Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
Methyldichloroarsine, sometimes abbreviated "MD" and also known as methyl Dick, is an organoarsenic compound with the formula CH3AsCl2.  This colourless volatile liquid is a highly toxic vesicant that has been used in chemical warfare.

History
German chemists weaponized methyldichloroarsine during World War I, between 1917 and 1918. It was the first organoarsenic compound to be weaponized.

Structure, synthesis, reactivity
Focusing on the arsenic center, the molecule geometry is trigonal pyramidal with the Cl-As-Cl and C-As-Cl angles approaching 90° (see image).  Virtually all related arsenic(III) compounds adopt similar structures.

Methyldichloroarsine is produced by the reaction of methylmagnesium chloride and arsenic trichloride:
AsCl3  +  CH3MgCl  →   CH3AsCl2  +  MgCl2

Typically such syntheses are conducted in ether or THF solutions and typically the product is isolated by distillation.  Use of larger amounts of the magnesium reagent affords greater amounts of dimethylchloroarsine ((CH3)2AsCl) and trimethylarsine ((CH3)3As).

In World War I, the German manufacturing method consisted of a three-step reaction beginning with methylation of sodium arsenite:
2 Na3AsO3 + (CH3O)2SO2 → 2 CH3AsO(ONa)2 + Na2SO4,
followed by reduction of the disodium monomethylarsonate with sulfur dioxide:
CH3AsO(ONa)2 + SO2 → CH3AsO + Na2SO4,
subsequently reacting the monomethylarsine oxide thus formed with hydrogen chloride to yield methyldichloroarsine:
CH3AsO + 2 HCl → CH3AsCl2 + H2O

The As-Cl bonds in MD are susceptible toward nucleophilic attack.  Reduction of MD with sodium metal affords the polymer [CH3As]n.

Use as a weapon
Methyldichloroarsine's only documented large-scale use is as a chemical weapon.

Symptoms of poisoning
Although some of its symptoms resemble those from poison ivy, other symptoms include irritation to the eyes and to the nose, although blistering may be delayed for hours. Other symptoms include: dermal burns with vesicle formation; blepharospasm and photophobia. Convulsions, abdominal pain, coughing, and shortness of breath with damage to the respiratory system can be delayed for about three to five days; hemolysis can also occur.

MD is not persistent, meaning that it will dissipate after a short time. It is, however, still quite lethal. The LCt/50 for MD is about 3,000 mg/(min * m3).

Protection
Besides avoiding situations in which it might be used, an activated charcoal filter and a protective mask can help protect against MD. It should, however, be noted that MD can penetrate rubber, so some masks and clothing are ineffective. Other protective clothing, such as full body protection, are useful as well. Among the agents useful for decontamination of MD are bleach and caustic soda.

See also 
Ethyldichloroarsine
Phenyldichloroarsine
Lewisite

References 

Arsenical vesicants
Organoarsenic chlorides
World War I chemical weapons
Arsenic(III) compounds
Acrotaeniostola is a genus of tephritid or fruit flies in the family Tephritidae.

Species
Acrotaeniostola apiventris Munro, 1935
Acrotaeniostola dissimilis Zia, 1937
Acrotaeniostola extorris Hering, 1942
Acrotaeniostola flavoscutellata Shiraki, 1933
Acrotaeniostola fuscinotum Hering, 1938
Acrotaeniostola helvenaca Ito, 1984
Acrotaeniostola hoenei Hering, 1936
Acrotaeniostola interrupta Hardy, 1988
Acrotaeniostola longicauda Wang, 1996
Acrotaeniostola megispilota Hardy, 1974
Acrotaeniostola pieli Zia, 1937
Acrotaeniostola quadrifasciata (Enderlein, 1911)
Acrotaeniostola quinaria (Coquillett, 1910)
Acrotaeniostola sexvittata Hendel, 1914
Acrotaeniostola spiralis Munro, 1935
Acrotaeniostola yunnana Wang, 1996

References

Dacinae
Tephritidae genera
Diptera of Asia
Robert Bragg may refer to:

 Robert Bragg (pilot) (1937–2017), first officer on Pan Am Flight 1736, in the Tenerife airport disaster
 Robert Henry Bragg Jr. (1919–2017), American professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering
Cordella may refer to:

Cordella, a Daughter of Albion in William Blake's mythology
HMS Cordella, a mine countermeasures vessel of the Royal Navy

People with the given name
Cordella Stevenson, American murder victim

People with the surname
Giacomo Cordella (1786–1847), Italian classical composer
Juan Cordella (died 1552), Italian Roman Catholic bishop
The EuroMatrix is a project that ran from September 2006 to February 2009. The project aimed to develop and improve machine translation (MT) systems between all official languages of the European Union (EU).

EuroMatrix was followed up by another project EuroMatrixPlus (March 2009 to February 2012).

Approach to translation 

EuroMatrix explored using linguistic knowledge in statistical machine translation. Statistical techniques were combined with rule-based approach, resulting in hybrid MT architecture. The project experimented with combining methods and resources from statistical MT, rule-based MT, shallow language processing and computational lexicography and morphology.

Project objectives 

EuroMatrix focused on high-quality translation for the publication of technical, social, legal and political documents. It applied advanced MT technologies to all pairs of EU languages; languages of new and likely-to-become EU member states were also taken into account.

Annual international evaluation 

Competitive annual international evaluation of machine translation meetings (“MT marathons”) were organized to bring together MT researchers. Participants of the marathons translated test sets with their systems. The test sets were then evaluated by manual as well as automatic metrics.

MT marathons were multi-day happenings consisting of several events — summer school, lab lessons, research talks, workshops, open source conventions, research showcases.

List of MT marathons

Outcome 

Several tools and resources were created or supported by the project:

 Moses, an open source statistical machine translation engine
 Europarl Corpus, version 3 
 Results from Workshops on Statistical Machine Translation (2007, 2008, 2009)
 CzEng Corpus, version 0.7

Funding 

The EuroMatrix project was sponsored by EU Information Society Technology program.

Total cost of the project was 2 358 747 €, from which the European Union contributed 2 066 388 €.

Project members 

Experienced research groups in machine translation that are internationally recognized, as well as relevant industrial partners participated in the project. The consortium included the University of Edinburgh (United Kingdom), Charles University (Czech Republic), Saarland University (Germany), Center for the Evaluation of Language and Communication Technologies (Italy), MorphoLogic (Hungary), and GROUP Technologies AG (Germany).

The project was coordinated by Hans Uszkoreit, a professor of Computational Linguistics at Saarland University.

References

External links 

 official homepage
 EuroMatrixPlus official homepage

College and university associations and consortia in Europe
Information technology organizations based in Europe
Machine translation
Lily Mazahery (; born October 10, 1972) is an Iranian-American disbarred lawyer, formerly a human rights activist, and a source on Iran. She is principal of Mazahery Law Firm and the founder and president of Legal Rights Institute (LRI), a non-governmental organization (NGO).

Overview
Mazahery received her Juris Doctor in 1999 and was admitted to the District of Columbia bar on December 2, 2002.  She was disbarred in February 2014 for misrepresenting prominent human rights victims, including Ahmad Batebi.

Prior to her disbarment, Mazahery's practice primarily focused on immigration law. She assisted individuals who had been victims of human rights violations in Iran and other countries in North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Mazahery also advocated for equal rights for women in Islamic countries, including the abolishment of stoning as a form of execution and honour killings.

Disbarment for Ethical Violations

On October 4, 2013, the Board of Professional Responsibility for the District of Columbia Court of Appeals recommended that the D.C. Court of Appeals disbar Mazahery and pay restitution in the amount of $3,241.92 plus interest for multiple acts of dishonesty stemming from her representation of human rights advocates Ahmad Batebi and Kianoosh Sanjari and mishandling of funds relating to the execution of Akram Mahdavi.

The Board found that Mazahery engaged in a "pattern of dishonesty" in these three matters and disclosed client secrets. The Board also found that Mazahery's "ethical violations are simply too serious, too numerous, and adversely affected too many people" and that she had made false statements to the bar, at her hearing, committed perjury and larceny in relation to handling funds intended for Batebi, evaded Sanjari and Batebi when they requested information about their asylum applications and committed deceit regarding donations intended for Mahdavi. In February 2014, Mazahery consented to the disbarment and was subsequently disbarred.

See also
List of Iranian women
Persian women's movement
Human rights in Iran

References and notes

External links

 charges against Lily Mazahery for ethics violations
 Opinion by Ad Hoc Hearing Committee of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, Board of Professional Responsibility
 Order of Disbarment, District of Columbia Court of Appeals
 news report
 transcript of speech on human rights situation in Iran
 UK Channel 4 News Video Clip on Ahmad Batebi and his human rights work with the help of his lawyer, Lily Mazahery
 First to report Roxana Saberi's release
 Conversation with Delara Darabi's father
 Quoted on new media
 Appearance at 2009 World Technology Summit
 Quoted re: treatment of journalists in Iran
 Quoted re: human rights violations in Iran

1972 births
Living people
Iranian emigrants to the United States
American feminists
American human rights activists
Women human rights activists
American women's rights activists
Disbarred American lawyers
Iranian activists
Iranian women activists
21st-century American women lawyers
21st-century American lawyers
Janysium are a British neo-progressive rock band, founded in 1980 by two pupils from Little Ealing Middle School; Peter Matuchniak and Simon Strevens.  Their debut release in 1982 attracted the attention of Phil Collins via a chance meeting with his mother, and was also given a positive review in the Official Genesis Fan Club quarterly magazine.

The Neo-Progressive movement
Janysium were one of a small number of British bands formed during the early 1980s, including Marillion, Pendragon, IQ, Twelfth Night, Pallas and Mach One, that was associated with the progressive rock revival of that decade, often referred to as the "Neo Progressive Rock Movement".  Initially their sound was likened to progressive bands like Camel and Genesis, although they later experimented with a more updated sound, influenced by current bands at the time such as Duran Duran.

Interesting post note: The band got its name from Peter Matuchniak overhearing a conversation about the singer Janis Ian, and interpreting this as Janysium.

Line-ups and output
During 1981-82 two members joined Janysium, Sean Lewis (keyboards) and Martin Polley (bass guitar), to rehearse and record their first studio sessions.  The original members Matuchniak and Strevens remained the core of Janysium throughout, although both abandoned their project with the band when they merged with fellow musicians in Mach One from 1982-85.  After the breakup of Mach One, Matuchniak and Strevens resumed writing and recording in late 1985-86 but this time as a duet only.  In 1987, they performed as a guest act for Rock Machine (later known as Indus Creed under CBS) in front of 4,000 people at the Rang Bhavan in Bombay, India under the name "The Various Artists".  This followed several months there recording jingles for television advertisements shown nationally on Indian TV.

Other projects
Matuchniak formed the progressive rock band Evolve IV in 2003, and Strevens played in Still (1990s) and The Noun (2000s). Lewis became a producer/engineer of classical music at Naxos Records.  Polley dropped out of music entirely, focusing on publishing books on the history of sports, and is a lecturer at Southampton University.

Band members
 Peter Matuchniak – rhythm and lead guitar
 Simon Strevens – drums, vocals, keyboards
 Sean Lewis - keyboards (1981–82)
 Martin Polley - bass (1981–82)

Discography

Albums
 Studio Sessions (cassette) (1982)
 Half a Dozen of the Other (cassette) (1983)

References

Notes
 Lucky, Jerry. The Progressive Rock Files. Burlington, Ontario: Collector's Guide Publishing, Inc (1998), 304 pages,  (paperback). Gives an overview of progressive rock's history as well as histories of the major and underground bands in the genre.  Lists Janysium in the appendix, as well as the release of their so-called 'sister-band' Mach One's LP Lost for Words in the 1983-84 chapter.

External links
Official Janysium MySpace page
Official Mach One MySpace page
DPRP review (mentions Janysium, and the overlapping members with Mach One)
ProGGnosis review mentions Janysium
Various articles involving Janysium

British progressive rock groups
Musical groups established in 1980
1980 establishments in England
The Confidential Information Protection and Statistical Efficiency Act, ("CIPSEA"), is a United States federal law enacted in 2002 as Title V of the E-Government Act of 2002 (, , ). 

CIPSEA establishes uniform confidentiality protections for information collected for statistical purposes by U.S. statistical agencies, and it allows some data sharing between the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bureau of Economic Analysis, and Census Bureau.  The agencies report to OMB on particular actions related to confidentiality and data sharing.

The law gives the agencies standardized approaches to protecting information from respondents so that it will not be exposed in ways that lead to inappropriate or surprising identification of the respondent. By default the respondent's data is used for statistical purposes only. If the respondent gives informed consent, the data can be put to some other use.

CIPSEA did not give the statistical agencies new opportunities to use federal data on business taxes in combination with the other sources for statistical purposes.  Such data is protected by Title 26 and new laws would be required to enable the other agencies to use such data, which could help them improve the classifications of business into industries and thus improve the accuracy of industry statistics.  Later proposals address this prospect.

A reauthorization of CIPSEA in 2018-19 gave the statistical agencies more opportunities to use administrative data for statistical purposes, and required them to more deeply analyze risks to privacy and confidentiality of respondents.

References

Acts of the 107th United States Congress
United States federal government administration legislation
Inel Tomlinson is an actor, TV personality and stand-up comedian from London, best known for being one half of Johnny and Inel alongside Johnny Cochrane, the UK's first black comedy double act. As part of Johnny and Inel, the duo are well known on Kids TV for their hit CBBC TV comedy show 'The Johnny & Inel Show' and Junior Vets on Call. In 2015, the pair joined the Fubar Radio team and took over the airwaves with their Thursday afternoon 'Live & Loud' show. After a successful year at Fubar Radio, the duo were invited to join the all-new Virgin Radio UK lineup in a prime Friday night 7pm-11pm slot.

As a voiceover artist, Tomlinson has recently brought to life the energetic fun 'Rex' in CBeebies 'Footy Pups' and has voiced Agent A Gent in the new CBBC Zig & Zag cartoon released in April 2016.

Tomlinson has also appeared on Videogame Nation and is a regular on the stand-up comedy circuit performing around the country at gigs for Jongleurs, The Glee Club and many more.

His stand-up comedy experience led him to set up Kinetic Comedy, a lively multicultural monthly event that showcases the best up and coming comedy acts interspersed with games, competitions and music.

Since 2015, Tomlinson has appeared twice in the CBBC panel show The Dog Ate My Homework. In April 2017, he appeared in a promotional video for the return of PaRappa the Rapper.

He appeared in Deborah Isitt’s 2022 film Christmas on Mistletoe Farm as Mo, along with Scott Garnham, Kathryn Drysdale and Ashley Jensen.

References

External links

 BBC Live Classroom Judge

Black British male comedians
Living people
Comedians from London
English stand-up comedians
English comedy writers
Black British male actors
1984 births
Twitch (service) streamers
Arumbu Meesai Kurumbu Paarvai () is a 2011 Indian Tamil-language coming-of-age drama film directed by newcomer Vetriveeran and stars newcomer Chandru and Hasini.

Plot 
The film follows Chandru, and his fights against the anti-social elements in his village government hostel.

Cast 
Chandru as Gunasekharan
Hasini as Jayanthi
R. Mohanbalu as the warden
Ollikumar as Moovendran
Pradip Belki
Deivendran as the cook
Ugrapandi as Oothadiyan

Production 
Director Vetriveeran previously worked as an assistant to Bharathiraja. Hashini, who played one of the leads in Velvi, stars in this film.

Soundtrack 
The music is composed by Mohammed Rizwan. The lyrics are written by Vairamuthu and Karthik Netha. Vairamuthu recommended Rizwan to be the film's music composer.
"Viduthi Vaazhkai Viduthi" - Krishnamoorthy, Vignesh, Rag
"Naan Thaan Kadhal" - Ravi, Ujjaini Rai
"Varuginrdraan" - Mohammed Rizwan, Renina R.
"Aadaatha Aattam* - Mukesh, Hema
"Idupazhagi O Maame" - Ajeesh Ashok, Saindhavi

Reception 
A critic from The New Indian Express wrote that "Despite its flippant title, AMKP is an engaging, thought- provoking campus story with a difference". A critic from Dinamalar praised the film and its unique characters.

References
Vinny Finigan (born ), also known by the nickname of "Fini", is an English professional, rugby league footballer who plays for London Skolars. He is of Irish descent.

Bradford bulls 
Vinny Finigan is a product of the Bradford Academy.

Finigan made his début in Round 22 (Salford) of the 2010 Season on the wing, in place of the injured Stuart Reardon. He played for the rest of the season including Round 27 (Wigan). Finigan scored against Salford (2 tries) and Hull Kingston Rovers (2 tries). At the end of the 2010 season Finigan was given a professional contract keeping him at Bradford for another year.

In 2011 Finigan featured in three of the four pre-season games. He played against Halifax, Dewsbury and Keighley. Finigan scored against Dewsbury (2 tries) and Keighley (1 try).

He was not selected to play in any of the league or cup games this season. Finigan was dual registered with Championship side Sheffield Eagles.

Sheffield Eagles
Finigan was released from Bradford and he signed for Championship side Sheffield Eagles on a one-year deal. He signed an extension to his contract at the end of the year and played for two seasons for the Eagles.

Batley Bulldogs
After leaving Sheffield at the end of 2013, Finnigan joined Batley for the 2014 season.  After a single season he moved to Hunslet Hawks

Hunslet Hawks
Three tries in 14 appearances during the 2015 season were all the appearances made by Finnigan for Hunslet as the club were relegated from the Championship to League 1.  He also appeared twice for Hemel Stags on loan scoring two tries.

Keighley Cougars
Finigan signed for Keighley in October 2015.  Scoring 9 tries in 13 games during the 2016 season, he extended his contract for 2017 but was released towards the end of the 2017 season.

References

1989 births
Living people
Batley Bulldogs players
Bradford Bulls players
Dewsbury Rams players
English people of Irish descent
English rugby league players
Hemel Stags players
Hunslet R.L.F.C. players
Keighley Cougars players
London Skolars players
Rugby league fullbacks
Rugby league players from Oldham
Rugby league wingers
Sheffield Eagles players
Sial refers to the composition of the upper layer of the Earth's crust.

Sial may also refer to:

Places
 Sial, Kapurthala, Punjab State, India
 Sial, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
 Sial Sharif, a small village in Pakistan

Other uses
 Air Sial, Sialkot, Pakistan, expected to begin operations in 2019
 Sial (tribe), a Jat tribe of the Punjab region
 Heer Sial (disambiguation)
 Sialkot (disambiguation)
Felicia Cosman is the Professor of Clinical Medicine at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City, NY. She is an osteoporosis specialist and was a clinical scientist at Helen Hayes Hospital in West Haverstraw, New York. Dr. Cosman is the recipient of multiple research grants from the NIH, the Department of Defense, the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, and multiple pharmaceutical companies. She has published 155 peer-reviewed papers and 50 book chapters, and acted as an NIH grant reviewer, associate editor for several journals, and the co-editor-in- chief of Osteoporosis International. Her major research focus over the last decade is the use of teriparatide, a bone building medication, in combination with antiresorptive agents, and in novel cyclic regimens, in the treatment of severe osteoporosis.

Her research has focused on the causes of osteoporosis and how the female hormone estrogen and drugs called SERMS work to treat osteoporosis. She also is studying experimental treatments for osteoporosis, including parathyroid hormone, and the causes of stress fractures in military cadets.

References 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American orthopedic surgeons
Women surgeons
Columbia University faculty
20th-century American women scientists
21st-century American women scientists
American women academics
Joseph Mills  (birth unknown – death unknown) was an English rugby union footballer who played in the 1870s, 1880s and 1890s. He played at representative level for Lancashire (captain), and at club level for Swinton (captain). Prior to Tuesday 2 June 1896, Swinton were a rugby union club.

Playing career
Joe Mills won caps for Lancashire (captain) while at Swinton. He was selected for The North of England versus The South of England, and he was twice named a reserve for England.

Outside of rugby
Joe Mills was the landlord of the Bull's Head pub on Chorley Road, Swinton.

References

External links
Search for "Mills" at espnscrum.com
Photograph 'Swinton 1882-83' at swintonlionstales.co.uk
Photograph 'Swinton 1886' at swintonlionstales.co.uk

English rugby union players
Lancashire County RFU players
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
Publicans
Swinton Lions players
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Drayton Valley-Calmar was a provincial electoral district in Alberta, Canada, mandated to return a single member to the Legislative Assembly of Alberta using the first-past-the-post method of voting from 1993 to 2012.

It elected a Progressive-Conservative MLA in each election from 1990s to 2012.

Drayton Valley-Calmar history

Boundary history

Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs)

Election results

1993 general election

1997 general election

2001 general election

2004 general election

2008 general election

Senate elections

2004 Senate nominee election district results

Voters had the option of selecting 4 Candidates on the Ballot

2004 Student Vote

On November 19, 2004 a Student Vote was conducted at participating Alberta schools to parallel the 2004 Alberta general election results. The vote was designed to educate students and simulate the electoral process for persons who have not yet reached the legal majority. The vote was conducted in 80 of the 83 provincial electoral districts with students voting for actual election candidates. Schools with a large student body that reside in another electoral district had the option to vote for candidates outside of the electoral district then where they were physically located.

See also
List of Alberta provincial electoral districts

References

External links
Elections Alberta
The Legislative Assembly of Alberta

Former provincial electoral districts of Alberta