Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
Token money, or token, is a form of money that has a lesser intrinsic value compared to its face value. Token money is anything that is accepted as money, not due to its intrinsic value but instead because of custom or legal enactment. Token money costs less to produce than its face value. A banknote, e.g. a five-pound note, is token money because despite its value being 5 pounds it only costs significantly less to produce. A gold coin is not considered token money. The Token money system has been adopted in many businesses around the world as an effective way to exchange value between companies and customers. Token money as a system is predominantly used in mobile games, but is also used in the realm of e-commerce. Token money is similar to fiat money which also has little intrinsic value, however they differ in that token money is a limited legal tender. The adoption of token money has improved transaction efficiency, as the practicalty of transacting with sums of gold poses a larger security risk. In a commodity economy, money is a measure of the value of goods and services (prices) within a sovereign country or the same economy, as well as a particular commodity to pay off debts. The token is also used as a medium of exchange, as a store of value, and as a unit of account. Digital currencies using decentralized blockchain technology are also a form of token money.

History
In Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire, copper coins were used for small transactions and were issued a monetary value greater than the value of the metal itself. This established the principle of token money, which is the nature of coinage in contemporary society. Plato distinguished between tokens and commodities. In Medieval Indian History, Mohammad Bin Tughlaq (c.1290-1351) issued copper currency called Tanka as token money whose value was legally set equal to silver coin, and is considered the world’s first truly token currency.

In the early nineteenth century, David Ricardo suggested issuing token money as long as it did not affect commodity standard.

Physical tokens

Token money has less intrinsic value compared to its face value. If the token money is metallic it is commonly made out of cheaper metals such as copper and nickel.

Token money is also money whose face value exceeds its cost of production, i.e. the intrinsic value is lower than the extrinsic value. This means that the actual worth of a note or coin is much less than what we use it for. The cost of production of token money is less than its actual value, for example with convertible currency, collector notes, souvenirs, coupons, some retired US banknotes and per 1986 banknotes printed in regulation size and only on one side with authorization are actually worth more dollars than when issued.

With token money, exchanges are not considered fully complete because the exchange of value is not equivalent.  Value is hoped to be rendered at some future time.  Examples of this include bills of exchange or negotiable instrument and certificates.

Token money does not have free coinage.

See also

 Bearer instrument
 Bullion
 Store of value

References

Money
John Tate is a former councillor and Lord Mayor of the City of Newcastle in New South Wales, Australia.

Tate was originally elected as a councillor of the City of Newcastle in September 1980, and was elected Lord Mayor in 1999, continuing in that role until 2012.

Tate ran as an independent candidate for the electoral district of Newcastle in the 2007 state election but narrowly lost to Labor candidate Jodi McKay, a former NBN Television reporter.

Tate re-contested the Lord Mayoral position at the September 2008 New South Wales Local Government Elections as an independent candidate out-polling his rivals with 32% compared to Independent Aaron Buman with 18.6% and Australian Labor Party candidate Marilyn Eade with 18.4%.

Tate contested the electorate of Newcastle again at the 2011 New South Wales election. He came fourth, with Tim Owen from the Liberal Party winning the seat.

Responding to revelations in May 2014 at the Independent Commission Against Corruption about the possibly corrupt funding of election campaigns in the electorate of Newcastle in 2011, by businesses associated with Nathan Tinkler, Tate said he had never received any financial assistance from Tinkler or any entity connected with him.

References

See also:
NSW Electoral Commission, Mayoral Election 2009
NSW Electoral Commission, Third Ward Election 2009
NSW 2007 State election results, Newcastle
Newcastle City Council website/ Lord Mayor

Mayors and Lord Mayors of Newcastle
New South Wales local councillors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Charlie Soong Hui Lee (; born December 30, 1971), known professionally as C.S. Lee, is an American actor and comedian. He is perhaps best known for playing forensics analyst Vince Masuka on the Showtime drama series Dexter.

Early life
Lee was born in Cheongju, South Korea. Film became his passion in high school while playing football at Hudson's Bay High School in Vancouver, Washington. He attended Cornish College of the Arts on an acting scholarship and graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree. He graduated from the Yale School of Drama with a Master of Fine Arts degree. Lee started his career in New York City acting with various theater companies, regional theater, as well as performing in television and film.

Career
Lee is best known for the Showtime drama series Dexter, playing the role of Vince Masuka, a forensic scientist known for his raunchy sense of humor and love of women.  

Lee plays Dr. Ba on the HBO drama series The Sopranos. He plays a doctor in the 2009 film The Unborn. Lee has also appeared as Harry Tang, Chuck's officious co-worker, in the NBC comedy-spy series Chuck and as a deputy in an episode of Monk, "Mr. Monk Is on the Run (Part One)".  He can also be seen as the office worker holding the boombox in the award-winning Nextel commercial, "Nextel Dance Party". In the CBS series The Unit, Lee plays a small part as a South Korean submariner in episode 13 of the second season.

He also provides the voice of Jin Jae-Hoon and Illuminati Pyramidion in the video game The Secret World.

Personal life
Lee is married to Lara Cho.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

References

External links

 

1971 births
Living people
American male actors of Korean descent
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
South Korean emigrants to the United States
People from Cheongju
People from Vancouver, Washington
Male actors from Washington (state)
David Geffen School of Drama at Yale University alumni
Yale University alumni
Cornish College of the Arts alumni
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
The Sonoma Valley AVA is an American Viticultural Area in Sonoma County, California which centers on the Sonoma Valley in the southern portion of the county. The name 'Sonoma' means 'Valley of the Moon' in the local Native American dialect. The appellation is bordered by two mountain ranges: the Mayacamas Mountains to the east and the Sonoma Mountains to the west.

History 

Sonoma Valley has played a significant role in the history of California wine. The first vineyards in the valley were planted by Franciscan friars at Mission San Francisco Solano in 1823. In 1857, Agoston Haraszthy established one of California's first successful commercial wineries here when he founded Buena Vista Winery. By 1920, there were 256 wineries in Sonoma Valley with more than  planted to grape vines. Prohibition affected Sonoma Valley as hard as any other wine region in California, and most wineries were unable to continue operating. Recovery after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 was slow, and only about 50 wineries survived.

In 1969, there were still only 58 bonded wineries in Sonoma Valley. The wine industry in the valley began to expand rapidly in the 1970s and 1980s. By 1975 some 24,000 acres (9,700 ha.) were under plantation. Official boundaries for the Sonoma Valley wine region were codified into federal law in 1981 as the eighth designated American Viticultural Area. By 2005, there were 254 wineries, and over  under vine. The wine industry annually contributes over $8 billion USD to the local economy.

Climate and geography 
The area is known for its unique terroir with Sonoma Mountain protecting the area from the wet and cool influence of the nearby Pacific Ocean. The Sonoma Mountains to the west help protect the valley from excessive rainfall. The cool air that does affect the region comes northward from San Pablo Bay through the Los Carneros region and southward from the Santa Rosa Plain.

See also 
 Sonoma County wine

References

External links
 Sonoma Valley Wine Sonoma Valley Vintners & Growers
 Sonoma Valley 

American Viticultural Areas of the San Francisco Bay Area
Sonoma Valley
Geography of Sonoma County, California
1981 establishments in California
American Viticultural Areas
Kinglake may refer to 
Kinglake (surname)
Kinglake, Ontario, a community in Canada
Kinglake, Victoria, a town in Australia
ABC Kinglake Ranges, a temporary radio service broadcasting from Kinglake, Victoria
Kinglake Football Club from Kinglake, Victoria
Kinglake West, Victoria, a town in Australia
Kinglake National Park in Central Victoria, Australia
McKinney Creek is located in the Boundary Country region of British Columbia.  The creek is one of the main tributaries of Rock Creek.  McKinney Creek flows into Rock Creek from the west.  The creek has been mined by Europeans and Chinese miners.

References

External links
 

Rivers of British Columbia
Stadl an der Mur is a former municipality in the district of Murau in the Austrian state of Styria. Since the 2015 Styria municipal structural reform, it is part of the municipality Stadl-Predlitz.

Geography
The municipality lies in the upper valley of the Mur about 16 km west of Murau.

References

Cities and towns in Murau District
The NZFC 2009–10 season is the sixth season of the New Zealand Football Championship competition.

The previous season's champion, Auckland City FC, and premier Waitakere United will also be competing in the 2009–10 O-League which will run alongside the NZFC season.

Changes for 2009/10 
 Otago United will return to Carisbrook after using Sunnyvale Park as their home ground during the previous season.
 Waitakere United will now play their home fixtures at Fred Taylor Park.

Team locations

Participating clubs 

Canterbury United had initially announced in mid June they would not be competing. However they revoked their decision within two weeks and re-entered the competition. There was also hope from some parties to have a youth/reserve team for Wellington Phoenix FC to participate in the competition. However, the FIFA rules and regulations preventing a professional Australian team from competing in a New Zealand amateur competition meant this was not feasible.

The NZF has looked at including alternative teams in case any of the current eight franchises pull out. In September 2009,a syndicate from North Shore and another from Manukau were approached and asked if they could step in at late notice if one of the eight franchises withdrew.

This season is the final one in the five-year licences for each franchise and NZF are undertaking a major review of their competition structures, including the national league. Significant changes like reverting to a winter league and a club competition complete with promotion/relegation are being considered.

League table

Competition schedule 
The competition fixtures were announced on 21 September 2009

Round 1

Round 2

Round 3

Round 4

Round 5

Round 6

Round 7

Round 8

Round 9

Round 10

Round 11

Round 12

Round 13

Round 14

Finals

Semi-Finals - First leg

Semi-Finals - Second leg

Grand Final

References

External links 
 Official NZFC website

New Zealand Football Championship seasons
1
New
New
Martina Navratilova defeated Chris Evert in the final, 6–7(4–7), 6–4, 7–5 to win the women's singles tennis title at the 1981 Australian Open. It was her first Australian Open singles title and third major singles title overall.

Hana Mandlíková was the defending champion, but was defeated in the quarterfinals by Evert.

Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Martina Navratilova is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.

  Chris Evert (finalist)
  Tracy Austin (quarterfinals)
  Martina Navratilova (champion)
  Andrea Jaeger (quarterfinals)
  Hana Mandlíková (quarterfinals)
  Pam Shriver (semifinals)
  Wendy Turnbull (semifinals)
  Evonne Goolagong (quarterfinals)
  Barbara Potter (second round)
  Mima Jaušovec (third round)
  Virginia Ruzici (first round)
  Bettina Bunge (third round)
  Sue Barker (third round)
  Kathy Jordan (third round)

Qualifying

Draw

Key
 Q = Qualifier
 WC = Wild card
 LL = Lucky loser
 r = Retired

Finals

Earlier rounds

Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

See also
 Evert–Navratilova rivalry

External links
 1981 Australian Open – Women's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation

Women's singles
Australian Open (tennis) by year – Women's singles
Australian Open – Women's Singles
The 2007–08 Omani League was the 32nd edition of the top football league in Oman. It began on 7 November 2007 and finished on 9 May 2008. Al-Nahda Club were the defending champions, having won the previous 2006–07 Omani League season. On Thursday, 8 May 2008, Al-Oruba SC won 4-2 away in their final league match against Oman Club and emerged as the champions of the 2007–08 Omani League with a total of 45 points.

Teams
This season the league had 12 teams. Mjees SC and Al-Salam SC were relegated to the Second Division League after finishing in the relegation zone in the 2006-07 season. The two relegated teams were replaced by Second Division League teams Oman Club and Al-Wahda SC.

Stadia and locations

League table

Results

Season statistics

Top scorers

Media coverage

See also
2007 Sultan Qaboos Cup

References

Top level Omani football league seasons
1
Oman
The 1907 Championship of Australia was an Australian rules football match that took place on 28 September 1907 at the Adelaide Oval in Adelaide, South Australia. It was the fourth edition of the Championship of Australia with it being the first since the 1896 edition, also in Adelaide.

The championship was contested by the premiers of the VFL () and the premiers of the SAFL (Norwood) in one match which was played in a front of a crowd of 13,000. After a slow start which featured only three goals, Norwood would go to win the match by 32 points with Leonard Chamberlain scoring five goals as Norwood won their second title.

Future Premier of South Australia Lionel Hill and South Australian Attorney-General Shirley Jeffries were members of the victorious Norwood side.

Background
The Championship of Australia began in 1888 as a three-game series between the VFA champions at the time (South Melbourne) and the SAFA champions in Norwood with Norwood winning the series 3–0. This would be the only Championship of Australia to be played as a series, with the following three editions (1890, 1893 and 1896) all being played as one game matches with the Victorian teams winning two of those matches.

Norwood qualified through to the Championship of Australia by taking out the South Australian Football League on 21 September 1907. They defeated Port Adelaide by 28 points (8.7 to 3.9) in a crowd of 26,000 people which was a South Australian record. Bahr, E. Lewis and W.R. Miller scored two goals for Norwood. Also in the same game, Carlton qualified through to the final by defeating  at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. In front of a crowd of over 45,000 people, Carlton would win by 5 points (6.14 to 6.9) to record their second premiership.

Match

Summary
The match was 13,000 which also included the governor, George Le Hunte and his lady. After two points were scored in the opening minutes, the opening goal of the match came from C Gwynne from an assist of E Lewis. Carlton responded with goals from George Topping and Alex Lang brought the score levels at quarter time. The second quarter was a tight hustle with the balance of play being even until halftime, with Norwood being slightly ahead at the break (3 points) with scores being 3.8 to 3.5.

The second half saw the home team raise their confidence in what The Argus described as a huge surprise with the first three minutes of the third quarter seeing three goals to the host side. The dominance of the Norwood centre showed with the ball only passing the centre line, three or four times for a single point after the bell for Carlton, while Norwood in response scored seven goals. After Norwood scored an early goal at the start of the last quarter, Fred Jinks delivered Carlton's first goal in two quarters, to generous cheers through the crowd. Carlton would go on to score four more goals to win the final quarter and reduce the final margin to only 32 points.

Result

References 

Championship of Australia
Championship of Australia
September 1907 sports events
Oh Stacey (Look What You've Done!) was the third single from The Zutons second album Tired of Hanging Around, to be released, on 18 September 2006. It entered as the band's eighth consecutive UK Top 40 single, peaking at No. 24 in the UK Singles Chart.

Video
The music video shows a blonde woman (presumably called Stacey) murdering the band members one by one, and their ghosts singing the song in the morgue. Stacey (whose face is hidden by shadow) cuts off McCabe's head with an axe, flattens Pritchard with a car, ties up and suffocates Harding with a rag soaked in something and sends Payne and Chowdhury over the edge of a building. It is revealed that the blonde woman is Harding's evil twin and the death scenes are shown again with Stacey's face revealed, she is played by Harding in a blonde wig.

Track listing

CD Version 1
 "Oh Stacey (Look What You've Done!)"
 "Please Calm Me Down"

CD Version 2
 "Oh Stacey (Look What You've Done!)"
 "You Know You Can Be Friends"
 "Tired of Hanging Around" (Alternate Version)
 "Oh Stacey (Look What You've Done!)" (Video)

7" Version
 "Oh Stacey (Look What You've Done!)"
 "Some Say It's Wise"

External links
 Video

The Zutons songs
2006 singles
2006 songs
Songs written by Dave McCabe
The Bedford OXA was a British heavy improvised armoured car, produced during the Second World War.

Development 

It was developed by mounting an armoured body onto a Bedford OXD 30cwt (1.5 ton) truck chassis, armed with a Boys anti-tank rifle.

Its official designation was "Lorry 30cwt Anti-Tank". A total of 948 units were built in 1940–1941.

Operational use 
The vehicle was used by regular British Army units in 1940 and British Home Guard units until 1942.

See also
Armadillo armoured fighting vehicle
Bison concrete armoured lorry
Standard Beaverette

References

World War II armoured cars
World War II armoured fighting vehicles of the United Kingdom
OXA
Armoured cars of the United Kingdom
Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944
The 1957 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling. They took place in Rocourt, Belgium from 10 to 15 August 1957. Five events for men were contested, 3 for professionals and 2 for amateurs.

Medal summary

Medal table

See also
 1957 UCI Road World Championships

References

Track cycling
UCI Track Cycling World Championships by year
International cycle races hosted by Belgium
Sport in Liège
1950s in track cycling
1957 in cycle racing
Gordon McLennan or MacLennan may refer to:
Gordon McLennan (politician) (1924–2011), Scottish leader of the Communist Part of Great Britain
Gordon McLennan (rugby league) (1915–1966), Australian rugby league footballer
Nurteria bicolor is a species of fly first described by Octave Parent in 1934. It belongs to the genus Nurteria and the family Dolichopodidae.

References

Sympycninae
Taxa named by Octave Parent
Insects described in 1934
Ko Jason Kieft (born January 20, 1998) is an American football tight end for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Minnesota.

Professional career
Kieft was drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the sixth round, 218th overall, in the 2022 NFL Draft. In Week 4 against the Kansas City Chiefs, Kieft recorded a 19–yard gain on a pass from Tom Brady for his first career reception.

Personal life
Kieft’s first name is his legal name, not a nickname. “Ko” is a derivative of “Jakobus,” the name of a great-grandfather who immigrated to the United States from the Netherlands.

References

External links
 Tampa Bay Buccaneers bio
 Minnesota Golden Gophers bio

1998 births
Living people
American football tight ends
Minnesota Golden Gophers football players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
The 2016 German Darts Masters was the second of ten PDC European Tour events on the 2016 PDC Pro Tour. The tournament took place at the Ballhausforum, Munich, Germany, between 26–28 March 2016. It featured a field of 48 players and £115,000 in prize money, with £25,000 going to the winner.

Michael van Gerwen was the defending champion, having beaten John Henderson 6–5 in the previous edition. He retained his title by defeating Peter Wright 6–4 in the final.

Prize money
The prize money of the European Tour events stays the same as last year.

Qualification and format
The top 16 players from the PDC ProTour Order of Merit  on 15 January automatically qualified for the event and were seeded in the second round. 

The remaining 32 places went to players from three qualifying events - 20 from the UK Qualifier (held in Wigan on 17 January), eight from the European Qualifier on 23 January and four from the Host Nation Qualifier on 25 March.

The following players will take part in the tournament:

Top 16
  Michael van Gerwen (winner)
  Michael Smith (semi-finals)
  Peter Wright (runner-up)
  James Wade (second round)
  Kim Huybrechts (second round)
  Adrian Lewis (third round)
  Ian White (quarter-finals)
  Dave Chisnall (third round)
  Robert Thornton (second round)
  Jelle Klaasen (third round)
  Terry Jenkins (second round)
  Gary Anderson (quarter-finals)
  Benito van de Pas (third round)
  Brendan Dolan (second round)
  Mensur Suljović (second round)
  Justin Pipe (second round)

UK Qualifier
  Mark Barilli (first round)
  Mark Walsh (second round)
  Stephen Bunting (second round)
  Alan Norris (first round)
  Chris Dobey (quarter-finals)
  Ben Davies (first round)
  James Richardson (quarter-finals)
  John Bowles (second round)
  Daryl Gurney (second round)
  Nathan Aspinall (first round)
  Steve Beaton (first round)
  Darren Johnson (first round)
  Stuart Kellett (first round)
  Andrew Gilding (first round)
  Peter Hudson (first round)
  Joe Cullen (semi-finals)
  William O'Connor (third round)
  Kevin Painter (third round)
  Devon Petersen (second round)
  James Wilson (third round)

European Qualifier
  Cristo Reyes (third round)
  Thomas Junghans (first round)
  Dimitri Van den Bergh (first round)
  Mike Zuydwijk (first round)
  John Michael (first round)
  Jeffrey de Graaf (second round)
  Ronny Huybrechts (second round)
  Jermaine Wattimena (second round)

Host Nation Qualifier
  Tomas Seyler (first round)
  René Eidams (second round)
  Fabian Herz (first round)
  Marko Puls (first round)

Draw

References

2016 PDC European Tour
2016 in German sport