Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
The Lviv High Castle (; ) is a historic castle located on the top of the Castle Hill of the city of Lviv, Ukraine. It is currently the highest point in the city,  above sea level. The castle currently stands in ruins.

The High Castle is proximate to the centre of Lviv (see picture), formerly being surrounded by a fortification wall. The Castle Hill took its name from the High Castle (as opposed to the other, Low Castle), which used to be located on the hill from the 13th century to the late 19th century. The castle was a main defensive fort of the city during its existence.

History 
Before the castle was built, there were certainly defensive structures in Lviv, but their shape and exact location are unknown. As it follows from Rus' Chronicles, the first wooden structures were built by Leo I of Halych. In 1261 by a request of Mongol military leader Boroldai they were destroyed. Before 1283 they were rebuilt. Here was the treasury of the kingdom of Rus', including crowns, thrones and precious crosses with parts of the True Cross.

According to chronicler Jan Długosz in 1340, when Lviv was captured by Casimir III of Poland, the king ordered city's fortifications to be dismantled. In 1351 Lithuanian prince Liubartas captured and burned down Lviv. Two years later in 1353 Liubartas again invaded the city this time destroying it completely. Casimir III built a new town on the Poltva River and granted it a Magdeburg rights in 1356.

A new brick castle appeared on the hill in 1362 by the king Casmimir III. It became the residence of Polish nobles. In 1537, the castle witnessed a rebellion known as the Chicken War against Polish king Sigismund I the Old and his wife Bona Sforza.

The castle was rebuilt and repaired many times. In the times of Khmelnytsky Uprising it was taken by Cossack forces of Colonel Maksym Kryvonis in October 1648. In 1704, when Lviv was occupied by Swedes the castle was heavily damaged. In 1777, Austrians initiated disassembling of fortifications around the castle.

In the 19th century, the then destroyed castle was taken apart and new facilities were built in its place. The fortification was strengthened, trees were planted on the hill's slope, and a park was constructed. On the place where the castle once stood, a Union of Lublin Mound was constructed in 1869, dedicated to the 300-years of the Union of Lublin. Currently, an observation platform is located atop the kurgan. In 1957, a 141-meter tall television tower was constructed on a ridge of the hill (see picture).

In 2004-2005, there were talks of reconstructing a stone castle on the hill. The project gained some support and opposition. However, at this time, plans for the construction of the castle are not realistic.

In culture 
Highcastle: A Remembrance (), a 1966 coming-of-age autobiographical novel by the Polish, Lviv-born, science fiction writer Stanisław Lem, refers to the castle.

References

Further reading

A. Kozykyi, "Vysokyi Zamok", in Encyklopediya L'vova vol. 1, 2007, p. 366-368.

Buildings and structures in Lviv
Former castles in Ukraine
History of Lviv
Residences of Polish monarchs
USNS Richard E. Byrd (T-AKE-4) is a Lewis and Clark-class dry cargo ship in the United States Navy. She is the second United States Navy ship to be named after polar explorer Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd (1888–1957).

The contract to build her was awarded to National Steel and Shipbuilding Company (NASSCO) of San Diego, California, on 18 July 2003.  She was launched from the building ways into the San Diego Bay on the evening of 15 May 2007; Bolling Byrd Clarke, Admiral Byrd's eldest daughter, broke the ceremonial bottle of champagne on the ship's bow to start the launch amid fireworks and fanfare.  Construction continued until the U.S. Navy accepted her on 14 November 2007.  Additional construction work continued until she was delivered to Military Sealift Command (MSC) for crewing and placed in service on 8 January 2008.

She completed a fitting-out period as well as multiple operational inspections and trials, including a full INSURV inspection on 27 March 2008.  A final period of modifications and design alterations was completed during a 70-day availability before full fleet introduction on 25 July 2008.  The ship joined the Pacific Fleet and predominantly operates in the Far East and Indian Ocean operation areas.

In May 2009, Richard E. Byrd was identified to conduct Pacific Partnership 2009 as a last minute replacement for the USS Dubuque (LPD-8), which was sidelined due to an outbreak of H1N1 virus.  Pacific Partnership 2009 visited American Samoa, Tonga, New Caledonia, Kiribati (Tarawa), and the Marshall Islands from June to September.  In the few weeks after being selected, the ship was outfitted with a quick-designed Reverse Osmosis Unit to make sufficient clean water while loitering in the remote waters and additional logistical items were brought aboard. Byrd embarked PHIBRON2 and staff, several NGOs, and allied partners during an at-sea transfer from USNS Amelia Earhart (T-AKE-6).   This embarkation swelled the crew size to over 300 persons, requiring a USCG waiver.  After completing the mission, the ship offloaded the embarked crew and Reverse Osmosis Unit and returned normal duties.  One of those duties included providing Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief efforts to Padang, Indonesia, in October 2009.

In March 2011 during Operation Tomodachi, Richard E. Byrd embarked SA-330J Puma helicopters airlifted hundreds of pallets of relief supplies to  and landing dock ships  and . Byrd completed 16 underway replenishment evolutions, delivering 210,000 gallons (800 m³) of fuel to Tomodachi-support ships.

In August 2014, the ship rescued nine Yemeni sailors from their stricken dhow in the Sea of Oman.

References

External links

 USS Richard E. Byrd (DDG-23) veterans' website 

 

Lewis and Clark-class dry cargo ships
2007 ships
The Moradi Formation is a geological formation in Niger. It is of Late Permian age.  It is informally divided into three subunits. The lower portion of the formation consists of red mudstone, with muddy calcareous sandstone and quartz-granlule conglomerate present as lenses. The middle portion consists of muddy siltstone in thick beds interbedded with red argillaceous sandstone. The lower two thirds of the upper portion of the formation consist of red siltstone intercalated with channel lag intraformational conglomerates, while the upper third consists of barchanoid shaped lenses of conglomeratic sandstone with ventifacts. These facies are indicatived of deposition under arid conditions, with less than  of annual rainfall in the Central Pangean desert, with annual temperatures of , but with ephemeral water presence including lakes.

Fossil content 
The formation is known for its fossils, including the temnospondyls Nigerpeton and Saharastega, the pareiasaur Bunostegos, the captorhinid Moradisaurus, as well as a large indeterminate gorgonopsid. Dicynodonts, widespread in other contemporary deposits, appear to be absent, with previous reports being in error. The flora of the formation includes indeterminate voltzian conifers.

References 

Geologic formations of Niger
Permian System of Africa
Changhsingian
Conglomerate formations
Mudstone formations
Sandstone formations
Shale formations
Fluvial deposits
Ichnofossiliferous formations
Permian southern paleotemperate deposits
Paleontology in Niger
A wharf is a fixed platform where ships are loaded and unloaded.

Wharf or Wharfe may also refer to:

Places
The Wharf (Washington, D.C.), a multi-use development in southwest Washington, D.C.
Wharfe, North Yorkshire, a village in England
River Wharfe, in Yorkshire, England

Other
 Alex Wharf (born 1975), English cricketer
 The Wharf (Holdings), Hong Kong company
 The Wharf (newspaper), produced at Canary Wharf, London

See also
Wharf Theatre (disambiguation)
Warf (disambiguation)
Warth (disambiguation)
Worf (disambiguation)
Benjamin Lee Whorf, American linguist
Snelston is a civil parish in the Derbyshire Dales district of Derbyshire, England.  The parish contains 21 listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England.  Of these, one is listed at Grade II*, the middle of the three grades, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade.  The parish contains the village of Snelston and the surrounding countryside. The major building in the parish was the original Snelston Hall, which has been largely demolished.  The remains of the hall are listed, together with associated structures, including the stable block that has been converted into the present Snelston Hall.  The other listed buildings are a church, houses, farmhouses and cottages, a war memorial and a telephone kiosk.


Key

Buildings

References

Citations

Sources

 

Lists of listed buildings in Derbyshire
This is a list of awards and nominations received by The Boyz, a South Korean boy group formed by Cre.ker Entertainment. Their debut extended play The First, second extended play The Start and third extended play The Only, released in December 2017, April 2018 and November 2018, respectively, won the group several new artist awards between 2018 and 2019, including the 2nd Soribada Best K-Music Awards, the 3rd Asia Artist Awards and the 9th Gaon Chart Music Awards.

Awards and nominations

References

Awards
Lists of awards received by South Korean musician
Akyaung Ari, or Ngachan, is a Tangkhulic language spoken in Myanmar. It is most closely related to Somra. It is spoken in Heinkut, Jagram, and Ngachan villages of Leshi Township, Sagaing Division, Myanmar. Ngachan shares 52% lexical similarity with Tanghkul Naga of Somra, 23% with Tangkhul Naga of Ukhrul in India, and 23% with Koki Naga.

References

Languages of Myanmar
Tangkhulic languages
Niranjan Sengupta (26 July 1904 - 4 September 1969) was a Bengali Indian revolutionary and freedom fighter. He was a leader of Communist Party of India (Marxist).He was born in Jhalokathi district of Barisal.

Revolutionary activities
The first elected student union in India was at Ripon College with Niranjan Sengupta as its president. Niranjan was a leader of the Barisal branch of Dhaka Anushilan Samiti. In 1929, he was one of the leaders who led to the formation of the neo-violence confederation. In 1930, in connection with the Mechuabazar Bomb Case, he got arrested with 23 others. In 1932, He was sent to the Andaman Cellular jail with other revolutionaries where he became acquainted with Communist ideas.

Later he became a Marxist and joined the Communist Party of India in 1938. He was one of the seven members of an inner committee set up by the Communist Party of India Politburo. He also had important role during the inner-party struggle of this communist party. He was elected as a member of Legislative Assembly of West Bengal in 1957 election from Bijpur. After the split in the Communist Party of India, Niranjan remained with the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)). He was also a minister in the coalition ministry of West Bengal in 1967 - 1968 and 1969.

Notes

External links
 Muktadhara article

Anushilan Samiti
Revolutionary movement for Indian independence
Indian revolutionaries
People from Barisal District
University of Calcutta alumni
1903 births
1969 deaths
Communist Party of India politicians from West Bengal
The set balancing problem in mathematics is the problem of dividing a set to two subsets that have roughly the same characteristics. It arises naturally in design of experiments.

There is a group of subjects. Each subject has several features, which are considered binary. For example: each subject can be either young or old; either black or white; either tall or short; etc. The goal is to divide the subjects to two sub-groups: treatment group (T) and control group (C), such that for each feature, the number of subjects that have this feature in T is roughly equal to the number of subjects that have this feature in C. E.g., both groups should have roughly the same number of young people, the same number of black people, the same number of tall people, etc.

Matrix representation 
Formally, the set balancing problem can be described as follows.

 is the number of subjects in the general population.

 is the number of potential features.

The subjects are described by , an  matrix with entries in . Each column represents a subject and each row represents a feature.   if subject  has feature , and  if subject  does not have feature .

The partition to groups is described by , an  vector with entries in .  if subject  is in the treatment group T and  is subject  is in the control group C.

The balance of features is described by . This is an  vector. The numeric value of  is the imbalance in feature : if  then there are more subjects with  in T and if  then there are more subjects with  in C.

The imbalance of a given partition is defined as:

The set balancing problem is to find a vector  which minimizes the imbalance .

Randomized algorithm 
An approximate solution can be found with the following very simple randomized algorithm:
Send each subject to the treatment group with probability 1/2.
In matrix formulation:
Choose the elements of  randomly with probability 1/2 to each value in {1,-1}.

Surprisingly, although this algorithm completely ignores the matrix , it achieves a small imbalance with high probability when there are many features. Formally, for a random vector :

PROOF:

Let  be the total number of subjects that have feature  (equivalently, the number of ones in the -th of the matrix ). Consider the following two cases:

Easy case: . Then, with probability 1, the imbalance in feature  (that we marked by ) is at most .

Hard case: . For every , let . Each such  is a random variable that can be either 1 or -1 with probability 1/2. The imbalance in feature  is: . Since the  are independent random variables, by the Chernoff bound, for every :

Select:  and get:

By the union bound, 
.

References 

Design of experiments
Randomized algorithms
Alter is the fifth studio album by American rock band Floater, released in 2002.

Track listing
"Zero Hour" – 6:18
"Come See Everything" – 5:11
"Crusatyr" – 4:36
"Alone" – 5:39
"Tracks Across the Snow" – 5:36
"Rocking Horse" – 5:39
"Safety" – 4:32
"Luddite" – 4:33
"Hollywood" – 2:52
"Long Gone" – 3:19
"Diamond" – 4:46
"4 Down (A Toast)" – 4:46

References

2002 albums
Floater (band) albums
Elemental Records albums
Rada is a feminine given name which may refer to:

 Rada Akbar (born 1988), Afghan-born visual artist, and photographer
 Rada Borić (born 1951), Croatian scholar, feminist and women's rights activist
 Rada Manojlović (born 1985), Serbian pop folk singer
 Rada Owen (born 1978), American swimming coach and former swimmer
 Rada Rassimov (born 1938), Italian actress
 Rada Vidović (born 1979), Serbian former basketball player
 Rada Vranješević (1918–1944), Yugoslav political activist and World War II resistance leader

Feminine given names
Jordi Puntí i Garriga (born 1967 in Manlleu, Barcelona) is a Catalan language writer, columnist, and translator.

Career 

Punti earned a degree in Romance Philology during the year 1991, and has since worked for various publishers (Edicions 62, Quaderns Crema, Columna Edicions) across various media (El País, El Periódico de Catalunya)

His career as an author began with the publication of two books of short stories: Pell d'Armadillo (1988, winner of the Premi de la Crítica Serra d'Or), and Animals tristos (2002). Previously, he had translated the works of other authors, including Paul Auster, Daniel Pennac, and Amélie Nothomb. In 2006, Punti served as editor of Quadern, a literary supplement published by the newspaper El País.

In 2010, Puntí published Maletes perdudes, which received several awards (Crítica de la narrativa catalana, Lletra d'Or, Premi Llibreter) and has been translated to 16 languages. In 2011, he published Els Castellans, a volume that includes articles previously published in the Catalan magazine L'Avenç.

In 2006, Ventura Pons directed the film Wounded Animals, adapted from Punti's book Animals tristos (Sad Animals). In 2014, Punti received a scholarship from the Cullman Center for writers. The scholarship enabled him to spend one year completing research at the New York Public Library, in preparation for a novel based on the figure of Xavier Cugat.

Published work

Original works 
 Pell d'armadillo, (Barcelona: La Magrana), 1988. 
 Animals tristos, (Barcelona: Empúries), 2002. 
 Maletes perdudes, Barcelona: Empúries, 2010.  - translated as Lost luggage, Short Books, 2014. 
 Els Castellans, (Barcelona : L'Avenç), 2011. 
This is not America (2017)

Translations 
 Daniel Pennac, Senyors nens. Barcelona : Empúries, 1998.
 Amélie Nothomb, Higiene de l'assassí. Barcelona : Columna, 1998.
 Paul Auster, Lulu on the bridge. Barcelona : Edicions 62, 1998.
 Paul Auster, Història de la meva màquina d'escriure. Barcelona : Edicions 62, 2002.

References

External links
 

Novelists from Catalonia
21st-century novelists
People from Osona
Catalan-language writers
Translators from Catalonia
English–Catalan translators
21st-century translators
1967 births
Living people
Male novelists
21st-century male writers
TVF Burhan Felek Sport Hall () is a volleyball arena located in Üsküdar district of Istanbul, Turkey and reopened on 19 November 2010. It is owned by the Municipality of Kadıköy District and operated by the Directorate of Youth and Sport of Istanbul Province.

The women's volleyball teams, Galatasaray HDI Sigorta, Fenerbahçe Opet; men's volleyball teams Galatasaray HDI Sigorta and Fenerbahçe HDI Sigorta play their league matches.

Burhan Felek Volleyball Stadium

Burhan Felek Volleyball Stadium hosted the following volleyball matches:

References

Sports venues in Istanbul
Volleyball venues in Turkey
Indoor arenas in Turkey
Fenerbahçe S.K. (men's volleyball)
Fenerbahçe S.K. (women's volleyball)
Galatasaray Volleyball
Galatasaray S.K. facilities
Üsküdar
Chartów  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Słońsk, within Sulęcin County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland.

The village has a population of 100.

References

Villages in Sulęcin County
Arys (; ), is a salt lake in Syrdariya District, Kyzylorda Region, Kazakhstan.

The waters of the lake are mineral-rich, averaging  and containing, besides sodium chloride, iodine, fluorine, bromine, boron, zinc, manganese and iron.

Geography
The lake lies in the western part of the Betpak-Dala semi-desert region, about  to the NNE of Kyzylorda town. In the same manner as most lakes in the region, Arys is an endorheic lake which is fed by underground sources located near the shores or along the lake bottom.

The lake is shallow and its bottom is flat, covered with a  to  thick layer of salt. Since 1968 Arys has completely dried up in the summer on a yearly basis.

See also
List of lakes of Kazakhstan

References

External links

Загадочное озеро пустыни Казасхстана (in Russian)

Lakes of Kazakhstan
Endorheic lakes of Asia
Kyzylorda Region
Jan Holmlund (born 29 March 1957) is a Swedish ski jumper. He competed in the normal hill and large hill events at the 1980 Winter Olympics.

References

External links
 

1957 births
Living people
Swedish male ski jumpers
Olympic ski jumpers for Sweden
Ski jumpers at the 1980 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Norrbotten County
Appannagouda Patil was a freedom fighter and prominent leader in the co-operative movement of Karnataka.

Notable works
He was the reason behind establishment of The Hukeri Rural Electric Cooperative Society which came into existence on 31 July 1969.

Recognition
His chair has been set up at Rani Channamma University, Belagavi in tribute to his contributions to the co-operative movement.

The Hukkeri Rural Electric Co-Operative Society which is India's first electric co-operative society runs a unit under his name that is involved in manufacturing of cement poles as an alternative to iron poles.

References

Indian independence activists
Daulat Bikram Bista (Nepali:दौलत विक्रम विष्ठ) was a writer and poet of Nepali literature. He was born on 9 October 1925 (6 Ashoj 1983 B.S.) in Bhojpur and died on 1 January 2002. His writing dealt with social issues, mainly the exploitation and discrimination of the poor and downtrodden.

Early life and education
Bista was born as the first son to father Somraj Bista and mother Man Kumari Bista. His ancestral house was in Lamjung but his father had migrated to Kathmandu before he was born to get a government job. Bista was born in Bhojpur district due to his father's transfer there. His family lived in various cities during his upbringing as his father travelled often for work. Bista's mother died in 1996, after which his father remarried.

Due to the travelling nature of his father's job, Bista studied in various schools in different parts of Nepal. He studied at Gurukul in Salyan, Goswara Munsi in Jhapa, government schools in Jhapa, and Durbar High School in Kathmandu.

He completed high school in  and received his B.A. and B.Ed. from Tribhuwan University. He also completed his master's degree at Aligarh University in India as a private student.

Works
His first novel Manjari was published in . It is a social novel based on the changes brought by the 1951 revolution. Manjari reveals the social and cultural outlook and practices of that time.

His second novel Ek Paluwa Anekau Yam is fiction and considered to have more of a novel quality.

The Bhok ra Bhittaharu, published in 2038 BS, is considered to be a mixture of comedy, sentiment, emotion and the relationship of father and daughter.

Other major works of Bista are:
 Chapaieka Anuhar (Emaciated Faces) 
 Jyoti Jyoti Mahajyoti (1988; Light of Lights)
 Thakeko Akash ( An Exhausted Sky)
 Bigriyeko Bato (Spoiled Path)
 Aansu Tyasai Tyasai Chhachalkinchha
 Bhok Ra Bhittaharu (Hunger and Walls) 
 Baluwa Mathi ( On The Sand) 
 Himal Ra Manche (Himalaya And A Man) 
 Phansiko Phandama

Awards
Bista received various awards for his writings by the government and non-government organizations. Some notable ones are listed below:
 He was the first awardee of Mahendra Pragya Puraskar in  for his novel Chapaiyeka Anuharharu 
 Madan Puraskar in  for his novel Jyoti Jyoti Mahajyoti 
 Sajha Puraskar for Aansu Tyasai Tyasai Chhachalkinchha
 Tri Shakti Patta
 Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu - Fourth.
 Jansewa Padak
 Durgam Sewa Padak

Personal life 
Bista was wed at the age of 19 to Lichu, daughter of Premlal Pandey. She gave birth in the first three months of marriage, which led to an informal divorce. Later Bista married Nutan Kumari (daughter of Bhaktaman Basnet). He had six children, four sons and two daughters. The sons are Shree Bikram, Om Bikram, Kailah Bikram and Ananta Bikram. His daughters are Indira and Niru.

His wife died in  which led to a difficult life for him. He died in .

References

Nepalese writers
1925 births
2002 deaths
People from Bhojpur District, Nepal
Durbar High School alumni
Sajha Puraskar winners
Madan Puraskar winners
Tribhuvan University alumni
Aligarh Muslim University alumni
The Guntakal–Bangalore section railway line connects the town of Guntakal in Andhra Pradesh  with Bangalore of Karnataka state capital. Further, this section connects Bangalore with several north Indian towns and cities.

Major stations
This section serves the towns of Gooty, Anantapur, Dharmavaram, Puttaparthi and Hindupur in Andhra Pradesh State and this line enters into Karnataka state at Vidurashwatha.

References

5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India
Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh
Rail transport in Karnataka
Guntakal railway division
Bangalore railway division
Transport in Guntakal
Transport in Bangalore