Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
Françoise Gravier v City of Liège (C-293/83) was an important freedom of movement case in European law concerning non-discrimination in access to vocational education. It held that an education institution may not discriminate against students in terms of the fees they charge on grounds of nationality.

The judgment did not concern maintenance grants from the government. In order to claim those, the European Court of Justice's (ECJ) decisions in R (Bidar) v London Borough of Ealing and Förster v Hoofddirectie van de Informatie Beheer Groep state that a person can be required to have lived in a country for five years prior to a claim.

Facts
Françoise Gravier, a French national, applied in 1982 to study cartoon drawing at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in the Belgian city of Liège. Gravier was requested to pay a fee of 24,622 Belgian francs (approximately 610 euros) as a Minerval (enrolment fee) which was only demanded from foreign students. After refusing to meet the fee, Gravier was rejected by the Académie and her Belgian study visa was revoked.

Case
Gravier argued that the fee breached Article 7 of the 1958 Treaty of Rome (discrimination on the grounds of nationality) and Article 59 (equality in the provision of services). Gravier took the City of Liège to the tribunal of first instance in Belgium. The court ruled that the matter concerned European Community law and that a judgment could not be produced until two points of law had been ruled on by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in Luxembourg. The case was tried in 1985.

Judgment
On 13 February 1985, the ECJ ruled that:

It also ruled that learning cartoon art counted as "vocational training" and thus qualify for the same legal status.

Gravier v. City of Liège is acknowledged as a precedent in European case law. The ECJ further ruled that, although higher education was outside European laws and regulations, the access to it was not. As a result, non-discriminatory access had to be applied by member states for access to professional education. With the later case in 1988, Blaizot v. University of Liège, the ECJ decreed that any education at universities can be counted as professional education.

See also
Free movement of workers
Right to education

Notes

References
 
Sacha Garben, EU Higher Education Law: The Bologna Process and Harmonization by Stealth (2011)
Dr. Walter Demmelhuber, The European Court of Justice advancing Student Mobility, CEDEFOP, Vocational Training Nr. 21 (PDF)

External links
European Court of Justice 13 February 1985, Case 293/83, , Françoise Gravier v City of Liège

Court of Justice of the European Union case law
Belgian case law
1985 in case law
1985 in Belgium
History of Liège
Education in Belgium
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati commonly referred as IISER Tirupati, is an autonomous public university in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India. It has been established by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, in order to promote Higher Scientific Learning and Research as well as Scientific Exploration at the Undergraduate and Postgraduate levels of education and to create Scientists and Academicians. 

IISER Tirupati is recognized as an Institute of National Importance by the Government of India. This new institute started functioning from the 2015 academic year in the month of August. IISER Pune mentored this institute till the new director was appointed.

History
The institute was allocated to state of Andhra Pradesh as part of the AP bifurcation bill. The foundation stone of IISER Tirupati was laid on 28 March 2015 by the Union human resources minister, Smriti Irani & Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh,  N. Chandrababu Naidu. 

Initially the institute has started its work from a transit campus in the Sree Rama Educational society, Tirupati. The Andhra Pradesh government has allocated a piece of land of over 250 acres for the permanent campus which is slated to be completed in the next few years.

Academic programs
IISER Tirupati is initially offering Integrated Master's level (B.S.-M.S.): Admission to this program is after 10+2 years of school training and is currently done in co-ordination with the other IISERs through a Joint Admission Programme. Three channels of admission include IISER Aptitude Test, JEE-Advanced and KVPY exam. KVPY is now a discontinued exam

Facilities 
The building hosts a mess for dining facility. The boys and girls hostel is itself in the same building. The building has a gym with high end work out equipment. There is a TV room, a library with a variety of books, a computer room, a basketball court, cricket ground, football ground and a  badminton court also.

Clubs 
The college apart from its academics has different clubs looking into different matters. The clubs are usually led by teachers and the tasks are undertaken by students. The different clubs are - Prakriti club, Creative Filming club, Movie club, Sports club, Shemushi or the quiz club, Bio-wissen club, Math club, Literary club Physics club, Chemistry club, Math club, Fovea photography club and CELESTIC (official Astronomy club).

See also 
 Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research
 National Institute of Science Education and Research
 IISER Pune

References

Tirupati
Universities and colleges in Tirupati
Research institutes in Andhra Pradesh
2015 establishments in Andhra Pradesh
Research institutes established in 2015
"Never Enough" is a song performed by Loren Allred for the film The Greatest Showman (2017). It is the second track from soundtrack of the film, The Greatest Showman: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, released in the same year. A reimagined version was performed by American singer Kelly Clarkson.

Charts

Certifications

Reprise

"Never Enough (Reprise)" is the reprise of the song "Never Enough" from The Greatest Showman: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Certifications

Reimagined version

For The Greatest Showman: Reimagined (2018), the song was covered by American singer Kelly Clarkson.

Charts

References

2017 songs
Kelly Clarkson songs
Songs written by Benj Pasek
Songs written by Justin Paul (songwriter)
Songs from The Greatest Showman
Songs from Pasek and Paul musicals
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir John Alexander Dunnington-Jefferson, 1st Baronet, DSO, DL, JP (10 April 1884 – 12 April 1979) was an English soldier, landowner and local politician.

Biography 
John Alexander Dunnington-Jefferson was born on 10 April 1884, the eldest son of Captain Mervyn Dunnington-Jefferson (1850–1912), JP, of Thicket Priory and Middlethorpe Hall, Yorkshire, and his wife Louisa Dorothy (died 1951), daughter of the Rev. John Barry. The Dunnington family had been landowners in the East Riding from the 17th century and had an estate centred on Thorganby and West Cottingwith. John Dunnington-Jefferson inherited the family estates from his childless uncle in 1928; in 1955, he sold Thicket Priory to Carmelite nuns and moved to Thorganby Hall but then sold his lands in Thorganby and West Cottingwith in 1964.

After schooling at Eton College, Dunnington-Jefferson attended the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and then joined the Royal Fusiliers in 1904. He served in Europe during the First World War, earning the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) in 1917 and being mentioned in dispatches six times; he also received the French Legion of Honour, the Belgian War Cross and the Italian Order of St Maurice and St Lazarus. He ended the war a Brevet Major and retired in 1919 as a Lieutenant-Colonel.

With the war over, Dunnington-Jefferson pursued a career in local politics. He was elected onto the East Riding of Yorkshire's County Council in 1922 and served on it until the council was abolished as a result of the local government reforms of 1974. He became its chairman in 1936, a position he retained for 32 years, until 1968. 

In the meantime he had been a Justice of the Peace since 1921 and Deputy Lieutenant since 1936. He was appointed a Knight Bachelor in 1944 and created a Baronet in 1958, "for public services in Yorkshire". He also received an honorary doctor of laws (LLD) degree from the University of Leeds and an honorary doctor of the university (DUniv) degree from the University of York. 

He married, in 1938, Isobel, daughter of Colonel H. A. Cape, DSO; together they had one daughter and one son: Rosemary Nicolette (born 1941) and Mervyn Stewart (1943–2014), who succeeded his father in the baronetcy. 

Sir John died on 12 April 1979, aged 95. He deposited his family's papers at Hull University Archives in 1974 (reference GB 50 U DDJ).

Likenesses 
 Sir John Alexander Dunnington-Jefferson, 1st Bt, by Walter Stoneman (bromide print, 51/2 in. x 3 3/4 in. (141 mm x 95 mm)), commissioned 1948; National Portrait Gallery, London (Photographs Collection, NPG x167318),

References 

 
 

1884 births
1979 deaths
English justices of the peace
Members of East Riding County Council
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Royal Fusiliers officers
Knights Bachelor
Deputy Lieutenants of the East Riding of Yorkshire
The 2017 Men's EuroHockey Junior Championship II was the tenth edition of the Men's EuroHockey Junior Championship II, the second level of the men's European under-21 field hockey championships organized by the European Hockey Federation. It was held from 16 to 22 July 2017 in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

France won their first EuroHockey Junior Championship II title and were promoted to the 2019 Men's EuroHockey Junior Championship together with the other finalists Poland.

Qualified teams
The participating teams have qualified based on their final ranking from the 2014 competition.

Results

Preliminary round

Pool A

Pool B

Fifth to eighth place classification

Pool C
The points obtained in the preliminary round against the other team are taken over.

First to fourth place classification

Semi-finals

Third place game

Final

Statistics

Final standings

See also
2017 Men's EuroHockey Championship II
2017 Men's EuroHockey Junior Championship

References

Junior 2
Men's EuroHockey Junior Championship II
EuroHockey Junior Championship II
International field hockey competitions hosted by Russia
EuroHockey Junior Championship II
Men's EuroHockey Junior Championship II
Sports competitions in Saint Petersburg
Matamoros is a municipality located in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. Its municipal seat is the City of Matamoros.

Towns and villages

The largest localities (cities, towns, and villages) are:

Adjacent municipalities and counties

 San Fernando Municipality - south
 Río Bravo Municipality - southwest and northwest
 Valle Hermoso Municipality - west
 Hidalgo County, Texas - north
 Cameron County, Texas - north

Government

Mayors and municipal presidents

References

External links
Gobierno Municipal de Matamoros Official website

Municipalities of Tamaulipas
The 1918 Army Cadets football team was an American football team that represented the United States Military Academy as an independent during the 1918 college football season. In their only season under head coach Hugh Mitchell, the Cadets played just one game, on campus at West Point.

Eugene Luther Vidal, played fullback and was the team captain.

On September 28, Army played its only game of the season, defeating the airmen of Mitchel Field by a score of 20 to 0.

The season was shortened by World War I. In a first step, the War Department issued an order prohibiting overnight trips prior to November 1; the edict forced the cancellation of road games against Boston College and Syracuse. A second order issued on October 4 directed that all upper classmen would be graduated on November 1, leaving the academy with only the members of the plebe class that arrived during the summer. The move left the academy unable to field "a representative Army eleven," and the scheduled game on October 5 with Boston College was cancelled.

Schedule

Roster
 Earl Blaik

References

Army
Army Black Knights football seasons
College football undefeated seasons
Army Cadets football
Virginia Strom-Martin (born March 29, 1948) served in the California state Assembly from 1996 until she was termed out in 2002. She has been a member of the Unemployment Insurance Appeals Board since February 5, 2003. She was appointed by former Assembly Speaker Herb Wesson.

Legislative career
During her three terms, Ms. Strom-Martin chaired the following the Assembly Education Committee; the Joint Legislative Committee on Fisheries and Aquaculture; the Select Committee on Rural Economic Development; and Budget Subcommittee 3, Resources. In addition, she was Vice Chair of the Joint Committee to Develop a Master Plan for Education, Kindergarten-Higher Education, and Vice Chair of the School Bond Conference Committee. During 2001, she also chaired the Legislative Women's Caucus. During her legislative service, she was a member of numerous committees, task forces, and caucuses.

Recognition
The California Society of Pediatric Dentists recognized Strom-Martin for her outstanding contributions and service to the children of California in 2001 and the Primary Care Association recognized her for her efforts on behalf of rural health clinics. In 2000 she received the PAWPAC award, which recognized her work on behalf of animals.

In 1999, Strom-Martin was given the Land Conservation Achievement Award by the prestigious Trust for Public Land. She was honored with the Upstream Swimmer Award (for environmental service in the face of adversity) from the Sonoma County Conservation Action and was honored by the Sonoma County Environmental Council and the Friends of the Russian River for fisheries advocacy.

The Town Council of Fairfax honored her in the fall of 2002 for her stellar legislative record on the environment and human and civil rights issues.

Pre Assembly career
Ms. Strom-Martin was a teacher at the Wright Elementary School in Santa Rosa from 1972 until 1996. In 1994, she received, along with five of her colleagues, the Jack London Excellence in Education Award from Sonoma State University for their restructuring efforts and creative classroom curriculum. In 1993, she was selected as one of 75 educators nationwide to participate in the first "China Breakers" Conference on Education, sponsored by RJR Nabisco, in Leesburg, VA.

Education
Ms. Strom-Martin graduated from Petaluma High School in 1966. She graduated from the University of California in Berkeley with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Art and a minor in Psychology; received her Elementary Teaching Credential from Sonoma State University; and in 1976, received her Master of Arts degree in Counseling from Sonoma State University.

Personal
For the past 25 years, she has lived on the Russian River in the town of Duncans Mills along with her husband, Donald Martin, and their daughters, Hannah and Caitlin, now college students.

References

External links
 

Democratic Party members of the California State Assembly
Living people
University of California, Berkeley alumni
1948 births
Women state legislators in California
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
Sonoma State University alumni
Ratcity in Blue is a 1976 album by the Good Rats and was released on the Platinum Records label.

Track listing
Words and music by Peppi Marchello—arranged by the Good Rats
 "Does It Make You Feel Good" 3:29
 "Boardwalk Slasher" 3:53
 "Ratcity In Blue" 4:53
 "Reason To Kill" 5:05
 "Writing The Pages" 3:03
 "The Room" 4:07
 "Almost Anything Goes" 2:41
 ″Advertisement In The Voice" 3:19
 "Yellow Flower" 2:39
 "Tough Guys" 2:33
 "Hour Glass" 3:21
 "Mean Mother" 2:37

† Bonus track on Jem / Ratcity Records re-issue

Personnel
Peppi Marchello – lead vocals
Mickey Marchello – guitar, vocals
Lenny Kotke - bass, vocals
John "The Cat" Gatto - guitar
Joe "Brasciola" Franco - drums

Sources
Good Rats' Ratcity In Blue album cover - Album Art By: Mike Mancusi

1976 albums
The Good Rats albums
Metal lace describes a type of lace made from metal or metallic threads, such as gold, silver, or copper. The designs can be worked on a textile ground, or the lace can completely be made from metallic threads. It is mainly used as an embellishment for military uniforms, fashionable, ceremonial and theatrical dress, and ecclesiastical textiles.

Gold lace
Lace made using gold wire has been produced since antiquity, with examples of gold netting found in Egyptian and Assyrian tombs from 1500 to 1000 BCE. It was mainly produced as an embellishment for religious vestments and high status garments. Metal lace, including gold and silver point de Venise, was produced in Italy until the 15th century, when high taxation and sumptuary laws  led to textile threads such as linen replacing the use of metal. To avoid these costs, the production of metal lace moved to France, where a high demand by royalty and the French aristocracy led to Arras, Aurillac and other locations becoming renowned for gold lace production. From the 15th century on, most metal lace was a combination of metal and textile threads, rather than made of pure metal.

Orris is another term for gold or silver lace, used especially in the 18th century; the term derived from Arras lace, made in Arras, France.

Gold lace and braiding was a popular option for military uniforms because it resisted tarnish, unlike other metal laces.

Contemporary gold lace usually has a high silver percentage, which can be as high as 90%, with the actual gold content as low as 3%. Much modern gold (and other metal) lace is now manufactured in India. Modern Indian "pure gold lace" is technically made from silver that has been electroplated with gold.

Copper lace
Lace made from copper wire was widely used in Elizabethan era theatre costuming as a substitute for more expensive gold and silver laces. It was a major import, with several tons of copper thread being imported into England between 1594 and 1596, and at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, cost between 9 and 16 pennies an ounce. It had a tendency to tarnish, and was less hard-wearing.

Other metals
A type of die stamped metal "lace" was produced in the 19th and 20th century as a trimming for coffins. Coffin lace became a major industry in Birmingham, where its manufacture in the 1860s could use up to 70 tons of tin per year.

Gallery

References

Lace
Nebria fasciatopunctata is a species of ground beetle in the Nebriinae subfamily that can be found in Austria, Croatia, and Slovenia.

References

fasciatopunctata
Beetles described in 1850
Beetles of Europe
Dedebakırı () is a village in the Baykan District of Siirt Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Babosî and Çirî tribes and had a population of 276 in 2021.

References 

Kurdish settlements in Siirt Province
Villages in Baykan District
Gregadoo is a suburb of Wagga Wagga situated about 6 km South South-East of Lake Albert, New South Wales, Australia.  It is situated by road, about 9 kilometres south east from Wagga Wagga.

References

External links 

Suburbs of Wagga Wagga
Anton Strashimirov () (Varna, 15 June 1872 – Vienna,  7 December 1937) was a Bulgarian author.

References

External links
 

1872 births
1937 deaths
Writers from Varna, Bulgaria
Radical Democratic Party (Bulgaria) politicians
Politicians from Varna, Bulgaria
Members of the National Assembly (Bulgaria)
Ode Records is a New Zealand record label. Artists recordings released through the label include Herb McQuay, Deane Waretini. The first release on the label was a single in 1968, "Sally I Do" by Abdullahs' Regime. The label also became an important outlet for ethnic and world music, especially music from Melanesian and Polynesian sources.

Background
The label was started in 1968 by Terence O’Neill-Joyce. The genres the label has released include pop, blues, country, Jazz, new age, Maori, Pacific and world music. Around 2005, the label was purchased by Roger Marbeck of the Marbecks Record stores chain. Along with the Kiwi Pacific International Ltd, and Kiwi Records labels, Ode had a speciality in Polynesian music.

General releases (selective)

Singles
 Abdullahs' Regime – "Sally I Do" / "Silver Ship" (Dedicated To Those Services Active In Vietnam) - Ode Records ODE.1 - (1968) 
 Andrew - "Hand Bags And Glad Rags" / "Jordan Marsh (My Best Friend)" - ODE 3 - (1968)
 The Dizzy Limit - "Golden Slumbers / Carry That Weight" - ODE 5 - (1969)
 The Dizzy Limit - "Wrote A Song For Everyone" / "Good Golly Miss Molly" - ODE-7 - (1969)
 Nash Chase - "Sound Of Love" / "My Special Prayer" - ODE-8 -  (1970)
 Nash Chase - "What Greater Love" / "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head" ODE-11 - (1970)
 Nash Chase - "I Will Bring You Flowers In The Morning" / "Words" - ODE-15
 Anderson & Wise - "Anderson and Wise" / "Yo Yo Mac" - ODE-50 - (1972) 
 Herb McQuay – "Oh How Happy" / "Mrs Jones" - Ode Records ODE 711 - (1980)

Albums
 Herb McQuay - You Are The One - Ode - (1981)
 Shane - Portrait 68 - Ode Records SODE 243 - (1986)
 Taj Mahal - Taj - Ode Records  SODE 256 - (1986)
 Will Crummer - Shoebox Love Songs - Ode  CD MANU 5113 - (2011)
 Deane Waretini - Now is the Hour - Ode CD MANU 5145 - (2012)

World and ethnic music (selective)

Albums
 Patea Methodist Club - Toia - Ode Records SODE017 - 1973 (LP)
 South Taranaki Methodist Maori Cultural Group -Music of the Maori - Ode Records SODE035 - 1976 (LP)
 The First Centenary of the Methodist Church in Fiji - Ode Records SODE081 - 1976 (LP)
 Tumuenua Dance Group - Cook Island Drums, Chants and Songs - Ode VOY 1335 - (1991) (CD)
 Songs from the Second Float: Music from the Island of Takū - Recorded, compiled, and annotated by Richard Moyle. Ode Music MANU 2042 - (2005) (CD)

References

New Zealand independent record labels
Ethnic music record labels
A thiomalic acid or mercaptosuccinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid containing  a thiol functional group. As suggested by its name, it contains a thiol group (SH) in place of the hydroxy group (OH) in malic acid. Salts and esters are known as thiomalates.

Thiomalic acid is an intermediate in the synthesis of corrosion inhibitors, soil fumigants, active pharmaceutical ingredients, and electroplating agents.

The sodium and gold salt of thiomalic acid, sodium aurothiomalate, is used as a pharmaceutical drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Thiomalic acid forms the backbone of the pesticide malathion.

References

Dicarboxylic acids
Thiols
William Schumacher Massey (August 23, 1920 – June 17, 2017) was an American mathematician, known for his work in algebraic topology. The Massey product is named for him. He worked also on the formulation of spectral sequences by means of exact couples, and wrote several textbooks, including A Basic Course in Algebraic Topology ().

Life
William Massey was born in Granville, Illinois, in 1920, the son of Robert and Alma Massey, and grew up in Peoria. He was an undergraduate student at the University of Chicago. After serving as a meteorologist aboard aircraft carriers in the United States Navy for 4 years during World War II, he received a Ph.D. degree from Princeton University in 1949. His dissertation, entitled Classification of mappings of an -dimensional space into an n-sphere, was written under the direction of Norman Steenrod. He spent two additional years at Princeton as a post-doctoral research assistant. He then taught for ten years on the faculty of Brown University. In 1958  he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. From 1960 till his retirement he was a professor at Yale University. He died on June 17, 2017, in Hamden, Connecticut. He had 23 PhD students, including Donald Kahn, Larry Smith, and Robert Greenblatt.

Selected works

See also
Blakers–Massey theorem
Exact couple
Massey product

External links
Address at Yale

References

1920 births
2017 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Topologists
Brown University faculty
Yale University faculty
University of Chicago alumni
Princeton University alumni
United States Navy personnel of World War II
People from Granville, Illinois
Mathematicians from Illinois
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences