Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
The Nietzsche Archive (German: Nietzsche-Archiv) is the first organization that dedicated itself to archive and document the life and work of the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, all sourced from Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, the philosopher's sister.

The Nietzsche Archive was founded in 1894 in Naumburg, Germany, and found a permanent location at Weimar. Its history until the middle of the 20th century was closely tied to its founder and chief for many years, Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, the philosopher's sister. Though from its inception the archive came under much criticism for doctoring, or even forging, documents to support certain ideological purposes, the Archive was, until the end of the Second World War, a location of central importance for Nietzsche's reception in Germany. In the GDR it was affiliated with the  (National Research and Memorial Sites of Classical German Literature in Weimar), and formally dissolved in 1956. Its holdings were made accessible for western researchers, most notably Mazzino Montinari, who replaced the dubious old Archiv's Nietzsche editions with new ones. In the GDR, however, Nietzsche was still a forbidden author, with all of his works being banned.

Since German reunification, the archive's holdings are in possession of the , now called the Klassik Stiftung Weimar. The archive's domicile, the Villa Silberblick, is now a museum.

History

Objectives 
Elisabeth Förster planned the establishment of a Nietzsche Archive after returning to Germany from Paraguay in the Fall of 1893. The purpose of the archive was to collect resources to keep them from being scattered and to secure a monopoly over their value—not unusual at that time.

From the beginning of the 1890s, the reception of Nietzsche's works in the German-speaking world grew enormously. The Nietzsche Archive attempted to attain the legal rights of interpretation of Friedrich Nietzsche and his philosophies in public discussions. Not only did Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche's biographies serve these discussions, but also a multitude of journals and newspaper articles which came from the archive and the surrounding areas. Förster-Nietzsche had already collected documents from her admired brother since her youth and then began to buy up all of his mail correspondences for a substantial sum. These letters were therefore also published directly and indirectly by the archive alongside Nietzsche's works. Another reason for the publishing frenzy from the archive and its monopolization of Nietzsche's work might also have been to earn large profits from them.

References

External links 
 Nietzsche Archive
 Friedrich Nietzsche College

Libraries in Germany
Friedrich Nietzsche
Buildings and structures in Weimar
Culture in Weimar
Libraries established in 1894
Gibberula bulbosa is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Cystiscidae.

References

bensoni
Gastropods described in 1865
Cystiscidae
Chu Hui (; born 21 February 1969) is a Chinese basketball player. She competed in the women's tournament at the 1996 Summer Olympics.

References

1969 births
Living people
Chinese women's basketball players
Olympic basketball players for China
Basketball players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Basketball players from Liaoning
Sir Gordon Wallace QC, born Gordon Isaacs (22 January 1900 – 11 December 1987) was an Australian judge.

Wallace was born at Redfern in Sydney to coachbuilder Jacob Albert Clarke Isaacs and Euphemia, née Wallace. He attended Sydney Boys High School from 1912 to 1915, and in 1916 entered the Royal Military College, Duntroon, as a staff cadet. He graduated as a lieutenant on 10 December 1919 and worked for the British Army before joining the Australian Staff Corps (1920–1922). After his resignation he served in the Citizen Military Forces, becoming a major by 1929. He also studied law at the University of Sydney, receiving his Bachelor of Law in 1927. He married Marjorie Mary Mullins on 19 May 1927 at Vaucluse, converting to Anglicanism from congregationalism.

Isaacs was called to the bar on 10 May 1928 and changed his name by deed poll in 1933 in order to counter anti-Semitism, although he was never Jewish. He was appointed King's Counsel in 1940, and wrote on Australian company law with Percy Spender and later with John Young. World War II saw him resumed service with the Citizen Military Forces and from 1942 with the Australian Imperial Force. He commanded an anti-aircraft battery in Sydney from 1940 to 1942 and was briefly posted to New Guinea and the Northern Territory. He was transferred to the reserve of officers as an honorary colonel in October 1944. In 1940 he had run as one of three United Australia Party candidates for the federal seat of Parramatta.

Wallace appeared frequently before the High Court and often represented the New South Wales commissioner of stamp duties before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. From 1952 to 1953 he was a member of the Commonwealth committee on taxation and he appeared before the royal commission on liquor laws (1951–54) on behalf of Tooth & Co. From 1956 to 1958 he was president of the New South Wales Bar Association and in 1957 suggested the idea for the Australian Bar Association, founded in 1962. He was vice-president of the Law Council of Australia in 1957.

Wallace was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales in March 1960, and supported the creation of a Court of Appeal, becoming inaugural president in January 1966. He was knighted in 1968 and acting chief justice from 1 October 1968 to 3 February 1969; his swift rise in seniority earned him the ire of some colleagues. From 1960 to 1965 he was president of the International Law Association's Australian branch. He was also active in the community as president of the Australasian Pioneers' Club (1962–64), the University Club (1969–71) and the Elanora Country Club. In January 1970, having reached the statuary retirement age, he was instead called upon to preside over the 1970–74 royal commission into oil drilling on the Great Barrier Reef. His wife died in 1980 and Wallace followed her at Wahroonga in 1987, survived by his daughter and son.

References

1900 births
1987 deaths
Judges of the Supreme Court of New South Wales
Presidents of the NSW Court of Appeal
Australian Knights Bachelor
Royal Military College, Duntroon graduates
Australian King's Counsel
The Sonata for Solo Violin Sz. 117, BB 124, is a sonata for unaccompanied violin composed by Béla Bartók. It was premiered by Yehudi Menuhin, to whom it was dedicated, in New York on 26 November 1944.

Background

Violinist Yehudi Menuhin commissioned a work for solo violin from Bartók in November 1943. It was written in New York and in Asheville, North Carolina, where Bartók underwent treatment for leukemia. Bartók finished composing the piece in March 1944. He wrote letters to Menuhin in April and June 1944 to agree on minor changes to make the Sonata easier to play.

Structure and analysis

The Sonata consists of four movements:

The Tempo di ciaccona is essentially a sonata-form movement written somewhat in the style of a chaconne, even though it is not its form. It is full of typical Hungarian folk intervals and harmonies. The Fuga begins with a four-voice fugue on a pulsating, staccato melody. After a section where the melody is accompanied quietly with fast running notes, it returns as a series of chords, alternately played with the bow and plucked in inversion. Nevertheless, it is not a strict fugue, as every episode introduces new material to the subject. The Melodia begins with a lyrical melody, stated alone and in all different registers of the instrument. It continues in sixths, octaves, and tenths, accompanied by trills and tremolos. The Presto alternates between a very quiet, fast, bumblebee-like passage played with a mute, and a cheerful melody. Bartók originally wrote the rapid passages in quarter-tones, but many violinists choose to perform a version, suggested by Menuhin, that only uses the standard 12 notes of Western classical music. Three contrasting themes appear throughout this movement, all of which re-appear in the final coda.

The Solo Sonata presents violinists with many difficulties and uses the full gamut of violin techniques: several notes played simultaneously (multiple stops), artificial harmonics, left-hand pizzicato executed simultaneously with a melody played with the bow, and wide leaps between pitches.

References 
Notes

Sources

External links 

Compositions by Béla Bartók
Bartok, Sonata for Solo Violin
Bartok
1944 compositions
The Culver Model V was a two-seat cabin monoplane designed and built by the Culver Aircraft Company.

Design and development
Based on the pre-World War II Cadet and using the wartime experience with radio-controlled aircraft the company designed a two-seat cabin monoplane. The Model V had a low-set cantilever wing with the outer panels having a pronounced dihedral. It had a tricycle retractable landing gear and an enclosed cabin with side by side seating for two. It was unique in that it had a system called Simpli-Fly Control where the aircraft was automatically trimmed for takeoff, landing and cruise, by turning a small metal wheel between the two seats and lining up two arrows with the mode of flying the aircraft. Interconnecting controls then adjusted the trim according to the arrow settings.

In 1956 the Superior Aircraft Company bought the assets of Culver and put the Model V back into production as the Superior Satellite. The main difference was the use of a 95 hp Continental engine which increased the cruise speed to 130 mph (209 km/h). Only a prototype and five production aircraft were built.

Variants
V-1
Initial production variant.
V-2
Improved variant.
Superior Satellite
1956 variant with a 95hp Continental engine.
TD4C
USN radio-controlled target version of the V-2
UC
The utility version of the TD4C, also converted to target drone as the UC-1K.

Specifications (V-1)

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Photo at aerofiles.com
 "Culver Model V", August 1946, Popular Science large pull out color photo

V
1940s United States civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Target drones of the United States
Aircraft first flown in 1946
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Esteli (erected 17 December 1962) is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Managua.

Ordinaries
Clemente Carranza y López (12 January 1963 – 7 February 1978)
Rubén López Ardón (2 January 1979 – 6 March 1990)
Juan Abelardo Mata Guevara, S.D.B. (6 March 1990 – 6 July 2021)

External links and references

Esteli
Esteli
Esteli
Estelí
A ton of refrigeration (TR or TOR), also called a refrigeration ton (RT), is a unit of power used in some countries (especially in North America) to describe the heat-extraction capacity of refrigeration and air conditioning equipment.
It was originally defined as the rate of heat transfer that results in the freezing or melting of  of pure ice at  in 24 hours. 

The modern definition is exactly . Air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment capacity in the U.S. is often specified in "tons" (of refrigeration). Many manufacturers also specify capacity in Btu/h, especially when specifying the performance of smaller equipment.

History
The ton of refrigeration is equivalent to the consumption of one ton of ice per day and originated during the transition from stored natural ice to mechanical refrigeration. Just as horsepower and candlepower were intuitive units of measure for people living through the transition from horse to steam power and from flame-based to electric lighting, so was the ton of refrigeration an intuitive unit of measure during a technological change, as the ice trade gradually included growing percentages of artificial ice (ice from ice-making plant) in addition to its natural ice supplies. The TR unit was developed during the 1880s. Its definition was set at the level of an industry standard in 1903, when Thomas Shipley of the York Manufacturing Company led the formation of an industry association (the Ice Machine Builders Association of the United States) along with standardization of several equipment specifications. In 1904 these efforts led to the founding of the American Society of Refrigerating Engineers (ASRE), which was one of the predecessors of ASHRAE.

See also
 Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 
 Joule
 Ton

References

Bibliography
 

Units of power
Customary units of measurement in the United States

pt:TR
Terminal respiratory secretions (or simply terminal secretions), known colloquially as a death rattle, are sounds often produced by someone who is near death as a result of fluids such as saliva and bronchial secretions accumulating in the throat and upper chest. Those who are dying may lose their ability to swallow and may have increased production of bronchial secretions, resulting in such an accumulation. Usually, two or three days earlier, the symptoms of approaching death can be observed as saliva accumulates in the throat, making it very difficult to take even a spoonful of water. Related symptoms can include shortness of breath and rapid chest movement.  While death rattle is a strong indication that someone is near death, it can also be produced by other problems that cause interference with the swallowing reflex, such as brain injuries.

It is sometimes misinterpreted as the sound of the person choking to death or gargling.

Timing 
This symptom most commonly appears sometime during the last 24 hours of the person's life, although some people live somewhat longer.

Management 
The dying person is usually unaware of the noisy breathing and is not disturbed by it, but some healthcare providers attempt to minimize the sound for the emotional comfort of family members and caregivers.  This may be done through repositioning the person, reducing the volume of IV fluids being given, or giving anticholinergic drugs to reduce secretions. In hospice and palliative care, drugs such as glycopyrronium, hyoscine hydrobromide (scopolamine) or atropine may be used for their anticholinergic effects to reduce secretions and minimize this effect.

See also
 Agonal respiration
 End-of-life care

References

External links

 Pulmonary Breath Sounds, a page that includes a death rattle sound clip (published by East Tennessee State University)

Death
Sounds by type
World Whisky Day was founded in 2012 and falls on the third Saturday of May each year.

Founding 
World Whisky Day was founded in 2012 by Blair Bowman while studying at the University of Aberdeen.

Participation 
Participants are encouraged to drink whisky on the day at events which may be officially registered on the World Whisky Day website. Others participate via social media using the #worldwhiskyday hashtag.

The organisers estimate that approximately 250,000 people participated in registered events during the 2014 World Whisky Day.

In 2015, World Whisky Day events were registered on all seven continents.

Sale 
World Whisky Day's assets were sold in February 2015 to the drinks magazine, Hot Rum Cow.

Recognition by the Scottish Parliament 
The day was recognised by Members of the Scottish Parliament in a motion in May 2014 and again in 2015.

Partnerships 
A World Whisky Day blend was produced in 2012, 2013 and 2014 by Master of Malt.

The day publicly supports the charitable organization Just a Drop.

References 

May observances
Whisky
Observances about food and drink
Michael Thomas Futrell (born January 27, 1982) is an American politician from Virginia. A member of the Democratic Party, Futrell served a term in the Virginia House of Delegates, representing the second district.

Political career 
Futrell represented the Second District in Virginia's House of Delegates. In 2013 Futrell ran unopposed in the June 11 Democratic primary and defeated incumbent Mark Dudenhefer (R) in the general election on November 5, 2013. In 2015, Futrell served on the following House committees: Finance, Privileges and Elections, and Science and Technology.  Futrell sought the Democratic nomination in the 29th District of the Senate of Virginia in the June 2015 primary.  After failing to win the senatorial nomination, Futrell announced that he would not seek reelection to the House of Delegates but planned to focus on making an impact in his community in other ways.

While in the House of Delegates, Futrell supported numerous bills.  In January 2015, Futrell teamed up with Senator Donald McEachin to introduce the Community Policing Act (Body Camera Bill) in the Senate of Virginia and in the House of Delegates.  The bill included establishing and updating a number of minimum training standards for law enforcement agencies across the Commonwealth and developing a comprehensive, statewide, long-range plan for strengthening and improving law enforcement and the administration of criminal justice throughout the Commonwealth with periodic updates to the plan. The bill also included a focus on improving community police relations. While in the House of Delegates Futrell was also a patron of the Ban the Box movement in Virginia. This new practice eliminates from job applications a requirement that applicants disclose felony convictions through marking a checkbox, in order to give each person with a previous felony a better chance to follow a law-abiding life through gainful employment. Futrell also sponsored bills focusing on the state infrastructure fund, various veteran's issues, and reforming healthcare in Virginia.

References

External links
 

Living people
Democratic Party members of the Virginia House of Delegates
Politicians from Toledo, Ohio
People from Prince William County, Virginia
1982 births
Lindsey Wilson College alumni
State Route 241 (SR 241) is a north–south state highway in the northeastern portion of the U.S. state of Ohio.  Its southern terminus is at U.S. Route 62 in Millersburg, and its northern terminus is at State Route 18 in Akron.

History
SR 241 was commissioned in 1924, between Massillon and Akron. The route was extended south to Millersburg in 1937. In 2009 the northern terminus was changed from Massillon Road to Seiberling Street and Innovation Way in Akron.

Major intersections

References

External links

241
Transportation in Holmes County, Ohio
Transportation in Stark County, Ohio
Transportation in Wayne County, Ohio
Transportation in Summit County, Ohio
The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Narrow Gauge Depot-LaMotte is a historic building formerly located in La Motte, Iowa, United States. The Chicago, Bellevue, Cascade & Western Railroad was incorporated in August 1877, to build a narrow-gauge railway from Bellevue to Cascade. Narrow-gauge was chosen because it was cheaper to build, and it could negotiate the tight turns on the rugged terrain better. Construction began the following year, but lack of money doomed the project. The Chicago, Clinton, Dubuque and Minnesota Railroad took over the project, and it was completed on December 30, 1879. The first train reached Cascade on January 1, 1880. Ten months later they sold all their holdings to the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, and this line became a branch line of the Milwaukee Road.  That same year a frame depot was built in La Motte. It served as a combination freight and passenger station until it was destroyed by fire in 1910. This depot replaced it the following year. The 1½-story frame combination station represents the corporate style and standardized practices of the Milwaukee Road. However, it reflects the depots they built in the late 19th century, so it was somewhat outdated when it was built.

The depot served its purpose until the Milwaukee Road abandoned the line in 1936. There were 12 to 15 narrow gauge railroads built in Iowa, and this one survived longer than any of the others. The depot mostly sat empty until its exterior was refurbished by a group of volunteers for La Motte's Centennial in 1979. Rick Clasen, a local restaurant owner, bought the property in 1994 and continued to refurbish it. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) the following year. When Clasen sold the property he donated the building to the Jackson County Historical Society, who moved it to the Clinton Engines Site in Maquoketa, Iowa. It was removed from the NRHP in 2022.

References

Railway stations in the United States opened in 1911
Railway stations closed in 1936
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Jackson County, Iowa
Transportation buildings and structures in Jackson County, Iowa
La Motte
Former National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Gerd Greune (15 March 1949 in Hannover – 24 August 2012 in Hamburg Germany) was the president of the Institute for International Assistance and Solidarity (IFIAS).

He graduated as a teacher but discovered politics very early. The right to conscientious objection was his first political issue, developing into a general involvement in the German and international Peace movement and campaigning against the stationing of nuclear weapons in Europe and nuclear arms in general. From 1986 to 1997 he worked as a political adviser to the Executive Board of the Social-Democratic Party of Germany. He founded the IFIAS Brussels in 1997.

His interests were particularly Human Rights, Freedom of Media, anti-militarisation and conflict resolution. As President of IFIAS, he represented the organisation and was responsible, together with the Board, for the general directions of IFIAS projects. He worked as adviser on European projects in Bonn and Brussels.

Gerd Greune had five children.

References

External links
http://www.ifias.eu
C.V. of Gerd Greune 

1949 births
2012 deaths
Politicians from Hanover
Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
German Peace Society members
Conscientious objectors
Pumiliopareia is an extinct genus of pareiasaurid parareptile from the Permian period of South Africa. It is known from a complete skeleton with osteoderms.

Description
Pumiliopareia was about 50 cm in length with a 12 cm skull.  It is the smallest known member of the pareiasaurs, measuring only a fifth as long as some of its larger relatives. Like Anthodon, its body was entirely covered with osteoderms. In analyses that support a pareiasaur origin of turtles, the sister taxon of the testudines. However it specifically shares with turtles a single trait only: Ribs greatly expanded anteroposteriorly (i.e. wide).

Classification
Originally included under the genus Nanoparia, it was given its own name by Lee 1997 who found it did not form a clade with Nanoparia luckhoffi, the type species of that genus, and preferred to have monophyletic genera. Nanoparia may still be a paraphyletic genus, which is allowed in Linanean binomial taxonomy, or it may be that all three pumiliopareiasaurs are similar enough to belong to single genus.

External links
 Elginiidae and Pumiliopareiasauria at Palaeos

References 

Pareiasaurs
Permian reptiles of Africa
Fossil taxa described in 1948
Prehistoric reptile genera
The British Hot Rod Association (BHRA) was formed on September 1, 1960, by the amalgamation of a number of sprint racing clubs by Brian Coole, American Lee Siebenthaler and Vic Outen. It was established to unify the clubs, and organised drag races at disused airfields like Duxford Aerodrome and RAF Graveley Royal Air Force station and ran the first British drag racing meeting.

In 1967, it was wound up and members joined the British Drag Racing Association which then become the British Drag Racing & Hot Rod Association.

The name of the British Hot Rod Association was revived in 1994 as a hot rod and custom car club in the Medway and north-west Kent area.

References

External links
 

Drag racing organizations