黎吉生

黎吉生（Hugh Edward Richardson，），英國聖安德魯斯人，英國外交官、藏學家。其研究領域主要為吐蕃歷史，尤其重視碑刻。他被稱為「現代藏學之父」。

生平

黎吉生生於蘇格蘭聖安德魯斯。畢業後到牛津大學基布林學院學習古典學。1930 年，他成為公務員，並於 1936 年至 1940 年、以及 1946 年至 1947 年作為英國駐拉薩代表團代表，1937 年 5 月–11 月代理上級的駐錫金政務官。印度於 1947 年獨立後，他繼續擔任印度代表駐拉薩至 1950 年，在解放軍入藏前幾個月離開。在退休後，他回到聖安德魯斯，餘生從事私人研究工作。

他是掌握多種語言的語言學家，孟加拉語流利得可以同泰戈爾交談。他流利的藏語被西藏政治家夏格巴描述為 “無可挑剔的拉薩藏語，帶有輕微的牛津口音”。

他主張西藏應當有權利成為一個單獨存在的政治實體。他在兩本書 Tibet and Its History (1962) 以及 A Cultural History of Tibet (1968) 中均談到了這一主張，並在愛爾蘭在聯合國提出中國壓迫西藏問題時在聯合國提出了這一主張。在聯合國，用一位評論家的話來說，“他作為一位誠實的人勇敢從事於很大程度上已被遺忘的事業，因為出於政治上的權宜之計，雙方都不顧原則並且不願冒險傾向於可能的失敗方，但他這樣做值得。” 據報道，他的立場引起了英國和印度出席聯合國大會代表團的不滿。

後來他寫道，“英國政府，這西方國家中唯一與西藏有條約關係的政府，將西藏拋入深淵並從此不斷冷落西藏人，結果 1959 年他們甚至沒有支援聯合國譴責中國人在西藏侵犯人權的決議。（The British government, the only government among Western countries to have had treaty relations with Tibet, sold the Tibetans down the river and since then have constantly cold-shouldered the Tibetans so that in 1959 they could not even support a resolution in the UN condemning the violation of human rights in Tibet by the Chinese.）”

黎吉生也曾說他 “深感羞愧（profoundly ashamed）”，不僅因為英國政府不支援西藏享有自決權，而且也因為英國政府對待十四世達賴喇嘛的態度。

1999 年，黎吉生獲得國際聲援西藏運動頒發的真理之光獎，表揚他對於藏學的貢獻，以及作為外國第一位駐西藏的外交使節。

著作

2.1 中譯本

2.2 英文

1949 “Three ancient inscriptions from Tibet” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal 15, (1949): 45-64.

Ancient historical edicts at Lhasa and the Mu Tsung / Khri Gtsung Lde Brtsan treaty of A.D. 821-822 from the inscription at Lhasa. London: Royal Asiatic Society Prize Publication Fund 19, 1952.

1952-3 “Tibetan inscriptions at Zva-hi Lha Khang” London: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, (1952): 133-54 (1953): 1-12.

1954 “A ninth-century inscription from Rkong-po.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. London, (1954): 157-73.

1957 “A Tibetan Inscription from Rgyal Lha-khang” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society London, (1957): 57-78.

1964 “A new inscription of Khri Srong Lde Brtans.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society London. (1964): 1-13.

1965a "How old was Srong-brtsan Sgam-po ?", Bulletin of Tibetology, vol. 2, no. 1, 6-8. Repr. in Richardson 1998: 3-6.

1965b	"A fragment from Tun-huang", Bulletin of Tibetology, vol. 2, no. 3, 33-38. Repr. in Richardson 1998: 7-11.

1968 with David Snellgrove. A Cultural History of Tibet. 1995 2nd Edition with changes. Shambhala. Boston & London. ISBN 1-57062-102-0.

1969 “The inscription at the Tomb of Khri Lde Srong Btsan”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1969): 29-38
1969b “Tibetan chis and tschis.” Asia Major 14 (1969): 154-6.

1972 “The rKong-po Inscription.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society London. (1972): 30-39.

1973 “The Skar-cung inscription.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. (1973): 12-20.

1974 Ch'ing Dynasty Inscriptions at Lhasa. (Serie Orientale Roma v. 47). Rome: Instituto italiano per l'africa e l'oriente. 1974.

1978 “The Sino-Tibetan treaty inscription of A.D. 821/823 at Lhasa.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society: (1978): 137-62.

1983 “Bal-po and Lho-bal” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 46 (1983): 136-8.

A corpus of Early Tibetan Inscriptions. (James G. Forlong Series no. 29). Hertford: Royal Asiatic Society, 1985. ISBN 0-947593-00-4.

1987 “Early Tibetan Inscriptions: Some Recent Discoveries” The Tibet Journal 12.2.Dharamsala: Library of Tibetan works and archives, (1987): 3-15. (reprinted with 2 short notes added) Bulletin of Tibetology n.s. 3. Gangtok Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology, (1987): 5-18. High Peaks, Pure Earth. London: Serindia, 1998: 261-275.

1988 “More Early Inscriptions from Tibet” Bulletin of Tibetology. New Series 2. Gangtok Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology. (1988): 5-8. High Peaks, Pure Earth. London: Serindia, 1998: 276-278.

1989 "Eary Tibetan law concerning dog-bite", Bulletin of Tibetology, new ser. 3, 5-10. Repr. in Richardson 1998: 135-139.

1990 "Hunting accidents in early Tibet", Tibet Journal, 15-4, 5-27. Repr. in Richardson 1998: 149-166.

1995a	“The Tibetan Inscription attributed to Ye shes ‘od” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 3rd Series 5.3. (1995): 403-404.

1995b	“The inscription at Ra-tshag Dgon-pa” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 58 (1995): 534-9; High Peaks, Pure Earth. London: Serindia, 1998: 286-291.

1997 Adventures of Tibetan Fighting Monk with Khedrup Tashi, White Orchid Books; ISBN 974-87368-7-3, Orchid Press, 2006, ISBN 974-8299-17-1
1998 High peaks, pure earth: collected writings on Tibetan history and culture, Serindia publications, London.