Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
The buffy pipit (Anthus vaalensis) is a species of bird in the Motacillidae family. It is found in plains and open countryside in southern and eastern Africa. The IUCN has assessed its conservation status as being of least concern.

Taxonomy
This species was described by English naturalist George Ernest Shelley in 1900. The IOC World Bird List recognises five subspecies: A. v. chobiensis in the south of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, southwestern Tanzania, northeastern Namibia, northern Botswana, Zimbabwe and western Mozambique; A. v. neumanni in central Angola; A. v. namibicus in northeastern and central Namibia; A. v. exasperatus in northeastern Botswana; and A. v. vaalensis in southern Botswana and South Africa. A. longicaudatus is an invalid taxon and is included in A. vaalensis. Some authors include subspecies saphiroi and goodsoni of the plain-backed pipit (Anthus leucophrys) in this species.

Description
Its length is , and its weight is . It is often confused with the plain-backed pipit because both species have plain upperparts. The upperparts of the buffy pipit are paler and buffier than the plain-backed pipit. The buffy pipit has a pale supercilium, and its lower mandible has a pinkish base. It has faint markings on the breast, and the belly and flanks are buffy. The juvenile has mottles.

Distribution and habitat
The buffy pipit is found in Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eswatini, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, with a distribution size estimated at . Its habitat is semi-arid plains with grasses and bare ground. It also occurs in pastures, burnt fields, and edges of saltpans.

Behaviour
One or two individuals are usually encountered, but flocks may be found in winter. It frequently wags its tail. Its song is a repeated tchreep-churup, and the call sshik is given when the bird is flushed. It eats invertebrates and seeds. Breeding has been recorded from July to February in Zimbabwe and August to December in South Africa. The nest is an open cup built on the ground.

Status
The population size is not known. The species has an increasing population trend and a large range, so the IUCN Red List has assessed the species as least concern.

References

Anthus
Birds of Southern Africa
Birds described in 1900
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
"Hammer the Hammer" was released as a stand-alone single by Australian indie group The Go-Betweens. It was released as a 7" vinyl record on the Missing Link Records label in Australia in June 1982 and by Rough Trade Records in the United Kingdom in July,  with "By Chance" as the B-side. Forster considered that "By Chance" was a personal break-through for him. Pitchfork Media describes "By Chance" as sounding "more than a bit like the early Smiths.

Details
According to music journalist Clinton Walker "Hammer the Hammer" was about McLennan's growing taste for narcotics encouraged by a proximity to the Birthday Party. McLennan however denied that the song was about drugs and in the liner notes for the band's compilation album, 1978-1990, he describes it as being "an incomplete meditation on loneliness and violence, sometimes mistakenly thought to be about drugs".

Forster described the song as, "Grant's first great pop tune. An urgent, melodic verse, a foot to the floor chorus - its lyric just the repeated title. Perfect. From his earliest songs I found his lyrics surprisingly oblique and melancholic."

The band recorded the two songs at Armstrong's Audio Visual (A.A.V.) Studios in Melbourne, at the same time as The Birthday Party was recording Junkyard. It was during these sessions that the two groups decided to collaborate on a song. The result, "After the Fireworks", was a Forster/McLennan joint composition with the lyrics by Nick Cave. It was subsequently released by on Au Go Go Records (ANDA-22) under the name Tuff Monks.

Reception
Reviewed in NME at the time of release, it was described as, "Miscreant pop music attempting to disgrace its fealty to any number of sources. It seems to stumble when a stride is called for and winds up notating needless obscurities. Vacancy trussed up as abstraction is not the stuff of success, in any sense."

The Guardian describes the song as an "odd, punkish sort of folk rock, deceptively primitive and sometimes rattlingly suggestive of the Velvet Underground."

Track listing

Original 7" Vinyl release

Release history

Credits
The Go-Betweens
 Robert Forster – vocals, rhythm guitar
 Grant McLennan – vocals, bass guitar, lead guitar
 Lindy Morrison – drums, vocals

Production
 Producer, Engineer — Tony Cohen
 Producer — The Go-Betweens

References

External links
 "Hammer The Hammer" @ MusicBrainz
 "Hammer The Hammer" @ Discogs

1982 singles
The Go-Betweens songs
1982 songs
Rough Trade Records singles
Songs written by Grant McLennan
Çamardı is a quiet town in Niğde Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey, at the foot of Aladağ in the Taurus Mountains and reached by winding mountain roads. It is the seat of Çamardı District. Its population is 3,408 (2022). Its elevation is . Çamardı is well known with its being very green in the summer. Many people come to Çamardı in order to spend their summer holidays in a green and quiet place. Çamardı is one of the gross producers of apples. You can find many kinds of apples in Çamardı. Also, in the last couple of years, cherry becomes one of the few mainstays of Çamardı. One of the well-known families of Çamardı is the Köse Family.

Çamardı is a thickly wooded district in this relatively dry region and is known for its apples, and also attracts visitors to walk and climb the Aladağlar, which can be accessed from the villages of Demirkazık and Çukurbağ. The river Ecemiş runs through Çamardı.

References

Cappadocia
Populated places in Niğde Province
District municipalities in Turkey
Çamardı District
Rafael Raich was a Spanish footballer who played as a forward for FC Espanya and the Catalan national team. The dates of his birth and death are unknown.

Biography
Born in Catalonia, he signed for FC Espanya along with Agustín Cruella Tena in 1915, for whom he won the Catalan championship in 1916–17.

He played several matches for the Catalonia national team during the 1910s, however, due to the little statistical rigor that the newspapers had at that time, the exact amount of caps he earned is unknown. He was part of the Catalan side that won the second edition of the Prince of Asturias Cup in 1916, an inter-regional competition organized by the RFEF.

Honours

Club
FC Espanya
Catalan championship:
Champions (1): 1916-17

International
Catalonia
Prince of Asturias Cup:
Champions (1): 1916

References

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Spanish men's footballers
Footballers from Catalonia
Men's association football forwards
Catalonia men's international footballers
Tomas Palumbo (January 25, 1921 – October 13, 2008) was an Italian-born American photographer and theatre director.

Biography
Palumbo was born in Molfetta, Italy, in 1921. His family moved to New York City when he was about twelve years old.

As a young man, Palumbo was employed first building scale models for ships in an engineering company. Later, he was employed as an assistant by photographer James Abbe. His experience working with Abbe led him to commercial work in fashion photography. His early campaign work for Peck & Peck Department Store appeared in Vogue and Bazaar magazines from 1949 to 1953.

Palumbo was a staff photographer of Vogue from 1959 until 1962 and at Harper's Bazaar from 1953 until 1959, where he worked with the art directors Alex Liberman and Alexey Brodovitch. He was a vice-president of creative productions at Ted Bates, where he oversaw all TV commercials.

Palumbo was a lifelong member of the Actors Studio. He taught photography at Rhode Island School of Design, and he taught directing at the School of Visual Arts in New York City. He directed plays Off-Broadway and in regional theatres. His last production was An Evening of Proust at Lincoln Center. He was a member of the Lincoln Center Directors Lab.

Palumbo's first marriage was to model Anne St. Marie, until her death of lung cancer in 1986. The couple had two children. Later, he married Patricia Bosworth (1933–2020) in 2000.

In October 2008, Palumbo died due to complications from Lewy body disease.

References

Bibliography
Bosworth, Patricia (2018). Tom Palumbo, Dreamer with a thousand thrills, the rediscovered photography. PowerHouse Books, 2018. .

External links
Tom Palumbo's Image of Jack Kerouac in Vanity Fair

Tom Palumbo's Flickr pages

1921 births
2008 deaths
20th-century American photographers
American theatre directors
Harper's Bazaar
Italian emigrants to the United States
People from Molfetta
Rhode Island School of Design faculty
School of Visual Arts faculty
Vogue (magazine) people
The Enertia is an electric motorcycle designed and sold by Brammo, Inc. It uses a Lithium iron phosphate battery, and is intended as a commuter vehicle.  Enertia motorcycles first went on sale in late July 2009, and began selling at Best Buy in August 2009.

Construction and components
The body uses monocoque construction. Early prototypes used carbon fiber as the principal material, but Brammo later decided to produce the monocoque body out of aluminum.  Some of the bike's components are made entirely of recycled material, while the body panels are created from a mixed percentage of recycled and new materials.  

The Enertia's permanent magnet AC synchronous motor is powered by six Valence lithium iron phosphate battery modules, which can provide a top speed of over .  
The vehicle's batteries can be recharged via the onboard charger within three hours by plugging into a standard 110 volt electrical outlet.

Brammo has stated the Enertia does not have regenerative braking because of the limited benefit that current regenerative braking technology provides to motorcycles, and the risk of traction problems.

According to Cycle World magazine, "With its wide, mild-rise handlebar, sporty steering geometry and narrow 18-inch-front/17-inch-rear Avon RoadRiders, the Enertia is a light and responsive handler." The road test editor recorded a 0-60 mph time of 16.1 seconds, and a quarter-mile run of 20.19 seconds at 60.78 mph.   

The current testing versions of the Enertia being shown to the media are described as enjoyable to ride, nimble and easy to control.   It is also capable of better speed than widely promised, up to , although this quickly drains the battery.

Most of the cost of the motorcycle is due to the battery.  Brammo is hoping for the cost of this component to fall in the future, and is talking of creating a program to lease rather than own the battery.

Comparison with conventional motorcycles
With , and  of torque in the 'performance' mode, the Enertia's power output is comparable to a conventionally powered Kawasaki Ninja 250 motorcycle.  However, the 2009 Ninja 250 has a top speed of , while the Enertia's top speed is 50 mph or .  It has no gears or clutch so shifting is not required, which Brammo claims enables the Enertia to go from  in 3.8 seconds in performance mode.  Tested by Cycle World, the Ninja 250 accelerates from  in 2.0 seconds.  Motorcycle Consumer News projected a range of  for the Ninja 250 based on their tested .  Brammo claims the Enertia has a range of  between charges if power is set to the minimum level, 40%.  

At  of carbon dioxide (CO2) per gallon consumed, the Ninja 250 would emit  per  tank, or about  of  per year if ridden the US average of  per year.  The Enertia would consume 260 charges over the course of  at  per charge.  With a battery pack capacity of 3.1 kW·h, the annual consumption of electricity would be 806 kW·h. With a US national average emissions of   per kW·h, the Enertia's yearly carbon emissions would be .

References

External links
Brammo Website
Review, KneeSlider
Review, Wired

Enertia
Motorcycles introduced in 2009
Electric motorcycles
Garisheh or Gerisheh () may refer to:
 Garisheh, Hormozgan
 Gerisheh, Kermanshah
 Garisheh, Sistan and Baluchestan
Matthiessen is a Danish-Norwegian patronymic surname meaning "son of Mathies" (equivalent of the Biblical Μαθθαιος, cf. English Matthew). Several spelling variants are used, including Matthiesen, Mathiesen, Matthissen (UK), Matthisen and Mathissen. A similar diversity of forms exist for the parallel given name Mathias.
There are several people with the surname Matthiessen:

 Augustus Matthiessen (1831–1870), British physicist and chemist, notable for Matthiessen's rule
 C.M.I.M. Matthiessen, Swedish linguist
 Francis Otto Matthiessen (1902–1950), U.S. literary critic
 Frederick William Matthiessen (1835–1918), Industrialist, philanthropist, and former Mayor of LaSalle, Illinois
 Peter Matthiessen (1927–2014), American novelist

See also  
Matheson (surname)
Mathiasen
Mathiesen

Danish-language surnames
Norwegian-language surnames
Patronymic surnames
Surnames from given names
The northern grey-headed sparrow (Passer griseus), also known as the grey-headed sparrow, is a species of bird in the sparrow family Passeridae, which is resident in much of tropical Africa. It occurs in a wide range of open habitats, including open woodlands and human habitation, often occupying the same niche as the house sparrow does in Eurasia.

The adult northern grey-headed sparrow has a pale grey head with a white moustache stripe, pale brown upperparts, whitish underparts and chestnut wings with a small white shoulder patch. The sexes are similar, but young birds are slightly duller and lack the white wing patch. There are three subspecies, differing in plumage tone, especially with regard to the darkness of the head.

This sparrow is mainly resident in its range, but there is some seasonal movement, and flocks of up to 50 birds form outside the breeding season. It builds a cup nest in trees, thatch, or old nests of other birds; 2–4 eggs are laid.

This species feeds principally on seeds and grain, like other sparrows, but will readily take insects including termites, especially when feeding young.

The calls include cheeps and chirps, and the typical sparrow churring alarm call.

The northern grey-headed sparrow is replaced in eastern and southern Africa by very similar birds that are sometimes considered races of this species: Swainson's sparrow, the parrot-billed sparrow, the Swahili sparrow, and the southern grey-headed sparrow. According to phylogenetic studies by Arnaiz-Villena et al., this species is indeed related to the other grey-headed sparrows, and these species together are most closely related within genus Passer to the house sparrow and allies.

References

External links 

Media related to the northern grey-headed sparrow at the Internet Bird Collection

northern grey-headed sparrow
Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa
northern grey-headed sparrow
northern grey-headed sparrow
Caulfield is a surname of several separate origins. It is occasionally of English origin, but in Ireland is often a simplified form of a number of Gaelic surnames, including Mac Cathmhaoil, an Ulster family traditionally descended from Niall of the Nine Hostages. It is also known to be an anglicized form of Ó Gamhna and Ó Gamhnáin. A variant Caulfeild, were an Anglo-Irish family (see Earl of Charlemont). Notable people with this surname include:

Aodh Mac Cathmhaoil, Irish Franciscan theologian and Archbishop of Armagh
Barbara A. Caulfield, United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California
Billy Caulfield, English footballer
Bernard G. Caulfield, U.S. Representative from Illinois
Bernard Caulfield, British barrister and High Court judge
Bernadette Caulfield, American television producer
Cole Caufield, Professional Hockey player
Elizabeth Jane Caulfeild, Countess of Charlemont, wife of the 3rd Earl of Charlemont
Emma Caulfield, actress in Buffy the Vampire Slayer
Francis William Caulfeild, 2nd Earl of Charlemont (1775–1863)
Frank J. Caufield, founder of venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers
Henry S. Caulfield, former Governor of Missouri
Holden Caulfield, main character of the novel Catcher In The Rye
Jake Caulfield, Professional Baseball Player
James Caulfeild, 1st Earl of Charlemont (1728–1799)
James Caulfeild, 3rd Earl of Charlemont (1820–1892)
Jay Caufield, former NHL right winger
Jo Caulfield, British comedian
Joan Caulfield, American post-World War II actress
John Caulfeild (1661–1707), son of William Caulfeild
John Caulfield, Irish footballer
Jack Caulfield, member of the Richard Nixon administration, assistant director of criminal enforcement at the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
Joseph Caulfield James, tutor to Prince Vajiravudh of Thailand
Louisa Caulfield, known as Mrs Caulfield, English music hall singer
Maxine Caulfield, main character of the video game Life Is Strange
Maria Caulfield, member of parliament, UK
Martin Caulfield, Gaelic footballer
Maxwell Caulfield, actor
Patrick Caulfield, British artist
Patrick Caulfield, discoverer of Céide Fields
Sidney Caulfield (1877–1964), English architect
Thomas J. Caulfield, American architect
Thomas Caulfeild or Caulfield, British Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia
 Thomas Caulfield (actor) (1766–1815), a British stage actor
Timothy Caulfield, Professor in the Faculty of Law and the School of Public Health, University of Alberta
William Caulfeild, 1st Viscount Charlemont (1624–1671)
William Caulfeild, 2nd Viscount Charlemont (–1726)

See also
 Caulfield (disambiguation)

References
The 2009 AMA Pro Racing Championship season consisted of the American Motorcyclist Association's professional motorcycle racing series:

2009 AMA Pro American Superbike Championship season
2009 AMA Pro Daytona Sportbike Championship season
2009 AMA Pro Supersport Championship season

American Motorcyclist Association
AMA Pro Racing
CenterPOS (also known as "Cerebrus") is a point of sale (POS) malware discovered Cyber Security Experts. It was discovered in September 2015 along with other kinds of POS malware, such as NewPOSThings, BlackPOS, and Alina. There are two versions which have been released by the developer responsible: version 1.7 and version 2.0. CenterPOS 2.0 has similar functionality to CenterPOS version 1.7. The 2.0 variant of CenterPOS malware added some more effective features, such as the addition of a configuration file for storing information in its command and control server.

Overview

CenterPOS has been used to target retailers in order to illegally obtain payment card information using a memory scraper. It uses two distinct modes to scrape and store information: a "smart scan" and a "normal scan". At the normal scan mode, the malware looks at all of the processes on a device and determines which ones are not currently running processes, are not named "system", "system idle process" or "idle", and do not contain keywords such as Microsoft or Mozilla. If the process meets the criteria list, the malware will search all memory regions within the process, searching for credit card data with regular expressions in the regular expression list. In smart scan mode, the malware starts by performing a normal scan, and any process that has a regular expression match will be added to the smart scan list. After the first pass, the malware will only search the processes that are in the smart scan list. The malware contains functionality that allows cybercriminals to create a configuration file.

Process Details

CenterPOS malware searches for the configuration file that contains the C&C information. If unable to find the configuration file, it asks for a password. If the password entered is correct, then it payloads the functions to create a configuration file. This malware is very different from other point of sale system malware in that it has a separate component called builder to create a payload.

The CenterPOS malware looks for the credit and debit card information through smart scan mode and then encrypts all the scraped data using Triple DES encryption. Then the memory scraped data is sent to the operator of the malware through a separate HTTP POST request.

See also
 Point-of-sale malware
 Cyber security standards
 List of cyber attack threat trends
 Cyber electronic warfare
 Malware

References

Carding (fraud)
Cyberwarfare
Windows trojans
Ernest Toussaint (6 March 1908 – 3 September 1942) was a Luxembourgian boxer who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics. He was born in Rumelange.

Toussaint represented Luxembourg in the 1936 Olympics in Berlin. He defeated Karl Lutz of Austria in the round of 32 before being eliminated in the quarterfinals of the heavyweight class by eventual bronze medalist Erling Nilsen of Norway.

He was shot in the Hinzert concentration camp (Germany) after being arrested as one of the leaders in the general strike against the Nazi occupation in Luxembourg on 31 August 1942. The country had been protesting against the introduction of compulsory military service for young Luxembourgers in the German army. Toussaint's widow and his two sons were deported to the work camp of Leubus in  Silesia.

In 1960 Ernest Toussaint was awarded the Croix de l´Ordre de la Résistance 1940–1944.

References

External links
 profile
 Commémoration à l'occasion du 60e anniversaire de la grève générale du 31 août 1942
 Ernest Toussaint's profile at Sports Reference.com

1908 births
1942 deaths
People from Rumelange
Luxembourgian male boxers
Heavyweight boxers
Olympic boxers for Luxembourg
Boxers at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Resistance members who died in Nazi concentration camps
Luxembourg Resistance members
Luxembourgian people who died in Nazi concentration camps
People executed by Nazi Germany by firearm
Anstruther Wester in Fife was a royal burgh, created in 1587, that returned one commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland and to the Convention of Estates.

After the Acts of Union 1707, Anstruther Wester, Anstruther Easter, Crail, Kilrenny and Pittenweem formed the Anstruther Easter district of burghs, returning one member between them to the House of Commons of Great Britain.

List of burgh commissioners

 1661: Thomas Watson, councillor 
 1665 convention: Peter Oliphant the younger, bailie 
 1672–1690 not eligible as a non-Royal Burgh
 1689 convention, 1689–1701: Robert Clelland 
 1702–07: Sir Robert Anstruther of Wrae and Balcaskie

References

See also
 List of constituencies in the Parliament of Scotland at the time of the Union

Constituencies of the Parliament of Scotland (to 1707)
Politics of Fife
History of Fife
Constituencies disestablished in 1707
1707 disestablishments in Scotland
Anstruther
Marston Ferry Road is a link road in north Oxford, England. It is named after the ferry that used to cross the River Cherwell at the village of Marston from at least 1279. 

The road links the Banbury Road in North Oxford just south of Summertown, continuing as Moreton Road to the Woodstock Road, with Cherwell Drive in Marston, continuing as Headley Way to Headington to the southeast. It is a modern link road with a bridge over the River Cherwell about halfway along, opened on 12 November 1971. 

As the name implies, there was previously a ferry over the river. This latterly consisted of a punt a little to the north that could be pulled from one bank to the other using a tow rope, and carried pedestrians and bicycles only. The link road was constructed in 1971.

At the western end is Cherwell School. Oxford High School (on Belbroughton Road) is to the south.  In 2021 the Swan School, located on the eastern end of the road, was officially opened. 

There are a number of sports fields and facilities in the vicinity. For example, the Oxford Cavaliers play rugby at the Oxford Harlequins Rugby Union Football Club here, and the Ferry Sports Centre run by the Oxford City Council, which includes a swimming pool, is off the road to the north.
 
Just to the north on the east bank of the river is the Victoria Arms (or "Vicky Arms"), a public house frequented by people out punting. It is possible to moor punts in the grounds of the pub.

The road is designated the B4495.

References 

1971 establishments in England
Streets in Oxford
Sports venues in Oxford
Transport in Oxford
Roads in Oxfordshire