Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
Filial therapy is a type of psychotherapy designed to treat emotional and behavioral difficulties in children; it was formulated by Bernard Gurney in 1964. It is based on the principles of play therapy; however, it is distinct from it, in that it teaches parents (or other paraprofessionals) how to provide therapeutic interventions for children. With respect to older children, filial therapy uses techniques that are adapted to age-appropriate interests and activities.

Therapeutic mechanism
Although the exact mechanism by which therapeutic gains occur through the use of filial therapy is not definitively known, several hypotheses have been formulated to explain its positive effects. Many hypotheses hold that therapeutic gains are due to the same factors that make play therapy efficacious. Other hypotheses suggest that benefits from filial therapy may also stem from parental skill acquisition, a sense of parental self-efficacy, decreases in negative parent-child interactions, and an increase in positive parent-child interactions.

Empirical support
Filial therapy is supported by clinical studies and meta-analyses. Some research suggests that under certain conditions, filial therapy can have a greater therapeutic impact than play therapy.

See also
Virginia Axline

References

External links
Association of Play Therapy
National Institute of Relationship Enhancement and Center for Couples, Families and Children

Child development
Play (activity)
Pazend () or Pazand (; ) is one of the writing systems used for the Middle Persian language. It was based on the Avestan alphabet, a phonetic alphabet originally used to write Avestan, the language of the Avesta, the primary sacred texts of Zoroastrianism.

Pazend's principal use was for writing the commentaries (Zend) on and/or translations of the Avesta. The word "Pazend" ultimately derives from the Avestan words paiti zainti, which can be translated as either "for commentary purposes" or "according to understanding" (phonetically).

Pazend had the following characteristics, both of which are to be contrasted with Pahlavi, which is one of the other systems used to write Middle Persian:
 Pazend was a variant of the Avestan alphabet (Din dabireh), which was a phonetic alphabet. In contrast, Pahlavi script was only an abjad. 
 Pazend did not have ideograms. In contrast, ideograms were an identifying feature of the Pahlavi system, and these huzvarishn were words borrowed from Semitic languages such as Aramaic that continued to be spelled as in Aramaic (in Pahlavi script) but were pronounced as the corresponding word in Persian.

In combination with its religious purpose, these features constituted a "sanctification" of written Middle Persian. The use of the Avestan alphabet to write Middle Persian required the addition of one symbol to the Avestan alphabet: This character, to represent the  phoneme of Middle Persian, had not previously been needed.

Following the fall of the Sassanids, after which Zoroastrianism came to be gradually supplanted by Islam, Pazend lost its purpose and soon ceased to be used for original composition. In the late 11th or early 12th century, Indian Zoroastrians (the Parsis) began translating Avestan or Middle Persian texts into Sanskrit and Gujarati. Some Middle Persian texts were also transcribed into the Avestan alphabet. The latter process, being a form of interpretation, was known as 'pa-zand'. "Pazand texts, transcribed phonetically, represent a late and often corrupt Middle Persian pronunciation, and so present their own problems." "The corruptions during this process are sometimes considerable." Among the transcribed texts are the prefaces (dibacheh) to prayers in Avestan. These prefatory prayers are invariably written in Pazend because of the need for "accurate" pronunciation. This practice has led to the misconception that "Pazend" is the name of a language.

Following Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron's translation of some of the texts of the Avesta in the late 18th century, the term "Zend-Avesta" was mistakenly used to refer to the sacred texts themselves (as opposed to commentaries on them). This usage subsequently led to the equally mistaken use of "Pazend" for the Avestan script as such and  "Zend" for the Avestan language.

Bibliography

 

Middle Persian
Avesta
Writing systems
Persian scripts
Michael or Mike Banks may refer to:

 Michael A. Banks (born 1951), American science fiction writer and editor
 Mike Banks (musician), American techno producer
 Mike Banks (mountaineer) (1922–2013), British climber and mountaineer
 Mike Banks (American football) (born 1979), former American football tight end
 Michael Banks, one of the characters from Mary Poppins (book series) and adaptations
Nord 2.451 to 2.631 were 0-4-2 locomotives for mixed traffic of the Chemins de Fer du Nord.
The machines were retired from service from 1909 to 1923.

Construction history
The locomotive design was first put into service at the Chemins de Fer du Nord in 1867 and originated from a similar design which was built by Ernest Goüin in 1851 for the Lyon railways and reproduced in large numbers by the Chemins de fer de l'Est, Chemins de fer de l'Ouest and Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée.

The main difference to these older types was the arrangement of the rear axle, which was supported from the outside in order to leave as much space as possible for the firebox between the wheels. 
The rest of the frame remained inside the driving wheels.
The Stephenson valve gear and the cylinders were on the inside of the locomotive frame.
The firebox was of the Crampton type, the boiler barrel consisted of three shells, with the middle one carrying the dome. 
A Crampton regulator sat behind the chimney, with the steam pipes running down on the outside to the steam chest.
The boiler pressure was  on the first and  on the later machines, with the earlier series later also receiving boilers for .

The Nord 2.451 to 2.631 locomotives were built by Société J. F. Cail & Cie and Fives-Lille from 1867 to 1883.

The locomotives were coupled with 2 axle tenders, holding  of water and  of coal, and weighing .

References

Bibliography

External links

 ETH-Bibliothek Zürich, Bildarchiv. Société J. F. Cail & Cie, 1867, Nord 2.478, viewer
 ETH-Bibliothek Zürich, Bildarchiv. Compagnie de Fives-Lille No. 1839, 1871, Nord 2.508, viewer
 ETH-Bibliothek Zürich, Bildarchiv. Compagnie de Fives-Lille No. 1839, 1871, Nord 2.508, viewer
 Steamlocomotive.com : Nord 0-4-2 Locomotives in France

Steam locomotives of France
2.451
0-4-2 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1867
Ilex Mill is a cotton mill built in 1856 by Peter Whitehead in Rawtenstall, Lancashire. It reached its peak of production  in 1895 when it had 50,000 spindles and 748 looms. However, by 1899 the building had been sold to Messrs Hoyle, Parker and Company who turned the premises into a shoe factory.

The building was once again used for textile production in the 1930s, and by 1954 two associated companies, James Rothwell and Fabricade Ltd occupied the building, working alongside one another. Fabricade made bed spreads and bathroom sets there until 1981, when they shut the plant down with the loss of 60 jobs. The building was put on the market for £85,000. The Council developed plans to turn the mill into a new Town Hall for the Borough of Rossendale which had been formed in 1974. The plans, which also involved the Rawtenstall Civic Society, the Lancashire Constabulary and the local Chamber of Commerce. They included Council administrative offices, a chamber for Council meetings and members facilities, as well as a police custody facilities, a community hall and tourist information office. The remaining space had yet to be allocated. The project received £4m from the Heritage Lottery Fund, English Heritage and English Partnerships. It was proposed that the renovation would be completed with minimum demolition and preservings as much as possible of the internal open space.

However these plans came to nothing, and after a brief period when the building was used to deliver training sessions, the building stood empty for 15 years. By 2003 the building was sold to PJ Livesey Living Space after two years of negotiation.

References

Grade II listed buildings in Lancashire
Cotton mills
Buildings and structures in the Borough of Rossendale
Johann Caspar Aiblinger (23 February 1779 – 6 May 1867) was a German composer associated with the Cecilian Movement.

Aiblinger was born in Wasserburg am Inn, Bavaria.  In his eleventh year, he commenced his studies at Tegernsee Abbey, where he was instructed in piano and organ-playing. Four years later, he entered the gymnasium at Munich, where he studied under Professor Schlett, his countryman.

In 1800 he began his studies at the University of Landshut. Inwardly drawn to the Catholic Church, he completed his study of philosophy and began that of theology, but the secularization of many religious orders in Bavaria prevented his entrance into a cloister. He now devoted himself solely to music. Led by the then prevailing idea that without a visit to Italy no musical education is complete, he turned his footsteps southward.

After a stay of eight years at Vicenza, where he fell under the influence of his countryman Johann Simon Mayr, Aiblinger (1811) went to Venice and there met Meyerbeer, who procured for him an appointment at the Conservatory. His failure to establish a school for classical music led him to Milan to assume the direction of the local ballet. On his return to Bavaria, King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria invited him to Munich to direct the Italian opera. King Ludwig I of Bavaria appointed him director of the royal orchestra, and sent him to Italy to collect old Italian masterpieces. On his return he became the organist at the Allerheiligen-Hofkirche, the church of All Saints, for which he wrote many valuable compositions.

In the 1820s, he wrote two unsuccessful operas, before turning his energies to a crusade against the influence of Italian opera, which eventually led to a revival of Christoph Willibald Gluck's Iphigenia in Tauris, re-orchestrated by Aiblinger. Then he then turned to church music, studying the old masters and procuring performances of their works.  His numerous church compositions comprise masses and requiems, offertories and graduals, psalms, litanies, and German hymns, many of which have been published at Augsburg, Munich, Regensburg, and Mainz.

In 1864 he resigned from All Saints, on account of advancing years. He died in Munich.

Selected works 
Masses
Messe in A major for soprano, alto, choir and organ
Weihnachtsmesse for solo, harp, organ, contrabass and violoncello
Missa Advocata nostra, also known under name Harfenmesse
Pastorale in G major
Bayerisches Militärgebet
Rodrige und Chimäne
Requiem in d minor
Salve Regina in E major

References

External links 
 
 
 

1779 births
1867 deaths
People from Wasserburg am Inn
German Roman Catholics
German Romantic composers
German conductors (music)
German male conductors (music)
19th-century classical composers
German male classical composers
19th-century German composers
19th-century German male musicians
Creagh Glacier () is a glacier,  long, flowing northeast from Creagh Icefall to the vicinity of Canoe Nunatak, Wilkniss Mountains, Victoria Land. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in 1994 after Father Gerry Creagh (died 1994), a New Zealand citizen, who served as honorary U.S. Navy chaplain for over 25 summer seasons at the Chapel of the Snows, McMurdo Station. He was unofficially known as the "Chaplain of Antarctica."

References 

Glaciers of Victoria Land
Scott Coast
Ayotlan was a state located along the upper reaches of the Armeria River in the general vicinity of El Grullo in Jalisco.  It should not be confused with the municipality of the same name that is in Jalisco which is significantly further east.

Ayotlan was a state prior to the Spanish incursion which had tributary states at Tlepantequipa and Tlaquitetequi.  It was conquered by the Spanish in 1525.  After this it was incorporated into the domain of Autlan.

Sources 
 Gerhard, Peter. Guide to the Historical Geography of New Spain. Cambridge: University Press, 1972. p. 59.

States and territories disestablished in 1525
Former countries in North America
Dimbelenge is a territory in Kasai-Central province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

References

Territories of Kasaï-Central Province
EarthQuest Adventures was a planned resort located in New Caney, Texas, approximately  north of Houston. Contour Entertainment is the resort's master planner and lead designer. The planned  resort was to include a theme park as well as a water park, hotel, conference center, retail and office developments. The size of the theme park was reported to be  on opening. The first phase was planned to begin in 2008.

The creator and founder of the park, dinosaur expert and author "Dino" Don Lessem, described it as a $500 million project with about 50 rides, including being inside a volcano, an ice cave, as well as coasters, and technologies that hadn't been used before. On November 17, 2010, EarthQuest was redesigned to cut the cost from $500 million to $300 million and to add construction phases. These changes were being made to secure and satisfy the project's investors. According to the official Contour Entertainment website, the first phase of the project was to premiere in late 2012 or early 2013. In 2011, the company that owned the land filed for bankruptcy, and "no construction had begun" on the park. Contour Entertainment has not repurchased the land for the park that was lost in bankruptcy. It was to be repurchased by December 15, 2013, but the date has passed.

References

External links
 
 Contour Entertainment
 EarthQuest Facebook page

Buildings and structures in Montgomery County, Texas
Defunct amusement parks in Texas
Greater Houston
Elisabeta Lipă (; née Oleniuc on 26 October 1964) is a retired rower and government official from Romania.  She is the most decorated rower in the history of the Olympics, winning five gold, two silver and one bronze medals. She holds the record amongst rowers for the most years between gold medals, at 20 years.

Since 2004, Lipă has served in various government positions including Minister of Youth and Sport under Dacian Ciolos from 2015 to 2017. Since 2009, she has also served as the president of the Romanian Rowing Federation and the Dinamo București Sports Club.

Career

Lipă made her debut at the age of 19 at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California, where she won her first gold medal in the double sculls event. She won her most recent gold medal in the eight at the Athens Summer Olympics in 2004. She is the only person to win a gold medal in the two premiere rowing events: the single scull and the eight. She is also one of very few women to win a gold medal in both a sculling (two oars per person) and a sweep (one oar per person) event. (Canada's Kathleen Heddle and Marnie McBean accomplished the same, sculling and sweep gold medals, in 1992 and 1996.)

In 2004, she became the first female rower and the second rower overall to compete at six Olympics. This was first done by Czechoslovak rower Jiří Pták (cox) in 1992 and equalled in 2008 by Canadian Lesley Thompson (cox), Estonian Jüri Jaanson, and Australian James Tomkins.

Later life
In 2008 she was awarded the Thomas Keller Medal at the Rowing World Cup in Lucerne and became an honorary citizen of her native town Siret. From November 2015 to January 2017, she served as the Romanian Minister of Youth and Sport in the Cioloș Cabinet.

See also
 List of athletes with the most appearances at Olympic Games
 List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
 List of multiple Summer Olympic medalists

References

External links

 
 
 
 

1964 births
People from Siret
Romanian female rowers
Rowers at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic rowers for Romania
Olympic gold medalists for Romania
Olympic silver medalists for Romania
Olympic bronze medalists for Romania
Living people
Members of Leander Club
Olympic medalists in rowing
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Members of the Romanian Cabinet
World Rowing Championships medalists for Romania
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Thomas Keller Medal recipients
Sportspeople from Suceava County
Delmenhorst – Wesermarsch – Oldenburg-Land is an electoral constituency (German: Wahlkreis) represented in the Bundestag. It elects one member via first-past-the-post voting. Under the current constituency numbering system, it is designated as constituency 28. It is located in northwestern Lower Saxony, comprising the city of Delmenhorst and the districts of Wesermarsch and Landkreis Oldenburg.

Delmenhorst – Wesermarsch – Oldenburg-Land was created for the inaugural 1949 federal election. Since 2021, it has been represented by Susanne Mittag of the Social Democratic Party (SPD).

Geography
Delmenhorst – Wesermarsch – Oldenburg-Land is located in northwestern Lower Saxony. As of the 2021 federal election, it comprises the independent city of Delmenhorst and the entirety of the districts of Wesermarsch and Landkreis Oldenburg.

History
Delmenhorst – Wesermarsch – Oldenburg-Land was created in 1949. In the 1949 election, it was Lower Saxony constituency 7. For the 1953 through 1961 elections, it was constituency 29 in the numbering system. From 1965 through 1998, it was constituency 23; from 2002 through 2009, it was constituency 29. Since the 2013 election, it has been constituency 28.

Originally, it comprised the city of Oldenburg, the district of Wesermarsch, and the municipalities of Dötlingen, Ganderkesee, Hasbergen, Hude, Schönemoor, Stuhr and Wildeshausen from Landkreis Oldenburg. At this time, it was named Delmenhorst – Wesermarsch. Due to administrative reforms, in the 1976 election, it gained the former municipality of Wüsting. In the 1980 election, the constituency gained the entirety of Landkreis Oldenburg. In the 1987 election, it was renamed to Delmenhorst – Wesermarsch – Oldenburg-Land.

Members
The constituency was held by the Social Democratic Party (SPD) from its creation in 1949 until 1953, during which time it was represented by Fritz Ohlig. It was won by the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) in 1957, and represented by Hermann Ehlers (until 1957) and then J. Hermann Siemer. In 1961, it was won by the SPD candidate Heinrich Müller, who served for one term. Siemer won the constituency back for the CDU in the following election, but Müller returned again in 1969 and served three terms. He was succeeded in 1980 by fellow SPD candidate Margitta Terborg, who served until 1998. Holger Ortel then held the constituency for the SPD until 2009. CDU candidate Astrid Grotelüschen won in 2009, and was re-elected in 2013 and 2017. Susanne Mittag regained it for the SPD in 2021.

Election results

2021 election

2017 election

2013 election

2009 election

References

Federal electoral districts in Lower Saxony
Oldenburg Land
1949 establishments in West Germany
Constituencies established in 1949
Andrey Nikolayevich Sakharov (; 2 June 1930, – 26 June 2019)  was an anti-Normanist Russian historian.

Career 
Sakharov was born in Kulebaki. In 1993, he was appointed Director of the Russian History Institute, affiliated with the Academy of Sciences. He initiated a campaign to purge the institute of his Normanist opponents. It came under much criticism, forcing Sakharov into retirement in 2010.

Sakharov was an active member of the Presidential Commission of the Russian Federation to Counter Attempts to Falsify History to the Detriment of Russia's Interests that existed between 2009 and 2012.

Works 
His major monographs include The Diplomacy of Ancient Rus (1980) and its sequel, The Diplomacy of Svyatoslav (1982). For his studies of early medieval diplomacy Sakharov was elected a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991).

References

External links 
Andrey  Sakharov at the RAS

20th-century Russian historians
Soviet historians
Moscow State University alumni
Corresponding Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
1930 births
2019 deaths
Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class
Russian medievalists
Soviet medievalists
The 2023–24 UEFA Women's Nations League C is the third and lowest division of the 2023–24 edition of the UEFA Women's Nations League, the inaugural season of the international football competition involving the women's national teams of the member associations of UEFA. The results will be used to determine the leagues for the UEFA Women's Euro 2025 qualifying competition.

Format
League C consists of the bottom 19 UEFA members ranked 33rd to 51st among competition entrants in the UEFA women's national team coefficient ranking. Teams were split into four groups of four (Groups 1 to 4) and one group of three (Group 5). Each team will play four (three-team group) or six (four-team groups) matches within their group, using the home-and-away round-robin format with double matchdays in September, October and November to December 2023. The competition also acts as the first phase of the preliminary competition for UEFA Women's Euro 2025, which will use an identical league structure. The group winners will be promoted to League C, taking effect in UEFA Women's Euro 2025 qualifying. In addition, the three best-ranked League C runners-up will advance to the promotion play-offs against the three best-ranked third-placed teams in League B. The winners of these home-and-away ties will enter League B for UEFA Women's Euro 2025 qualifying, while the losers will enter League C.

Seeding
Teams were allocated to League C according to their UEFA women's national team coefficient after the conclusion of the 2023 FIFA Women's World Cup qualifying group stage on 6 September 2022. Teams were split into three pots of five teams (Pots 1 to 4) and one pot of four teams (Pot 5), ordered based on their UEFA national team coefficient.

The draw for the league phase took place at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland on  May 2023, 13:00 CEST. Groups 1 to 4 contain one team from each pot, while Group 5 contains one team from Pots 1 to 3. The draw started with Pot 1 and ended with Pot 4, with drawn teams assigned to the first available group in ascending order from C1 to C5. Due to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Armenia and Azerbaijan cannot be drawn in the same group. Due to winter venue restrictions, a group can contain a maximum of two of Estonia, the Faroe Islands, Latvia and Lithuania. Due to excessive travel restrictions, only one of Andorra, the Faroe Islands and Malta can be drawn with Kazakhstan.

Groups
Times are CET/CEST, as listed by UEFA (local times, if different, are in parentheses).

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Group 4

Group 5

Ranking of second-placed teams

Notes

References

External links

League C
Astragalin is a chemical compound. It can be isolated from Phytolacca americana (the American pokeweed) or in the methanolic extract of fronds of the fern Phegopteris connectilis.  It is also found in wine.

Astragalin is a 3-O-glucoside of kaempferol.

References 

Kaempferol glycosides
Flavonol glucosides