Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
Birch beer is a beverage, commonly found as a carbonated soft drink made from herbal extracts and birch bark.  There are dozens of brands of birch beer available.

Ingredients 
The one ingredient used in all recipes of birch beer is birch sap. Most recipes use some fermentation, but the amount of alcohol in the beverage depends on the brand. The process of fermenting birch syrup is done using baker's yeast. The process of fermentation is done to decompose sugar to alcohol. Other common ingredients include sugar, cinnamon, vanilla beans, and water. Homemade recipes of birch beer also include honey and malt.

Birch extract preparation
Various types of birch beer made from birch bark are available as well, distinguished by color. The color depends on the species of birch tree from which the birch oil is extracted (though enhancements by artificial coloring are commonly present). Popular colors include brown, red, blue and clear (often called white birch beer), though others are possible.

After the bark is collected, it is distilled to make birch oil. The oil is added to the carbonated drink to give it the distinctive flavor, reminiscent of wintergreen and methyl salicylate. Black birch is the most common source of extract in the northeastern region of the United States, where that species is indigenous.

Birch beer varieties
Birch beer is most commonly found in the Northeastern United States and Newfoundland in Canada.

In the dairy country of southeastern and central Pennsylvania, an ice cream soda made with vanilla ice cream and birch beer is called a "birch beer float", while chocolate ice cream and birch beer makes a "black cow".

Alcoholic birch beer, in which the birch sap is fermented, has been known from at least the seventeenth century. The following recipe is from 1676:

See also
 Birch syrup
 Spruce beer
 Sarsaparilla (soft drink)
 Root beer

References

External links

Cuisine of Philadelphia
Cuisine of Pennsylvania
New England cuisine
Soft beers and malt drinks
Soft drinks
Tree tapping
Non-timber forest products
The Revd Professor Peter Tshobisa Mtuze is a poet, priest and academic. He worked as an interpreter in the law courts of the old South Africa, a radio announcer, a salesperson for a publishing company, a civil servant in the homeland government structures, a lecturer at Unisa, an Editor in Chief of the Greater Dictionary of isiXhosa at Fort Hare, before joining Rhodes University as Professor and Head of the isiXhosa Department.

Early life 

Mtuze was born on a farm in the district of Middelburg, Eastern Cape in 1941.

He grew up in the districts of Middelburg and Cradock where he passed the then Junior Certificate and started working in the South Africa civil service as court interpreter clerk in various towns.

He joined the South African Broadcasting Corporation as an announcer, producer and translator at the King William’s Town studios in 1969.

From 1971 to 1976 he worked for Via Afrika Publishers and from 1976 to 1985 he worked in the Ciskei Government Services in various capacities culminating with the position of Director of Language Services.

Academic career 

From 1985 to 1988 he lectured at University of South Africa and took over as Editor in Chief of the Greater Dictionary of isiXhosa at University of Fort Hare, before joining Rhodes University as its first black professor and head of department in 1988 where he worked in various capacities until the end of 2006.

He holds the following qualifications – B.A. (Translation) (Rhodes), Hons B.A., M.A., B.Th. (Unisa), M.Th. (Rhodes) and a Ph.D. from University of Cape Town.

Literary career 

Mtuze started writing in the mid-1960s and has written more than 30 books. His writings cover all genres – novels, short stories, essays, poetry, drama and translation. Some of the books were co-authored with either budding or established authors.

Publications 

His works include

Ecclesiastical career 

He is an Anglican priest, archdeacon and canon in the Diocese of Grahamstown and is the rector (self supporting) of the parish of St. Andrew Ginsberg and St. James Peddie.

References 

 
 
 
 
 

South African civil servants
1941 births
Archdeacons of Grahamstown
Living people
People from Middelburg, Eastern Cape
Rhodes University alumni
21st-century South African Anglican priests
Beebe House and variations may refer to:

Beebe Homestead, Wakefield, Massachusetts, also known as Lucius Beebe House, listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in Middlesex County
Beebe Estate, Melrose, Massachusetts, listed on the NRHP in Middlesex County
Dr. Ward Beebe House, Saint Paul, Minnesota, listed on the NRHP in Ramsey County
Horace Y. Beebe House, Ravenna, Ohio, listed on the NRHP in Portage County
Marcus Beebe House, Ipswich, South Dakota, listed on the NRHP in Edmunds County
George Angus and Martha Ansil Beebe House, Provo, Utah, listed on the NRHP in Utah County
Beebe Ranch, Chincoteague, Virginia, a noted horse ranch and museum in Accomack County
Beebe House (Platteville, Wisconsin), listed on the NRHP in Grant County

See also
Piper-Beebe House, Virginia City, Nevada, listed on the NRHP

Buildings and structures disambiguation pages
A referendum bill is a bill (proposed law) that puts forth a call for a referendum

 Independence referendum bill
 2014 Scottish independence referendum
 1995 Quebec referendum's bill that established the referendum law
 1980 Quebec referendum's bill that established the referendum law
 European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14, of the United Kingdom
 Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Act 2010
 Czech European Constitution referendum bill
Samuel Belcher (1 November 1834 – 22 August 1920) was an Australian cricketer. He played one first-class match for New South Wales in 1866/67.

See also
 List of New South Wales representative cricketers

References

External links
 

1834 births
1920 deaths
Australian cricketers
New South Wales cricketers
Cricketers from Sheffield
British emigrants to Australia
Amajari () is a municipality located in the northwest of the state of Roraima in Brazil. Its population is 13,185 and its area is 28,472 km². It is the westernmost municipality in Roraima.

The municipality of Amajari is a region of 8 indigenous segments with a total of 19 indigenous communities living there. The present ethnic groups are the Macuxi, Wapichana, Sapará and Taurepang people. The 8 indigenous segments: TI Araçá, TI Ouro, TI Anaro, TI Ponta da Serra, TI Aningal, TI Garagem, TI Santa Inês and TI Ananás. The indigenous communities that are located in the region are: Araçá, Mutamba, Mangueira, Três Corações, Guariba, Anaro, Ponta da Serra, Urucuri, Juraci, Nova União, Ouro, San Francisco, Cajueiro, Garagem, Ananás, Leão de Ouro, Santa Inês, Aningal and Vida Nova.

Main townships 
The following is a list of the main populated places within the municipality and their population according to the census of 2010.
 1,219 inhabitants - Vila Brasil
 116 inhabitants - Vila Tepequém
 587 inhabitants - Vila Três Corações
 693 inhabitants - Vila do Trairão

Notable people 
 Suely Campos (1953), politician and former governor of Roraima

References

External links 
Official site (in Portuguese)

Municipalities in Roraima
Populated places established in 1995
Keith Sedgwick Donnellan (; June 25, 1931 – February 20, 2015) was an American philosopher and professor of philosophy (later professor emeritus) at the University of California, Los Angeles.

Donnellan contributed to the philosophy of language, notably to the analysis of proper names and definite descriptions. He criticized Bertrand Russell's theory of definite descriptions for overlooking the distinction between referential and attributive use of definite descriptions.

Donnellan spent most of his career at UCLA, having also previously taught at the university where he had earned his PhD, Cornell University.

Philosophical work

Proper names
By 1970, analytic philosophers widely accepted a view regarding the reference-relation that holds of proper names and that which they name, known as descriptivism and attributed to Bertrand Russell. Descriptivism holds that ordinary proper names (e.g., 'Socrates', 'Richard Feynman', and 'Madagascar') may be paraphrased by definite descriptions (e.g., 'Plato's favorite philosopher', 'the man who devised the theory of quantum electrodynamics', and 'the largest island off the southeastern coast of Africa'). Saul Kripke gave a series of three lectures at Princeton University in 1970, later published as Naming and Necessity, in which he argued against descriptivism and sketched the causal-historical theory of reference according to which each proper name necessarily designates a particular object and that the identity of the object so designated is determined by the history of the name's use. These lectures were highly influential and marked the decline of descriptivism's popularity. Kripke's alternative view was, by his own account, not fully developed in his lectures. Donnellan's work on proper names is among the earliest and most influential developments of the causal-historical theory of reference.

Descriptions
"Reference and Definite Descriptions" has been one of Donnellan's most influential essays. Written in response to the work of Bertrand Russell and P. F. Strawson in the area of definite descriptions, the essay develops a distinction between the "referential use" and the "attributive use" of a definite description. The attributive use most nearly reflects Russell's understanding of descriptions. When a person uses a description such as "Smith's murderer" attributively, they mean to pick out the individual that fits that description, whoever or whatever it is. The referential use, on the other hand, functions to pick out who or what a speaker is talking about, so that something can be said about that person or thing.

Publications

See also
 American philosophy
 List of American philosophers

References

External links 

 Perry, John, "Donnellan at Cornell," [Preprint of article] In: Joseph Almog and Paulo Leonardi (eds.), Having in Mind: The Philosophy of Keith Donnellan. (2012)

1931 births
2015 deaths
20th-century American philosophers
Analytic philosophers
Philosophers of language
Cornell University alumni
Cornell University faculty
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
Diplocystis is a genus of fungi in the Diplocystaceae family. The single species in the genus, Diplocystis wrightii, has been shown using phylogenetic analysis to be a member of the Sclerodermatineae suborder of the Boletales. The species was originally described in 1869 by Miles Joseph Berkeley and Moses Ashley Curtis, from specimens collected in the Caribbean.

References

Boletales
Taxa described in 1869
Fungi of the Caribbean
Monotypic Boletales genera
Taxa named by Miles Joseph Berkeley
Meekins Barn is a historic tobacco barn located near Floydale, Dillon County, South Carolina. It was built before 1935, and is an example of a log tobacco barn. It is a large, five -"room" log barn with a metal-covered gable roof. The building has an arched firebox on the left elevation, a brick foundation reinforced by concrete, and weatherboard has been added between the logs. The gable ends are also weatherboarded.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

References

Barns on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina
National Register of Historic Places in Dillon County, South Carolina
Buildings and structures completed in 1935
Buildings and structures in Dillon County, South Carolina
Tobacco buildings in the United States
Agriculture in South Carolina
Barns in South Carolina
Tobacco barns
Lost Creek is a stream in Crawford and Washington counties in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of Courtois Creek.

The headwaters are located at  and the confluence with Courtois Creek is at .

Lost Creek most likely was named for its status as a losing stream.

See also
List of rivers of Missouri

References

Rivers of Crawford County, Missouri
Rivers of Washington County, Missouri
Rivers of Missouri
The year 1817 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Biology
 Georges Cuvier publishes Le Règne Animal.

Chemistry
 Discovery of cadmium by Friedrich Stromeyer.
 Discovery of lithium by Johann Arfvedson.
 Discovery of selenium by Jöns Jakob Berzelius.
 Pierre-Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou isolate chlorophyll and emetine.
 Leopold Gmelin begins publication of his Handbuch der theoretischen Chemie.

Medicine
 First cholera pandemic (1817–24) originates in Bengal, reaching Calcutta by September.
 James Parkinson publishes An Essay on the Shaking Palsy, describing "paralysis agitans", the condition which will become known as Parkinson's disease.

Technology
 March – Ackermann steering geometry invented by Georg Lankensperger.
 June 12 – German inventor Karl Drais drives his dandy horse ("Draisine" or Laufmaschine), the earliest form of bicycle, in Mannheim.
 July 10 – David Brewster patents the kaleidoscope.

Institutions
 October 1 – Philomaths established secretly by Poles at the Imperial University of Vilnius.

Awards
 Copley Medal: Henry Kater

Births
 January 29 – William Ferrel (died 1891), American meteorologist.
 February 15 – Robert Angus Smith (died 1884), Scottish-born atmospheric chemist.
 April 8 – Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard (died 1894), Mauritian-born physiologist and neurologist.
 May 31 – Joseph Marie Élisabeth Durocher (died 1860), French geologist.
 June 30 – Joseph Dalton Hooker (died 1911), English botanist.
 July 5 – Carl Vogt (died 1895), German scientist who publishes notable works in zoology, geology and physiology.
 July 15 – John Fowler (died 1898), English civil engineer.
 September 10 – Richard Spruce (died 1893), English botanist.
 October 10 – C. H. D. Buys Ballot (died 1890), Dutch meteorologist.
 October 17 – Alfred Des Cloizeaux (died 1897), French mineralogist.
 November 26 – Charles-Adolphe Wurtz (died 1884), Alsatian French chemist.
 December 13 – Arthur Hill Hassall (died 1894), English physician, microbiologist and chemical analyst.
 December 14 – Sophia Wilkens (died 1889), Swedish pioneer in the education of students with intellectual disability.

Deaths
 January 1 – Martin Heinrich Klaproth (born 1743), German chemist.
 April 12 – Charles Messier (born 1730), French astronomer.
 May 12 – William Goforth (born 1766), American physician and paleontologist.
 June 2 – Clotilde Tambroni, Italian philologist and linguist (born 1758)
 June 11 – William Gregor (born 1761), Cornish mineralogist.
 July 28 – Abraham Gottlob Werner (born 1749), German geologist.
 August 7 – Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours (born 1739), French-born American industrialist.
 September 18 – William Charles Wells (born 1757), American physician.
 November 7 – Jean-André Deluc (born 1727), Swiss geologist.
 December 15 – Abate Giovanni Battista Guglielmini (born 1763), Bolognese physicist.

References

 
19th century in science
1810s in science
was one of the first suiboku (ink wash) style Zen Japanese painters in the Muromachi Period (15th century). He was probably also a teacher of Tenshō Shūbun at the Shōkoku-ji monastery in Kyoto.  A Chinese immigrant, he was naturalised in 1470 and is known as "the father of Japanese ink painting".

The best known of his paintings belongs to Taizō-in, a sub-temple of Myōshin-ji in Kyoto, which is entitled Catching a Catfish with a Gourd (c. 1413).  It shows a comical-looking man fishing against a background of a winding river and a bamboo grove.  It is thought to have been inspired by a riddle set by the Ashikaga shōgun, "How do you catch a catfish with a gourd?"  It can be viewed as a piece of Zen humour, or as a kōan in visual form designed to provoke the viewer into new ways of "seeing". Josetsu was an amazing figure in ink painting at that period of time and also influenced many painters as well.

See also
 Tenshō Shūbun
 Japanese painting

References

External links

Japanese painters
Rinzai Buddhists
Buddhist artists
Zenga
15th-century Japanese painters
Chinese emigrants to Japan
Wade Reynolds (born Charles Elwood Reynolds; June 5, 1929 – October 3, 2011) was a self-taught realist painter, Reynolds was best known for his figurative paintings often classified as California School of Light. He was commissioned to portray California governor George Deukmejian for his official state portrait. He is also known for his portraits of costume designer Noel Taylor and actress Agnes Moorehead.

Biography
Reynolds was born in Jasper, New York, in 1929. He began his professional art career in New York City where he was hired in 1958 to create the artwork depicted in the film The World of Suzie Wong. From 1959 on, Reynolds resided in California, living in Newport Beach, Oceanside and San Francisco. He also painted in the Los Angeles area.

Reynolds' work appeared in museums and galleries in San Francisco, Santa Barbara, and New York, Newport Beach and Santa Fe, New Mexico. Artist David Wheeler, with who Reynolds once shared a studio, referred to him as “the West Coast’s equivalent to Andrew Wyeth.”

He was an instructor at the Art Institute of Southern California (now the Laguna College of Art and Design) and at the Academy of Art (now the Academy of Art University) in San Francisco. He influenced students including Julio Reyes, Candice Bohanon, and Alia El-Bermani.

Reynolds died after a long bout with cancer.

References

Further reading
 Wade Reynolds: celebrations of nature and humanity By Matthew G. Sherwin, Arnot Art Museum; First Edition (2004)
 2005	 AskART.com Inc. -Dunbier, Lonnie Pierson (Editor) The Artists Bluebook	34,000 North American Artists to March 2005
 2005	Davenport, Ray	Davenport's Art Reference:	The Gold Edition
 2004	McGowan, Alison C (Editor)	Who's Who in American Art, 2004	2003 - 2004 (25th Edition)
 1993	Bowker R R	Who's Who in American Art-1993-1994, 20th Edition
 1986	Jaques Cattell Press	Who's Who in American Art-1986	1986
 1985	Krantz, Les	American Artists: An Illustrated Survey of Leading Contemporary Americans Wade Reynolds:	The Man and His Art

1929 births
2011 deaths
American realist painters
People from Steuben County, New York
The 1978 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame as an independent during the 1978 NCAA Division I-A football season. Led by fourth-year head coach Dan Devine, the Fighting Irish compiled an overall record of 9–3. Notre Dame was invited to the Cotton Bowl Classic, where the Irish beat Houston, 35–34, after quarterback Joe Montana rallied the team from a 22-point deficit in the fourth quarter. The team played home games at Notre Dame Stadium in Notre Dame, Indiana.

The team was expected to be one of the top teams of the season. It was said that the team could be "awesome on offense" due to having eight returning starters including, Joe Montana, however, there were concerns about the team losing players due to graduations and injuries. The September 23 game against Michigan was cited as a possible pathway for Notre Dame to earn the #1 ranking.

Schedule

Personnel

Game summaries

Michigan

The Reunion Game - first meeting between the two schools in 35 years
Notre Dame wore green jerseys for the game

Pittsburgh

    
    
    
    
    
    
    

Notre Dame handed #9 Pittsburgh its first loss of the season. Jerome Heavens, who had never seen Knute Rockne, All American, surpassed George Gipp on the school's all-time rushing list. Heavens passed Gipp on his 24th carry but lost yardage on his 25th before moving pass him for good on his 26th attempt. "I think the Gipper tackled me on that," Heavens said.

Cotton Bowl

The Cotton Bowl win over Houston on New Year's Day was Notre Dame's 600th victory.

References

Notre Dame
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football seasons
Cotton Bowl Classic champion seasons
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football
Country of the Deaf () is a 1998 Russian crime film directed by Valery Todorovsky, loosely based on Renata Litvinova's novel To Own and Belong. The film set in a fictional underworld of deaf-mute people in Moscow. The film was entered into the 48th Berlin International Film Festival.

Plot
The action takes place in Moscow in the 1990s. The heroine of the film – Rita is forced into hiding; Her friend Alyosha has disappeared after losing someone else's money in a game of roulette. She is rescued and hidden by Yaya, a deaf nightclub dancer, who lives only for one thing – to save money and go to some fabulous "country of the deaf," where only deaf people live, virtue and justice reigns. Suddenly, the girls find themselves in the center of a violent clash between two mafia clans – one with and one without hearing impairment.

Cast
 Chulpan Khamatova as Rita
 Dina Korzun as Yaya
 Maksim Sukhanov as Svinya
 Nikita Tyunin as Alyosha (voiced by Sergei Bezrukov)
 Aleksandr Yatsko as The Albino
 Alexey Gorbunov as Landlord
 Pavel Pajmalov as Mao
 Sergey Yushkevich as Nuna
 Alexey Diakov as Molodoy  
 Yaroslav Boyko as bandit

Awards
At the 1998 Russian Guild of Film Critics Awards the film was awarded the prizes for Best Film, Best Music (Alexey Aygi), Best Female Actor (Dina Korzun), Best Supporting Actor (Maksim Sukhanov). At the Nika Award the film received the prizes for Best Female Actor (Dina Korzun) and Best Sound Design (Gleb Kravetsky).

See also
List of films featuring the deaf and hard of hearing

References

External links

1998 films
1998 crime films
1990s Russian-language films
Films directed by Valery Todorovsky
Films set in Moscow
Russian Sign Language films
Films about deaf people
Russian crime films
Films about disability
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 81 (P. Oxy. 81) is a declaration on oath by a tax collector, written in Greek. The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a sheet. It was discovered by Grenfell and Hunt in 1897 in Oxyrhynchus. The document was written between 244-245. Currently it is housed in the British Museum (757) in London. The text was published by Grenfell and Hunt in 1898.

The letter is addressed to a strategus of Oxyrhynchus. It was written by a tax collector of Oxyrhynchus, whose name was Aurelius Apion. The measurements of the fragment are 82 by 72 mm.

See also 
 Oxyrhynchus Papyri
 Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 80
 Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 82

References 

081
3rd-century manuscripts
Matheuzinho is a nick name. It may refer to:

 Matheuzinho (footballer, born 1993), Matheus Cotulio Bossa, Brazilian football attacking midfielder
 Matheuzinho (footballer, born 2000), Matheus França Silva, Brazilian football right-back

See also
 Matheusinho (born 1998), Matheus Leonardo Sales Cardoso, Brazilian football attacking midfielder
Eppingen station is the station of Eppingen in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is a junction station, where the so-called Kraichgau-Stromberg-Bahn ("Kraichgau-Stromberg railway", referring to two nearby regions), the Steinsfurt–Eppingen railway branches from the Kraichgau Railway (Kraichgaubahn, Heilbronn Eppingen–Karlsruhe railway). It is served by services on S4 line of the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn and the Heilbronn Stadtbahn on the one hand and services on the line S5 of the Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn on the other hand.

Entrance building

The entrance building was built in 1879 according to plans of the Karlsruhe architect Ludwig Diemer in the Italian Renaissance Revival style. The building has belonged since 1 January 2013 to the town of Eppingen and is under heritage protection. It is being restored faithfully for the 2021 State Garden Show (Landesgartenschau), which is to be held in Eppingen. The station has been substantially restored  since September 2013.

Notes

References

External links 

Railway stations in Baden-Württemberg
Railway stations in Germany opened in 1879
Rhine-Neckar S-Bahn stations
Karlsruhe Stadtbahn stations
Buildings and structures in Heilbronn (district)
Eppingen
Kaivandur is a village in Tamil Nadu, India. It is located between the town of Thiruvallur and the Thiruthani temple.

TELC Martin Church is situated in Kaivandur. 

Villages in Tiruvallur district