Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
Caetra was the shield used by Iberian, Celtiberian, Gallaecian and Lusitanian warriors. The shield was circular shaped with a diameter between 30 cm to 90 cm. It was tied to the warrior's body with ropes or leather strips that passed over the shoulder and that gave great mobility to fight both on foot and on horseback. The shapes and decorations of the shields had variations in their metal, wood or leather protection.
Warriors that carried this shield were usually light infantry called caetratus (pl. Caetrati).

Description 
This 30 to 90 cm (1ft to 3ft) diameter light round shield was constructed from wood sections attached by two metal bars of bronze, copper or iron; it was then covered with leather. Although the caetra was commonly round, it took on many shapes and sizes. Size varied from 90 cm (3ft) to perhaps 30 cm (1ft) in diameter. All shields had metal fittings and ornaments on the face with an iron boss in the middle, added to deflect sword blows as well as arrows and spears. In combat, the shield was not only effective at blocking, but was also an extremely proficient secondary weapon. Iberian troops used the boss to punch opponents. On the move these compact bucklers could be hung on a belt or across the back by a strap, so as not to be burdensome to the soldier on the march or forging for food, but still handy for when the enemy was close. Cavalrymen would usually carry the caetra so as to not over encumber their mounts or limit their horsemanship.

See also 
 Lusitanian War
 Military history of ancient Rome
 Punic Wars
 Celtiberian Wars

References 

 Viriathus and the Lusitanian Resistance to Rome 155-139 BC
 The Roman Wars in Spain
 The Early History of Rome
 Lake Trasimene 217 BC:

External links 
 

Ancient history of the Iberian Peninsula
Ancient Rome
Benard or Bénard is a surname or given name. Notable people with the name include:

Surname
 Abraham-Joseph Bénard (1750–1822), French actor of the Comédie-Française
 Aimé Bénard (1873–1938), Canadian politician
 André Bénard (1922–2016), French industrialist
 Anne-José Madeleine Henriette Bénard (1928–2010), better known as Cécile Aubry, French actress
 Catherine Éléonore Bénard (1740–1769), French lady-in-waiting
 Cheryl Benard (born 1953), American academic
 Chris Benard (born 1990), American track and field athlete
 Claude Bénard (born 1926), French athlete
 Dominique Bénard, French Deputy Secretary-General of the World Organization of the Scout Movement
 Émile Bénard (1844–1929), French architect and painter
 Henri Bénard (1874–1939), French physicist, best known for his research on convection
 Laurent Bénard (1573–1620), French chief founder of the Maurist Congregation
 Marcos Abel Flores Benard (born 1985), Argentine footballer
 Marcus Benard (born 1985), American football linebacker
 Marvin Benard (born 1970), Major League Baseball outfielder, batting and throwing left-handed
 Maurice Benard (born 1963), American actor
 Michel Bénard (born c. 1713), councillor of the Conseil Supérieur of New France
 Paulo Bénard Guedes (1892–1960), Governor-General of Portuguese India
 Pierre Bénard (1898–1946), French journalist
 Raoul Bénard (1881–1961), French sculptor
 Raymond Benard, stage name of Ray "Crash" Corrigan (1902–1976), American actor

Given name
 Benard E. Aigbokhan (born 1951), Nigerian academic
 Olumuyiwa Benard Aliu (born 1960), Nigerian President of the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization
 Benard Ighner (1945–2017), American jazz musician
 Benard Keter (born 1992), American athlete
 Benard Kimeli (born 1995), Kenyan long-distance runner
 Benard Kipkorir Ngeno (born 1996), Kenyan long-distance runner
 Benard Nkanjo (born 1970), Zimbabwean sculptor
 Jean-Baptiste Bénard de la Harpe (1683–1765), French explorer
 Benard Kwaku Mensah (born 1924), Ghanaian politician
 Benard Otieno Okoth, Kenyan politician

See also
 Bernard
 Besnard
The multi-fragment (MF) algorithm is a heuristic or approximation algorithm for the travelling salesman problem (TSP) (and related problems). This algorithm is also sometimes called the "greedy algorithm" for the TSP.

The algorithm builds a tour for the traveling salesman one edge at a time and thus maintains multiple tour fragments, each of which is a simple path in the complete graph of cities. At each stage, the algorithm selects the edge of minimal cost that either creates a new fragment, extends one of the existing paths or creates a cycle of length equal to the number of cities.

References

Travelling salesman problem
Approximation algorithms
DYTH (990 AM) is a relay station of DZRH, owned and operated by Manila Broadcasting Company through its licensee Pacific Broadcasting System. The station's transmitter is located along PNP Rd. cor. Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Campetic, Palo, Leyte shared tower with Aksyon Radyo Tacloban 819.

References

External links
DZRH FB Page
DZRH Website

Pacific Broadcasting Systems stations
Radio stations in Tacloban
DZRH Nationwide stations
Radio stations established in 1986
Rufus Roy McCain (July 7, 1903 – December 3, 1940) was a prisoner at Alcatraz who attempted escape with Henri Young and Arthur Barker in 1939.

Attempt
On the night of January 13, 1939, McCain, with Young, Barker, and two other men, attempted escape from the Rock. The guards started to fire shots at Arthur Barker. Barker eventually died and the others were recaptured. McCain and Young were sentenced to almost 22 months each in solitary confinement.

After Young and McCain returned to the normal prison population, McCain was assigned to the tailoring shop and Young to the furniture shop located directly upstairs.

Death
On December 3, 1940, Young waited until just after the  count to run downstairs and stab McCain with a sharpened spoon. McCain fell quickly into shock and died five hours later. Young refused to disclose his motive for the murder.

References

External links 
 Alcatraz: Rigid and Unusual Punishment

1903 births
1940 deaths
American escapees
Escapees from United States federal government detention
Inmates of Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary
American people who died in prison custody
Deaths by stabbing in California
Prisoners who died in United States federal government detention
Prisoners murdered in custody
A smash in tennis is a shot that is hit above the hitter's head with a serve-like motion. It is also referred to as an overhead. A smash can usually be hit with a high amount of force and is often a shot that ends the point. Most smashes are hit fairly near the net or in mid-court before the ball bounces, generally against lobs that have not been hit high enough or deep enough by the opponent. A player can also smash a very high ball from the baseline, generally on the bounce, although this is often a less forceful smash.

Smash commonly refers to the forehand smash; backhand smashes are rarer and more difficult to execute, especially for beginners, since they are basically high backhand volleys generally hit at an exact angle causing the ball to spin. Rod Laver and Jimmy Connors, both left-handers, were known for their very powerful backhand smashes. The forehand smash was first used in Tennis by Helena Rice on championship point in the 1890 Wimbledon Championships final.

In his 1979 autobiography Jack Kramer, who had a fine overhead himself, devotes a page to the best tennis strokes he had ever seen. He writes: "OVERHEAD—Schroeder just tops here, ahead of Rosewall and Newcombe.

Grip and action

The grip used for a tennis smash is usually a continental grip although some players use an Eastern grip. The swing is an upward throwing motion, making the execution of the shot almost identical to a serve. The main difference from a serve is position and footwork. The positioning and footwork are more similar to a volley which is usually hit with a strong forward weight transfer from inside the court. The smash can be executed with one or both feet on the ground.

Jimmy Connors invented and popularized the skyhook, a version of the overhead smash in which the Eastern grip used to hit the ball further behind the body than is possible with a traditional overhead smash.

Pete Sampras (and before him Yannick Noah) popularized the jump smash, where the player jumps and then hits the smash in mid-air. The shot is often also called a slam dunk, as in basketball.

References

External links

 Video: Tips for a good smash
 Video: Sky Hook overhead smash - video and analysis

Tennis shots
Friedrich Krupp (1787–1826) was a German industrialist.

Friedrich Krupp may refer to:
Friedrich Alfred Krupp (1854–1902), German industrialist
Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft, German shipbuilding firm

See also
Krupp

Krupp, Friedrich
Alexander Ivanov may refer to:

Artists
Alexander Ivanov (art collector) (born 1962), Russian art collector, art dealer and businessman
Alexander Ivanov (singer), Belarusian-Russian singer
Alexander Ivanov-Kramskoi (1912–1973), Russian classical guitarist
Alexander Andreyevich Ivanov (1806–1858), Russian painter
Alexander Gavrilovich Ivanov (1898-1984), Russian film director, director of the 1953 film The Star

Athletes
Alexander Ivanov (boxer) (born 1992), Russian boxer who competed at the  2010 Summer Youth Olympics
Alexander Ivanov (chess player) (born 1956), Russian-born American chess player
Aleksandr Ivanov (javelin thrower) (born 1982), Russian javelin thrower
Aleksandr Ivanov (racewalker) (born 1993), Russian racewalker
Alexander Ivanov (speedway rider), Russian motorcycle speedway rider who competed in the 2004 European Speedway Club Champions' Cup
Aleksandr Ivanov (weightlifter) (born 1989), Russian weightlifter
Aleksandr Ivanov (wrestler) (born 1951), Russian amateur Olympic wrestler

Footballers
Aleksandr Ivanov (footballer, born 1928) (1928–1997), Soviet footballer
Oleksandr Ivanov (born 1965), Soviet and Ukrainian football player and coach
Aleksandr Ivanov (footballer, born 1972), Russian footballer
Aleksandr Ivanov (footballer, born 1973), Russian footballer

Others
Alexander Ivanov, Russian official associated with the Wagner Group
Antonio Paulino Limpo de Abreu, Viscount of Abaeté (22 September 1798 - 14 September 1883) was a Portuguese-born Brazilian magistrate, diplomat and politician. He served as Prime Minister of Brazil from 1858 to 1859.

He graduated in law at the University of Coimbra in 1820, he was an external judge in São João del-Rei, district ombudsman, judge, councilor, deputy general, governor of Minas Gerais (1833), minister and President of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister). He was a senator of the Empire of Brazil from 1847 to 1883, and President of the Senate from 1861 to 1873.

As a diplomat, he carried out several missions in Montevideo and in the Argentine Confederation.

He was President of the Council of Ministers and simultaneously Minister of the Navy.

References

1798 births
1883 deaths
Brazilian nobility
People from Lisbon
Prime Ministers of Brazil
University of Coimbra alumni
Members of the Senate of the Empire of Brazil
China Muerta National Reserve is a national reserve in La Araucanía Region of Chile. It was created on June 28, 1968, by Supreme Decree No. 330 of the Ministry of Agriculture.

References

National reserves of Chile
Protected areas of Araucanía Region
Valdivian temperate forests
1968 establishments in Chile
Protected areas established in 1968
Yuki Kaneko may refer to:

Yuki Kaneko (footballer, born 1982), Japanese footballer
Yuki Kaneko (footballer, born 1996), Japanese footballer
Yuki Kaneko (badminton) (born 1994), Japanese badminton player
Yūki Kaneko (born 1987), Japanese voice actress
Jean-Pierre Autheman (17 December 1946 – 26 October 2020) was a French comic book author and teacher in art, computer graphics school. He was also occasionally a novelist, illustrator, and cartoonist.

Biography
After studying arts and letters, Autheman moved from Arles to Paris to try his luck as a designer. He made his debut in 1972 with the self-published comic strip Mémoires d'un Gardien de Phare. His friend, Georges Wolinski, who worked for Hara-Kiri, helped him publish comics in Charlie Mensuel, L'Écho des savanes, and Pilote. At the end of the 1970s, he became involved in the Rencontres d'Arles.

In 1979, Autheman created the characters Condor and Vic Valence, whose first title, Une nuit chez Tennessee won Best Album at the Angoulême International Comics Festival in 1987. He then began writing comics with more scarcity, with his last written comic coming in 2006, titled Zambada and illustrated by Éric Maltaite. He then became a professor of narrative image and screenplay design at the École des Nouvelles Images (formerly Supinfocom) in Avignon.

Jean-Pierre Autheman died in Arles on 26 October 2020, at the age of 73. According to Guy Vidal, Autheman was a "great screenwriter". Pierre Desproges complimented his warm character.

Publications

Newspaper Comic Strips
Escale à Nacaro in Charlie Mensuel (1978–1979)
Les Déserteurs (1981–1983)
Condor in Pilote
L'Otage (1982-1983)
 Alerte en Afrique (1984)
L'Empire du Pacifique (1986–1987)
Le Testament de Marius Casanova (1989)
Vic Valence in Circus
Une nuit chez Tennessee (1985–1986)
La Passagère silencieuse (1987)
Le Voyage du bâteleur : La Dame de Dorfgrau (1987)

Comic Strip Albums
Mémoires d'un gardien de phare (1974)
Les Déserteurs (1983)
Condor
Escale à Nacaro (1979)
L'Otage (1984)
Alerte en Afrique (1985)
L'Empire du Pacifique (1987)
Le Testament de Marius Casanova (1990)
Opérette marseillaise (1993)
Le Rendez-vous de Yu-Moon (1998)
Les Sirènes de Balarin (1984)
Ma zone (1984)
Vic Valence
Une nuit chez Tennessee (1986)
La Passagère silencieuse (1987)
La Lune des fous (1989)
Le Voyage du bâteleur t. 1 : La Dame de Dorfgrau (1987)
Le Filet de Saint-Pierre (1992)
L'Arlésien (1992)
Place des hommes (1993)
Qu'est-ce qu'elles ont les filles? (1993)
Le Pet du Diable (1994)
Dérangez-pas mémé (1995)
La Passe du manchot (1996)
Exotissimo (1997)
Les Nanas (1998)
L'ombre de Moi-Même (1999)
Le Passage de Vénus (1999–2000)
Zambada
Les Vagues de la mer (2001)
La Maison de l'ange (2002)
Menace sur Zambada (2003)
Double jeu (2006)
Le Trésor d'Alazar (2001)

Co-Authorship
Fripons (Collectif Humanos) (1992)
Demain l'an 3000 (1999)
En images et en bandes dessinées (2001)

Novels
L'Homme du général (1990)

Recipe Book
Cinquante Omelettes (2001)

Awards
Best Album at the Angoulême International Comics Festival for Une nuit chez Tennessee (1987)
Prix Jacques-Lob (1994)

Biography

1946 births
2020 deaths
French comics writers
20th-century French novelists
Santa Cilia (in Aragonese: Santa Zilia) is a municipality located in Jacetania, province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. It is 14 km from the town of Jaca between the River Aragon and the national highway N-240.

History
Santa Cilia's history is linked to the Royal Monastery de San Juan de la Peña as far back as the 10th century. In 1336 "the town was deserted and destroyed by the instability, death and heavy burdens on its neighbours." At about the same time the present layout of the old town was created, consisting of a nearly six blocks, though its straight streets are reminiscent of a Roman camp.

The church was rebuilt, replacing a medieval church with the addition of a bell-tower in 1646. Walls to protect the church from flooding were added in the 18th century.

The old medieval bridge is now broken, but once stretched 160m with eight spans and was an important toll bridge over the River Aragon.

Santa Cilia became a municipality in 1834 and attained its greatest population in 1920 with 520 inhabitants and about 90 houses. However emigration, mainly to Argentina, France and Barcelona reduced its size to the present day level.

Mayors

Demographic data
Population data for Santa Cilia between 1842 and 2007:

Modern times

Its airfield is a popular with glider pilots who wish to explore the nearby Pyrenees.

Villages
Santa Cilia
Somanés is a hamlet with 14 inhabitants that has been part of the municipality since 1969. It has a baroque 18th-century parish church dedicated to San Ramon.

Festivals
30 April (Romería a la Virgen de la Peña)
15 May (San Isidro)
8 September (La Natividad de la Virgen)

External links
 Official website 
 Tourist attractions

References

Municipalities in the Province of Huesca
Jean Hyppolite (; 8 January 1907 – 26 October 1968) was a French philosopher known for championing the work of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, and other German philosophers, and educating some of France's most prominent post-war thinkers. His major works include Genesis and Structure of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit and Studies on Marx and Hegel.

Life and career
Hyppolite was born in Jonzac. He was a graduate of the École Normale Supérieure (ENS) at roughly the same time as Jean-Paul Sartre. After graduation he embarked on a serious study of Hegel, teaching himself German in order to read Phenomenology of Spirit in the original. In 1939 he came out with his own translation and his commentary would later form the basis of the book Genesis and Structure of the Phenomenology of Spirit (published in 1947). After the Second World War, Hyppolite became a professor at the University of Strasbourg, before moving to the Sorbonne in 1949.

In 1952, Hyppolite published Logique et existence, a work that may have had a seminal effect on what was to become known as post-structuralism. This book tries to correlate Hegel's Phenomenology to his Logics (longer and shorter). In doing so, it raises the questions of language, being, and difference that were to become the hallmarks of new French philosophy at the end of the 20th century. The book was reviewed by the philosopher Gilles Deleuze. The translators of the English language edition of the text (SUNY Press, 1997) included Deleuze's review at the end of the volume.

In 1954, he became the director of the ENS and in 1955 produced a study of Karl Marx's earlier, more Hegelian period, at a time when the French interest in Hegel was at its apogee. In 1963, he was elected to the Collège de France and given a chair in The History of Philosophical Thought.

While philosophers such as Jean-Paul Sartre were known for producing new works influenced by German philosophy, Hyppolite is remembered as an expositor, teacher, and translator. He influenced a number of thinkers, including Gilles Deleuze, who studied Hegel under him at the Lycée Henri-IV, and Michel Foucault, as well as Jacques Derrida, Gérard Granel and Étienne Balibar (at the ENS).

Hyppolite died in Paris.

Works
 Genesis and Structure of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit (1947)
 Logic and Existence (1952)
 Studies on Marx and Hegel (1955)

See also
Alexandre Kojève
Jean Wahl

References

1907 births
1968 deaths
People from Charente-Maritime
Lycée Henri-IV alumni
School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences alumni
École Normale Supérieure alumni
French historians of philosophy
German–French translators
20th-century French philosophers
Academic staff of the University of Strasbourg
Academic staff of the University of Paris
Academic staff of the Collège de France
Academic staff of the École Normale Supérieure
20th-century French translators
Lycée Henri-IV teachers
20th-century French male writers
French male non-fiction writers
Hegel scholars
Continental philosophers
The Panharmonicon was a musical instrument invented in 1805 by Johann Nepomuk Mälzel, a contemporary and friend of Beethoven. Beethoven composed his piece "Wellington's Victory" (Op. 91) to be played on Mälzel's mechanical orchestral organ and also to commemorate Arthur Wellesley's victory over the French at the Battle of Vitoria in 1813. It was one of the first automatic playing machines, similar to the later Orchestrion.

The Panharmonicon could imitate many orchestral instruments as well as sounds like gunfire and cannon shots. One instrument was destroyed in the Landesgewerbemuseum in Stuttgart during an air raid in World War II. Friedrich Kaufmann copied this automatic playing machine in 1808, and his family produced Orchestrions from that time on.

One of Mälzel's Panharmonicons was sent to Boston 1811 and was exhibited there and then in New York City and other cities.
Mälzel toured with this instrument in the United States from February 7, 1826, until his death in 1838.

In 1817 Flight & Robson in London built a similar automatic instrument called Apollonicon.
In 1821 Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel copied some features of the Panharmonicon in Amsterdam for his instrument, the Componium, which was also capable of aleatoric composition.
In 1823, William M. Goodrich copied Mälzel's Panharmonicon in Boston, MA.

References

 Hans-W. Schmitz: Johann Nepomuk Mälzel und das Panharmonicon. Von den Anfängen der Orchestermaschinen. In: Das Mechanische Musikinstrument, 7. Jahrgang, No. 19, März 1981

External links
Mechanical Music Digest™ Archives
Ludwig Van Beethoven Tripod Website
Mad About Beethoven
Synthmuseum.com

Mechanical musical instruments
Keyboard instruments
Pinkhos Churgin (Hebrew: ; 1894–1957) was an Israeli scholar who was the first President of Bar-Ilan University.

Biography 

Churgin was born in Pohost, Belorussia, a shtetl near Pinsk. In 1907 he and his parents immigrated to Palestine, and settled in Jerusalem. In 1910 he went to study at the Volozhin Yeshiva. Churgin returned to Palestine in 1912. In 1915 he went to the United States and taught Hebrew. He studied as an undergraduate at Clark College, and then at Yale University, earning a Ph.D. in the field of Semitics, as a student of the famous researcher Charles C. Torrey. 
His dissertation, "Targum Jonathan to the Prophets", was published by Yale in 1927 and has since become a classic. It was twice reprinted in the 1980s.

He was instrumental in the development of Yeshiva University in New York City. In 1920 he began teaching at their Teachers' Institute. He was appointed dean of the Institute in 1924. In 1949 Churgin was named president of the Mizrachi Organization of America. He moved to Israel in 1955 to serve as the first President of Bar-Ilan University. He was succeeded as president in 1957 by Joseph H. Lookstein.

References 

20th-century Israeli educators
Academic staff of Bar-Ilan University
Yeshiva University faculty
Presidents of universities in Israel
1894 births
1957 deaths
Clark University alumni
Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the Ottoman Empire
Jewish historians
Do Khiladi is a 1976 Bollywood action drama film directed by Jugal Kishore. The film stars Vinod Mehra and Anita Guha.

Cast
 Vinod Mehra
 Zahira
 Jayshree T.
 Anita Guha
 Indrani Mukherjee
 Paintal
 Jani Babu

Music
"Rat Abhee Bakee Hai" - Jaani Babu Qawwal
"Jhumta Savan Dekho Aaya, Barkha Ne Pyar Barsaya" - Mohammed Rafi
"Dosto Kya Kahe Hum Tumse" - Asha Bhosle
"Meri Bhi Koi Behna Hoti" - Kishore Kumar
"Tu Sat Kamro Me Band Padi Ho" - Amit Kumar

References

External links
 

1976 films
Films scored by Usha Khanna
1970s Hindi-language films
Indian action drama films