Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
United States v. Creek Nation, 295 U.S. 103 (1935), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the compensation for land taken from the Creek Nation by the United States was the value of the land at the time of the taking, plus interest.

Background
In 1833, the United States government made a treaty with the Muscogee (Creek) Indians, and conveyed a large part of the Indian Territory to the tribe. Unlike most treaties, the Creek obtained the land under fee simple title, rather than the federal government holding the land in trust for the tribe. In 1866 the Creek tribe ceded the western half of the land to the United States and in 1872 the land was surveyed. The survey contained an error, and as a result, 5,575.57 acres of Creek land was turned over to the Sac and Fox tribe.

In 1924, Congress passed a law allowing the Creek Nation to sue the United States for compensation arising out of government misdeeds from a treaty, agreement, or law of the United States. The Creek Nation sued for compensation in the United States Court of Claims.

In the Court of Claims, the United States admitted that the Creek Nation was entitled to compensation, the disagreement was over the way that the damages would be calculated. The United States wanted the damages to be fixed at the value of the property in 1873, while the tribe wanted it to be the value of the land at the time that they filed suit. The Court of Claims ruled in favor of the tribe, setting the value at $30 per acre as the value in 1926.

Supreme Court

Justice Willis Van Devanter delivered the opinion of the Court. Although he noted that, unlike most tribes, the Creeks actually owned the land in this case, Van Devanter said that the United States had the right to act as a guardian over the tribe, but that did not authorize the government to take the land. Van Devanter stated that the government's taking of Creek land did not occur in 1873, when the survey was filed, nor had it occurred in 1926 when the Creeks brought suit. Instead, he found that the taking occurred in 1891, when Congress authorized the government to dispose of the land to settlers. The value of the land at that time would need to be determined, and the Creek Nation would be entitled to that amount, with interest at 5% per annum. The decision of the Court of Claims was reversed and the matter remanded for the Court of Claims to determine the proper compensation based on the Supreme Court opinion.

Subsequent developments
The case is thought to have laid the groundwork for later trustee-violation cases, such as United States v. Shoshone Tribe, that cited Creek Nation in support. It was noted that the courts began to transition from a guardianship role to a trustee role, and that the Fifth Amendment protected Indian lands from government seizures.

References

External links
 

1935 in United States case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Hughes Court
United States Native American treaty case law
Muscogee (Creek) Nation
Stokes Bay railway station served the town of Gosport, Hampshire, England, from 1865 to 1915 on the Stokes Bay line.

History 
The station was opened on 6 April 1863 by the Stokes Bay Railway and Pier Company. It was situated on a pier at the end of Military Road. It was intended to carry passengers from Gosport so they could use the ferry which went to the Isle of Wight. It had waiting rooms and booking offices at the end of each platform. The pier closed after an examination in 1896 but a temporary platform was built on land so passengers could still use it. The station closed on 1 November 1915. The station and pier was demolished after closure. Part of the trackbed of the railway towards Gosport Road is now a footpath.

References 

Disused railway stations in Hampshire
Former London and South Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1863
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1915
1863 establishments in England
1915 disestablishments in England
Acanthosaura armata  is a species of  agamid lizard commonly known as the armored pricklenape or peninsular horned tree lizard. A. armata can be found in China (Hainan), Myanmar, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia (Sumatra).

References

External links 

 Photo by Bernard DUPONT

Acanthosaura
Reptiles of Myanmar
Reptiles of China
Reptiles of Indonesia
Reptiles of the Malay Peninsula
Reptiles of Singapore
Reptiles of Thailand
Reptiles described in 1827
Taxa named by John Edward Gray
This is the list of the Hermitage paintings acquired by Andrew W. Mellon during the Soviet sale of Hermitage paintings in 1930–1931 and donated to the National Gallery of Art.

References

Bibliography 
 Selling Russia's Treasures by Nicholas Iljine, Natalia Semenova and Amir G. Kabiri (project directors). MTA Publishing (The M. T. Abraham Foundation), Paris–Moscow, 2013.
 Prodannye Sokrovishcha Rossii (lit. The Sold Treasures of Russia) by Nicholas Iljine and Natalia Semenova (project directors). Russkiy Avantgard publishers, Moscow, 2000.

National Gallery of Art
Hermitage Museum
Lists of paintings
Royal Léopold Club, also known as Léopold is a professional Belgian sports club based in Uccle, Brussels. The club is most well known for its field hockey section with both the first men's and women's teams playing in the Belgian Hockey League.

They are the most successful Belgian field hockey club having won 28 league titles. Their biggest European success was in 1975 when they reached the final of the EuroHockey Club Champions Cup. In 2021 they won their first Euro Hockey League medal and became the third Belgian club to do so when they won the bronze medal match against Uhlenhorst Mülheim. The club was founded in 1893 and the field hockey section in 1895.

Honours

Men
Belgian Hockey League
 Winners (28): 1921–22, 1922–23, 1927–28, 1938–39, 1950–51, 1951–52, 1954–55, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1960–61, 1965–66, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1968–69, 1969–70, 1970–71, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1973–74, 1978–79, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1991–92, 2001–02, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2018–19
EuroHockey Club Champions Cup
 Runners-up (1): 1975
EuroHockey Club Trophy
 Winners:  1989
EuroHockey Indoor Cub Challenge II
 Runners-up (1): 2005

Women
Belgian Hockey League
Winners (14): 1921–22, 1922–23, 1925–26, 1929–30, 1935–36, 1936–37, 1949–50, 1950–51, 1991–91, 1994–95, 1999–00, 2000–01, 2003–04, 2004–05

Current squad

Men's squad

Women's squad

References

External links

 
Leopold
Uccle
Sport in Brussels
1893 establishments in Belgium
Amadou Doucoure (born 1919 in Goumbou, Mali, and died November 15, 1971 in Bamako) was a Malian politician who was elected to the French Senate in 1947.

References 

Malian politicians
French Senators of the Fourth Republic
1919 births
1971 deaths
People from Koulikoro Region
Senators of French Sudan
Józef Pszenny (born March 17, 1910 in Pruszyn, February 3, 1993 in Chicago) - Polish military commander, sapper captain of Polish Army, head of the Sapper Department of "XII-s" Warsaw District of Home Army.

History
In 1939 during the September campaign, holding the rank of lieutenant, he commanded the 2nd company of sappers of the 7 Sapper Battalion. During the German occupation of Poland, he was the creator of the underground sabotage group Batalion Saperów Praskich (eng. Praga Sapper Battalion), which was established in 1940, bearing the colloquial name of "Chwacki Battalions". Later, he was the commander of the disposable patrol squad separated in the middle of 1942 from the Sapper's Battalion, and at the same time commanded the line battalion of this branch constituting its staff and technical facilities. At the end of July 1943, "Chwacki" was dismissed to work in the command of the Sapper Department of "XII-s" District Warsaw AK, and his position was taken by Ludwik Witkowski "Kosa".

After the war he was in exile in the United States, where he was active in veteran organizations.

Military service
Józef Pszenny, as commander of the 3rd patrol of miners, took part in:

Operation Wieniec - campaign carried out on 7–8 October 1942 on the Warsaw-Siedlce railway line.
Ghetto Action - an attempt to blow up part of the walls surrounding the Warsaw Ghetto during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising on 19 April 1943,
Action in Końskie - sabotage action of the Home Army carried out between August 31 and September 1, 1943 on the railway infrastructure around Warsaw, the aim of which was to completely block the railway traffic in this area,
 two actions aimed at taking over the weapons from German rail transport. The first one on the Skruda railway station (currently Halinów) on the Warsaw - Siedlce route, whose aim was to take over the train carrying the armament to the eastern front. The action was carried out on the night of 11 to 12 September 1943, the other was held at night from 4 to 5 October 1943 at the Dębe Wielkie station,

References

Bibliography

 
 

1910 births
1993 deaths
Home Army members
Polish Army officers
Polish Roman Catholics
Warsaw Uprising insurgents
People from Płońsk County
Polish exiles
Polish emigrants to the United States
Polish armed supporters of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
A kinebar is a gold bar that has a diffractive optically variable image device (similar to a security hologram) embossed into the surface of the gold. The device used is a "Kinegram" made by OVD Kinegram AG (Switzerland). The Kinegram technology is exclusively provided to governments, and is intended both as a high-security feature and for visual appeal.

Union Bank of Switzerland, through Argor-Heraeus SA (subsidiary of Commerzbank), has been applying the kinegram as a security device to the reverse of its minted bars since December 1993. The kinebar, now produced by UBS AG, is a registered trade mark of UBS.

Argor-Heraeus gold Kinebars were introduced in 1994 in the following weights - 1 g, 2 g, 5 g, 10 g, 20 g, and 1 oz. The 50 g and 100 g gold Kinebars were subsequently released in 2012.

See also
 Gold as an investment

References

External links
Argor-Heraeus - The kinebar
The first Austrian kinebar
OVD Kinegram, Switzerland
Gold
Holography
Fossils

 Joshua Platt, a dealer in curiosities, discovers three large dinosaurian vertebrae at Stonesfield. He sends them off for examination to a Quaker botanist, merchant, and friend of Benjamin Franklin named Peter Collinson, who never gives them Platt's desired examination, and the fate and specific identity of the fossils remain unknown.

References

18th century in paleontology
Paleontology
Paleontology 5
Paleontology
Juggling is a 1994 novel by Barbara Trapido, nominated for the Whitbread Award that year. It is a sequel to her 1990 novel Temples of Delight, with characters appearing as teenagers and young adults in the earlier book are now parents.

Inspiration
In an interview Trapido said that the book had the form of a Shakespearean comedy. She goes on to say "the book’s motivation had to do with the fact that Temples of Delight, the previous book was such a troubling one for me that I was still brooding on it...I was still worrying about Alice...So I used Alice and her husband as a kind of backdrop to the story about Christina and her sister Pam, which meant I could unravel the mysteries of Alice’s head along the way."

Plot introduction
The novel is a coming of age story, the main protagonists are 'sparky Christina', the daughter of Alice, and her 'saintly adopted sister Pam' who could not be more different. They  
meet similarly mismatched friends Jago and Peter, and the intersecting lives of the four as they grow up form the heart of the novel.

Reception
Michael Dibdin writing in The Independent explains that "The title puns on the Elizabethan sense of 'juggle': to play tricks so as to cheat or deceive somebody. Everyone in the novel does this to some extent, wittingly or not, as they try to juggle the details of their lives, keeping all the balls in the air, and holding the pattern together. The most daring and skilful juggler of all is Barbara Trapido herself, who puts her characters through dizzying permutations of gender, identity, background and relationships, both personal and genetic. The pace increases imperceptibly, creeping up on the reader, until what started as a fairly sober and straightforward study of generational conflicts ends in a pyrotechnic climax which exploits every Shakespearian device - identical twins, lost siblings, transposed parents, unlikely couples, outrageous coincidences and brazenly expedient plotting - to an extent which might have made even the Bard blush." and he concludes "The result is a work of enormous charm, highly entertaining and told with a deft touch, which handles serious matters lightly and treats light ones with proper respect".

References

External links
Interview with Barbara Trapido

1994 British novels
Sequel novels
Hamish Hamilton books
British bildungsromans
Thomas Brown Holmes Stenhouse (21 February 1825 – 7 March 1882) was an early Mormon pioneer and missionary who later became a Godbeite and with his wife, Fanny Stenhouse, became a vocal opponent of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).

Stenhouse was born in Dalkeith, Scotland. He joined the LDS Church in England in 1845. In 1850, Stenhouse married Fanny Warn and shortly thereafter joined Lorenzo Snow and Joseph Toronto on a mission to Italy; they became the first LDS Church missionaries to preach in that country. Later in the same year, Stenhouse was sent to Switzerland and became the first Mormon missionary to preach there.

In 1855, Stenhouse and his wife emigrated to Utah Territory. They settled in Salt Lake City; Stenhouse the editor of the Salt Lake Telegraph, a newspaper that was consistently pro-Mormon. Their daughter, Clara Federata Stenhouse, married Joseph Angell Young.  In 1870, Stenhouse was convinced by the writings of William S. Godbe, who criticised LDS Church President Brigham Young on political and religious grounds. The Stenhouses were particularly opposed to the LDS Church's practice of plural marriage. Stenhouse and his wife became part of the "Godbeites" and were excommunicated from the LDS Church.

As Godbeites, Stenhouse and his wife published several exposés of Mormonism. Stenhouse's most famous work is his 1873 The Rocky Mountain Saints: A Full and Complete History of the Mormons. In 1872, Fanny Stenhouse published "Tell it All": The Story of a Life Experience in Mormonism.
Stenhouse died in San Francisco, California.

References

1825 births
1882 deaths
19th-century Mormon missionaries
Converts to Mormonism
Critics of Mormonism
Scottish emigrants to the United States
Scottish Latter Day Saints
Scottish Mormon missionaries
Scottish newspaper editors
19th-century Scottish writers
Religious leaders from Utah
Godbeites
Historians of the Latter Day Saint movement
Scottish Latter Day Saint writers
Mormon missionaries in Italy
Mormon missionaries in Switzerland
People excommunicated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
People from Dalkeith
Mormon pioneers
19th-century American journalists
American male journalists
Aguaray-Guazú River may refer to:

Aguaray-Guazú River (Jejuí Guazú River), Paraguay
Aguaray-Guazú River (Paraguay River), Paraguay
A farl is any of various quadrant-shaped flatbreads and cakes, traditionally made by cutting a round into four pieces. In Ulster, the term generally refers to soda bread (soda farls) and, less commonly, potato bread (potato farls), which are also ingredients of an Ulster fry.

It is made as farls (that is to say, flat rounds about 3/4 inch thick which are then cut into quarters). Modern commercially mass-produced potato farls, however, are often rectangular in form.

In Scotland today, the word is used less than in Ulster, but a farl can be a quarter piece of a large flat scone, bannock, or oatcake. It may also be used for shortbread when baked in this particular shape.

Etymology
Farl is a shorter form of fardel, the word once used in some parts of Lowland Scotland for "a three-cornered cake, usually oatcake, generally the fourth part of a round". In earlier Scots  meant a fourth or quarter.

Dish
A farl is made by spreading the dough on a girdle or frying pan in a rough circular shape. The circle is then cut into four equal pieces and cooked. Once one side is done the dough is flipped to cook the other side.

See also

 List of breads
 List of British breads
 List of Irish dishes
 List of quick breads

References

External links
History of Irish Soda Bread and recipes at European Cuisines.com

Irish breads
Scottish breads
Cuisine of Northern Ireland
British breads
Quick breads
János Szerényi (born 21 August 1938) is a Hungarian long-distance runner. He competed in the men's 10,000 metres at the 1968 Summer Olympics.

References

External links
 

1938 births
Living people
Athletes (track and field) at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Hungarian male long-distance runners
Olympic athletes for Hungary
Place of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Hungarian people
John Thomas Loughran (February 23, 1889 in Kingston, Ulster County, New York – March 31, 1953 in Kingston, Ulster County, New York) was an American lawyer and politician. He was Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals from 1945 until his death.

Life
He was a justice of the New York Supreme Court from 1931 to 1934.

On May 21, 1934, he was appointed to the New York Court of Appeals to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Henry T. Kellogg. In November 1934, he was elected on the Democratic and Republican tickets to a full 14-year term. In September 1945, after the death of Irving Lehman, Loughran was appointed Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals. In November 1946, he was re-elected unopposed to a 14-year term as Chief Judge, and died in office.

He died of a heart attack, and was buried at the St. Mary's Cemetery in Kingston, N.Y.

The John T. Loughran Bridge was named in his honor.

Sources
 Political Graveyard
 Appointed to Court of Appeals, in NYT on May 22, 1934 (subscription required)
 Obit in NYT on April 1, 1953 (subscription required)
 Listing of Court of Appeals judges, with portrait

1889 births
1953 deaths
Chief Judges of the New York Court of Appeals
New York Supreme Court Justices
Politicians from Kingston, New York
20th-century American judges
There have been two baronetcies created for persons with the surname Meredyth, both in the Baronetage of Ireland. Both are extinct.

The Meredyth Baronetcy, of Greenhills in County Kildare, was created in the Baronetage of Ireland on 20 November 1660 for William Meredyth, son of Sir Robert Meredyth, Chancellor of the Exchequer of Ireland. The title became extinct on the death of the twelfth Baronet in 1933.

The Meredyth Baronetcy, of Carlandstown in County Meath, was created in the Baronetage of Ireland on 26 July 1795 for John Meredyth, son of Thomas Meredyth and Alicia Tisdall, daughter of Philip Tisdall, Attorney General for Ireland and his wife Mary Singleton. He was High Sheriff of Meath for 1783 and knighted the same year. The fourth baronet was High Sheriff of Meath in 1836. The fifth Baronet was High Sheriff of County Kilkenny for 1888; the title became extinct on his death in 1923.

Meredyth baronets, of Greenhills, Co Kildare (1660)
 Sir William Meredyth, 1st Baronet ( – 14 February 1665)
 Sir Richard Meredyth, 2nd Baronet (1657 – 8 October 1743)
 Sir Robert Meredyth, 3rd Baronet ( – 18 February 1747)
 Sir Richard Meredyth, 4th Baronet (January 1733 – 1777)
 Sir Paul Meredyth, 5th Baronet (–1783)
 Sir Moore Meredyth, 6th Baronet ( – 8 November 1789)
 Sir Barry Colles Meredyth, 7th Baronet ( – 14 October 1813)
 Sir Joshua Colles Meredyth, 8th Baronet (1 June 1771 – 27 July 1850)
 Sir Edward Newenham Meredyth, 9th Baronet (1 May 1776 – 23 March 1865)
 Sir Edward Henry John Meredyth, 10th Baronet (29 May 1828 – 8 October 1904)
 Sir George Augustus Jervis Meredyth, 11th Baronet (11 Dec 1832 – 16 May 1907)
 Sir Charles George, 12th Baronet (4 July 1856 – 1933).

Meredyth baronets, of Carlandstown, County Meath (1795)
 Sir John Meredyth, 1st Baronet (late 1740 – 27 October 1799)
 Sir Thomas Meredyth, 2nd Baronet (July 1770 – )
 Sir Henry Meredyth, 3rd Baronet (June 1775 – 2 May 1859)
 Sir Henry Meredyth, 4th Baronet (1802 – 4 August 1889)
 Sir Henry Bayly Meredyth, 5th Baronet (14 January 1863 – 30 September 1923) baronetcy extinct on his death.
Millicent Valla (b. 1898) first married in 1919 Major the Hon. Herbrand Charles Alexander, D.S.O, formerly 5th Lancers, who obtained a divorce in 1927. She later married Richard Allan.

See also

 Meredith baronets

References

Extinct baronetcies in the Baronetage of Ireland
 *
The Quiet Ones, also known as Hush, is a 2010 American independent horror film directed by Amel J. Figueroa.

The film stars Courtney Gains, Reggie Bannister, Bill Allen, Adam C. Edwards and others.

References

External links
 

2010 films
2010 horror films
2010s English-language films
Gabriel Quadring, D.D. (1640-1713) was a priest and academic.

Evans was educated at Magdalene College, Cambridge. He was ordained in 1668; and held the living at Dry Drayton. He was Fellow and Taxor at Magdalene before becoming its Master in 1690. He was Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge from 1691 until 1692; and again from 1711 until 1712.

References 

 

17th-century English Anglican priests
18th-century English Anglican priests
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Cambridge
Masters of Magdalene College, Cambridge
1640 births
1713 deaths
Milan Skřont (24 November 1930 – 15 April 1994) was a Czech racewalker. He competed in the men's 50 kilometres walk at the 1956 Summer Olympics.

References

External links
 

1930 births
1994 deaths
Athletes (track and field) at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Czech male racewalkers
Olympic athletes for Czechoslovakia
Sportspeople from Opava