Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
In coding theory and information theory, a Z-channel or binary asymmetric channel is a communications channel used to model the behaviour of some data storage systems.

Definition 
A Z-channel is a channel with binary input and binary output, where each 0 bit is transmitted correctly, but each 1 bit has probability p of being transmitted incorrectly as a 0, and probability 1–p of being transmitted correctly as a 1. In other words, if X and Y are the random variables describing the probability distributions of the input and the output of the channel, respectively, then the crossovers of the channel are characterized by the conditional probabilities:

Capacity 
The channel capacity  of the Z-channel  with the crossover 1 → 0 probability p, when the input random variable X is distributed according to the Bernoulli distribution with probability  for the occurrence of 0, is given by the following equation:

where  for the binary entropy function .

This capacity is obtained when the input variable X has Bernoulli distribution with probability  of having value 0 and  of value 1, where:

For small p, the capacity is approximated by

as compared to the capacity  of the binary symmetric channel with crossover probability p.

{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed" width="80%" style="text-align:left"
!Calculation
|-
|

To find the maximum we differentiate

And we see the maximum is attained for

yielding the following value of  as a function of p

|}

For any p,  (i.e. more 0s should be transmitted than 1s) because transmitting a 1 introduces noise. As , the limiting value of  is .

Bounds on the size of an asymmetric-error-correcting code 
Define the following distance function  on the words  of length n transmitted via a Z-channel

Define the sphere  of radius t around a word  of length n as the set of all the words at distance t or less from , in other words,

A code  of length n is said to be t-asymmetric-error-correcting if for any two codewords , one has . Denote by  the maximum number of codewords in a t-asymmetric-error-correcting code of length n.

The Varshamov bound.
For n≥1 and t≥1,

The constant-weight code bound.
For n > 2t ≥ 2, let the sequence B0, B1, ..., Bn-2t-1 be defined as
 for .
Then

Notes

References 
 
 
 
 

Coding theory
Information theory
Inequalities
Platycerium bifurcatum, the elkhorn fern or common staghorn fern, is a species of fern native to Java, New Guinea and eastern Australia, in New South Wales, Queensland and on Lord Howe Island. It is a bracket epiphyte occurring in and near rainforests. Growing to  tall by  broad, it has heart-shaped sterile fronds  long, and arching grey-green fertile fronds which are forked and strap-shaped, and grow up to  long.

The genus name Platycerium comes from the Greek platys (flat), and ceras (horn), while the specific epithet bifurcatum means bifurcated or forked. Both names are referring to the fertile fronds.

Platycerium bifurcatum is cultivated as an ornamental plant for gardens. With a minimum temperature requirement of , in temperate regions it may be grown outdoors in sheltered locations, otherwise as a houseplant. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

References 

 NSW Flora Online http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Platycerium~bifurcatum Retrieved 3 September 2009

Epiphytes
Flora of Java
Flora of Lord Howe Island
Flora of New Guinea
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Queensland
Garden plants of Australia
House plants
Paleotropical flora
bifurcatum
Ferns of Australia
Taxa named by Antonio José Cavanilles
The Tigre was a 28-gun small ship of the line of the French Royal Navy, constructed by the Dutch shipwright Jan Gron (usually called Jean de Werth in French) at the new state dockyard at Île d'Indret near Nantes. She and her sister Léopard were two-deckers, but with only a few guns on the upper deck.

The Tigre sank off Cap de la Casse, Sardinia on 23 September 1644 while carrying material destined for Djidjelli in Algeria, with 64 men lost out of 122 aboard.

Sources and references 

Nomenclature des Vaisseaux de Louis XIII et de la régence d'Anne d'Autriche, 1610 a 1661. Alain Demerliac (Editions Omega, Nice – 2004).
The Sun King's Vessels (2015) - Jean-Claude Lemineur; English translation by François Fougerat. Editions ANCRE.  
Winfield, Rif and Roberts, Stephen (2017) French Warships in the Age of Sail 1626-1786: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth Publishing. . 

 Vaisseaux de Ligne Français de 1682 à 1780 1

Ships of the line of the French Navy
1640s ships
Uma Bhende (1945 – 19 July 2017) was an Indian actress who worked in Marathi films, television and theatre. She made her debut in Marathi film Aakshganga (1960). She is known for appearing in movies Aamhi Jato Amchya Gava (1968), Angai (1968), Bhalu (1980). Bhende was felicitated by Chitrabhushan Award for her contribution towards Marathi film industry.

Filmography

Films
 Aakashganga (1960)
 Antaricha Diva (1960)
 Swayamvar Zale Siteche  (1964)
 Malhari Martand  (1965)
 Shevatcha Malusara (1966)
 Madhuchandra  (1967)
 Kaka Mala Vachava (1967)
 Angai  (1968)
 Aamhi Jato Amuchya Gava  (1968)
 Naate Jadale Don Jivanche  (1971)
 Ti Pach Najuk Bote (1972)
 Ashi Hi Sataryachi Tarha (1974)
 Bhalu  (1980)
 Chatak Chandni (1982)
 Thoratanchi Kamla (1984)
 Premasathi Vattel Te (1987)
 Apan Yana Pahilat ka (1992)
 Aai Thor Tuze Upkar (2001)

See also
Marathi cinema

References

External links
 

1945 births
2017 deaths
Marathi actors
Actresses in Marathi cinema
Actresses from Mumbai
20th-century Indian actresses
Indian film actresses
Indian stage actresses
Kaian (Kayan) is a Ramu language of Kaian village () in Yawar Rural LLG, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea.

References

Ottilien languages
Languages of Madang Province
The South West Wales Integrated Transport Consortium is an alliance of four unitary authorities in south west Wales: Pembrokeshire, Swansea, Neath Port Talbot and Carmarthenshire.  It is one of four transport consortia (SEWTA, SWWITCH, Taith Joint Board and TraCC) supported by the Welsh Government.

Ministerial Advisory Group "Phase Two Report on Transport" (July 2009)

The future of SWWITCH and the other Regional Transport Consortiums in Wales was called into question by the Ministerial Advisory Group Report of July 2009. This Group, appointed by and reporting to the Deputy First Minister and Transport Minister Ieuan Wyn Jones stated that "The organisational arrangements for transport are unnecessarily complicated and the regional transport consortia represent an unnecessary tier in the structure." (Report summary).(http://wales.gov.uk/docs/det/publications/090715ministerialadvisorygroupphase2reportontransport.pdf). 
The report was not accepted initially but operational funding was withdrawn from the regional transport consortiums  effective April 2014. All public transport functions reverted to the county authorities.

References

Transport in Carmarthenshire
Transport in Neath Port Talbot
Transport in Pembrokeshire
Transport in Swansea
Consortia in the United Kingdom
Local government in Wales
Sanmenxiaxi (Sanmenxia West) railway station () is a station on Longhai railway in Shanzhou District, Sanmenxia, Henan.

History
The station was established in 1924.

The station was formerly known as Shanxian railway station (). It was changed to the current name in 1986.

References

Railway stations in Henan
Stations on the Longhai Railway
Railway stations in China opened in 1924
Robert Kime (7 February 1946 – 17 August 2022) was a British interior decorator. He worked on the homes of Prince Charles, Daphne Guinness, and the Duke of Beaufort, among others.

References 

British interior designers
1946 births
2022 deaths
Matthew Wilkie Childers (born December 3, 1978) is an American former professional baseball pitcher.

Career
He has made a total of 11 appearances in Major League Baseball (MLB) games: eight with the Milwaukee Brewers in  and three with the Atlanta Braves in .

Childers spent the 2007 season with the Phillies' Triple-A affiliate, the Ottawa Lynx of the International League. He was re-signed by the Phillies on December 7, 2007. In 2008, he played for the Phillies' Triple-A affiliate, the Lehigh Valley IronPigs becoming a free agent at the end of the season. In December 2008, he signed with the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles in Japan.

Personal
He is the brother of Jason Childers.

References

External links

Matt Childers' MILB Biography

1978 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball players from Georgia (U.S. state)
Beloit Snappers players
Columbus Clippers players
Helena Brewers players
High Desert Mavericks players
Huntsville Stars players
Indianapolis Indians players
Lehigh Valley IronPigs players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Milwaukee Brewers players
Mudville Nine players
Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers
Ottawa Lynx players
People from Douglas, Georgia
Richmond Braves players
Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles players
Trenton Thunder players
Countesthorpe is a large village and civil parish in the Leicestershire district of Blaby, with a population of 6,393 (2001 census, falling slightly to 6,377 at the 2011 census.   It lies to the south of Leicester, and is about  from the city centre, but only two miles south of the suburb of South Wigston. Nearby places are Blaby and South Wigston to the north, Kilby to the east, Peatling Magna and Willoughby Waterleys to the south, and Broughton Astley, Cosby and Whetstone to the west.

The name Countesthorpe originates from the 11th century when the area was part of the marriage dowry of the Countess Judith, niece of William the Conqueror. The 'thorpe' part of the name is a variant of the Middle English word thorp, meaning hamlet or small village.

The parish church of St. Andrew was started in 1220 by the family of Lord William of Ludbrook. It was restored in 1840 and again in 1907. The 14th-century tower still remains.

The village has three public houses: The Axe and Square, The Bull's Head and The Railway. Another public house, the King William IV was turned into a Tesco Express in 2013. Magna 73 of the Leicestershire Senior League are an association football team who play just north of the village.

The village is twinned with the town of Mennecy in France.

Education
Countesthorpe is served by one local primary school called Greenfield Primary School. The school achieved a rating of "good" in its 2010, 2014 and 2018 Ofsted reports. 

Until September 2016 Countesthorpe had a separate high school named Leysland High School, with Ofsted reviewing it as "outstanding" in 2013, as well as a college called Countesthorpe Community College. Both schools were attended by members of the music group Kasabian. The two schools merged to become Countesthorpe Leysland Community College, which was subsequently renamed Countesthorpe Academy in 2020.  The combined school was scored as "inadequate" in 2019.

Notable residents
 Harvey Barnes - Professional footballer
 William Buckingham}, First World War recipient of the Victoria Cross.
 Rosemary Conley – author and broadcaster on exercise and health.
 Robert Gee, recipient of the Victoria Cross and a Conservative MP.
 Ahmed Musa – Professional footballer.
 Maurice Tompkin – first class cricketer and professional footballer.

References

External links

Countesthorpe Parish Council
History of Countesthorpe at leicestershireparishcouncils.org

Villages in Leicestershire
Civil parishes in Leicestershire
Blaby
The 1977 Family Circle Cup was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Sea Pines Plantation on Hilton Head Island, South Carolina in the United States. The event was part of the AAA category of the 1977 Colgate Series.  It was the fifth edition of the tournament and was held from March 28 through April 3, 1977. First-seeded Chris Evert won the singles title, her fourth consecutive title at the event, and earned $25,000 first-prize money.

Finals

Singles

 Chris Evert defeated  Billie Jean King 6–0, 6–1
 It was Evert's 7th title of the year and the 74th of her career.

Doubles
 Rosemary Casals /  Chris Evert defeated  Françoise Dürr /  Virginia Wade 1–6, 6–2, 6–3

Prize money

Notes

References

External links
 Women's Tennis Association (WTA) tournament details
 International Tennis Federation (ITF) tournament edition details 

Family Circle Cup
Family Circle Cup
Charleston Open
Family Circle Cup
Family Circle Cup
Family Circle Cup
ImeIme Umana (born 1993) is a Nigerian-American lawyer who served as a law clerk for Robert L. Wilkins and Sonia Sotomayor. She was the 131st president—and the first black female president—of the Harvard Law Review.

Early years 
Umana was born in State College to Nigerian immigrant parents originally from Akwa Ibom State in Nigeria.

Education 
She had her high school education at Susquehanna Township High School in Harrisburg. She then went to Harvard College in 2014, where she acquired a BA in Joint Concentration in African American Studies and Government. She holds a degree in law from Harvard and a Master of Public Policy from the Harvard Kennedy School of Government.

Career 
While obtaining her bachelor's degree, she served as president of Harvard's Institute of Politics and worked at the university's Hiphop Archive. She interned at the Public Defender Service for the District of Columbia, served as both the Community Action Chair of the Harvard University Institute of Politics and Professional Developmental Chair for Public Interest for the Harvard Black Law Students Association.

On 29 January 2017, she was appointed president of the Harvard Law Review by the review's 92 student editors. She contested against 12 candidates, eight of whom were women and eight of whom were people of colour. All candidates were made to answer questions from a forum of editors, write responses to submitted questions and participate in mock editorial activities.

She served as a law clerk for Robert L. Wilkins of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. She was a law clerk for justice Sonia Sotomayor of the Supreme Court of the United States during the Court's 2019 term.

Awards 

 2017 - African Diaspora Awards
2017 - Most Influential People of African Descent Award
2019 - Soros Justice Fellows

See also 
 List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 3)

References

Living people
1993 births
Harvard Law School alumni
21st-century African-American women
Harvard College alumni
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
People from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
African-American women lawyers
21st-century African-American lawyers
21st-century American lawyers
Francois Cloete is a South African former professional rugby league footballer who represented the South Africa (Die renosters (The Rhinos)) at the 1995 and 2000 World Cups.

He played in five full internationals for the Rhinos, and also captained the Students team in 1996. In 2006 he led the South African side on a tour of Italy and was the side's vice captain in 2007. Cloete played for the Eastern Eagles RLC club in South Africa.

References

 

Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
South Africa national rugby league team players
South African rugby league players
Year of birth missing (living people)
Rugby articles needing expert attention
James Fox  (born 1939) is an English actor.

James or Jim Fox may also refer to:

Arts and entertainment
 Jim Fox (composer) (born 1953), American composer
 Jimmy Fox (born 1947), drummer from the band The James Gang
 James Fox (singer) (born 1976), British singer, pianist, and guitarist
 James Fox (art historian) (born 1982), British art historian and broadcaster
 James Fox (journalist) (born 1945), author of White Mischief

Government and politics
 James Fox (Newfoundland politician) (1817–1883), Canadian politician
 James Augustus Fox (1827–1901), American Alderman and Mayor of Cambridge, Massachusetts
 James Carroll Fox (1928–2019), American federal judge
 James Patrick Fox (1860–1899), Canadian politician
 James Fox (Australian politician) (1886–1951), New South Wales politician
 Jamie Fox (James Patrick Fox, 1954–2017), New Jersey politician and political strategist

Sports
 Jim Fox (ice hockey) (born 1960), former professional ice hockey player
 Jim Fox (basketball, born 1943), former professional basketball player
 Jim Fox (basketball, born 1973), college basketball head coach for Appalachian State University
 Jim Fox (pentathlete) (1941–2023), British Olympic modern pentathlete
 James Fox (rower) (born 1992), British Paralympic rower

Other
 James J. Fox (born 1940), American born, Australian resident anthropologist of Indonesia
 Jim Fox (Canadian Army officer), Canadian general
 James Fox (engineer) (1780–1830), British engineer, pioneer machine tool maker
 James Fox (prison reform advocate)
 James Alan Fox, American criminologist, professor at Northeastern University

See also
 Jimmie Foxx (1907–1967), American baseball player
 Jamie Fox (Canadian politician), Canadian politician
 Jamie Fox (fiddler), Native American musician
 Jamie Foxx (born 1967), American actor's stage name
A general utility van (GUV) is a type of rail vehicle built by British Rail primarily for transporting mail and parcels. They were used by both Rail Express Systems and Railtrack. Colas Rail and some train operating companies still use them.

British Rail

Fleet details

Livery examples

Preservation
Many GUVs have found new uses on preserved lines in the UK either stored and kept as coaches or converted for uses as different things.

PMV
The Southern Railway used the designation PMV (Parcels and Miscellaneous Van).

References

British Rail coaching stock
British railway wagons
Train-related introductions in 1956
Apostolepis multicincta, Harvey's  blackhead, is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. It is endemic to Bolivia.

References 

multicincta
Reptiles described in 1999
Reptiles of Bolivia
Taxa named by Michael B. Harvey
Janina Maultzsch is a German physicist who is the Chair of Experimental Physics at Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg. Her research considers the electronic and optical properties of carbon nanomaterials.

Early life and education 
Maultzsch was an undergraduate student at the Technical University of Berlin, where she studied physics. She remained in Berlin for doctoral research, investigating the vibrational properties of carbon allotropes including nanotubes and graphite.

Research and career 
Maultzsch moved to the University of Siegen, where she worked on near field microscopy. She returned to the Technical University of Berlin in late 2004, where she worked as a researcher in the Institute of Solid State Physics. She moved to Columbia University in 2006, working as a postdoctoral researcher with Tony Heinz. She returned to Technical University of Berlin in 2008, where she was made an assistant professor. She is interested in low-dimensional materials, including transition-metal dichalcogenides and graphene.

Maultzsch contributed to the understanding of carbon nanotubes. In particular, she investigated their electronic and vibrational properties. She made use of resonant Raman spectroscopy to uncover the optical transition energies and radial mode frequencies of various metallic and semiconducting nanotubes. She showed that the optical transition energies and electronic structures depend on the chirality index of the nanotube. She revealed that electron-phonon coupling increases for smaller chiral angles.

In 2010, Maultzsch was awarded an ERC Starting Grant focused on the characterisation of carbon nanomaterials. In 2015, she was promoted to full Professor for Novel Materials. In 2017, Maultzsch was appointed the Chair of Experimental Physics at the University of Erlangen–Nuremberg.

Selected publications

References 

 21st-century German physicists
Technical University of Berlin alumni
Academic staff of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
German women physicists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
The buckthorn aphid or buckthorn-potato aphid (Aphis nasturtii) is an aphid in the superfamily Aphidoidea in the order Hemiptera. It is a true bug and sucks sap from plants. It is a cosmopolitan species.

Economic importance
It is known to be a major insect pest on sunflower plants, lettuce, potato, beets, and buckthorn. The aphid is also act as a vector to 15 plant viruses.

References 

 Aphis nasturtii Kaltenbach, 1843, Itis.gov

nasturtii
Agricultural pest insects
Cosmopolitan insects
Woodmansee is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Daniel Woodmansee (1777–1842), American politician
Emily H. Woodmansee (1836–1906), English-born American poet and hymnwriter
John W. Woodmansee (born 1934), American lieutenant general
Martha Woodmansee (born 1944), American academic
Michael Woodmansee (born 1958), American murderer
MJY, mJy, or mjy can refer to:

 Mighty Joe Young (disambiguation), several things in entertainment
 Mohican language, a language spoken by the indigenous people of New York and Vermont states, U.S., by ISO 639 code
 Millijansky, an SI unit for measuring flux density equal to one thousandth of a jansky
 Mount Joy station (Pennsylvania), a train station in Mount Joy, Pennsylvania, U.S.
 Maramjhiri railway station, a train station in Betul district, Madhya Pradesh, India
 SS Vandyck (1911), an ocean liner that sailed from 1911 to 1914, by call sign
 Acaulospora, a genus of fungi, by Catalogue of Life identifier
The concejo abierto (literally: "open council") is a system of government and administration of some very small Spanish municipalities and sub-municipal territorial units. An example of direct democracy, the system allows for the existence of a mayor and a consejo () or asamblea vecinal () formed by all the electors of the municipality. In contrast, the conventional system used by most municipalities is the ayuntamiento, often translated as city, town or municipal council in English, comprised (in its most basic form) of the local councillors who form the plenary (elected in a party-list proportional representation voting), and the Mayor, elected in turn by the councillors among themselves.

History 
The origins of the system trace back to the Middle Ages, as a custom primarily originated in the Kingdoms of León and Castile, although it also extended to other territories as well, chiefly in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. In many settlements, the concejo abierto was replaced by the "regimiento" system (also called consejo cerrado, "close council"), in which a decision-making body of limited size formed by judges or alcaldes as well as a number of  regidores appointed by the King was contemplated; in the case of Castile, this process chiefly took place between 1345 and the later years of the rule of Alfonso XI.

The contemporary form of the concejo abierto is recognised in the 1978 Spanish Constitution.

See also 
 Local government in Spain
 Town meeting

References

Bibliography 
 
 
 

Local government in Spain
Direct democracy
Forms of local government
Parama Pujari is an Indian politician. She was elected to the Odisha Legislative Assembly as a member of the Indian National Congress.

References

Living people
Indian National Congress politicians
Women in Odisha politics
1954 births
Odisha MLAs 2000–2004
Odisha MLAs 1995–2000
Odisha MLAs 1985–1990
Odisha MLAs 1980–1985
21st-century Indian women politicians
Mentor International (Mentor Foundation) is an international youth development NGO working in the field of substance use disorder prevention. It was founded in 1994 by Queen Silvia of Sweden in collaboration with the World Health Organisation. Current trustees include Yvonne Thunell, current Chairman, Stefan Persson, Chairman of H&M and Bertil Hult, CEO and founder of EF Education First. Honorary board members include Queen Noor of Jordan, Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg and Talal bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud and Turki bin Talal bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud of the Saudi Royal Family.

External links
 

Addiction and substance abuse organizations
Medical and health organizations based in Sweden
1994 establishments in Sweden
Organizations based in Stockholm