Samantha912/NLP_A2_WTH huggingface dataset:
They Also Ran: The Story of the Men Who Were Defeated for the Presidency (1943) is a non-fiction book about United States presidential candidates by American writer Irving Stone, known for his popular biographical novels of artists and intellectuals. An updated edition was published in 1966, with brief analyses of the 1944 through 1964 elections.

Summary
Stone evaluates several unsuccessful candidates for President of the United States, from the elections of 1824 through 1940. He explores their places in history (and those of their victorious opponents), and tries to assess whether or not the American people made the "right" choice in choosing another candidate for that office.

Structure
Stone groups the also-rans by profession, rather than listing them in chronological order. For example, the first section assesses newspapermen Horace Greeley and James M. Cox. Coincidentally Stone happens to rate them favorably compared to the candidates who were elected: Grant and Harding.

Reception
The Chicago Tribune described They Also Ran as "a fascinating and challenging book." The New York Times praised it as "a brilliant idea ... brilliantly executed".

Boyd Lee Spahr, in The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, criticized the "lack of historical continuity" in the organization of the book, complaining that the grouping of candidates by profession did little to increase understanding. He particularly criticized the text for numerous errors related to several different candidates, and said that Stone did not reflect the consensus of historians on many candidates. He said:

Mr. Stone wields a trenchant pen but his penchant for striking sentences, and perhaps his prejudices, lead him into exaggerations and inaccuracies, with the result that some of the sketches seem like campaign propaganda, post-mortem pro or con, rather than impartial biography. In addition, factual errors are fairly numerous.

Spahr concluded that while Stone was entitled to his opinions, the inaccuracies decreased the book's value as a reference.

1966 edition
The book was published in an updated edition in 1966, incorporating material on elections from 1944 to 1964. It included the sections noted below:

Influence
The book inspired the Also-Ran Gallery, founded in Norton, Kansas in 1965, a collection of black-and-white portraits of unsuccessful presidential candidates that is displayed within the First State Bank building.

Notes

See also
The Contenders

1943 non-fiction books
Presidential elections in the United States
Books about politics of the United States
Non-fiction books about elections
Doubleday (publisher) books
Novels by Irving Stone
Norman St. Clair (1865 - March 6, 1912) was a British-born American architect and painter. Born in England, he lived in Boston before opening a studio in Pasadena, California, where he painted many watercolors. He was also an architect, although he spent the remaining decade of his life dedicating himself to his paintings. By the time of his death, St. Clair had become "one of Southern California's best known artists."

References

1865 births
1912 deaths
British emigrants to the United States
Artists from Pasadena, California
American watercolorists
Architects from Pasadena, California
Painters from California
20th-century American painters
Dodecyl gallate, or lauryl gallate, is the ester of dodecanol and gallic acid.  As a food additive it is used under the E number E312 as an antioxidant and preservative.

References

Food antioxidants
Carboxylate esters
E-number additives
The Gandegg Hut () is an alpine hut, located above Zermatt in the canton of Valais. It is located at a height of  above sea level, near Trockener Steg, approximately halfway between the Matterhorn and the Breithorn.

The hut was built in 1885.

See also
List of buildings and structures above 3000 m in Switzerland

References
Swisstopo topographic maps

External links
Official website

Zermatt
Mountain huts in Switzerland
Buildings and structures completed in 1885
Buildings and structures in Valais
Mountain huts in the Alps
19th-century architecture in Switzerland
Orestes Vilató (born 12 May 1944 in Camagüey, Cuba) is a Cuban percussionist who has worked as a sideman with  Ray Barretto, Johnny Pacheco, Cachao, and the Fania All-Stars. Vilató also worked with Carlos Santana, for whom he played timbales, percussion and sang backing vocals. He moved to New York City when he was 12 years old, after his father was hired by the Cuban airline Cubana de Aviación.He is considered to be one of the foremost timbaleros in the salsa genre. He has been a strong musical presence in the San Francisco Bay Area music scene playing with several groups like the Machete Ensemble and Los Kimbos. He has also been an influential music mentor to many owing to his deep musical knowledge and generous nature.

Discography

With Bobby Hutcherson
Ambos Mundos (Landmark, 1989)
With Buddy Montgomery
So Why Not? (Landmark, 1988)

References

1944 births
Living people
American entertainers of Cuban descent
Afro-Cuban jazz musicians
During the Parade of Nations at the opening ceremony of the 2020 Summer Paralympic Games, athletes from each participating country paraded in the Japan National Stadium, preceded by its flag and placard carrier. Each flag bearer had been chosen either by the nation's National Paralympic Committee (NPC) or by the athletes themselves.

For the first time ever, each NPC was invited to appoint one female and one male athlete to jointly carry their flag during the Opening Ceremony.

Parade order
In the announcement of the Refugee Paralympic Team, it was stated that the team would enter first in the parade of nations. The rest of the countries entered in  order, with the three final countries being the United States, France, and Japan, as the current host and the next two hosts of the Paralympic Games, France in 2024 and the United States in 2028, Paris and Los Angeles respectively.

Under the assumption that Afghanistan's athletes would be unable to compete in the Paralympics due to the Fall of Kabul to the Taliban, the International Paralympic Committee invited the Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) to represent Afghanistan in the Parade of Nations as a "sign of solidarity". However, the UNHCR declined to name a representative and a volunteer served as Afghanistan's flagbearer. The two atheletes, Zakia Khudadadi and Hossain Rasouli, were evacuated from Afghanistan two days after the opening ceremony and later confirmed their participation in the Paralympics. The two carried Afghanistan's flag at the closing ceremony.

New Zealand's athletes also did not participate in the parade.

Solomon Islands had its national flag paraded at the opening ceremony, but ultimately the Solomon Islands team withdrew from the 2020 Summer Paralympics without coming to Japan.

Countries and flag bearers

Notes

Reviews
The names of each para-athlete who participated in the Opening Ceremony's Parade were projected and scrolled on the "digital signage" equivalent to the inner diameter of the stadium.

See also
 2020 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations

References

External links
 

Parade of Nations
Lists of Paralympic flag bearers
Parades in Japan
Pedro de Reina Maldonado (1599 – 9 October 1660) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop-Elect of Santiago de Cuba (1659–1660).

Biography
Pedro de Reina Maldonado was born in Lima, Peru in 1599.
On 10 November 1659, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Alexander VII as Bishop of Santiago de Cuba.
He died before he was consecrated on 9 October 1660.

References

External links and additional sources
 (for Chronology of Bishops)  
 (for Chronology of Bishops) 

17th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Cuba
Bishops appointed by Pope Alexander VII
1599 births
1660 deaths
Roman Catholic bishops of Santiago de Cuba
Alexandra Depledge  is a British technology entrepreneur, known best for being the founder and CEO of Resi, and as the founder and former CEO of Helpling, formerly known as Hassle.com. In 2016 she was awarded an MBE for services to the sharing economy.

Early life and education 
Alex Depledge was born in Bradford, West Yorkshire. She graduated from the University of Nottingham with a History and American Studies degree in 2003, then moved to the US and obtained a master's degree in International Relations at the University of Chicago.

Career 
In 2005, Depledge returned to the UK and started her career in 2006 as a consultant for Accenture in the UK, she finally left Accenture in 2012 to start her own venture.

Hassle.com 
In 2012, Depledge and Jules Coleman co-founded Hassle.com, a London-based online platform for domestic cleaners. The business raised $6 million from Venture firm, Accel Partners, the first backers of Facebook & Spotify to scale across Europe. The company was acquired by a German company, Helpling, in 2015.

Resi 
In 2017, Depledge and Coleman started a new venture, Resi "formerly known as BuildPath", an online architectural platform helping UK homeowners renovate and extend their homes.

Depledge was also the chair and director of The Coalition for a Digital Economy (Coadec) in the period from 2015 to 2017 founder of the government-backed Sharing Economy UK trade body, SEUK. Depledge currently sits on the board of the London Economic Action Partnership (LEAP) chaired by the Mayor of London. She is a regular TV & radio commentator and co-presented BBC3 program “Girls Can Code” part of its Thinking Digital season 2015.

Awards and honours 
Depledge was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2016 Birthday Honours for services to the economy and has been recognised with a number of awards for her work as an entrepreneur:

 Computer Weekly – The 50 Most Influential Women in UK Tech 2017.
 Debrett's 500 - Most influential People List 2016 & 2017.
 FDM Everywoman in Technology Awards - Startup Founder of The Year 2015.
 Management Today - 35 Under 35 List 2015.

References 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
British technology company founders
21st-century English businesswomen
Businesspeople from Bradford
Members of the Order of the British Empire
21st-century English businesspeople
Lacey Green is a village and civil parish in the Buckinghamshire district, near Princes Risborough, in the ceremonial county of Buckinghamshire, England. It is in the Chiltern Hills above the town.

It was home to Heston Blumenthal, whose parents used to own amusement arcades in the area.

RAF Bomber Command commandeered some agricultural land for an airfield during World War II. The land has now reverted to agriculture, the school playing field and the village sports ground.

The village has a fine Methodist chapel, now disused, but has a corner shop, sports club, primary school, two pubs (three if you include The Pink and Lily at Parslow's Hillock), Village Hall and the windmill.

The hamlet was known as Leasy Green in the early 19th century.  It is twinned with Hambye in France.

Dated to 1650 by leading authority Stanley Freese, Lacey Green windmill is the oldest surviving smock mill in England  and was restored from a state of almost total collapse by volunteers under the auspices of the Chiltern Society. Though it is widely believed that the mill was originally sited in nearby Chesham and moved to Lacey Green in 1821, no primary sources have been found to substantiate this and the Chiltern Society has been unable to trace the story beyond 1932  A somewhat speculative theory to perhaps explain the story's origin has been advanced by Michael Highfield, author of the Chiltern Society's guide to the mill. He recounts a conversation with a 96-year-old lady who had lived in the area all her life and remembered being chased away from "Cheshums Mill" as a child. The Mill had been in the Cheshire family since the 1860s and was sometimes referred to locally as Cheshire's mill, applying the Buckinghamshire dialect possessive suffix 'ums', Cheshire's becomes Cheshums!

Hamlets 
Hamlets within the parish of Lacey Green include Loosley Row, Speen, Wardrobes and Parslow's Hillock.

References

External links
Walks near, and general details of, Lacey Green
Details of the windmill
Lacey Green Windmill

Villages in Buckinghamshire
Civil parishes in Buckinghamshire
The biennial Charlotte mayoral election was held on November 3, 2009. The seat was open due to the decision by Mayor Pat McCrory, a Republican, not to seek re-election. Democrat Anthony Foxx, a member of the City Council, won the election by a slim margin, becoming the first Democrat elected to lead the city since Harvey Gantt was re-elected in 1985.

Candidates

Democrats

Announced
Anthony Foxx,  City Council member

Not Running
Malcolm Graham, member of the North Carolina Senate
Craig Madans, 2003/2005 Democratic nominee for mayor

Republicans

Announced
John Lassiter, City Council member
Martin Davis 
Jack Stratton

Primary election results

General election results

Polling

Foxx (D) v. Lassiter (R)

Footnotes

External links 
Charlotte Observer: 'It's time to move on' , Dec. 12, 2008.

2009
Charlotte mayoral
Charlotte
This is a list of current and former automobiles produced by Chinese automaker Guangzhou Automobile Corporation (abbreviated as GAC) with those joint ventures partners Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, Honda, Mitsubishi Motors, and Toyota.

For GAC's own brands vehicles like Trumpchi, Aion and Gonow, see the List of GAC vehicles.

GAC Fiat Chrysler

Current Jeep vehicles

Former Fiat vehicles

Rebadged GAC vehicles 

 Fiat Yuejie (2019–present)

Current import vehicles 

 Chrysler 300 (2011–present)
 Chrysler Grand Voyager (2017–present)
 Dodge JCUV (2009–present)
 Fiat 500 (2011–present)
 Jeep Grand Cherokee (2012–present)
 Jeep Wrangler (2007–present)
 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited (2007–present)

Former import vehicles 

 Fiat Freemont (2011–2016)
 Jeep Compass (2007–2017 (replaced by locally produced Compass))
 Jeep Patriot (2007–2017)

GAC Honda

Current Acura vehicles

Current Everus vehicles

Former Everus vehicles

Current Honda vehicles

Former Honda vehicles

Rebadged GAC vehicles 

 Everus Shirui (2018–present)

Current import vehicles 

 Acura MDX 2007–present
 Acura NSX 2016–present
 Acura RDX 2012–present

GAC Mitsubishi

Current Mitsubishi vehicles

Rebadged GAC vehicles 

 Mitsubishi E-More (2019–present)

Current import vehicles 

 Mitsubishi Pajero

GAC-NIO

Current Hycan vehicles

GAC Toyota

Former Leahead vehicles

Current Toyota vehicles

Former Toyota vehicles

Rebadged GAC vehicles 

 Leahead iA5 2019–present
 Leahead iX4 2018–present

Current import vehicles 

 Lexus CT (2011–present)
 Lexus ES (1992–present)
 Lexus GS (1993–present)
 Lexus GX (2003–present)
 Lexus IS (1999–present)
 Lexus LM (2020–present)
 Lexus LC (2017–present)
 Lexus LS (1989–present (originally limited))
 Lexus LX (1998–present)
 Lexus NX (2014–present)
 Lexus RC (2015–present)
 Lexus RX (2003–present)
 Lexus UX (2019–present)
 Toyota Alphard (2010–present)

Former import vehicles 

 Lexus SC (1991–2000)
 Toyota FJ Cruiser (2007–2013)

References
Aram Shelton is an American composer, improviser and musician (primarily an alto saxophonist, but also playing other single-reed woodwinds), based in Oakland, California. His music has been compared to that of Eric Dolphy, Sun Ra, Archie Shepp, and Albert Ayler.

Originally from southeast Florida, Shelton first studied Western classical music, and received a degree in music from the University of Florida. By his own account he experienced "an epiphany" at a performance by Sam Rivers that moved him in the direction of contemporary jazz. After a brief stint in Washington, D.C., he moved to Chicago in 1999, where he gigged extensively in the local jazz and improvisational music scene. In 2005 he moved to the San Francisco Bay Area to study at Mills College. He continues to have connections to the Chicago scene while also launching several Bay Area-based bands and participating heavily in the area's improvisational music scene.

He currently performs regularly in the Bay Area with the groups the Sound Quartet, the Broken Trap Ensemble, and his solo electroacoustic project Tonal Masher, where he uses feedback harnessed by the saxophone along with a custom made Max patcher. Past projects include Dragons 1976, Arrive, Rapid Croche, and Grey Ghost during his Chicago years, and Ton Trio, Cylinder, Flockterkit, and Son of Gunnar Ton of Shel in the Bay Area. Since moving to California, he has continued to perform or record at times with groups based in Chicago including his eponymous Quartet, Arrive, Jason Adasiewicz's Rolldown and the Fast Citizens.

He has performed in many locations throughout North America and Europe with musicians including Larry Ochs, Mark Dresser, Tim Daisy, Ken Vandermark, Jason Ajemian, Josh Berman, Audrey Chen, Fred Lonberg-holm, Dave Rempis, Damon Smith, Steve Bernstein, Weasel Walter, Jason Roebke, Liz Albee, Rob Mazurek, Matt Bauder, Jessica Pavone, Fred Frith, Josh Abrams, Harris Eisenstadt, Jeb Bishop, Tim Perkis, Kevin Drumm, Jon Raskin, Frank Rosaly, Guillermo Gregorio, and Chris Brown. His work has been released on recordings from labels including 482 Music, Locust Music, MultiKulti, Edgetone, Delmark, and his own Singlespeed Music.

Notes

External links

 
 Aram Shelton on the site of 482 Music: his first album as a leader, Arrive
 Peter Margasak, Reedist Aram Shelton recalibrates his crews (review), Chicago Reader, 2014-06-06.

American jazz musicians
Musicians from Florida
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
The spotted shovelnose ray (Aptychotrema timorensis) is a species of fish in the Rhinobatidae family. It is endemic to northern Australia.  Its natural habitat is open seas.

Sources

spotted shovelnose ray
Fauna of the Northern Territory
Vulnerable fauna of Australia
spotted shovelnose ray
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
MusicMight (formerly RockDetector) was a rock music website that provides artist and product information through a global website and an ongoing book series. Based in New Zealand, the site was founded by British writer Garry Sharpe-Young, and was backed by a small team of international writers who contribute to the site.

Database contents 
The database covered many styles and ages of rock music, such as thrash metal, black metal, death metal, radio rock and nu metal. As of December 2007, the database had over 59,400+ bands listed. The site included over 92,000 releases in the database and almost 659,000 songs. The site also had an international concert guide of over 300,000 concerts, archiving from 1965. The site also featured extensive and unique band biographies, many of which were the result of direct, first-hand interviews with band members conducted by Sharpe-Young during his many years as a heavy metal journalist.

Additional features included extensive discographies, pictures of the bands, their logos and their albums covers, upcoming concerts and album reviews.

The site went without updates for some time, bearing a message that a new expanded version of Rockdetector is on its way. On 1 September 2008 the site started after more than one year of re-programming and testing with an improved concept, layout and a re-designed database under the new name Musicmight.com with 60,000 artists and 144,000 persons included in the database.

Sharpe-Young died in March 2010. Site development, expansion and data additions have since halted, and the site was later taken down.

Growth

Books 
Black Metal – September 2001
Death Metal – September 2001
Ozzy Osbourne – February 2002
Thrash Metal – October 2002
Power Metal – February 2003
Doom, Gothic & Stoner Metal – February 2003
80s Rock – July 2003
Black Sabbath – Never Say Die – 2004
New Wave of American Heavy Metal – November 2005
Sabbath Bloody Sabbath – The Battle For Black Sabbath – August 2006
Thrash Metal – Amended – October 2007
Death Metal – Amended – April 2008

References

External links 
Official website

Heavy metal publications
New Zealand music websites
The variable platyfish (Xiphophorus variatus), also known as variatus platy or variegated platy, is a species of freshwater fish in family Poecilidae of order Cyprinodontiformes.  A livebearer, it is native to southern Tamaulipas and northern Veracruz states in northeastern Mexico. It is a popular fish in the aquarium trade due to its prolific breeding, as are hybrids with other members of its genus, most notably the southern platyfish.

Description
The variable platyfish grows to a maximum overall length of 7.0 cm (2.8 in). In the wild, they are olive in colour with black marbling or spots on the side of the caudal peduncle. Large males show blackish blotches on the dorsal fin. Unlike some other members of the genus, X. variatus has no claw at the tip of the fifth anal fin ray. The fourth pectoral ray shows well-developed serrae (saw-like notches). They typically have 20 to 24 lateral scales, 10 to 12 dorsal rays and two rows of jaw teeth.  Males exhibit a more pointed or "needle-like" anal fin whereas the female have a more triangular anal fin.

Range and habitat
The variable platyfish is endemic to the Atlantic slope of Mexico from southern Tamaulipas south to northern Veracruz. It is considered uncommon across its range. The species has also been introduced and become established in a number of locales, largely due to releases related to the aquariums trade. In the United States, they have been established in canals along the eastern shore of Tampa Bay, Florida, as well as in Gainesville. They are also naturalised in springs in the counties of Beaverhead, Granite and Madison in Montana. The species has been spread to a number of other countries outside of its range, including Colombia, Singapore, and Hong Kong, the latter of which reports a negative impact on native species due to its prodigious breeding.

The fish's habitats include slow-moving waters of vegetated canals, ditches, and warm springs. Omnivorous, its diet includes both plants and small crustaceans, insects, and annelid worms.

Aquarium trade

The variable platyfish is bred commercially for the aquarium hobby. It is popular due to its often colourful and variable patterns and its ability to survive in cooler waters than other fish; it can comfortably live at temperatures between . The species has also been used in genetic research.

References 

 
 

Live-bearing fish
Ovoviviparous fish
Xiphophorus
Freshwater fish of Mexico
Taxa named by Seth Eugene Meek
Fish described in 1904
Lwiza Msyani John (born December 19, 1980 in Dar-es-Salaam) is a Tanzanian athlete who mainly competes in the 800 metres. Her personal best is 1:59.58 minutes, achieved in 2000.

Achievements 
2003 Afro-Asian Games - gold medal
2003 All-Africa Games - bronze medal
2003 East African Championships - gold medal
2001 East African Championships - gold medal
2001 East African Championships - gold medal (200 metres)
2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships - fourth place

External links

1980 births
Living people
Tanzanian female middle-distance runners
Sportspeople from Dar es Salaam
Athletes (track and field) at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games competitors for Tanzania
African Games bronze medalists for Tanzania
African Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 2003 All-Africa Games