album), a 2015 album by Computer Magic
 Davos (comics), a supervillain in Marvel Comics' Iron Fist comics
 Davos Platz, a village of Davos
 Davos Seaworth, a fictional character created by George R. R. Martin, appearing in A Song of Ice and Fire
 HC Davos, a professional Swiss hockey club in Davos, Switzerland
 Lake Davos, a lake in Davos
 World Economic Forum, which hosts an annual meeting in Davos, Switzerland, also known as Davos Forums

See also
 
 Davros, a character in the British television series Doctor Who
Odal or Odalen is a valley and traditional district in Innlandet county, Norway. The district encompasses the area around the lake Storsjøen in the north and to the areas around the river Glåma in the south. The district is currently divided between the two municipalities of Sør-Odal and Nord-Odal. A person from Odalen is commonly called an .

Geography
The Glommadal (or Glåmdalen) valley is a designation for the valley formed by the river Glomma (or Glåma), which is the longest and largest river in Norway. From the lake Aursund in the north on southwards to Elverum, the valley is called the Østerdalen. From that point and further south until Kongsvinger, the valley is referred to as Solør. As the river turns and heads west from Kongsvinger all the way to the border with Nes Municipality, the valley is called the Odalen (Nes is part of the district of Romerike). These designations are traditional districts, reflecting the designations that the locals have historically used for their valleys.

History
The name Odalen is derived from the Old Norse name . The first part of the name comes from the Old Norse word  or , which means 'river' (here referring to the Glomma river). The last element is , which means 'valley' or 'dale'. The name can be documented to have been in use since 1386. Traces of human habitation dating back to the Nordic Bronze Age, between 1500 and 500 BCE. The first farms were probably cleared close to the lake about 500 BCE, in the early Iron Age. Settlement spread slowly around the lake and inland, and by the year 800, there may have been as many as 50 farms in the area. Settlement accelerated in the Viking Era, increasing the number of farms by as much as an order of magnitude. Increased mobility in the Norwegian population likely changed the character of the society in Odalen, and there is evidence the area was under the administration of the Thing in Eidsvoll.

When the region was Christianized around 1030, several churches were built, including locations at Oppstad, Strøm, Ulleren, Mo  and Trøftskogen. The area became politically more autonomous. The valley may have become overpopulated until the Black Death and following plagues, when a huge proportion of the population died. Farms were abandoned and consolidated during this time, and it took at least 200 years for the population to reach its previous levels. During the 17th century, Odalen suffered economic setbacks as a result of taxation and general economic downturns.  Forestry rose as a complementary source of income to agriculture. By all accounts, the agricultural sector has not grown appreciably in the area since the 18th century. Trautgruva iron ore mine was operated until 1830.

References

Districts of Innlandet
Valleys of Innlandet
Nord-Odal
Sør-Odal
Events from the year 1905 in Sweden

Incumbents
 Monarch – Oscar II
 Prime Minister – 
 until April 13: Erik Gustaf Boström 
 April 13-August 2: Johan Ramstedt 
 August 2-November 7: Christian Lundeberg 
 starting November 7: Karl Staaff

Events

 February 4–12 – The Nordic Games take place in Stockholm.
  April 14 – Erik Gustaf Boström resigns as the Prime Minister of Sweden, over the issue of the Swedish- Norwegian Union. His Minister without Portfolio, Johan Ramstedt, becomes the new Prime Minister of Sweden.
 June 7 – The Norwegian Parliament declares the union with Sweden dissolved, and Norway achieves full independence.
 June 15 – Princess Margaret of Connaught marries Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden, Duke of Skåne (Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden).
 August 2  – The businessman and right-wing politician Christian Lundeberg becomes Prime Minister of Sweden.
 October 26 – Sweden agrees to the repeal of the union with Norway.
 November 7 – The lawyer and liberal politician Karl Staaff becomes Prime Minister of Sweden, after an Riksdag election based mainly about, voting rights reform.
 November 8 – Foundation of the Women's Cooperative Swedish Home by Anna Whitlock in Stockholm.

Births
  – Sven Rydell, football player (died 1975) 
  – Arne Beurling, mathematician 
  – Ulf von Euler, physiologist 
  – Torsten Nilsson, social democrat

Deaths
 16 April – Thérèse Elfforss, actress (born 1823) 
  – Emily Nonnen, writer (born 1812) 
 December  – Martin Wiberg, inventor (born 1826) 
  – Hjalmar Stolpe, entomologist, archaeologist, and ethnographer (born 1841)

References

 
Sweden
Years of the 20th century in Sweden
Gonionota euthyrsa is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1930. It is found in Ecuador.

Description 
The moth's wingspan is 21–22 mm. The forewings are reddish-purple fuscous, on the basal two-fifths speckled whitish, towards the base sprinkled dark fuscous. There is some irregular ferruginous-ochreous suffusion towards the costa beyond the middle, and before the apex, as well as a minute white dot on the lower angle of the cell. The hindwings are rather dark grey.

References

Moths described in 1930
Gonionota