Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
In numerical analysis, one or more guard digits can be used to reduce the amount of roundoff error.

For example, suppose that the final result of a long, multi-step calculation can be safely rounded off to N decimal places.  That is to say, the roundoff error introduced by this final roundoff makes a negligible contribution to the overall uncertainty.

However, it is quite likely that it is not safe to round off the intermediate steps in the calculation to the same number of digits.  Be aware that roundoff errors can accumulate.  If M decimal places are used in the intermediate calculation, we say there are M−N guard digits.

Guard digits are also used in floating point operations in most computer systems.  Given  we have to line up the binary points.  This means we must add an extra digit to the first operand—a guard digit.  This gives us .  Performing this operation gives us  or .  Without using a guard digit we have , yielding  or .  This gives us a relative error of 1.  Therefore, we can see how important guard digits can be.

An example of the error caused by floating point roundoff is illustrated in the following C code.

int main(){
   double a;
   int i;

   a = 0.2; 
   a += 0.1; 
   a -= 0.3;

   for (i = 0; a < 1.0; i++) 
       a += a;

   printf("i=%d, a=%f\n", i, a);

   return 0;
}
It appears that the program should not terminate. Yet the output is :  i=54, a=1.000000

Another example is:

Take 2 numbers: 

 and 

we bring the first number to the same power of  as the second one: 

The addition of the 2 numbers is:

0.0256*10^2 
2.3400*10^2 +  
 
2.3656*10^2 

After padding the second number (i.e., ) with two s, the bit after  is the guard digit, and the bit after is the round digit. The result after rounding is  as opposed to , without the extra bits (guard and round bits), i.e., by considering only . The error therefore is .

References
 Forman S. Acton.  Numerical Methods that Work, The Mathematical Association of America (August 1997).
 Higham, Nicholas J. Accuracy and Stability of Numerical Algorithms, Washington D.C.: Society for Industrial & Applied Mathematics, 2002.
 IEEE 754 round-off errors

Numerical analysis
Articles with example C code
So Far So Good may refer to:

 So Far So Good (film), 2014
 So Far So Good (Bryan Adams album), 1993
 So Far So Good (John Martyn album), 1977
 So Far So Good (The Chainsmokers album), 2022
 So Far So Good (video), a 2001 DVD by Atomic Kitten
 "So Far So Good" (Thornley song), 2004
 So Far So Good, a 2011 album by Tito Jackson
 "So Far So Good", a song by Bryan Adams from Anthology
 "So Far So Good", a song by Sheena Easton from the soundtrack of the 1986 film About Last Night...
 "So Far So Good", a song by Slade from Slade in Flame
 "So Far So Good", a 1994 autobiography by Burgess Meredith
 "So Far So Good", a song by Andy Breckman on the album Proud Dad
 So Far So Good, a French company that developed the game Incredibox

See also
So Far, So Good... So What!, an album by Megadeth
Langville may refer to:

Places 
 Langville, Pennsylvania
 Laingville, a suburb of St Helena Bay, South Africa
 A former name of Capay, California

People 
 Amy Langville
Dynamic psychiatry  is based on the study of emotional processes, their origins, and the mental mechanisms underlying them.  It is in direct contrast with descriptive psychiatry, which is based on the study of observable symptoms and behavioral phenomena rather than underlying psychodynamic processes.  Most modern psychiatrists believe that it is most helpful to combine the two approaches in a biopsychosocial model.

Schopenhauer is an ancestor of modern dynamic psychiatry.

See also
 Descriptive psychiatry

References

Psychopathology
Aéroport d'Orly is a future Paris Métro station serving as the terminus station of Line 14 and of Line 18, part of the Grand Paris Express project. It is located on the land of the commune Paray-Vieille-Poste and will serve Orly Airport, about  south of Paris. 

The station is planned to open together with the extension of Line 14 to the south in June 2024, shortly before the start of the Olympic Games. Line 14 will connect Orly Airport to Olympiades (its current southern terminus within Paris) in a travel time of 16 minutes. The station will improve the transport offering at Orly Airport, which is currently served by tramway T7 and by the orlyval automated shuttle to Antony station on line RER B.

Line 18 of Grand Paris Express is planned to start running from the station in 2027, serving Massy – Palaiseau, the Saclay plateau and Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines. Thus, it will connect the airport to Paris-Saclay, a research and business cluster to the south of Paris that is currently under construction. In 2030, the line will reach Versailles-Chantiers.

The station is being built on the level of the last extension of the parking garage P0, right next to a connector building connecting the South and West terminals. Work began in March 2017 with the demolition of a road bridge opposite the drop-off point and the P0 parking extension. Construction of the station started in September 2018 for delivery in 2024.

The station will be operated by RATP Dev from its opening in 2024 until at least 2027.

References

See also 
 Orlyval

Future Paris Métro stations
Accessible Paris Métro stations
Paris Métro line 14
Paris Métro line 18
The Railroad Street Historic District encompasses a cluster of commercial and railroad-related buildings at the traditional late 19th-century heart of St. Johnsbury, Vermont.  It includes five commercial buildings and the town's 1883 union depot, and is reflective of the town's importance as a major railroad junction in northern New England.  The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.  It was subsumed by the larger St. Johnsbury Historic District in 1980.

Description and history

The town of St. Johnsbury was transformed in the mid-19th century into a bustling railroad service center by the arrival of both north-south and east-west railroad lines.  The town's Union Station, a substantial brick French Chateau-style building, was built to accommodate the traffic of both the Connecticut and Passumpsic Railroad (which carried main-line passenger traffic between Boston and Montreal) and the St. Johnsbury and Lake Champlain Railroad, which served north Vermont to the west.  Fires in 1892 and 1896 cleared commercial buildings northwest of the depot, at what is now the corner of Railroad Street and Eastern Avenue.  New brick commercial buildings were built to replace those lost in the fires.

The historic district includes, in addition to the 1883 depot, four buildings on the east side of Railroad Street, and one on the west side, all extending north from the junction with Eastern Avenue.  It also includes Depot Square, a small grassy area between the depot and Railroad Street.  The most architecturally prominent of the commercial buildings are the Citizens and Merchants Bank Blocks, a pair of similarly-styled Romanesque four-story blocks at the southern end of the row, which share an elaborate cornice and rows of arched windows.  Both were designed by Lambert Packard, a prominent local architect who borrowed extensively from the Richardsonian Romanesque in the design of these buildings.  On the west side of Railroad Street is the former New Avenue Hotel, also four stories in height, with a large round entry section at the corner of Railroad and Eastern.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Caledonia County, Vermont

References

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont
National Register of Historic Places in Caledonia County, Vermont
St. Johnsbury, Vermont
Historic districts in Caledonia County, Vermont
Oberleutnant Kurt Nachod (8 March 1890–11 May 1918) served during World War I in the Austro-Hungarian Air Force, in which he was credited with downing five enemy aircraft, ranking him 42nd in the list of Austro-Hungarian flying aces. Unusually, all of these victories were gained while acting as an observer.    

When the war began, he was one of those rare mechanically-minded individuals who owned an automobile. He served as a volunteer chauffeur for high-ranking officers and dignitaries until September 1915, before joining the air service. By January 1917, he had become an ace as an observer and began learning to fly. He scored no further victories as a pilot before he died from a night landing accident.

Early life

Kurt Nachod was born 8 March 1890 in Brno, then part of the Austrian Empire, now in the Czech Republic. Born in a wealthy family, he was a proficient linguist, mastering the spoken and written forms of Czech, German, French, Spanish, and English. He served his obligatory military service in an infantry unit. Afterwards, his family provided him with an automobile, and he became renowned as his own mechanic as well as for his driving skill. When World War I began, Nachod volunteered his automobile and services as a driver to the Volunteer Motor Corps, in which capacity he transported high ranking officers during the Serbian campaign. In May 1915, he was given command of an armored train in northern Italy.

Aviation service

In September 1915, Nachod joined the Austro-Hungarian Air Force, and by the following month was flying in combat on the Eastern Front as an observer with "Flik 10", the abbreviation for Fliegerkompany, or squadron number 10. He shifted to nearby "Flik 20" when it was founded in February 1916. Manning the observer's gun in a Knoller-Albatros B.I, he scored forced-to-land victories on 31 May 1916 and 3 July 1916. The latter was gained with a carbine when the observer's machine gun failed. On 20 September 1916, his gunfire forced a third enemy aircraft to land. He repeated the feat twice on 7 January 1917, for his fourth and fifth victories. For his valor, he was rewarded with the Military Merit Cross with War Decorations and Swords, the Silver Military Merit Medal with Swords, and a German Iron Cross, Second Class.

In July 1917, Nachod transferred to the Italian Front, where he served during the Battles of the Isonzo as an observer in a Hansa-Brandenburg C.I from Fluggeschwader I. During this posting, he learned to fly without official training, and managed to qualify for his pilot's certificate. On 9 May 1918, he was practicing night landings when he crashed and died of his injuries two days later. Charles I of Austria later granted him the only posthumous award of the Order of the Iron Crown, Third Class, with War Decorations and Swords for aviators.

Sources of information

References
 
 
 

1890 births
1918 deaths
Austro-Hungarian World War I flying aces
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in Italy
The Omega Connection is a 1979 American made-for-television action spy film directed by Robert Clouse for Walt Disney Productions. It stars Jeffrey Byron and Larry Cedar. It was released theatrically in other countries as The London Connection.

Plot
Luther Starling (Jeffrey Byron) is a superspy for the American government who after completing his latest mission of retrieving stolen documents sets out on a six week vacation across Europe. Luther is picked up at Heathrow airport in London, England by his friend Roger (Larry Cedar) in his Morgan 3-Wheeler to stay with Roger and Roger's Aunt Lydia (Mona Washbourne) for the duration of the London leg of Luther's trip. By chance the two follow a motorcade where British Secret Service agents Bidley and Peters (Roy Kinnear and David Battley respectively) are escorting a recently defected Eastern European scientist, Professor Buchinski (David Kossoff) who possesses a revolutionary new energy formula. However when a team of armed gunmen ambush the motorcade intent on kidnapping the Professor, Luther attempts to intervene but is outmatched but the professor slips a gold ring into his jacket pocket. Upon discovery of the ring, it leads Luther and Roger on an adventure across London as they attempt to rescue the professor from the villainous criminal organization Omega.

Cast
 Jeffrey Byron as Luther Starling
 Larry Cedar as Roger Pike
 Roy Kinnear as Bidley
 Lee Montague as Vorg
 Mona Washbourne as Aunt Lydia
 David Kossoff as Professor Buchinski 
 Frank Windsor as McGuffin 
 Walter Gotell as Simmons 
 Nigel Davenport as Arthur Minton 
 Dudley Sutton as Goetz
 David Battley as Peters 
 Julian Orchard as Driscoll 
 Kathleen Harrison as Elderly Lady 
 Percy Herbert as Ship's Captain 
 Don Fellows as General 
 Bruce Boa as Colonel
 Wolfe Morris as Dr. Krause
 André Maranne as Duvalier
 Rita Webb as Cockney Woman
 George Pravda as Kolenkov
 Minah Bird as Narcotics Agent

Production
Gloucester Mews, W2, was used as a filming location during the shooting of The London Connection.

References

External links

1979 films
1979 television films
1970s spy action films
American spy action films
Films directed by Robert Clouse
Films scored by John Cameron
Walt Disney Pictures films
American television films
Films with screenplays by Gail Morgan Hickman
1970s English-language films
1970s American films
Dolichesia is a genus of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae. The genus was erected by Schaus in 1911.

Species
 Dolichesia falsimonia Schaus, 1911
 Dolichesia lignaria Rothschild, 1913

References

Lithosiini
The Santa Fe impact structure is an eroded remnant of a bolide impact crater in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains northeast of Santa Fe, New Mexico. The discovery was made in 2005 by a geologist who noticed shatter cones in the rocks in a decades-old road cut on New Mexico State Road 475 between Santa Fe and Hyde Memorial State Park. Shatter cones are a definitive indicator that the rocks had been exposed to a shock of pressures only possible in a meteor impact or a nuclear explosion.

It is called an "impact structure" and not a crater because it is so deeply eroded. Current estimates place the age of the impact between 1.4 and 1.6 billion years. Only the crater's basement rocks remain on the surface in the mountains today. The estimated diameter of the original impact crater is . The shatter cones occur for about 1 mile (1.6 km) along the highway, which is interpreted to coincide with a central area within a crater of greater diameter.

References

Impact craters of the United States
Landforms of New Mexico
Landforms of Santa Fe County, New Mexico
Coleophora chotticola is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found in North Africa.

References

chotticola
Moths described in 1988
Moths of Africa
Iona Township may refer to:

Iona Township, Murray County, Minnesota
Iona Township, Todd County, Minnesota
Iona Township, Lyman County, South Dakota, in Lyman County, South Dakota

Township name disambiguation pages
Grafschaft Abbey () is a community of the Sisters of Mercy of Saint Charles Borromeo, formerly a Benedictine monastery, in Schmallenberg-Grafschaft in the Sauerland, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

First foundation
The Benedictine monastery was founded in 1072 on a site at the foot of the Wilzenberg mountain, by Saint Anno, Archbishop of Cologne, whose statue still stands at the west gate. The monastery was dedicated between 1079 and 1089. The original buildings burned down in 1270. From 1729 the premises were gradually replaced by completely new buildings in the Baroque style; the rebuild was finished in 1742 and the new abbey church dedicated in 1747.

The abbey was dissolved in 1804 as a consequence of secularisation. In 1827 the premises were bought by the Princes von Fürstenberg, but by that time the church was in such a bad condition that it had to be demolished, despite its high architectural quality.

Second foundation
In 1947 the buildings were given to the Sisters of Mercy of St. Borromeo, who had been expelled from the order's former mother house Trebnitz Abbey, in Silesia. Grafschaft is now the mother house. This is a nursing order, and a large part of the premises is now used as a hospital. There is also a museum of the abbey's history.

References

External links

Hospital Grafschaft Abbey

Benedictine monasteries in Germany
Monasteries in North Rhine-Westphalia
Heritage sites in North Rhine-Westphalia
1072 establishments in Europe
Christian monasteries established in the 11th century
Schmallenberg
Buildings and structures in Hochsauerlandkreis
Château-Gontier () is a former commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Château-Gontier-sur-Mayenne.

Geography 
It is about  south of Laval, the préfecture of the department of Mayenne. Château-Gontier is home to the Refuge de l'Arche, also known as the Ark Refuge , a refuge for abandoned or mistreated animals.

History 
There are chalybeate springs close to the town. Château-Gontier owes its origin and its name to a castle erected in the first half of the 11th century by Gunther, the steward of Fulk Nerra of Anjou, on the site of a farm belonging to the monks of St Aubin d’Angers. On the extinction of the family, the lordship was assigned by Louis XI of France to Philippe de Comines. The town suffered severely during the wars of the League. In 1793 it was occupied by the Vendeans.

Culture and heritage 

The following buildings have been listed as historical monuments:
The ruined 13th century castle
The 11th century church of Saint John Baptist
The church of the Holy Trinity
The 12th century chapel of Le Genneteil
The 16th century chapel of Le Moulinet
The 17th century Hôtel de Lantivy

People 
 Conan II, Duke of Brittany was found dead here during the Breton Norman Wars, likely the victim of poisoning. 
 Claude Pompidou was born here.
 General Emile-René Lemonnier was born and buried here.
 Louis-François Allard (1735-1819), physician and politician.
 Guy de Charnacé (1825–1909), agronomist, writer, musicologist was born here.
 Alexis Roger, French composer (1814–1846), was born here.
 Olivier Peslier, French horse racing jockey was born here.

See also

Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Former communes of Mayenne
Anjou
States and territories disestablished in 2019
Populated places disestablished in 2019
Sheykhabad (, also Romanized as Sheykhābād) is a village in Harazpey-ye Jonubi Rural District, in the Central District of Amol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 263, in 65 families.

References 

Populated places in Amol County
Buckwha Creek is a  tributary of Aquashicola Creek in the Poconos of eastern Pennsylvania in the United States.

The creek originates in a swamp to the southwest of Saylorsburg, flowing southwest along the northwest side of Chestnut Ridge. About five miles below its source, it is dammed to form Princess Lake, about a mile above Kunkletown.

Buckwha Creek cuts south through Chestnut Ridge at Little Gap and joins Aquashicola Creek approximately  downstream.

Tributaries
Hunter Creek
Borger Creek
Chapple Creek
Princess Run

See also
List of rivers of Pennsylvania

References

Tributaries of the Lehigh River
Rivers of Pennsylvania
Pocono Mountains
Rivers of Monroe County, Pennsylvania
Rivers of Carbon County, Pennsylvania
Hendrik Merkus, Baron de Kock (25 May 1779 – 12 April 1845) was a Dutch general and nobleman who served in the Batavian Navy as Lieutenant Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies from 1826 to 1830. He also was Minister of the Interior of the Netherlands from 1836 to 1841.

Biography
Hendrik Merkus de Kock was born on 25 May 1779 in Heusden in the Republic of the United Netherlands. His father was Johannes Conradus de Kock, a banker who was guillotined in Paris, and his mother Maria Petronella Merkus.

In 1801, he joined the Batavian Navy, and by 1807 was posted to the Dutch East Indies. In 1821 he commanded a military expedition to Palembang to suppress a local uprising. Later, as Lieutenant Governor-General (1826–1830), De Kock led the fight against Prince Diponegoro in the Java War.

The triumphant commander was declared a baron in 1835, and served in the Dutch Government as Minister of the Interior from 1836 to 1841. He was Minister of State from 1841 to 1845. He remained a member of the First Chamber of parliament until his death. He died in The Hague on 12 April 1845.

Honors 
 Knight in the Order of the Union (1807)
 Commander in the Order of the Union (1808)
 Commander in the Order of the Reunion (1812)
 Knight 3rd Class Military William Order (1815)
 Commander Military William Order (1821)
 Grand Cross Military William Order (1830)
 Grand Cross Order of the Netherlands Lion (1841)

References

External links 
 

1779 births
1845 deaths
Dutch military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Royal Netherlands East Indies Army generals
Barons of the Netherlands
Knights Commander of the Military Order of William
Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of William
People from Heusden
Tignall is a town in Wilkes County, Georgia, United States. The population was 546 at the 2010 census.

History
The Georgia General Assembly incorporated Tignall as a town in 1907. It was named for Tignall Livingston Moss, a lieutenant in the Confederate army who was killed in battle in 1862.

Geography
Tignall is located at  (33.866861, -82.741195). The town lies along Georgia State Route 17 south of Elberton and north of Washington, and a few miles west of the Georgia-South Carolina state line.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all land.

Demographics

As of the census of 2010, there were 615 people, 279 households, and 179 families residing in the town.  The population density was .  There were 315 housing units at an average density of .  The racial makeup of the town was 52.53% White, 45.48% African American, 0.15% Native American, 0.61% from other races, and 1.23% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.37% of the population.

There were 279 households, out of which 28.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.1% were married couples living together, 19.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.8% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.87.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.7% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.7% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.9 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $18,077, and the median income for a family was $26,250. Males had a median income of $23,000 versus $14,740 for females. The per capita income for the town was $11,765.  About 16.6% of families and 20.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.4% of those under age 18 and 21.1% of those age 65 or over.

Notable person
James E. Boyd, scientist and educator

Region

Central Savannah River Area

References

Towns in Wilkes County, Georgia
Towns in Georgia (U.S. state)
Lyrae Van Clief-Stefanon (born 1971) is an American poet. In 2009, she was a National Book Award finalist for her book, Open Interval.

Career 
Van Clief-Stefanon earned her BA in English from Washington and Lee University in 1996, and her MFA in Poetry from Penn State University in 1999. She published her first full-length collection, Black Swan (University of Pittsburgh Press), in 2001, for which she won the Cave Canem Prize and was a finalist for the 2003 Patterson Poetry Prize.

In July 2004, she became an assistant professor at Cornell University in English Literature.

In June 2008, Van Clief-Stefanon co-authored the chapbook Poems in Conversation and a Conversation with Elizabeth Alexander. In April 2009, Van Clief-Stefanon published her second poetry collection, ]Open Interval[, which was a finalist for the National Book Award.

Van Clief-Stefanon's work has appeared in African American Review, Callaloo, Crab Orchard Review, Gulf Coast, and Shenandoah, among other places.

She is currently working on a third book, The Coal Tar Colors.

References

1971 births
Living people
American women poets
21st-century American poets
Washington and Lee University alumni
Pennsylvania State University alumni
21st-century American women writers