Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
Malabar pepper is a variety of black pepper that originated as a chance seedling in a geographical region that now forms part of the present-day state of Kerala in India.  
The area of production of this variety of pepper now covers all the regions that are part of the Malabar Coast. 
Malabar pepper was one of the commodities most sought after by the ancient Roman and Arab traders, and later by the early European navigators. 

Malabar pepper is classified under two grades known as garbled and un-garbled. The garbled variety is black in colour nearly globular with a wrinkled surface. The ungarbled variety has a wrinkled surface and the colour varies from dark brown to black. The plant (Piper nigrum) is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit,  which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning. The fruit, known as a peppercorn when dried, is a small drupe five millimetres in diameter, dark red when fully mature, containing a single seed.

"Malabar pepper" has been granted registration in Part A under Sub-section (1) of Section 13 of Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999. The application for registration was made by Spices Board, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India.

Other spices from India that have obtained Geographical Indication recognition from the Geographical Indication Registry of India are the following:

    Alleppey Green Cardamom
    Coorg Green Cardamom
    Naga Mircha (Chilli)
    Guntur Sannam Chilli
    Byadagi chilli
    Sikkim Large Cardamom
    Mizo Chilli
    Assam Karbi Anglong Ginger

References

Kerala cuisine
Piper (plant)
Geographical indications in Kerala
Elisha Cutler, Jr. (August 5, 1816 – July 17, 1849) was an American politician.

Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Cutler settled in Van Buren County, Iowa Territory. He served in the first Iowa Constitutional Convention of 1844 and as district court clerk for Van Buren County. From 1846 to 1848, Cutler served as the first Iowa Secretary of State and was a Democrat. Cutler died in Keosauqua, Iowa from cholera.

Notes

1816 births
1849 deaths
Politicians from Boston
People from Van Buren County, Iowa
Secretaries of State of Iowa
Iowa Democrats
Cypripedium californicum, the California lady's slipper, is a member of the orchid genus Cypripedium, the lady's slipper orchids, native to the western United States.

Description

It often grows in very large clumps and each stem can bear up to 21 flowers. It can grow to be up to over a meter in height and has alternate, plicate leaves the length of the stem. The petals and sepals tend to be greenish-brown while the small pouch is pure white with occasional pink spots.

Distribution and habitat
it has a very restricted range and can only be found in the mountains of southwestern Oregon (including the Kalmiopsis Wilderness) and northern California. It prefers the margins of woodland streams in open coniferous forests.

References

  (1997). The Genus Cypripedium (a botanical monograph). Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, Timber Press

External links 
 
 Jepson Flora Project: Cypripedium californicum

californicum
Endemic orchids of the United States
Orchids of California
Flora of Oregon
Flora of the Cascade Range
Flora of the Klamath Mountains
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Plants described in 1868
Shemiranat County () is in Tehran province, Iran. Its capital is Shemiran.

At the 2006 census, the county's population was 37,778 in 11,178 households. The following census in 2011 counted 44,061 people in 14,227 households. At the 2016 census, the county's population was 47,279 in 16,107 households. (For census purposes, the former cities of Shemiran and Tajrish, sometimes allocated to the county, are counted in the city of Tehran, into which they have been absorbed, not in Shemiranat County.)

Administrative divisions

The population history and structural changes of Shemiranat County's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table. The latest census shows two districts, three rural districts, and three cities.

References

 

Counties of Tehran Province
Carlo Coccia (14 April 1782 – 13 April 1873) was an Italian opera composer. He was known for the genre of opera semiseria.

Life and career 
Coccia was born in Naples, and studied in his native city with Pietro Casella, Fedele Fenaroli, and Giovanni Paisiello, who introduced him to King Joseph Bonaparte for whom he became the private musician. He wrote his first opera, Il matrimonio per lettera di cambio, in 1807, but it was a failure; however, the following year, with the help of Paisiello, his second opera, Il poeta fortunato, was well received.

He then moved to Venice, where he concentrated on opera semiseria, of which Clotilde from 1815, is perhaps the best example. Accused of imitating other composers, and of producing too many uneven operas in great haste, he was eventually eclipsed by the emerging Rossini, and left for Lisbon, where he remained from 1820 to 1823. He then settled in London in 1824, where he was conductor at His Majesty's Theatre. In 1827, he wrote Maria Stuarda for Giuditta Pasta, which, despite her and the celebrated bass Luigi Lablache being in the cast, was not successful, achieving only four performances.

Back in Italy, he concentrated on opera seria, and obtained some success with Caterina di Guisa, in 1833, but by then he had to compete with the likes of Donizetti and Bellini. Carlo Coccia contributed to a portion of Messa per Rossini, specifically the seventh section of II. Sequentia, Lacrimosa Amen.

He became Maitre de chapelle in Novara, in 1837, and director of the Music Conservatory of Turin, where he wrote his last opera in 1841.  He died in Novara.

Major works

La donna selvaggia (1813)
Caterina di Guisa (1833)

References
Notes

Sources
Anderson, K. Liner Notes to Naxos CD 8.660284-85 for the recording of Rossini's L'Italiana in Algeri.
Budden, Julian; Libby, Denis; Maguire, Simon (2001), "Coccia, Carlo", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Second Edition London: Macmillan. .
Maguire, Simon (1998),  “Coccia, Carlo” in Stanley Sadie, (Ed.), The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, Vol. One, pp. 891–892. London: Macmillan Publishers, Inc.   
Mancini, R. and J.-J. Rouveroux, Le guide de l'opéra, les indispensables de la musique. Fayard, 1986

External links
 
 
 Biografie 

1782 births
1873 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century Italian male musicians
Italian classical composers
Italian male classical composers
Italian opera composers
Italian Romantic composers
Male opera composers
Musicians from Naples
Julio Franco Arango (3 March 1914 – 16 September 1980) was a Colombian Roman Catholic bishop.

Ordained to the priesthood in 1938, Arango was named bishop in June 1964. In August 1964, he was appointed bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Duitama–Sogamoso, Colombia, and died in 1980 while still in office.

References

1914 births
1980 deaths
People from Antioquia Department
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Colombia
Roman Catholic bishops of Duitama-Sogamoso
The Boston Philharmonic Orchestra (not to be confused with the Boston Symphony Orchestra) is a semi-professional orchestra based in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. It was founded in 1979.

Their concerts take place at New England Conservatory's Jordan Hall and at Harvard University's Sanders Theatre. The orchestra has been conducted by Benjamin Zander since it was founded in 1979.  Each concert is preceded by a talk which explains the musical ideas and structure of the pieces about to be performed.

References

External links 
 

Musical groups from Boston
Musical groups established in 1979
Orchestras based in Massachusetts
1979 establishments in Massachusetts
Ben Seymour (born 1 September 1990) is an Australian rugby union footballer. His usual playing position is as a  fly-half. He currently represents the Western Force in Super Rugby. He made his debut for the franchise in Round 2 of the 2012 Super Rugby season against the Reds in Brisbane.

External links 
Western Force profile
itsrugby.co.uk profile

Living people
1990 births
Australian rugby union players
Rugby union fly-halves
Western Force players
SU Agen Lot-et-Garonne players
Northland rugby union players
Rugby union players from Napier, New Zealand
The Bridewell and Bethlehem Hospitals were two charitable foundations that were independently put into the charge of the City of London. They were brought under joint administration in 1557.

Bethlehem Hospital

The Bethlem Royal Hospital was founded in 1247 as the Priory of the New Order of our Lady of Bethlehem in the city of London during the reign of Henry III. It was established by the Bishop-elect of Bethlehem, the Italian Goffredo de Prefetti, following a donation of personal property by the London alderman and former sheriff, Simon FitzMary. The original location was in the parish of St Botolph, Bishopsgate's ward. In 1546 the Lord Mayor of London, Sir John Gresham, petitioned the crown to grant Bethlem to the city. This petition was partially successful and Henry VIII reluctantly ceded to the City of London "the custody, order and governance" of the hospital and of its "occupants and revenues". This charter came into effect in 1547. The crown retained possession of the hospital while its administration fell to the city authorities. Following a brief interval when it was placed under the management of the governors of Christ's Hospital, from 1557 Bethlem was administered by the governors of Bridewell.

Bridewell Hospital 
In 1553, Edward VI gave Bridewell Palace  to the City of London for the housing of homeless children and for the punishment of "disorderly women". 

The City took full possession in 1556 and turned the site into a prison, hospital and workrooms.

Joint administration
In 1557 the administration of Bethlem Royal Hospital became the responsibility of the Bridewell Governors. The post of President was established, with first occupant being Sir Rowland Hill in 1557.

List of presidents of the Bridewell and Bethlehem Hospitals
Sir Rowland Hill 1557–1558
Sir William Garrett 1558
Sir Rowland Hill 1559
Sir Roland Haywood 1561
Edward Gilbart 1563
Sir William Chester 1564
Sir John White 1568
Sir Lionel Duckett 1568–73
Sir Alexander Avenon 1573
Sir Lionel Duckett 1580–86
Sir William Rowe 1592
Sir William Webbe 1594
Sir Stephen Slaney 1599
Sir William Ryder 1600
Sir Leonard Halliday 1605
Sir Thomas Middleton 1613
Sir Roland Hayter 1631
George Whitman 1631
Sir John Wollaston 1643
Christopher Packe 1649
Sir Richard Brown Bt 1661
Sir James Smith 1668
Sir William Turner 1669
Sir Robert Jeffries 1689
Sir William Turner 1690
Sir Robert Jeffries 1693-
Sir Samuel Dashwood 1703
Sir Thomas Rawlinson1705
Sir William Withers 1708
Sir Samuel Garrard 1721
Sir William Humfreys, 1st Baronet (died 1735)
Humphrey Parsons 1725–1741
Robert Willimot 1741
William Benn1746
Sir Richard Glyn 1755
Sir Walter Rawlinson  1773
Brackley Kennett 1777
Brass Crosby 1782
Sir James Sanderson 1789
Sir Richard Carr Glyn 1793
Sir Peter Laurie 1833
William Taylor Copeland 1861
J E Johnson 1868
Sir James Lawrence, 1st Baronet 1868

References

1557 establishments in England
Bridewell and Bethlehem Hospitals
Gibbsia is a genus of parasitic alveolates of the phylum Apicomplexa.

There is only one species known in this genus, Gibbsia archiuli.

Taxonomy

This genus was created by Levine for a species of protozoa that was discovered by Gibbs in 1952.

Description

The only known species in this genus was found in South Africa.

It infects the garden millipede (Archiulus moreleti).

Merogony, gamogony and sporogony occur within the host's blood cells.

Microgametes are not flagellated.

Oocysts contain four sporocysts. Each sporocyst has a single sporozoite.

References

Conoidasida
Parasites of arthropods
This is a list of events that took place in Europe in 2022.

Incumbents

European Union
President of the European Commission: Ursula von der Leyen
President of the Parliament: 
David Sassoli (until 11 January)
Roberta Metsola (from 18 January)
President of the European Council: Charles Michel
Presidency of the Council of the EU: 
France (January–June)
Czech Republic (July–December)

Events

January
10 January: Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte forms his fourth cabinet, almost a year after the collapse of his previous one.
16 January: 
Dimitar Kovačevski was sworn in as Prime Minister of North Macedonia.
2022 Serbian constitutional referendum, marked by a low turnout, leads to a revision of the provisions of the constitution concerning judicial power.
30 January: The 2022 Portuguese legislative election took place.

February
11 February: The Biden administration claimed that Russia now has enough troops and military equipment in place to launch an invasion of Ukraine.
21 February: Russia recognizes the independence of the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republic. 
24 February: Russia launches its invasion of Ukraine.
27 February: 2022 Belarusian constitutional referendum
28 February: Ukraine applied for membership of the European Union (EU)

March
2 March: The United Nations General Assembly voted on a United Nations resolution condemning Russia for its invasion of Ukraine.
3 March: 2022 Armenian presidential election
10 March: 2022 Hungarian presidential election
13 March: 75th British Academy Film Awards
16 March: The inauguration of the 1915 Çanakkale Bridge.
26 March: 2022 Maltese general election

April
3 April: 2022 Hungarian parliamentary election and 2022 Hungarian LGBTQ in education referendum

July
19 July: – At least 3,600 people are killed due to extreme heatwaves hitting much of Europe, additionally causing major wildfires, travel disruption, and record high temperatures in many countries.

See also 

 2022
 2022 in the European Union
 2022 in politics and government
 2020s
 List of state leaders in Europe in 2022

References 

 
2020s in Europe
Years of the 21st century in Europe
Europe
Batman is a surname of English origin. It originates from Saint Bartholomew and means "a friend or servant of Bart." Similar names Bateman, Baitman and Battman have the same origin. The similar name Bathemans is recorded as early as 1222. The name has no connection to the mammal or the fictional superhero.

People with the name
Stephen Batman (fl. 1534–1584), English translator and author
John Batman (1801–1839), one of the founders of Melbourne, Australia 
Ira Coleman Batman (1862–1934), American jurist and politician 
Daniel Batman (1981–2012), Australian sprinter
Fereydoon Batmanghelidj (1931–2004), known as Dr. Batman, advocate of water as a cure-all

See also
Batman (disambiguation)
Batman v. Commissioner, a US court case involving Ray and Gerald Batman
Jacques-Louis Battmann (1818–1886), French organist and composer

References
David Heinrich Müller (born 6 July 1846 in Buczacz, Galicia; died 21 December 1912 in Vienna, Austria) was a Jewish Austrian orientalist.

Biography
He was educated in Vienna, Leipzig, Strassburg, and Berlin; became professor of Semitic philology at Vienna in 1881.

Works
 Himjaritische Inschriften (1875)
 Südarabische Studien (1877)
 Die Burgen und Schlösser Südarabiens (1879–81)
 Sabäische Denkmäler (with Mordtmann, 1883)
 Epigraphische Denkmäler aus Arabien (1889)
 Die altsemitischen Inschriften von Sendschirli (1893)
 Epigraphische Denkmäler aus Abessinien (1894)
 Ezechielstudien (1895)
 Die Propheten in ihrer ursprünglichen Form (1896)
 Südarabische Alterthümer (1899)
 Die Mehri- und Soqotri-Sprache, Vol. I, II, III (1902, 1905, 1907)

He published editions of:
 Kitab al Farq (1876)
 Hāmdāni, Geography of the Arabian Peninsula (1884–91)
 Tabarî, Annales (in part; 1888)

He was an editor of the Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes.

References

External links
 
 Detailed biography with portrait at compactmemory.de 

1846 births
1912 deaths
Austrian orientalists
Austrian Jews
Academic staff of the University of Vienna
19th-century Austrian Jews
Lauren Weinstein may refer to:
 Lauren Weinstein (technologist), American activist concerned with matters involving technology
 Lauren Weinstein (cartoonist) (born 1975), American comic book artist
 Lauren Sager Weinstein, chief data officer at Transport for London
The Neues Schloss Bümpliz () is a castle in the section of Bümpliz-Oberbottigen in the city of Bern of the canton of Bern in Switzerland.  It is located directly across from the Altes Schloss Bümpliz.

History
By the 18th century, the Old Castle had become increasingly old fashioned and uncomfortable.  In 1742, Daniel Tschiffely hired Albrecht Stürler to replace the old building with a new castle.  The new building was built surrounded by parks and gardens southwest of what would come to be known as the Old Castle.

In 1839 Johann Friedrich Albrecht Tribolet bought the Old and New Castles from Carl von Tavel.  He rebuilt the buildings and used them as a private sanatorium for mental patients.  Tribolet would later become the director of the psychiatric Klinik Waldau.  Between 1839 and 1849 the calm patients were housed in the New Castle, while the violent or noisy lived in the Old.  In 1849 the buildings were acquired by Jakob Allemann who converted it into a boys' boarding school, which was known as the Löffelschlyffi.  The school remained in operation until the depression of 1882, when the last director of the school, Jakob Enz-Allemann, had to sell the castles.  Two years later, his widow, Emilie Enz-Allemann, was able to reacquire both castles.  She sold the New Castle but retained the Old, which she converted into a rental property.

After passing through a number of owners, in 1977 it was purchased by the city of Bern.  In 2005, the castle became the administrative offices for the administrative District of Bern.  However, in 2010, the Canton reorganized and the 23 districts were consolidated into 10 larger districts.  The newly created Bern-Mittelland district required more space than the Castle could provide.  The castle is now used for special ceremonies and weddings.

See also
 List of castles in Switzerland

References

External links
 Bümpliz Castle information
 Official website of the Castle

Castles in the Canton of Bern
The Gere Bank Building is a five-story building located on Water Street in Syracuse, New York.  It was designed by Charles Colton, and built in 1894.  It is distinctive for its facade and use of contrasting materials.  The cost of the building was $150,000, including nearly $50,000 for fireproof vaults in a room beneath the sidewalk.  The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.  It is part of the Hanover Square Historic District.  In the warm weather months, entertainment is common on the plaza around the fountain.  Workers in the surrounding office buildings and retail establishments often lunch there.

References

External links

Bank buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Commercial buildings completed in 1894
Buildings and structures in Syracuse, New York
National Register of Historic Places in Syracuse, New York
Saint Ffinian was an Irish 5th century saint who worked in Wales. He was a contemporary of Saint David who worked in Wales for thirty years establishing three churches. He is said to have met Saint David in 530AD. His feast day is 23 February.

References

6th-century Welsh people
Welsh Roman Catholic saints
Medieval Welsh saints
Turid Knaak (born 24 January 1991) is a German former footballer. She played as an attacking midfielder or a striker for Bundesliga club VfL Wolfsburg and the Germany women's national team.

Club career
Knaak started her professional career at FCR Duisburg with whom she won the German Cup and the UEFA Women's Cup. For the 2011–12 season she transferred to Bayer 04 Leverkusen.

On 4 July 2014, she joined Arsenal on a two-month loan, coming off the bench to make her debut in the FA WSL Cup two days later, in a 3–0 win over Chelsea, and four days later, she was named in the starting line up against the London Bees, scoring twice in a 7–0 cup win. She made one more cup appearance in a 4–0 win over Millwall, and then three appearances in the FA WSL, before returning to Leverkusen for the start of the 2014–15 Bundesliga season.

Career statistics

International

International goals
Scores and results list Germany's goal tally first:

Honours
FCR 2001 Duisburg
 Bundesliga Runner-up: 2007–08, 2009–10
 DFB-Pokal: 2008–09, 2009–10
 UEFA Women's Cup: 2008–09

Atlético Madrid
 Supercopa de España: Winner 2020–21

VfL Wolfsburg
 Bundesliga: 2021–22
 DFB-Pokal: 2021–22

Germany U17
 UEFA Women's U17 Championship: Winner 2008
 FIFA U17 Women's World Cup third place: 2008
 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup: Winner 2010

References

External links
 

1991 births
Living people
German women's footballers
German expatriate sportspeople in England
German expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Germany women's international footballers
Expatriate women's footballers in England
Expatriate women's footballers in Spain
Women's Super League players
Arsenal W.F.C. players
Bayer 04 Leverkusen (women) players
SGS Essen players
FCR 2001 Duisburg players
German expatriate women's footballers
Women's association football midfielders
Women's association football forwards
Footballers from Essen
2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players
Mount View High School is a government-funded co-educational comprehensive secondary day school, located in West Cessnock, in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia.

Established in 1985, the school enrolled approximately 952 students in 2021, from Year 7 to Year 12, of whom 19 percent identified as Indigenous Australians and three percent were from a language background other than English.The school is operated by the NSW Department of Education; the principal is Shane Hookway.

Overview 
The school provides the school certificate in Year 10 and the NSW Higher School Certificate (HSC) in Year 12.

The school conducts a working vineyard and the P&C sells the wine to the public to raise funds.

F1 in Schools program 
Mount View High School has had major successes in the F1 in Schools program, winning the NSW state finals in 2016 with 'Revolution Racing' and in 2017 with 'Pentessellate', with each team going on to place fourth at the national finals in their respective winning seasons. In 2017 'Revolution Racing' collaborated with 'Instant Transmission' a team from Queechy High School to form 'Envisity' and compete at the world finals where they placed 14th.

See also 

 List of government schools in New South Wales
 Education in Australia

References

External links
 

Public high schools in New South Wales
City of Cessnock
Educational institutions established in 1985
1985 establishments in Australia
Fairview, North Carolina may refer to :

 Fairview, Buncombe County, North Carolina, a census-designated place in Buncombe County, North Carolina
 Fairview, Union County, North Carolina, an incorporated town in Union County, North Carolina
Aridification is the process of a region becoming increasingly arid, or dry. It refers to long term change, rather than seasonal variation.

It is often measured as the reduction of average soil moisture content.
It can be caused by reduced precipitation, increased evaporation, lowering of water tables, and changes in ground cover acting individually or in combination.
Its major consequences include reduced agricultural production, soil degradation, ecosystem changes and decreased water catchment runoff.

Some researchers have found that the Colorado River basin and other parts of western North America are currently undergoing aridification.

See also 

 Arid
 Arid Forest Research Institute
 Desert
 Desertification
 Global warming
 Groundwater
 Soil moisture
 Water balance
 Water content
 Water cycle

References 

Water and the environment
Desertification