Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
Madhyam is the fourth svara from the seven svaras of Hindustani music and Carnatic music. This article is written from the Hindustani perspective. Madhyam is the long form of the syllable म. For simplicity in pronouncing while singing the syllable, Madhyam is pronounced as Ma (notation - M). It is also called as मध्यम in the Devanagri script.

Details
The following is the information about Madhyam and its importance in Indian classical music :

 Madhyam is the fourth svara in an octave or Saptak.
 Ma is the immediate next svara of Gandhar (Ga).
 The svara of Madhyam is  and . In fact Madhyam is the only  svara in the Saptak.
 It is said that Shadja is the basic svara from which all the other six svaras are produced. Breaking the word Shadja yields Shad And Ja. It means that Shad is six and ja is 'giving birth' in Marathi. So basically the translation is :
  षड् - 6, ज -जन्म . Therefore, it collectively means giving birth to the other six notes of the music.
So the svara Ma is formed from Shadja.
 There are 4 Shruti's of Madhyam. Previously the main Shruti not only for Ma but for all the other svaras was on the last Shruti but now it is considered to be on the 1st Shurti.
For example if these are the 4 Shruti's of Ma then,

                       Previously this was the position of the main Shruti of Ma.
                        ^ 
              1   2  3  4
              ^
              But now this position has become the main Shruti of Ma.

 All the other svaras except Shadja (Sa) and Pancham (Pa) can be  or  svaras but Sa and Pa are always Shuddha svaras. And hence svaras Sa and Pa are called Achal Svaras, since these svaras don't move from their original position. Svaras Ra, Ga, Ma, Dha, Ni are called Chal Svaras, since these svaras move from their original position.
    
     Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, Ni - Shuddha Svaras
    
     Re, Ga, Dha, Ni -  Svaras 
   
     Ma -  Svaras

Ma is a Shuddha Svara as well as a Tivra Svara. But Ma is the only Tivra Svara out of the seven svaras. This is denoted as म॓ .

 Ragas from Kalyan Thaat, Poorvi Thaat, Marwa Thaat, Todi Thaat have Tivra Madhyam, rest of the thaats have Shuddha Madhyam.
 Ragas where Ma is the Vadi svara - Raga Kedar, etc. Ragas where Ma is the Samvadi svara - Raga Malkauns.
 Hypothetically speaking, Ma is said to be the Mahipal - Lord Indra, Mahipal as in, the three main gods, Bhrama, Vishnu and Shiva were first created i.e. Sakar Bhrama (Sa) and then these three gods created Rishimuni i.e. Re and then Gandharvas were created for singing and then lord Indra or Raja Indra i.e. Mahipal was created. Ma is made the acronym of Mahipal for showing the importance of the syllable Ma.
 Madhyam is said to be sourced from call of the heron.
 Madhyam is associated with the planet Moon.
 Madhyam is associated with White colour.

See also
 List of Ragas in Hindustani classical music
 Svara
 Shadja (Sa)
 Rishabh (Re)
 Gandhar (Ga)
 Pancham (Pa)
 Dhaivat (Dha)
 Nishad (Ni)

Ma (svara)

References

Hindustani music
Carnatic music
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Delta2 Chamaeleontis}}

Delta2 Chamaeleontis, Latinized from δ2 Chamaeleontis, is a solitary star located in the southern circumpolar constellation of Chamaeleon. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.42, which is bright enough for the star to seen with the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 9.30 mas, it is located around 351 light years from the Sun. This star is one of two stars named Delta Chamaeleontis, the other being the fainter Delta1 Chamaeleontis located about 6 arcminutes away. Delta Chamaeleontis forms the southernmost component of the constellation's "dipper" or bowl. Together with Gamma Chamaeleontis, they point to a spot that is within 2° of the south celestial pole.

This is a B-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of B3 V. However, Hiltner et al. (1969) give a classification of B2.5 IV, which would suggest it is a more evolved subgiant star. It is estimated to have five times the mass of the Sun and 3.9 times the Sun's radius. With an age of 32.6 million years, it is radiating over 500 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 15,873 K. There is a 70% likelihood that this star is a member of Gould's Belt.

References

Chamaeleontis, Delta2
Chamaeleon
Chamaeleontis, Delta2
Durchmusterung objects
052633
04234
093845
B-type subgiants
No. 60 Squadron was a Royal Australian Air Force fighter squadron of World War II. It was formed in January 1942 and disbanded three months later, without seeing combat.

Squadron history

No. 60 Squadron was formed at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, on 1 January 1942 as part of Australia's response to the rapid Japanese advance during the first month of the Pacific War and the perceived threat of invasion. It comprised 179 personnel and three flights of CAC Wirraway aircraft drawn from No. 2 Service Flying Training School. These aircraft were armed with two forward-firing machine guns and a further machine gun in the rear cockpit and could carry four 250-lb or two 500-lb bombs.

The squadron began training on 6 January. It practiced formation flying, dive bombing and air-to-ground gunnery as well as conducting air defence exercises with other units based at Wagga Wagga. On 2 February No. 60 Squadron moved to Cootamundra but remained under the operational command of Wagga Wagga's operations room. From 3 to 5 February the squadron exercised with another squadron based at Wagga Wagga. It did not conduct any flight training after 6 February, but continued ground training.

No. 60 Squadron was disbanded on 3 April 1942 as its aircraft and personnel were needed by the RAAF's training units. The squadron's aircraft and other equipment were transferred to RAAF units at Uranquinty and its personnel posted to units at Uranquinty and Deniliquin. The squadron's commander throughout its existence, Blake Pelly, was promoted to the rank of acting group captain in 1944 and represented the Electoral district of Wollondilly in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly between 1950 and 1957.

Notes

References
 
 
 

60
Military units and formations established in 1942
Military units and formations disestablished in 1942
Chatrabus is a genus of toadfishes native to the coast of southern Africa.

Species
There are currently three recognized species in this genus:
 Chatrabus felinus (J. L. B. Smith, 1952) (Pleated toadfish)
 Chatrabus hendersoni (J. L. B. Smith, 1952) (Chocolate toadfish)
 Chatrabus melanurus (Barnard, 1927) (Pony toadfish)

References

Batrachoididae
Antônio Francisco Bueno do Prado (13 May 1940 – 31 August 2017), simply known as Prado, was a Brazilian professional footballer who played as forward.

Career

Prado started his career at Bragantino and defended São Paulo for over 10 years, scoring 121 goals. Passed by Corinthians and ended his career at Bangu.

Defended the Brazil national football team in 1965, in the match against Hungary, when only players from São Paulo participated.

Personal life

Prado survived an attempted robbery in 2001, when he was shot twice in the abdomen.

Death

Died on 31 August 2017, by a melanoma.

References

1940 births
2017 deaths
Men's association football forwards
Brazilian men's footballers
São Paulo FC players
Clube Atlético Bragantino players
Sport Club Corinthians Paulista players
Footballers from São Paulo (state)
Robberies in Brazil
Blank (1740–1770) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. He only won one race, but became a very successful sire and was British Champion sire in 1762, 1764 and 1770.

Background
Blank was a bay colt bred by the 2nd Earl of Godolphin and foaled in 1740. He was sired by Godolphin Arabian, who was an Arabian horse and three-time Champion sire. Amongst Godolphin Arabian's other progeny were Lath, Cade, and Regulus. Blank's dam was Little Mare, also known as Amorett, who was a daughter of Flying Wigg.

Racing career
Blank made his racecourse debut aged six at Newmarket in April 1746. He rarely raced and only won one race, which was a match race over three miles against Cumberland in 1748 at Newmarket.

Stud career
After retiring from racing Blank became a very successful stallion and was British Champion sire in 1762, 1764 and 1770. He stood at Grimsthorpe in Lincolnshire and his best racing progeny included Ancaster, Great Subscription Purse and 1200 Guineas Stakes winner Antinous, Doncaster Cup winner Charlotte, another Great Subscription Purse winner Chatsworth, Chrysolite, Contest, 1200 Guineas Stakes winner Foxhunter, Hyder Ally, Lycurgas, Manby, Pacolet, Jockey Club Plate winner Paymaster, and Tatler. His daughter Rachel was the dam of Highflyer. Blank was also the damsire of Delpini, Goldfinder, Juniper and Young Marske. Blank died at Grimsthorpe in 1770.

Sire line tree 

Blank
Contest
Tatler
Foxhunter
Manby
Antinous
Lamplighter
Givens
Centinel
Fallower
Granby
Chatsworth
Chrysolite
Pacolet
Citizen
Pacolet
Hyder Alley
Paymaster
Paragon
Lycurgus
Ancaster

Pedigree

Note: b. = Bay, br. = Brown

References

1740 racehorse births
1770 racehorse deaths
British Champion Thoroughbred Sires
Racehorses bred in the Kingdom of Great Britain
Racehorses trained in the Kingdom of Great Britain
Thoroughbred family 15
John Frazier (born September 23, 1944) is an American visual effects supervisor.

He was born in Chicago, Illinois.

He has 11 Oscar nominations, with one win for Spider-Man 2 at the 77th Academy Awards. He shared the award with John Dykstra, Scott Stokdyk and Anthony LaMolinara.

References

Visual effects supervisors
Living people
1944 births
Best Visual Effects Academy Award winners
Best Visual Effects BAFTA Award winners
The beta-3 adrenergic receptor (β3-adrenoceptor), also known as ADRB3, is a beta-adrenergic receptor, and also denotes the human gene encoding it.

Function 

Actions of the β3 receptor include
Enhancement of lipolysis in adipose tissue.
Thermogenesis in skeletal muscle

It is located mainly in adipose tissue and is involved in the regulation of lipolysis and thermogenesis. Some β3 agonists have demonstrated antistress effects in animal studies, suggesting it also has a role in the central nervous system (CNS). β3 receptors are found in the gallbladder, urinary bladder, and in brown adipose tissue. Their role in gallbladder physiology is unknown, but they are thought to play a role in lipolysis and thermogenesis in brown fat. In the urinary bladder it is thought to cause relaxation of the bladder and prevention of urination.

Mechanism of action 

Beta adrenergic receptors are involved in the epinephrine- and norepinephrine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of the G proteins of the type Gs.

Ligands

Agonists 

 Amibegron (SR-58611A)
 BRL-37344
 CL-316,243
 L-742,791 
 L-796,568
 LY-368,842
 Mirabegron (YM-178), approved for treatment of overactive bladder in Japan, United States, UK, Canada, China and India.
 Nebivolol selective beta(1)-blocker and beta(3)-agonist.
 Ro40-2148
 Solabegron (GW-427,353)
 Vibegron (MK-4618)

Antagonists 

 L-748,328
 L-748,337
 SR 59230A was thought to be a selective β3 antagonist but later found to also be an antagonist of the α1 receptor.

Interactions 

Beta-3 adrenergic receptor has been shown to interact with Src.

See also 
Other adrenergic receptors
Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor
Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor
Beta Blocker

References

Further reading

External links 
 
 

Adrenergic receptors
Hotel Florida Milan is a hotel in central Milan, Italy, located approximately 50 metres south of the Milano Centrale railway station in the "Stazione Centrale" district. The hotel was originally built in 1949 and was modernised in 2004. The hotel has Italian marble and  fine wood furnishings and has a private collection of contemporary art.

References

External links
Official site

Hotel buildings completed in 1949
Hotels in Milan
Hotels established in 1949
Railway hotels
ISTE may refer to:
 International Society for Technology in Education
 Indian Society for Technical Education
 ISTE Ltd

See also
 İste, a 2004 maxi single by Mustafa Sandal
Hong Sok-jung (), born in Seoul in 1941, is a North Korean writer.
He is the grandson of novelist Hong Myong-hui.

Sok-jung moved to North Korea with his family after the Second World War. He served in the Korean People's Navy, and obtained a degree in literature at Kim Il Sung University. His first published work was a short story, "Red Flower", in 1970. In 1979, he joined the Central Committee of North Korea's official literary organisation, the Joseon Writers' Alliance(Now under Korean Federation of Literature and Arts).

In 1993, he published his most successful work, Northeaster, an epic novel. In 2002, he published Hwang Jin-i (), a historical novel set in the sixteenth century, which depicts courtesan Hwang Jin-i's discovery of the people's starvation and encounters with corrupt officials. Hwang Jin-i was awarded South Korea's Manhae Literary Prize () in 2005 - the first time it had been awarded to a North Korean writer. An excerpt from the novel was translated into English and published by Words Without Borders (WWB) in Literature from the "Axis of Evil" in 2006.

See also

 North Korean literature

Sources
 Br. Anthony of Taizé, introductory remarks to the excerpt of Hwang Jin-i, in Literature from the "Axis of Evil" (a Words Without Borders anthology), , 2006, pp.99–101.

1941 births
North Korean novelists
Living people
Writers from Seoul
Kim Il Sung University alumni
"When You Were My Girl" is a song by English recording artist Matt Cardle. The song was released as a digital download in the United Kingdom on 13 October 2013 as the second single from his third studio album Porcelain (2013). The song was written by Cardle, Will Talbot, Jamie Scott, Toby Smith, JC Chasez, and Jimmy Harry, and it was produced by Cardle, Smith, and Scott.

Background
Talking about the song Matt said: "I had a session in LA with JC Chasez and his producer Jimmy Harry. We came up with this really awesome bass line, which I revisited a few weeks later when I was back in the UK. I continued writing and a few days later, the track was finished." He also said: "It's got a real Marvin Gaye, Jackson-esque type feel to it. I'm really proud of it."

Music video
A music video to accompany the release of "When You Were My Girl" was first released onto YouTube on 6 October 2013 at a total length of two minutes and fifty-seven seconds. The video was directed by Nick Spanos and was shot in Los Angeles, United States.

Track listing

Chart performance

Weekly charts

Release history

References

2013 songs
Matt Cardle songs
2013 singles
Songs written by Jimmy Harry
Songs written by Jamie Scott
Songs written by Matt Cardle
Chipursan (; also spelt Chipurson, Chiporson, Chaporsan, Chupurson) is a valley containing approximately eight scattered villages situated within the Hunza District of Gilgit−Baltistan in Pakistan. It is located in the northern part of the country, close to the border with the Wakhan District of Afghanistan and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. The valley is predominantly inhabited by ethnic Wakhis; the village of Raminj in this region is inhabited by ethnic Burushos. The valley's inhabitants largely adhere to the Isma'ili sect of Shia Islam. Chapurson hosts over 500 households with an estimated population of 3000 people.

Geography 

The Chipurson valley is above  from sea level and the villages are Yarzerech, Raminj, Kirmin (Noorabad, Rahimabad & Aminabad), Kil (Khill), Reshit, Shehr-e-Subz (Green City), Ispenj, Shitmerg and ZuwudKhoon (also spelled Zood Khun, Zoodkhun. Khudayarabad).

After Zood Khun pastures are  Yashkuk, Kukchaizem, Biban Joi, Koorban, Korkot, Joi Sam, Dainkut, Khudayar Alga, Kimkut, Aston ( Baba Ghundhi ). Yashwoshitk, Shipodkut, Pomiri( Pamiri ), Pamir and more.
All the names of villages and Pastures are in Wakhi language.

The valley is full of peaks and passes. Passes include Irshad Pass between Pakistan and Afghanistan and Lupghar Pir Pass between Yeshkuk and Raminj village. Peaks include Sakar Sar, Kumpire Dior, Pumir Sar, Sarmaya Sar, Kuksar, and Lupghar Sar.

Sites of interest 
Chapursan Valley has historical places like Yaskuk, Rovai Sam, Khumpir Dior, and the Shrine of Baba Ghundi.

Shrine of Baba Ghundi (Baba Ghundi Ziarat) in the Chuparsan Valley is the shrine of the famous Pir of Ghund who is celebrated in legend as the Sufi saint who brought Islam to the valley. The saint is not actually buried here.  The former Mir of Hunza kept his herds of sheep and goats for grazing around here and used to visit the shrine every year.  The people of Hunza Valley also revere the saint and it is said that children who are a problem for their parents have only to taste the mud from a stream near Baba Ghundi after which they become obedient and well behaved.

References 

Valleys of Gilgit-Baltistan
John Lomas may refer to:

 John Lomas (trade unionist) (1848–1933), New Zealand coalminer, trade unionist and public servant
 John Lomas (cricketer) (1917–1945), English cricketer
 John Lomas (RAF officer) (1920–2019), RAF intelligence officer 
 John Lomas (bishop) (born 1958), Bishop of Swansea and Brecon
 John Lomas (martyr), one of the Canterbury Martyrs
Forestry in Romania is an important sector of the economy and is of global significance. Half of all forestry production in Romania is the result of illegal logging.

Overview
Half of the commercial forests in Romania are controlled by the state owned Romsilva. Romania is home to the last extensive unlogged old growth forests in Europe however these virgin woods are increasingly threatened by both legal and illegal logging.

History
During the communist era private forest holdings were nationalized. In 1989 after the fall of communism private landowners who had lost their land to privatization were allowed to apply for the restitution of their property. Unfortunately this process was incredibly corrupt and a lot of public lands got misallocated with land being given not to those who had lost it during nationalization but those with political and economic connections.

From 2004 to 2015 Harvard University acquired  of Romanian forest land. In 2015 they abruptly sold their entire holding to a subsidiary of Ikea. These holdings have since faced significant legal challenge as many were acquired corruptly during the restitution process.

Timber mafia
The forest industry in Romania is dominated by a “timber mafia” or a “forest mafia.” Half of all Romanian timber is illegally harvested. Those who cross the timber mafia or attempt to enforce Romania's forest laws are targeted for retribution.

Illegal logging is believed to have cost Romania more than $5.7 billion since the transition away from Communism.

In 2019 two forest rangers were killed in the line of duty, one was killed with his own gun and one was killed with an axe. Both were found near illegal logging encampments they had been investigating.

The European Union has repeatedly pressured the Romanian government to solve the illegal logging problem however there is little that local politicians are willing to do.

References

Logging
Corruption in Romania
Forestry in Romania
Natural resources in Europe
SR7 may refer to:

 Six Chuter SR7
 SR postcode area
 Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird
 21791 Mattweegman
 Sony camcorders
 Soroush Rafiei

See also 

List of highways numbered 7
"Signs of Life" is the opening track on A Momentary Lapse of Reason, the first Pink Floyd album headed by David Gilmour, in the absence of ex-member Roger Waters.

Music
It is an instrumental piece, the only words being the electronically processed voice of drummer Nick Mason, who can briefly be heard reciting two verses of an unknown poem. To open the track, producer Bob Ezrin recorded the sound of David Gilmour's boatman, Langley Iddins, rowing across the Thames. The screen film used to accompany the piece during concert performances featured Iddins rowing through Grantchester Meadows.

The track is Pink Floyd's first instrumental piece (excluding the live-only "The Last Few Bricks") since 1973's "Any Colour You Like", from The Dark Side of the Moon. Its roots go back to the 1970s.

The song segues directly into "Learning to Fly". "Signs of Life" ends on an E minor chord, while "Learning to Fly" opens with the relative major G major.

A live recording has been released as part of the concert film Delicate Sound of Thunder. The accompanying live album did not include the track until the 2019 remix, which contains the entire live setlist.

The piece is shortened on all official releases of Delicate Sound of Thunder. On the 2019 album and video version, parts of Mason's spoken vocal were re-inserted into the track even if live recordings from the tour show that it was not part of the original concerts.

Personnel
Pink Floyd
David Gilmour – electric guitar, synthesizer, programming
Nick Mason – spoken words

Additional musicians:

Richard Wright – Kurzweil synthesizer
Bob Ezrin – sequencer, sound effects
Jon Carin – synthesizer

References

External links

1987 songs
Pink Floyd songs
Rock instrumentals
Songs written by David Gilmour
Songs written by Bob Ezrin
Song recordings produced by Bob Ezrin
Song recordings produced by David Gilmour
Eel River Township is one of twenty townships in Allen County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 3,612.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, Eel River Township covers an area of ; of this,  is land and , or 0.15 percent, is water.

Cities, towns, villages
 Huntertown (west edge)

Unincorporated towns
 Ari at 
(This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.)

Adjacent townships
 Swan Township, Noble County (north)
 Butler Township, DeKalb County (northeast)
 Perry Township (east)
 Washington Township (southeast)
 Lake Township (south)
 Smith Township, Whitley County (west)
 Green Township, Noble County (northwest)

Cemeteries
The township contains these four cemeteries: Eel River, Fairview, Riverview and Watterson.

Major highways

Lakes
 Fulk Lake
 White Lake

School districts
 Northwest Allen County Schools

Political districts
 Indiana's 3rd congressional district
 State House District 83
 State Senate District 17

References

Citations

Sources
 United States Census Bureau 2008 TIGER/Line Shapefiles
 United States Board on Geographic Names (GNIS)
 IndianaMap

Townships in Allen County, Indiana
Fort Wayne, IN Metropolitan Statistical Area
Townships in Indiana
The 1980 Chicago Cubs season was the 109th season of the Chicago Cubs franchise, the 105th in the National League and the 65th at Wrigley Field. The Cubs finished sixth and last in the National League East with a record of 64–98.

Offseason 
 October 3, 1979: Ken Holtzman was released by the Cubs.
 October 17, 1979: Donnie Moore was traded by the Cubs to the St. Louis Cardinals for Mike Tyson.
 January 11, 1980: 1980 Major League Baseball draft
Jim Eppard was drafted by the Cubs in the 11th round, but did not sign.
Tom Henke was drafted by the Cubs in the 1st round (24th pick) of the secondary phase, but did not sign.
 February 5, 1980: Derek Botelho was released by the Cubs.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Notable transactions 
 June 3, 1980: Don Schulze was drafted in the 1st round (11th pick) of the 1980 Major League Baseball draft.
 June 7, 1980: Henry Cotto was signed as an amateur free agent by the Cubs.
 July 14, 1980: Rolando Roomes was signed as an amateur free agent by the Cubs.

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position 
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters 
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers 
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Other pitchers 
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Relief pitchers 
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Farm system

Notes

References 

1980 Chicago Cubs season at Baseball Reference

Chicago Cubs seasons
Chicago Cubs season
Chicago