Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
A depolarizer or depolariser, in electrochemistry, according to an IUPAC definition, is a synonym of electroactive substance, i.e., a substance which changes its oxidation state, or partakes in a formation or breaking of chemical bonds, in a charge-transfer step of an electrochemical reaction.

In the battery industry, the term "depolarizer" has been used to denote a substance used in a primary cell to prevent buildup of hydrogen gas bubbles. A battery depolarizer takes up electrons during discharge of the cell; therefore, it is always an oxidizing agent. The term "depolarizer" can be considered as outdated or misleading, since it is based on the concept of "polarization" which is hardly realistic in many cases.

Polarization
Under certain conditions for some electrochemical cells, especially if they use an aqueous electrolyte, hydrogen ions can be converted into hydrogen atoms and H2 molecules. In the extreme case, bubbles of hydrogen gas might appear at one of the electrodes. If such a layer of hydrogen or even H2 gas bubbles appear on the positive plate of a battery, they interfere with the chemical action of the cell. An electrode covered with gases is said to be polarized. Polarization in galvanic cells causes the voltage and thus current to be reduced, especially if the bubbles cover a large fraction of a plate. Depolarizers are substances which are intended to remove the hydrogen, and therefore, they help to keep the voltage at a high level. However, this concept is outdated, since if enough depolarizer is present, it will react directly in most cases by getting electrons from the positive plate of the galvanic cell, i.e. there will be no relevant amount of hydrogen gas present. Therefore, the original concept of polarization does not apply to most batteries, and the depolarizer does not react with hydrogen as H2. Still, the term is used today, however, in most cases, it might be replaced with oxidizing agent.

Many different substances have been used as depolarizers; the most notable are listed below.

Oxidizing agents
These oxidize the hydrogen to water.  Examples include:

 Nitric acid, used in the Grove cell and Bunsen cell
 Chromic acid, used in the Chromic acid cell
 Manganese dioxide, used in the Leclanché cell and Dry cell

Nitric and chromic acids are powerful oxidizing agents, and effective depolarizers, but their hazardous nature makes them unsuitable for general use.  Manganese dioxide is, therefore, the most widely used depolarizer.

Salts of metals
The hydrogen ions displace metal from the salt so that metal, instead of hydrogen, is deposited on the positive plate.  Examples:

 Silver oxide, used in the Silver-oxide battery
 Copper sulphate, used in the Daniell cell
 Mercurous sulphate, used in the Weston and Clark standard cells

References

 Everyman's Encyclopaedia, 1931, volume 3, pp. 520–522

External links
 Telegraph batteries

Battery (electricity)
Electrochemistry
Greatheart is a fantasy novel by Dixie Lee McKeone, set in the world of Birthright, and based on the Dungeons & Dragons game.

Plot summary
Greatheart is a novel in which a human named Greatheart, who was raised by elves, must protect a sacred grove.

Reception

Reviews
Kliatt
Backstab #7

References

1996 American novels
Birthright (campaign setting) novels
Malwai Giddha () is the folk dance of males of Malwa region of Punjab. This dance was originally performed by Babey (old men) and hence is also called Babeyan da Gidhha but the dance is now performed by younger men too. This includes teasing of other people in Boliaan (folk poetry). The dance originated in the Malwa area of the Punjab region and is associated with the districts of Muktsar, Bathinda, Faridkot, Sangrur, Ferozpur, Mansa and Patiala.

Instruments
The instruments used in Malwai Giddha are not merely for show. A performer has to play it in rhythm. The performer has to know not only the how to play the particular instrument but also the way to carry it.

The most commonly used instruments are:
 Tumbi
 Chimta
 Kato
 Kartara

See also
 Sapp (instrument)
 Bhangra (dance)
 Jhumar
 Dances of Punjab

References

External links
 
 Download a pdf file about Punjabi Folk dances

Folk dances of Punjab
The Maritime Transport Act 1994 defines the statutory powers of Maritime New Zealand.

External links
Text of the Act
New Zealand Maritime Law

Statutes of New Zealand
1994 in New Zealand law
Water transport in New Zealand
Transport law in New Zealand
History of transport in New Zealand
1994 in transport
Maritime history of New Zealand
Transport legislation
"Kraj i tačka" ("The End and Period") is a song recorded by Serbian pop recording artist Dara Bubamara. It was premiered 31 March 2014 on the television show Narod pita hosted by Saša Popović on Grand Television. The lyrics were written by Vuksan Bilanović, with music by Dejan Kostić who also arranged the song. It was produced and recorded in Belgrade.

References

External links
Kraj i tačka at Discogs

2014 singles
2014 songs
Serbian pop songs
Pop-folk songs
An oracionista is a specific type of curandera who works through prayer and prayer songs (oraciones) to heal the sick.  As with other methods of modern curanderismo, this form of prayer healing is heavily influenced by Roman Catholicism as well as the indigenous traditions of a given region. The ability to heal is thought to work through a spiritual gift known as “el don”. The oracionista is thought to have received her healing gift through an apprenticeship, family lineage or visionary experience.

See also
 Faith healing

References

 Beyer, Stephan V. (2009). Singing to the Plants: A Guide to Mestizo Shamanism in the Upper Amazon. University of New Mexico Press. 
 Trotter, R. (2001). Phototessay. Curanderismo: a picture of Mexican-American folk healing. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine 7(2), 129–131.

Traditional healthcare occupations
Prayer
Al qufl may refer to:

Al qufl, Hadhramaut, Yemen
Al qufl, San‘a’, Yemen
Christie Walk is a model ecological cohousing development in central Adelaide, Australia. It consists of 27 dwellings on a 2,000 square metres site. It was designed by local architect Paul Downton and completed in 2006. Its innovative aspects include energy- and water-saving measures, use of ethical finance and use of recycled non-toxic materials.

Influences
Christie Walk was founded by Urban Ecology Australia Inc as a living example of the 10 Ecopolis Development Principles, which were established by Paul Downton, Cherie Hoyle and Emilis Prelgauskas.

The development has been included as a case study in the Australian Government's guide to environmentally sustainable homes and inspired similar projects such as Aldinga EcoVillage and a cohousing development in Canberra.

At the 2021 biennial Carbon Neutral Adelaide Awards event, Christie Walk was made a Carbon Neutral Adelaide Ambassador, an honour given so far to only 3 others of the 200 Carbon Neutral Adelaide Partners. Urban Ecology Australia also won the award for Community Leadership in recognition of three decades of campaigning, researching and educating on the transformation of conventional cities into Ecological Cities.

Goals
"We wanted a green community, comfortable for the residents but kind to the environment; something that would significantly cut our environmental footprint.  We wanted a working alternative to urban sprawl.  We wanted to help heal the web of life by bringing biodiversity back into the city.  And we wanted it to be a community, not just a collection of disconnected dwellings." - Brian Loffler - Environmental Planner at Christie Walk.

Ongoing upgrades
Construction of Christie Walk was completed in 2006, but efforts to reduce emissions are ongoing through a program of technology upgrades. The Christie Walk community ensures that lessons learned along the way are shared widely through on-site tours, virtual tours and documentation of the upgrades. The documentation is especially relevant to strata groups where upgrades and emissions reduction projects are more complicated than for stand-alone home owners.

References

External links
Video on Vimeo (10min)
Urban Ecology website

Housing cooperatives in Australia
Residential buildings in Australia
Buildings and structures in Adelaide
Ayr Academicals Football Club was a football team from the Scottish town of Ayr.

History

The club was founded in October 1876, at a meeting at the Ayr Assembly Rooms, in which it was "unanimously agreed" to merge the Ayr Academy and Ayr Eglinton clubs, to form a new club, Ayr Academicals.  The new club's secretary was to be the Eglinton secretary John Watt, with Eglinton captain John Holm captaining the Academicals side.  The two clubs had previously been close, the Eglinton side which had played in the Scottish Cup earlier in the season including at least 5 players who had played for Ayr Academy in friendlies the previous season, 4 of whom had played in the Academy side which beat Eglinton 2–0 in November 1875.

The new side entered the Scottish Cup in 1877–78, reaching the third round (last 34); in the second round the club beat Kilmarnock.  The club was also a founder member of the Ayrshire Football Association and entered the first Ayrshire Cup, losing in the first round to Kilbirnie.

In 1878–79, the club lost in the second round of the Scottish Cup to Mauchline, the club which had beaten the Academicals the previous year.  The club did go further in the Ayrshire Cup; in the first round the club walked over Ayr Thistle and was eliminated in the fourth round (the final 6) by Kilmarnock Portland, the Portland side defending a one goal lead through time-wasting tactics, continually sending the ball "into 'touch'".

The club entered the Scottish Cup for 1879–80, and was drawn to play Kilmarnock.  This appears to have been a speculative entry, perhaps as a back-up plan, as the football club no longer existed.  In April 1879, the club had merged with Ayr Thistle to form Ayr F.C., in time for a friendly match against Calthorpe F.C. of Birmingham, which was touring Scotland over Easter, and to whom Archie Hunter had recommended Ayr Thistle as an opponent.  The name Ayr Academical (in the singular) survived as an athletics club.

Colours

The club played in navy shirts with a white Maltese cross badge, and white knickerbockers.

Grounds

At the initial foundation meeting, the club secured the use of the Cattle Show Ground, close to Ayr railway station, from the owner Mr Dewar.  From its second season the club played at Springvale Park.

The club experimented with floodlit football in 1878, but the match (against Glasgow University F.C.) was not a success, thanks to continual rain causing intermittent blackouts.

External links
Scottish Cup results

References

Defunct football clubs in Scotland
Association football clubs established in 1876
1876 establishments in Scotland
Ayr United F.C.
Association football clubs disestablished in 1879
1879 disestablishments in Scotland
Sport in Ayr
Football in South Ayrshire
The Desert Island () is a 1936 Chinese crime thriller film directed by Wu Yonggang.

Cast 
Jin Yan
Zhang Zhizhi

External links 

1936 films
1930s Mandarin-language films
Chinese black-and-white films
1936 crime films
Films directed by Wu Yonggang
Chinese crime films
Diego Ambuila (born 18 July 1993) is a Colombian football player.

References

1993 births
Living people
Colombian men's footballers
J1 League players
Sagan Tosu players
Place of birth missing (living people)
Men's association football forwards
Club Always Ready players
Sigismund of Bavaria (26 July 1439 – 1 February 1501) was a member of the Wittelsbach dynasty. He ruled as Duke of Bavaria-Munich from 1460 to 1467, and then as Duke of Bavaria-Dachau until his death.

Biography
Sigismund was the third son of Albert III of Bavaria with Princess Anna of Brunswick-Grubenhagen-Einbeck his second wife.

Sigismund was Duke of Bavaria-Munich from 1460 to 1467, until 1463 together with his brother John IV. In 1467, he resigned in favor of his younger brother Albert IV and then kept only the new duchy of Bavaria-Dachau as his domain until his death. 

In 1468, the foundation stone of the Frauenkirche in Munich was laid by Sigismund. He also ordered to enlarge Blutenburg Castle, to construct its chapel, and to build the church St. Wolfgang in Pipping nearby in 1488. The redesign of the ducal court Alter Hof was initiated by Sigismund as well who lived there for a time towards the end of the 15th Century and was generally a patron of the revival of Gothic arts in Bavaria. 

Sigismund died on February 1, 1501, at Blutenburg Castle and was buried at the Frauenkirche in Munich.

Ancestors

 
 

1439 births
1501 deaths
15th-century dukes of Bavaria
16th-century dukes of Bavaria
House of Wittelsbach
Burials at Munich Frauenkirche
Whittington Court is an Elizabethan manor house, five miles east of Cheltenham in Gloucestershire, England.

Adjacent to the house is the Whittington parish church which dates from the 12th century and now dedicated to St Bartholomew.

The origins of the site are unclear, but probably date back to Anglo-Saxon times; however, in 1948 the remains of a Roman villa were found in an adjacent field.

The current building was probably begun by Richard Cotton's son John Cotton in 1556 on an earlier moated site.  It was completed in anticipation of Queen Elizabeth I's visit to the house in 1592 en route to Sudeley Castle. Subsequently, passed to Sir John Denham, who married Anne Cotton and died 1669, and was Surveyor General to Charles II. It then passed through the female line to the Earls of Derby and by the mid-late 18th century belonged to Thomas Tracey the Member of Parliament for Gloucester, who died in 1770. Misses Timbrell and Mrs. Rebecca Lighbourne inherited the property but left no heir, the house passing to Mr. Walter Lawrence Morris and subsequently to his descendants who adopted the name Lawrence. Alterations and additions were made in the 16th, late 17th and early 18th centuries.  In the mid-eighteenth century the estate was sold and became part of the Sandywell Park estate. The kitchen wing was added 1929. It is a grade I listed building.

The interior of the house is Elizabethan and contain two carved overmantels from Sevenhampton Manor - one showing the arms of Lawrence Washington (1602–1652) (the stars and stripes).

A barn dated 1614 and stable block are both grade II listed.

Since 1972 a disused gardener's cottage at Whittington Court has been the home to The Whittington Press, a fine press which also publishes the journal Matrix on printing.

References 

Grade I listed houses in Gloucestershire
Grade II listed buildings in Gloucestershire
Country houses in Gloucestershire
Houses completed in 1556
1556 establishments in England
Øyane or Veum is a village in Fyresdal Municipality in Vestfold og Telemark county, Norway. The village is located about  north of the village of Moland, the municipal centre. Veum Church is located in the village. The village is located along Norwegian County Road 355.

References

Fyresdal
Villages in Vestfold og Telemark
"The Animal" is a song by American heavy metal band Disturbed. It was released on October 4, 2010, as the third single from their studio album, Asylum. According to vocalist David Draiman, "The Animal" was heavily inspired by the movie The Wolfman (2010).

Music video
A music video for "The Animal", directed by Charlie Terrell, premiered on 16 November 2010, on MTV2. It was the first music video from the album Asylum to feature all the band members, as "Another Way to Die" did not feature any of them and "Asylum" only featured lead singer David Draiman. The video also features Draiman's then-fiancée and former WWE Diva Lena Yada.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Personnel
 David Draiman – lead vocals, backing vocals
 Dan Donegan – guitars, electronics
 John Moyer – bass guitar, backing vocals
 Mike Wengren – drums, percussion

References

2010 singles
Disturbed (band) songs
2010 songs
Reprise Records singles
Songs about werewolves
Songs written by Dan Donegan
Songs written by David Draiman
Songs written by Mike Wengren
The following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1200 kHz: 1200 AM is classified by the Federal Communications Commission as a United States clear-channel frequency.  WOAI San Antonio is the dominant Class A station.

In Argentina
 LRF203 in Esquel, Chubut
 LT6 in Goya, Corrientes

In Canada

In Mexico
 XEPAS-AM in Punta Abreojos, Baja California Sur
 XECPAC-AM in Jalpan de Serra, Querétaro

In the United States
Stations in bold are clear-channel stations.

References

Lists of radio stations by frequency
Illinois Route 117 is a rural north–south state route in north central Illinois. It travels from Interstate 74 in the small community of Goodfield to Illinois Route 17 in Toluca. Illinois 117 covers a distance of about .

Route description 
Illinois 117 is a rural, two lane surface road for its entire length. The main cities of service on Illinois 117 are Eureka and Roanoke. In Eureka, Illinois 117 is known as Main Street, and intersects with U.S. Route 24 (Center Street).

Illinois 117 then overlaps Illinois Route 116 from  west of Roanoke to Benson, a distance of about . Through Roanoke, Illinois 117 is called Front Street. Northeast of Roanoke, Illinois 116/117 runs on top of an abandoned rail line until it turns north towards Toluca.

History 

Though Illinois 117 now connects to Illinois 17, they were originally unconnected, and each were separately planned in State Bond Issue sequence. SBI Route 117 originally ran from U.S. Route 150 (just north of current I-74) in Goodfield to Illinois 116 north of Eureka. On January 8, 1993, it was extended north through Roanoke and north to Toluca to renumber IL 116A, the last surviving letter route in Illinois.

Major intersections

References

External links

117
117
117
Caminetti v. United States, 242 U.S. 470 (1917), was a United States Supreme Court case involving Farley Drew Caminetti and the Mann Act. The Court decided that the Mann Act applied not only to purposes of prostitution but also to other noncommercial consensual sexual liaisons. Thus, consensual extramarital sex falls within the definition of "immoral sex."

Plain meaning rule
The case has an historic place in American jurisprudence in that it was one of the first where the court embraced the idea of the "plain meaning rule".  This is a form of legislative interpretation that focuses strongly on the literal text of a statute.  In its most extreme form the plain meaning rule does not look outside of the statutory text at any additional sources to find the legislative intent if the rule is "plain" from the text.  Critics of using the plain meaning rule argue that a court may find or not find an ambiguity in a statute depending on the result that a court sees fit.

The issue in the case that caused the Court to interpret using the plain meaning rule was whether the Mann Act's inclusion of the phrase "...or for any other immoral purpose..." included Caminetti's actions.  The Court found that Caminetti had been convicted of transporting a woman across state lines for an immoral purpose which, according to the majority opinion, was well within the plain meaning of the statute.

See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 242
United States v. Bitty (1911)
Athanasaw & Sampson v. United States,

Notes

Further reading

External links
 
 

United States Supreme Court cases
United States statutory interpretation case law
1917 in United States case law
Mann Act
Sex case law
Abrogated United States Supreme Court decisions
United States Supreme Court cases of the White Court
Rockdale is an extinct town in the northwest United States, in King County, Washington. The GNIS classifies it as a populated place.

A post office called "Rockdale" was established  in 1912, and remained in operation until 1915. The community in the Cascade Range was named for the abundance of rock near the original town site. Just south of Snoqualmie Pass, it was at the west portal of the Snoqualmie Tunnel, constructed by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (The Milwaukee Road) from 1912 to 1914.

The elevation is approximately  above sea level; it is south of and about  above the eastbound lanes of Interstate 90, formerly U.S. Route 10.

The tunnel and right-of-way is now a rail trail, part of Iron Horse State Park.

References

47.392,-121.455

Ghost towns in Washington (state)
Geography of King County, Washington
Rabia Bala Hatun (Ottoman Turkish; رابعہ بالا ھاتون died January 1324) was the wife of Osman I, the founder of the Ottoman Dynasty.   She was the daughter of the famous Sheikh Edebali and the mother of Alaeddin Pasha of the Ottoman Empire.

Names
Edebali's daughter is called by different names in the sources. Sheikh Edebali's daughter is referred to as "Rabia" in the history of Uric, and as "Mal/Malhun" in those of Aşıkpaşazade, Neşri, Rüstem paşa and Lütfi Paşa.

Marriage to Osman
Edebali became Osman's mentor and gave him the Gazi sword. Osman at Edebali's dergah, dreamed of a state. This dream, thus led to the establishment of a state. After this, Edebali's daughter was married to Osman I. As a result of this marriage, all the Ahyan sheikhs came under the Ottoman control. This had a major impact on the establishment and development of the Ottoman Beylik.
From the central government records regarding the property she received at the time of her marriage; the village of Kozağaç in the district of Bilecik, where the dervish hospice of her father was located. Her father Sheikh Edebali was an influential religious leader in the Ottoman territories.

Death and burial
She died in 1324. Although she preceded her husband, Osman, she was buried with her father in Bilecik. Bala Rabia  Hatun's tomb along with that of her mother's, is a famous historical landmark found within the complex of the tomb of Sheikh Edebali. This complex was built by Orhan Ghazi and later renovated by Abdul Hamid II.

In popular culture
 
In the 2019 Turkish  historical fiction TV series Kuruluş: Osman, Bala Hatun  is portrayed by Turkish actress Özge Törer.

See also

Ottoman Empire
Ottoman dynasty
List of consorts of the Ottoman Sultans
Ottoman family tree
Ottoman Emperors family tree (simplified)

Further reading

Peirce, Leslie P., The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire, Oxford University Press, 1993,  (paperback).
Bahadıroğlu, Yavuz,    "Resimli Osmanlı Tarihi, Nesil Yayınları" (Ottoman History with Illustrations, Nesil Publications) 15th Ed., 2009,  (Hardcover).

References

13th-century consorts of Ottoman sultans
13th-century people from the Ottoman Empire
1342 deaths
14th-century consorts of Ottoman sultans
14th-century people from the Ottoman Empire