Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
Chargeback insurance is an insurance product that protects a merchant who accepts credit cards. The insurance protects the merchant against fraud in a transaction where the use of the credit card was unauthorized, and covers claims arising out of the merchant's liability to the service bank.

The phrase chargeback insurance is also sometimes used to describe the guarantee provided by online fraud prevention companies such as Vesta, ClearSale, Forter, Riskified and Signifyd. Unlike with card present transactions, where the merchant is not liable for the cost of fraudulent transactions (unless they do not meet technological security requirements such as EMV), merchants are liable for card not present transactions which turn out to be fraudulent. For this reason, online fraud prevention companies who offer decisions (meaning, they provide an approve or decline decision for orders) rather than scores (where the merchant must themselves decide whether to approve or decline) sometimes offer to cover the cost of the chargeback, since the chargeback would not have occurred had their decision not been incorrect. This form of chargeback insurance, more properly called a chargeback guarantee, will typically cover all losses of the relevant type, not only through one gateway or processor.

Coverage model
Coverage can apply under a number of circumstances, including:
 The illicit use of a lost or stolen credit card before the loss or theft is reported by the cardholder.
 The use of credit card number generators or counterfeit plastic cards
 Post-purchase changes to "ship to" information
 Signature mismatch or signature not on file.

A merchant claiming under a chargeback insurance policy may be reimbursed for:
 The cost of a stolen product or service
 The loss of profit

A typical chargeback insurance policy will only cover losses on credit card transactions purchased through its own specific payment processor or payment gateway.

While chargeback insurance can help cover losses, like any insurance there are pros and cons. While some fraud protection services charge a flat-rate fee per transaction (typically 0.5 to 15 cents per transaction), vendors who offer chargeback insurance usually charge a percentage-based fee of 0.5% to 1.5% which can be cost-prohibitive for higher-dollar transactions.

See also
 Cardholder Information Security Program (CISP)
 Chargeback
 Payment card industry (PCI)

Types of insurance
Merchant services
{{Infobox book
| name             = Active Liberty: Interpreting Our Democratic Constitution
| title_orig       =
| translator       =
| image            = Active Liberty.jpg
| caption          = Active Liberty cover
| author           = Stephen Breyer
| illustrator      = 
| cover_artist     = 
| country          = United States
| language         = English
| series           = 
| subject          = 
| genre            = 
| publisher        = Vintage Books
| pub_date         = October 17, 2005
| english_pub_date = 
| media_type       = Print (Hardcover)
| pages            = 161
| isbn             = 0-307-26313-4
| oclc             = 59280151
| preceded_by      = Breaking the Vicious Cycle: Toward Effective Risk Regulation (1994)
| followed_by      = Administrative Law and Regulatory Policy: Problems, Text, and Cases (2006)
}}Active Liberty: Interpreting Our Democratic Constitution is a 2005 book by United States Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer. The general theme of the book is that Supreme Court justices should, when dealing with constitutional issues, keep "active liberty" in mind, which Justice Breyer defines as the right of the citizenry of the country to participate in government. Breyer's thesis is commonly viewed as a liberal response to originalism, a view espoused by Justice Antonin Scalia.

 Background Active Liberty is based on the Tanner Lectures on Human Values that Breyer delivered at Harvard University in November 2004.

 Reception 
In a review of Active Liberty'', Pierre Rosanvallon said that Breyer's arguments are convincing but they would be benefit from being "more firmly grounded if he had also touched on the Constitution's textual vagueness". Richard A. Posner of the University of Chicago Law School negatively reviewed the book, stating that, despite the merits of the book as a short and accessible but influential contribution to constitutional debate, is it not convincing to him.

References

External links
Tanner Lecture 2004

2005 non-fiction books
Works by Stephen Breyer
Books written by Justices of the United States Supreme Court
Cyrtura is a dubious genus of extinct Testudinata from the Late Jurassic (early Tithonian) of the Solnhofen Formation of Bavaria, Germany. Cyrtura was originally described as a temnospondyl amphibian by Otto Jaekel in 1904 on the basis of MNB 1890, the distal portion of a tail with 14 caudal vertebrae. Most authors overlooked the genus, although those who mentioned Cyrtura dismissed it as either undiagnostic or referable to Testudines rather than Temnospondyli. Warren and Hutchinson (1983) rejected the temnospodyl classification of the genus based on examination of a cast of the holotype, and subsequent studies showed that Cyrtura is actually a marine turtle, although the lack of diagnostic characters renders it a nomen dubium.

References

Thalassochelydia
Prehistoric turtle genera
Tithonian genera
Late Jurassic reptiles of Europe
Jurassic Germany
Fossils of Germany
Solnhofen fauna
Fossil taxa described in 1904
Taxa named by Otto Jaekel
West Bloomfield School District is located in the township of West Bloomfield, Michigan. It was formed in 1949 and covers approximately sixteen square miles. It serves portions of West Bloomfield, all of Keego Harbor, about 99% of Orchard Lake Village and about 10% of Sylvan Lake.

History
Settled in the early days of the 19th century, the district was originally a farming community. Late in the 19th and early in the 20th century, it became a popular lake resort area, accessible from Detroit by interurban railway. In the natural course of suburbanization, it became a highly desirable suburban bedroom community and today is a well developed and maintained area of single family homes and some up-scale condominiums and apartments.

Board of education
The board is responsible for carrying out mandatory laws as expressed in the Michigan Constitution and Michigan Statutes, Federal Laws and Regulations relating to schools and school districts.
The three main responsibilities of the board are:
 Hiring the superintendent
 Adopting policies
 Adopting the budget

West Bloomfield School District Superintendents

Warren W. Abbott (1949-1952)
Dr. Leif A. Hougen (1952-1968)
Dr. Anthony Witham (1968-1973)
Dr. Jerry J. Herman (1973-1982)
Dr. Seymour Gretchko (1982-2002)
Dr. Gary Faber (2002-2008)
Dr. JoAnne Andrees (2008-2012)
Dr. Gerald D. Hill (2012–2022)
Dr. Dania Bazzi (2022–Present)

Demographics
As of 2013 the district has 6,633 students, with 5,703 living within the district and 1,326 from outside the district as part of its "Schools of Choice" program. A 2008 survey indicated that major non-English languages spoken in families of students included Albanian, Arabic, Aramaic, Chinese, German, Hebrew, Hindi, Japanese, Korean, Romanian, Russian, Spanish and Urdu.

Preschool Academy

 West Bloomfield Preschool Academy

Elementary schools

 Doherty Elementary
 Gretchko Elementary
 Roosevelt Elementary
 Scotch Elementary
 Sheiko Elementary (Formerly Green Elementary)

Former Elementary Schools
 Gertrude V. Ealy Elementary

Middle schools
West Bloomfield Middle
Former Middle Schools
Abbott Middle
 Orchard Lake Middle

High schools

 West Bloomfield High
 Oakland Early College

Athletics
West Bloomfield Schools are a voluntary member of the Michigan High School Athletic Association (MHSAA). West Bloomfield High School is a member of the Oakland Activities Association which comprises 24 Oakland County Schools. It is divided into three or four divisions in order to develop equitable competition. Realignment takes place annually to ensure that the goals and criteria are met.

References

External links

 West Bloomfield School District

School districts established in 1949
School districts in Michigan
Education in Oakland County, Michigan
1949 establishments in Michigan
Regeringsgatans bro (The bridge of Regeringsgatan) or more correctly Regeringsgatans viadukt över Kungsgatan (Bridge of Regeringsgatan over Kungsgatan) is a bridge in central Stockholm, Sweden, taking the street Regeringsgatan over Kungsgatan. It was inaugurated in 1910.

Description
The bridge is a combined arch and beam bridge made of three reinforced concrete beams vaulted underneath and resting on two supports. Its vertical sides dressed in granite, the bridge is 11.1 metres wide with a 6.7 metres wide roadway. In contrast to the parallel bridge Malmskillnadsbron, the Bridge of Regeringsgatan is using three arches to cross Kungsgatan; the central span, 14.5 metres in length, passes over the roadway below; while the two spans on it sides, 5.5 metres in length, passes over the pavements of Kungsgatan. The unwieldy intermediate supports makes effective usage of the street width below impossible, and substituting the present construction have therefore been suggested.

Notes 
 In Swedish the word viadukt has a slightly different meaning from viaduct in English, and can thus signify basically any bridge stretching over land, typically a street or a railway, and itself typically part of a railway or motorway, regardless of the number of spans. Thus, in Swedish the Bridge of Regeringsgatan is therefore officially called a viadukt but name is here translated using the English word "bridge" instead.

See also 
 List of bridges in Stockholm
 Malmskillnadsbron

References

External links

Bridges in Stockholm
Bridges completed in 1910
Beam bridges
Arch bridges
1910 establishments in Sweden
The Château de Tayac is a castle in the commune of Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil in the Dordogne département of France.

History
The castle stands on a platform in a cliff. This platform was occupied in prehistoric times; Magdelanian and Azilian artifacts have been found. Then known as the Roc de Tayac, the early castle was built in the 13th century. During the course of the Hundred Years' War, it was held alternately by the English and the French, suffering successive sieges. It had to be rebuilt in the 16th century. In 1595, it suffered a siege during the Jacquerie des Croquants, an uprising of peasants against the king (1590–1600). In 1606, the king ordered the castle's demolition, undoubtedly following the execution of Jean Guy de Beynac who had been implicated in the Duke of Bouillon's conspiracy.

Description

The edifice is partly cut out of the rock and partly built. Its defensive walls rise on a corbelling of the cliff. The rooms, corridors and stairways are cut from the rock. Access is through a doorway beneath a semicircular arch of large stones. This entrance leads to a passage, partly excavated, partly built, under the building at right angles to the main façade which barred access to the platform. The corps de logis, parallel to the cliff, has a turret in its south west corner supported by corbels.

The castle site is state property. It has been listed since 1968 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.

See also
List of castles in France

References

External links
 

Castles in Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Archaeological museums in France
Monuments historiques of Dordogne
Glipidiomorpha rufiterga is a species of beetle in the genus Glipidiomorpha of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 2000 by Lu & Fan.

References

Beetles described in 2000
Mordellidae
Goya albivenella is a species of snout moth in the genus Goya. It was described by Émile Louis Ragonot in 1888. It is found in Argentina where it was "described from Goya, Corrientes, Argentia".

References

Moths described in 1888
Anerastiini
Moths of South America
Taxa named by Émile Louis Ragonot
Cotton Gin Port is a ghost town in Monroe County, Mississippi, United States.

Geography
Cotton Gin Port was located at  on the east bank of the Tombigbee river.

History
Cotton Gin Port was the first town settled by Europeans in what became north Mississippi. It was developed on the east bank of the Tombigbee River, at a crossing of vital Indian trails. This had been a base of expeditions of French explorers Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville in 1736 and Vaudreuil in 1752.

After the United States acquired the territory, it was first considered part of Marion County in the Alabama Territory.

The new demarcation lines of 1820-21 established a state boundary that allocated the town and related area to Mississippi.

The early U.S. government built a cotton gin in 1801 at Cotton Gin Port as part of a "plan of civilization" for the local Chickasaw, whom it wanted to have adopt European-American customs. The settlement soon became recognized as a trading post for business with the Chickasaw. A road, Gaines Trace, was built to the town in 1811 and 1812. This road ran from close to present-day Muscle Shoals on the Tennessee River to Cotton Gin Port, where it crossed the Tombigbee. From there it continued south to Fort Stoddert, Alabama.

As railroads were constructed in the region, the Kansas City, Memphis & Birmingham Railroad bypassed Cotton Gin Port, and established a new railroad town at Amory, Mississippi. In a pattern repeated in numerous other places, this bypass resulted in the older town being abandoned, as businesses and residents moved to have access to the railroad at Amory.

The ruins of the old town can still be found between the Tenn-Tom Waterway and the Tombigbee River. Relics from the former settlement can be seen at the Amory Municipal Museum. Levi Colbert, a chief of the Chickasaw, is said to have lived on the bluff west of Cotton Gin Port, near a large spreading oak known as the council tree, a meeting place for tribal elders. The former cotton gin was built near here.

References

 Elliott, Jack D. and Wells, Mary Ann. (2003). Cotton Gin Port : a frontier settlement on the Upper Tombigbee. Jackson, Mississippi: Quail Ridge Press for the Mississippi Historical Society.

External links
http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~cmamcrk4/pkt14.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20120219002136/http://files.usgwarchives.org/ms/monroe/history/cottongp.txt

Former populated places in Monroe County, Mississippi
Ghost towns in Mississippi
National Register of Historic Places in Monroe County, Mississippi
Populated places on the National Register of Historic Places in Mississippi
Chickasaw
Louisiana (New France)
Pre-statehood history of Mississippi
Native American history of Mississippi
The Ibicaba Farm (in Portuguese: Fazenda Ibicaba) is one of the most known farms of Brazil. Established in 1817 by senator Nicolau Vergueiro, it was widely known as one of the most macabre symbols of slavery in the province of São Paulo. Afterwards, it became a pioneer in the replacement of the African enslaved by European immigrants' labour and in the use of the steam engine, cart and plough. The Ibicaba has also served as a military headquarters during the Paraguayan War, receiving the Emperor Dom Pedro II, princess Isabel and her husband, the count Gaston of Eu. In the 19th century, it was the stage of a revolt of the European immigrants that worked there, led by Thomas Davatz, a Swiss immigrant. The revolt exposed to the European authorities the conditions in which their former citizens lived in Brazil. By 1882, Italian immigration to Brazil grew significantly, encouraging the aftermost massive immigration of Italians to the whole state of São Paulo, including its capital. In 1890, the farm was bought by the Levy family, and then reduced thanks to the allotment and inheritance conditions. In 1975, the farm was sold to the Carvalhaes family, who still own it today. Since the 1990s, it's being used as a museum and tourist site.

References 

Historic sites in Brazil
Limeira
Slavery in Brazil
Ulotrichopus trisa is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Charles Swinhoe in 1899. It is found in India.

References

Moths described in 1899
Ulotrichopus
Moths of Asia
Balnapaling  () is a village on the north side of the Cromarty Firth, opposite Cromarty, located in eastern Ross-shire, Scottish Highlands and is in the Scottish council area of Highland.

References

Populated places in Ross and Cromarty
The Deutsch-Englische Gesellschaft (German-English Society) was the German sister organization of the Anglo-German Fellowship. It was formed in Berlin, Germany, around 1935, under support of the . The Dienststelle Ribbentrop was created by Joachim von Ribbentrop in 1935, and was to function parallel to the German foreign ministry. Using unconventional diplomacy, the Dienststelle was to sway British-German relations.

References

External links
 

1935 establishments in Germany
Germany–United Kingdom bilateral relations organisations
Organizations established in 1935
United Kingdom friendship associations
Germany friendship associations
Organisations based in Berlin
Foreign relations of Nazi Germany
Low Lake (or Lac Low) is a lake in western Quebec, Canada. It is located in the municipality of Baie-James.

Lakes of Nord-du-Québec
The following is the discography of the Native American/Mexican American rock band Redbone.

Studio albums

Live album
Redbone Live (recorded 1977; released 1994) as Avenue/Rhino 71632

Compilation albums
 Come and Get Your Redbone: The Best of Redbone (1975) as Epic PG-33456 [2LP]; reissued on CD in 2014 as Floating World FLOAT-6221
 The Best of Redbone (1976) as Dominion/K-Tel 833 [note: re-recordings of their classic songs]
 The Very Best of Redbone (1991) as Epic/Sony Music Distribution 4679362 [UK import]; reissued in 2019 as Music On CD MOC-13719
 Greatest Songs (Come and Get Your Love) (1995) as Curb 77746
 Golden Classics (1996) as Collectables 5802 [note: this is a 2LP-on-1CD reissue of Potlatch and Message from a Drum plus two singles]
 To the Bone (1998) as Sony Music Special Products 28581
Wet Willie and Redbone: Take 2 (2002) as Sony Music Special Products 52777 [five songs by each band]
 The Essential Redbone (2003) as Epic/Legacy 86072
 It's Your World: Redbone's Greatest Hits (2009)
 Redbone: A's & B's (2023) as Beat Goes On BGOCD-1488 [UK import]

Singles

Other appearances
Guardians of the Galaxy: Awesome Mix Vol. 1 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) (2014) [features "Come and Get Your Love"]

Notes

References

Rock music group discographies
Discographies of American artists
WKXI-FM (107.5 MHz, "Kixie 107") is an urban adult contemporary music formatted radio station licensed to Magee, Mississippi and serving Jackson.  The station is owned by Alpha Media, through licensee Alpha Media Licensee LLC. Along with five other sister stations, its studios are located in Ridgeland, a suburb of Jackson, while the transmitter tower is south of Pelahatchie.

History
The Southeast Mississippi Broadcasting Company, which owned WSJC (810 AM) in Magee, received a construction permit on December 15, 1966, for an FM station to serve the same town. By 1968, construction was underway, including on an auxiliary studio for both stations in Mendenhall. The station did not sign on until April 12, 1970; it aired a variety of musical formats and simulcast the AM during the early morning hours.

In 1987, CSB Communications acquired the WSJC stations for $2.2 million. The FM station increased its presence in Jackson by flipping to adult contemporary as WMJW "Majic 107". The format lasted until 1991, when CSB leased the station to Opus Media, which changed the FM to a simulcast of its WKXI and its "soft soul" format; all 16 WMJW employees were laid off.

References

External links
WKXI-FM official website

KXI-FM
Urban adult contemporary radio stations in the United States
Alpha Media radio stations
This is a list of Canadian films which were released in 1994:

See also
 1994 in Canada
 1994 in Canadian television

External links
Feature Films Released In 1994 With Country of Origin Canada at IMDb

1994
1994 in Canadian cinema
Canada
James or Jim Carroll may refer to:

 James Carroll (actor) (1956–2016), American-born Canadian actor and radio personality
 James Carroll (Australian politician) (1855–1927), Australian politician
 James Carroll (captain) (1840–1912), Irish American steamship captain
 James Carroll (cricketer) (1843–1926), English cricketer
 James Carroll (Dublin politician) (1907–1973), Irish independent politician, represented Dublin South West from 1957 to 1965
 James Carroll (Louth politician) (born 1983), Irish Fianna Fáil Senator from Louth
 James Carroll (Maryland politician) (1791–1873), American
 James Carroll (New Zealand politician) (1857–1926), New Zealand politician
 James Carroll (author) (born 1943), American author, novelist, Roman Catholic dissident, and columnist for the Boston Globe
 James Carroll (scientist) (1854–1907), American scientist
 James Bernard Carroll (1856–1932), Associate Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court
 James H. Carroll (c. 1876–1950), American politician
 James Milton Carroll (1852–1931), Baptist pastor, leader, historian, and author
 James T. Carroll (California politician) (1877–1939), member of the Los Angeles City Council
 James T. Carroll (New York politician) (1875–1940), member of the New York State Assembly
 James W. Carroll, American politician, senior White House staffer
 James Marmion Gilmor Carroll (1884–1962), Anglo-Irish Roman Catholic and businessman
 James Rawson Carroll (1830–1911), Irish architect

Jim Carroll 
 Jim Carroll (1949–2009), author, poet and punk musician
 Jim Carroll (American football) (born 1943), former American football linebacker
 Jim Carroll (journalist) (born 1968), Irish music journalist and broadcaster
 Jim Carroll (Australian footballer) (born 1939), Australian rules footballer
 Jim Carroll (Vermont politician) (born 1961), member of the Vermont House of Representatives

See also 
 James Carroll Beckwith (1852–1917), American portrait painter
 James Booker (James Carroll Booker, 1939–1983), American musician
Pollenia griseotomentosa is a species of cluster fly in the family Polleniidae.

Distribution
Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine. Introduced Canada.

References

Polleniidae
Insects described in 1944
Diptera of Europe
Christian Broda (born 12 March 1916 in Vienna, died 1 February 1987 in Vienna) was an Austrian lawyer and politician of the Social Democratic Party of Austria. He served as Minister of Justice of Austria from 1960 to 1966 in the third cabinet of Julius Raab, and again as Minister of Justice in the cabinet of Bruno Kreisky from 1970 to 1983. He was awarded the European Human Rights Prize of the Council of Europe in 1986.

Literature 
 Béla Rásky: "Christian Broda". In: Herbert Dachs (ed.), Die Politiker. Karrieren und Wirken bedeutender Repräsentanten der Zweiten Republik. Vienna: Manz 1995.

External links 

Government ministers of Austria
1916 births
1987 deaths
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Justice ministers of Austria
"I Don't Have Far to Fall" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Skip Ewing. It was released in August 1988 as the second single from the album The Coast of Colorado.  The song reached number 8 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.  Ewing wrote the song with Don Sampson.

Music video
The music video was directed by Jim May and premiered in mid-1988.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

1988 singles
1988 songs
Skip Ewing songs
Songs written by Skip Ewing
Song recordings produced by Jimmy Bowen
MCA Records singles
Songs written by Don Sampson