United_States_dollar

context: Unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U.S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. In addition to the dollar the coinage act officially established monetary units of mill or one-thousandth of a dollar (symbol ₥), cent or one-hundredth of a dollar (symbol ¢), dime or one-tenth of a dollar, and eagle or ten dollars, with prescribed weights and composition of gold, silver, or copper for each. It was proposed in the mid-1800s that one hundred dollars be known as a union, but no union coins were ever struck and only patterns for the $50 half union exist. However, only cents are in everyday use as divisions of the dollar; "dime" is used solely as the name of the coin with the value of 10¢, while "eagle" and "mill" are largely unknown to the general public, though mills are sometimes used in matters of tax levies, and gasoline prices are usually in the form of $X.XX9 per gallon, e.g., $3.599, sometimes written as $3.599⁄10. When currently issued in circulating form, denominations equal to or less than a dollar are emitted as U.S. coins while denominations equal to or greater than a dollar are emitted as Federal Reserve notes (with the exception of gold, silver and platinum coins valued up to $100 as legal tender, but worth far more as bullion). Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the note form is significantly more common. In the past, "paper money" was occasionally issued in denominations less than a dollar (fractional currency) and gold coins were issued for circulation up to the value of $20 (known as the "double eagle", discontinued in the 1930s). The term eagle was used in the Coinage Act of 1792 for the denomination of ten dollars, and subsequently was used in naming gold coins. Paper currency less than one dollar in denomination, known as "fractional currency", was also sometimes pejoratively referred to as "shinplasters". In 1854, James Guthrie, then Secretary of the Treasury, proposed creating $100, $50 and $25 gold coins, which were referred to as a "Union", "Half Union", and "Quarter Union", thus implying a denomination of 1 Union = $100.
qas: answers: text: a decimal system of values
question: What is the US dollar based upon?

answers: text: one-tenth of a dollar
question: How much monetary value does a dime hold?

answers: text: one hundred dollars
question: How much was a union going to be worth as proposed in the 1800s?

answers: text: $20
question: What was the maximum value a gold coin used to be able to have?

answers: text: Coinage Act of 1792
question: In what legislation was the term "eagle" used?

context: The symbol $, usually written before the numerical amount, is used for the U.S. dollar (as well as for many other currencies). The sign was the result of a late 18th-century evolution of the scribal abbreviation "ps" for the peso, the common name for the Spanish dollars that were in wide circulation in the New World from the 16th to the 19th centuries. These Spanish pesos or dollars were minted in Spanish America, namely in Mexico City, Potosí, Bolivia; and Lima, Peru. The p and the s eventually came to be written over each other giving rise to $.
qas: answers: text: $
question: Which symbol is used to represent the dollar?

answers: text: ps
question: What abbreviation was the dollar sign based off of?

answers: text: peso
question: What was the common name for the Spanish dollar?

answers: text: 19th
question: Which century signalled the end of the Spanish dollar?

answers: text: Spanish America
question: In which region of the world were the Spanish pesos minted?

context: Though still predominantly green, post-2004 series incorporate other colors to better distinguish different denominations. As a result of a 2008 decision in an accessibility lawsuit filed by the American Council of the Blind, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing is planning to implement a raised tactile feature in the next redesign of each note, except the $1 and the version of the $100 bill already in process. It also plans larger, higher-contrast numerals, more color differences, and distribution of currency readers to assist the visually impaired during the transition period.
qas: answers: text: green
question: What color was predominantly used?

answers: text: American Council of the Blind
question: Which organization filed an accessibility lawsuit?

answers: text: $1
question: Other than the $100 bill, which other note is not going to be redesigned?

answers: text: visually impaired
question: Who are currency readers meant to assist?

answers: text: Bureau of Engraving and Printing
question: The redesign of notes is being planned by which organization?

context: The Constitution of the United States of America provides that the United States Congress has the power "To coin money". Laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U.S.C. § 5112. Section 5112 prescribes the forms, in which the United States dollars should be issued. These coins are both designated in Section 5112 as "legal tender" in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar. The pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins, which have values ranging from one cent to 50 dollars. These other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar.
qas: answers: text: United States Congress
question: Who has the power "to coin money"?

answers: text: 5112
question: Which section indicates the methods in which the dollar should be issued?

answers: text: payment of debts
question: Coins are considered legal tender for which kind of transaction?

answers: text: Sacagawea dollar
question: What is an example of a copper alloy dollar?

answers: text: American Silver Eagle
question: What is the pure silver dollar referred to as?

context: In the 16th century, Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia began minting coins known as Joachimstalers (from German thal, or nowadays usually Tal, "valley", cognate with "dale" in English), named for Joachimstal, the valley where the silver was mined (St. Joachim's Valley, now Jáchymov; then part of the Kingdom of Bohemia, now part of the Czech Republic). Joachimstaler was later shortened to the German Taler, a word that eventually found its way into Danish and Swedish as daler, Norwegian as dalar and daler, Dutch as daler or daalder, Ethiopian as ታላሪ (talari), Hungarian as tallér, Italian as tallero, and English as dollar. Alternatively, thaler is said to come from the German coin Guldengroschen ("great guilder", being of silver but equal in value to a gold guilder), minted from the silver from Joachimsthal.
qas: answers: text: Count Hieronymus Schlick of Bohemia
question: Who began minting the coins known as Joachimstalers?

answers: text: Jáchymov
question: What is the modern name for St. Joachim's Valley?

answers: text: silver
question: What were the Joachimstalers composed of?

answers: text: tallero
question: How did the word "taler" translate into Italian?

answers: text: Guldengroschen
question: Other than "taler", what is the other name of the German coin?

context: The early currency of the United States did not exhibit faces of presidents, as is the custom now; although today, by law, only the portrait of a deceased individual may appear on United States currency. In fact, the newly formed government was against having portraits of leaders on the currency, a practice compared to the policies of European monarchs. The currency as we know it today did not get the faces they currently have until after the early 20th century; before that "heads" side of coinage used profile faces and striding, seated, and standing figures from Greek and Roman mythology and composite Native Americans. The last coins to be converted to profiles of historic Americans were the dime (1946) and the Dollar (1971).
qas: answers: text: deceased
question: What condition does a person have to meet to  be allowed by law on a coin?

answers: text: European monarchs
question: Having portraits of leaders on coins was compared to who's policies?

answers: text: 20th century
question: When did modern day currency start getting the faces that they have?

answers: text: composite Native Americans
question: Other than Greek and Roman mythology, who else was featured on the "heads" side of past coins?

answers: text: Dollar
question: What was the last coin to be converted to the modern day style of having historic Americans on the face?

context: In 1862, paper money was issued without the backing of precious metals, due to the Civil War. Silver and gold coins continued to be issued and in 1878 the link between paper money and coins was reinstated. This disconnection from gold and silver backing also occurred during the War of 1812. The use of paper money not backed by precious metals had also occurred under the Articles of Confederation from 1777 to 1788. With no solid backing and being easily counterfeited, the continentals quickly lost their value, giving rise to the phrase "not worth a continental". This was a primary reason for the "No state shall... make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts" clause in article 1, section 10 of the United States Constitution.
qas: answers: text: 1777
question: Which year was it when paper money was first issued without the backing of precious metals?

answers: text: Civil War
question: What was the first war that caused paper money to be issued?

answers: text: War of 1812
question: Which other war also caused a disconnect between paper money and precious metals?

answers: text: "not worth a continental"
question: The quick loss in value of paper money resulted in which phrase being hear?

answers: text: article 1
question: The loss in value resulted in a clause being written in which article in the US Constitution?

context: In February 2007, the U.S. Mint, under the Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005, introduced a new $1 U.S. Presidential dollar coin. Based on the success of the "50 State Quarters" series, the new coin features a sequence of presidents in order of their inaugurations, starting with George Washington, on the obverse side. The reverse side features the Statue of Liberty. To allow for larger, more detailed portraits, the traditional inscriptions of "E Pluribus Unum", "In God We Trust", the year of minting or issuance, and the mint mark will be inscribed on the edge of the coin instead of the face. This feature, similar to the edge inscriptions seen on the British £1 coin, is not usually associated with U.S. coin designs. The inscription "Liberty" has been eliminated, with the Statue of Liberty serving as a sufficient replacement. In addition, due to the nature of U.S. coins, this will be the first time there will be circulating U.S. coins of different denominations with the same president featured on the obverse (heads) side (Lincoln/penny, Jefferson/nickel, Franklin D. Roosevelt/dime, Washington/quarter, Kennedy/half dollar, and Eisenhower/dollar). Another unusual fact about the new $1 coin is Grover Cleveland will have two coins with his portrait issued due to the fact he was the only U.S. President to be elected to two non-consecutive terms.
qas: answers: text: 2007
question: In which year was the new $1 US Presidential coin introduced?

answers: text: Statue of Liberty
question: What does the reverse side of the new coins feature?

answers: text: E Pluribus Unum
question: What is the official version of "In God We Trust" printed on the coins? 

answers: text: "Liberty"
question: Which inscription was eliminated due to the Statue of Liberty being added to the coin?

answers: text: Grover Cleveland
question: Which President will have two coins with his portrait on it?

context: When the Federal Reserve makes a purchase, it credits the seller's reserve account (with the Federal Reserve). This money is not transferred from any existing funds—it is at this point that the Federal Reserve has created new high-powered money. Commercial banks can freely withdraw in cash any excess reserves from their reserve account at the Federal Reserve. To fulfill those requests, the Federal Reserve places an order for printed money from the U.S. Treasury Department. The Treasury Department in turn sends these requests to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (to print new dollar bills) and the Bureau of the Mint (to stamp the coins).
qas: answers: text: Federal Reserve
question: Who can create "new high-powered money"?

answers: text: U.S. Treasury Department
question: Who does the Federal Reserve have to place an order with for printed money?

answers: text: Bureau of the Mint
question: Which organization stamps coins?

answers: text: Engraving and Printing
question: Which Bureau prints new dollars?

answers: text: Commercial banks
question: Who can freely withdraw from  their reserve accounts at the Federal Reserve?

context: The value of the U.S. dollar declined significantly during wartime, especially during the American Civil War, World War I, and World War II. The Federal Reserve, which was established in 1913, was designed to furnish an "elastic" currency subject to "substantial changes of quantity over short periods", which differed significantly from previous forms of high-powered money such as gold, national bank notes, and silver coins. Over the very long run, the prior gold standard kept prices stable—for instance, the price level and the value of the U.S. dollar in 1914 was not very different from the price level in the 1880s. The Federal Reserve initially succeeded in maintaining the value of the U.S. dollar and price stability, reversing the inflation caused by the First World War and stabilizing the value of the dollar during the 1920s, before presiding over a 30% deflation in U.S. prices in the 1930s.
qas: answers: text: wartime
question: During which times does the value of the dollar typically decline?

answers: text: 1913
question: When was the Federal Reserve established?

answers: text: an "elastic" currency
question: What was the Federal Reserve designed to furnish?

answers: text: gold standard
question: What had previously kept prices stable?

answers: text: 30%
question: How much did the US prices deflate in the 1930s?

context: There is ongoing debate about whether central banks should target zero inflation (which would mean a constant value for the U.S. dollar over time) or low, stable inflation (which would mean a continuously but slowly declining value of the dollar over time, as is the case now). Although some economists are in favor of a zero inflation policy and therefore a constant value for the U.S. dollar, others contend that such a policy limits the ability of the central bank to control interest rates and stimulate the economy when needed.
qas: answers: text: constant value
question: What would zero inflation mean for the US dollar over time?

answers: text: low, stable inflation
question: What would result in a slow declining of the value of the dollar over time?

answers: text: some economists
question: Who is in favor of a zero inflation policy?

answers: text: central bank
question: A zero inflation policy would limit who's influence and ability to react?

answers: text: stimulate the economy
question: With a zero inflation rate, what would the central bank be unable to do other than control interest rates?

context: The word "dollar" is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution. In that context, "dollars" is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U.S. Congress adopted legislation titled An act establishing a mint, and regulating the Coins of the United States. Section 9 of that act authorized the production of various coins, including "DOLLARS OR UNITS—each to be of the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current, and to contain three hundred and seventy-one grains and four sixteenth parts of a grain of pure, or four hundred and sixteen grains of standard silver". Section 20 of the act provided, "That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units... and that all accounts in the public offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation". In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States.
qas: answers: text: the Spanish milled dollar
question: What is "dollars" a reference to?

answers: text: 8 Spanish units
question: How much value did a Spanish milled dollar have in relation to Spanish units of currency?

answers: text: four hundred and sixteen
question: How many grains of standard silver were meant to be in a single dollar?

answers: text: a Spanish milled dollar
question: How much value was one dollar meant to be equivalent to?

answers: text: three hundred and seventy-one
question: How many grains of pure silver were meant to be in a single dollar?

context: A "grand", sometimes shortened to simply "G", is a common term for the amount of $1,000. The suffix "K" or "k" (from "kilo-") is also commonly used to denote this amount (such as "$10k" to mean $10,000). However, the $1,000 note is no longer in general use. A "large" or "stack", it is usually a reference to a multiple of $1,000 (such as "fifty large" meaning $50,000). The $100 note is nicknamed "Benjamin", "Benji", "Ben", or "Franklin" (after Benjamin Franklin), "C-note" (C being the Roman numeral for 100), "Century note" or "bill" (e.g. "two bills" being $200). The $50 note is occasionally called a "yardstick" or a "grant" (after President Ulysses S. Grant, pictured on the obverse). The $20 note is referred to as a "double sawbuck", "Jackson" (after Andrew Jackson), or "double eagle". The $10 note is referred to as a "sawbuck", "ten-spot" or "Hamilton" (after Alexander Hamilton). The $5 note as "Lincoln", "fin", "fiver" or "five-spot". The infrequently-used $2 note is sometimes called "deuce", "Tom", or "Jefferson" (after Thomas Jefferson). The $1 note as a "single" or "buck". The dollar has also been, referred to as a "bone" and "bones" in plural (e.g. "twenty bones" is equal to $20). The newer designs, with portraits displayed in the main body of the obverse rather than in cameo insets upon paper color-coded by denomination, are sometimes referred to as "bigface" notes or "Monopoly money".
qas: answers: text: "G"
question: What is a "grand" sometimes shortened to?

answers: text: "stack"
question: What is another term other than "large" that means a stack of mutiple thousands?

answers: text: the Roman numeral for 100
question: What is a "C-note" a reference to?

answers: text: $50
question: Which note is occasionally called a "yardstick"?

answers: text: Monopoly money
question: What is another term for "bigface" notes?

context: The U.S. dollar was created by the Constitution and defined by the Coinage Act of 1792. It specified a "dollar" to be based in the Spanish milled dollar and of 371 grains and 4 sixteenths part of a grain of pure or 416 grains (27.0 g) of standard silver and an "eagle" to be 247 and 4 eighths of a grain or 270 grains (17 g) of gold (again depending on purity). The choice of the value 371 grains arose from Alexander Hamilton's decision to base the new American unit on the average weight of a selection of worn Spanish dollars. Hamilton got the treasury to weigh a sample of Spanish dollars and the average weight came out to be 371 grains. A new Spanish dollar was usually about 377 grains in weight, and so the new U.S. dollar was at a slight discount in relation to the Spanish dollar.
qas: answers: text: Coinage Act of 1792
question: What defined the US dollar?

answers: text: the Spanish milled dollar
question: What was the dollar based on?

answers: text: 17
question: How many grams of gold roughly were in an eagle?

answers: text: Alexander Hamilton
question: Who made the decision to base the American Unit on the weight on the Spanish dollar?

answers: text: 377
question: What was the average weight of a new Spanish dollar in terms of grains?

context: The United States Mint produces Proof Sets specifically for collectors and speculators. Silver Proofs tend to be the standard designs but with the dime, quarter, and half dollar containing 90% silver. Starting in 1983 and ending in 1997, the Mint also produced proof sets containing the year's commemorative coins alongside the regular coins. Another type of proof set is the Presidential Dollar Proof Set where four special $1 coins are minted each year featuring a president. Because of budget constraints and increasing stockpiles of these relatively unpopular coins, the production of new Presidential dollar coins for circulation was suspended on December 13, 2011, by U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner. Future minting of such coins will be made solely for collectors.
qas: answers: text: Proof Sets
question: What is specifically produced for collectors?

answers: text: 90%
question: What is the percentage of silver in coins in the Silver Proofs?

answers: text: 1983
question: When did the Mint being producing proof sets?

answers: text: Presidential Dollar Proof Set
question: Other than the Silver Proof set, what other type of Proof set exists?

answers: text: December 13, 2011
question: When was the production of Presidential dollar coins suspended?

context: The Constitution provides that "a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time". That provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the "Statements" are currently being expressed in U.S. dollars (for example, see the 2009 Financial Report of the United States Government). The U.S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States.
qas: answers: text: The Constitution
question: What dictates that a receipt for expenditures of all public money must be published?

answers: text: Section 331
question: Which section specifically states that receipts for public money must be published?

answers: text: U.S. dollars
question: Which currency are the sums of money in the "Statements" displayed in?

answers: text: U.S. dollar
question: What is the unit of account of the United States?

context: Currently printed denominations are $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, and $100. Notes above the $100 denomination stopped being printed in 1946 and were officially withdrawn from circulation in 1969. These notes were used primarily in inter-bank transactions or by organized crime; it was the latter usage that prompted President Richard Nixon to issue an executive order in 1969 halting their use. With the advent of electronic banking, they became less necessary. Notes in denominations of $500, $1,000, $5,000, $10,000 and $100,000 were all produced at one time; see large denomination bills in U.S. currency for details. These notes are now collectors' items and are worth more than their face value to collectors.
qas: answers: text: $100
question: What is the highest currently printed denomination of bill?

answers: text: 1946
question: In which year were notes valued above $100 no longer printed?

answers: text: 1969
question: When were bills above the $100 denomination withdrawn from circulation?

answers: text: organized crime
question: What use of higher value bills prompted Nixon to halt the use of said bills?

answers: text: an executive order
question: What was issued to halt the use of higher currency denomations?

context: The colloquialism "buck"(s) (much like the British word "quid"(s, pl) for the pound sterling) is often used to refer to dollars of various nations, including the U.S. dollar. This term, dating to the 18th century, may have originated with the colonial leather trade. It may also have originated from a poker term. "Greenback" is another nickname originally applied specifically to the 19th century Demand Note dollars created by Abraham Lincoln to finance the costs of the Civil War for the North. The original note was printed in black and green on the back side. It is still used to refer to the U.S. dollar (but not to the dollars of other countries). Other well-known names of the dollar as a whole in denominations include "greenmail", "green" and "dead presidents" (the last because deceased presidents are pictured on most bills).
qas: answers: text: quid
question: What is the British equivalent of a "buck"?

answers: text: 18th
question: In which century can the term "buck" be traced back to?

answers: text: colonial leather trade
question: What kind of trade may have been the origin of the "buck"?

answers: text: Greenback
question: What was the nickname given to the Demand Note dollars that were used to finance the Civil War?

answers: text: black
question: What color other than green was used on the backside of the original note?

context: The value of the U.S. dollar was therefore no longer anchored to gold, and it fell upon the Federal Reserve to maintain the value of the U.S. currency. The Federal Reserve, however, continued to increase the money supply, resulting in stagflation and a rapidly declining value of the U.S. dollar in the 1970s. This was largely due to the prevailing economic view at the time that inflation and real economic growth were linked (the Phillips curve), and so inflation was regarded as relatively benign. Between 1965 and 1981, the U.S. dollar lost two thirds of its value.
qas: answers: text: gold
question: What was the value of the U.S. dollar no longer anchored to?

answers: text: Federal Reserve
question: Who's duty did it become to maintain the value of the U.S. currency?

answers: text: increase the money supply
question: What move did the Federal Reserve take that resulted in stagflation and the decline of the U.S. dollar?

answers: text: the Phillips curve
question: What claimed that inflation and economic growth were linked?

answers: text: two thirds
question: How much value did the U.S. dollar lose between 1965 and 1981?

context: The dollar was first based on the value and look of the Spanish dollar, used widely in Spanish America from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The first dollar coins issued by the United States Mint (founded 1792) were similar in size and composition to the Spanish dollar, minted in Mexico and Peru. The Spanish, U.S. silver dollars, and later, Mexican silver pesos circulated side by side in the United States, and the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso remained legal tender until the Coinage Act of 1857. The coinage of various English colonies also circulated. The lion dollar was popular in the Dutch New Netherland Colony (New York), but the lion dollar also circulated throughout the English colonies during the 17th century and early 18th century. Examples circulating in the colonies were usually worn so that the design was not fully distinguishable, thus they were sometimes referred to as "dog dollars".
qas: answers: text: Spanish dollar
question: What was the look of the dollar based on?

answers: text: 16th
question: In which century did the Spanish dollar start being used in Spanish America?

answers: text: 1792
question: When was the United States Mint founded?

answers: text: Peru
question: Outside of Mexico, where else was the Spanish dollar minted?

answers: text: 1857
question: When were the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso no longer accepted as legal tender?

context: The Gold Standard Act of 1900 abandoned the bimetallic standard and defined the dollar as 23.22 grains (1.505 g) of gold, equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $20.67. Silver coins continued to be issued for circulation until 1964, when all silver was removed from dimes and quarters, and the half dollar was reduced to 40% silver. Silver half dollars were last issued for circulation in 1970. Gold coins were confiscated by Executive Order 6102 issued in 1933 by Franklin Roosevelt. The gold standard was changed to 13.71 grains (0.888 g), equivalent to setting the price of 1 troy ounce of gold at $35. This standard persisted until 1968.
qas: answers: text: Gold Standard Act
question: What was the name of the act introduced in the year 1900?

answers: text: 1.505
question: How much gold in grams was one dollar equivalent to?

answers: text: $20.67
question: How much was 1 troy ounce of gold worth?

answers: text: 1964
question: Which year brought the end to silver being in dimes and quarters?

answers: text: Franklin Roosevelt
question: Which President confiscated gold coins?

context: Early releases of the Washington coin included error coins shipped primarily from the Philadelphia mint to Florida and Tennessee banks. Highly sought after by collectors, and trading for as much as $850 each within a week of discovery, the error coins were identified by the absence of the edge impressions "E PLURIBUS UNUM IN GOD WE TRUST 2007 P". The mint of origin is generally accepted to be mostly Philadelphia, although identifying the source mint is impossible without opening a mint pack also containing marked units. Edge lettering is minted in both orientations with respect to "heads", some amateur collectors were initially duped into buying "upside down lettering error" coins. Some cynics also erroneously point out that the Federal Reserve makes more profit from dollar bills than dollar coins because they wear out in a few years, whereas coins are more permanent. The fallacy of this argument arises because new notes printed to replace worn out notes, which have been withdrawn from circulation, bring in no net revenue to the government to offset the costs of printing new notes and destroying the old ones. As most vending machines are incapable of making change in banknotes, they commonly accept only $1 bills, though a few will give change in dollar coins.
qas: answers: text: Tennessee
question: Other than Florida, which other state got send error coins?

answers: text: Philadelphia mint
question: Where did error coins originate?

answers: text: profit
question: How much were error coins initially worth for collectors?

answers: text: "upside down lettering error" coins
question: What were some amateur collectors duped into buying?

answers: text: $1 bills
question: What do vending machines commonly only accept?

context: The U.S. Constitution provides that Congress shall have the power to "borrow money on the credit of the United States". Congress has exercised that power by authorizing Federal Reserve Banks to issue Federal Reserve Notes. Those notes are "obligations of the United States" and "shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United States, in the city of Washington, District of Columbia, or at any Federal Reserve bank". Federal Reserve Notes are designated by law as "legal tender" for the payment of debts. Congress has also authorized the issuance of more than 10 other types of banknotes, including the United States Note and the Federal Reserve Bank Note. The Federal Reserve Note is the only type that remains in circulation since the 1970s.
qas: answers: text: borrow money on the credit of the United States
question: What power was Congress given by the Constitution?

answers: text: issue Federal Reserve Notes
question: What did Congress authorize the Federal Reserve Banks to do?

answers: text: obligations of the United States
question: What are the notes issued by the Federal Reserve?

answers: text: Washington, District of Columbia
question: Where, other than any Federal Reserve bank, can notes be redeemed?

answers: text: Federal Reserve Note
question: Since the 1970s, what is the only type of note that has remained in circulation?

context: Usually, the short-term goal of open market operations is to achieve a specific short-term interest rate target. In other instances, monetary policy might instead entail the targeting of a specific exchange rate relative to some foreign currency or else relative to gold. For example, in the case of the United States the Federal Reserve targets the federal funds rate, the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight. The other primary means of conducting monetary policy include: (i) Discount window lending (as lender of last resort); (ii) Fractional deposit lending (changes in the reserve requirement); (iii) Moral suasion (cajoling certain market players to achieve specified outcomes); (iv) "Open mouth operations" (talking monetary policy with the market).
qas: answers: text: achieve a specific short-term interest rate target
question: What is the short term goal of open market operations?

answers: text: federal funds rate
question: What does the Federal Reserve target?

answers: text: the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight
question: What is the federal funds rate?

answers: text: Moral suasion
question: What is the cajoling of certain market players to achieve specified outcomes also known as?

answers: text: talking monetary policy with the market
question: What does "open mouth operations" mean?

context: Under the Bretton Woods system established after World War II, the value of gold was fixed to $35 per ounce, and the value of the U.S. dollar was thus anchored to the value of gold. Rising government spending in the 1960s, however, led to doubts about the ability of the United States to maintain this convertibility, gold stocks dwindled as banks and international investors began to convert dollars to gold, and as a result the value of the dollar began to decline. Facing an emerging currency crisis and the imminent danger that the United States would no longer be able to redeem dollars for gold, gold convertibility was finally terminated in 1971 by President Nixon, resulting in the "Nixon shock".
qas: answers: text: after World War II
question: When was the Bretton Woods system established?

answers: text: $35 per ounce
question: What was the fixed value of gold?

answers: text: the value of gold
question: What was the value of the U.S. dollar linked to?

answers: text: convert dollars to gold
question: What did banks and investors do that devalued the dollar?

answers: text: 1971
question: In which year was gold convertability terminated?

context: The U.S. dollar is fiat money. It is the currency most used in international transactions and is the world's most dominant reserve currency. Several countries use it as their official currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is also used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean: the British Virgin Islands and the Turks and Caicos islands. A few countries use only the U.S. Dollar for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U.S. coins that can be used as payment in U.S. dollars, such as the Susan B. Anthony dollar.
qas: answers: text: fiat money
question: What kind of money is the U.S. dollar?

answers: text: de facto currency
question: Although for some countries the dollar is not their official currency, how do they use the currency?

answers: text: Turks and Caicos islands
question: Other than the British Virgin Islands, what other area in the Caribbean uses the dollar as it's sole currency?

answers: text: mints its own coins
question: For countries that use the dollar as their paper currency, what other currency do they make?

answers: text: Susan B. Anthony dollar
question: What is an example of a U.S. coin that can be used as payment in some countries?

context: Today, USD notes are made from cotton fiber paper, unlike most common paper, which is made of wood fiber. U.S. coins are produced by the United States Mint. U.S. dollar banknotes are printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and, since 1914, have been issued by the Federal Reserve. The "large-sized notes" issued before 1928 measured 7.42 inches (188 mm) by 3.125 inches (79.4 mm); small-sized notes, introduced that year, measure 6.14 inches (156 mm) by 2.61 inches (66 mm) by 0.0043 inches (0.11 mm). When the current, smaller sized U.S. currency was introduced it was referred to as Philippine-sized currency because the Philippines had previously adopted the same size for its legal currency.
qas: answers: text: cotton fiber paper
question: What are dollar notes made from now adays?

answers: text: wood fiber
question: What is most common paper made of?

answers: text: Federal Reserve
question: Since 1914, who issues the dollar banknotes?

answers: text: 6.14 inches
question: How long do the current notes measure?

answers: text: Philippine
question: What size currency are the new smaller notes similar to?

context: From 1792, when the Mint Act was passed, the dollar was defined as 371.25 grains (24.056 g) of silver. Many historians[who?] erroneously assume gold was standardized at a fixed rate in parity with silver; however, there is no evidence of Congress making this law. This has to do with Alexander Hamilton's suggestion to Congress of a fixed 15:1 ratio of silver to gold, respectively. The gold coins that were minted however, were not given any denomination whatsoever and traded for a market value relative to the Congressional standard of the silver dollar. 1834 saw a shift in the gold standard to 23.2 grains (1.50 g), followed by a slight adjustment to 23.22 grains (1.505 g) in 1837 (16:1 ratio).[citation needed]
qas: answers: text: 1792
question: When was the Mint Act passed?

answers: text: 371.25
question: How many grains of silver did the Mint Act define the dollar as?

answers: text: Alexander Hamilton
question: Who suggested that the ratio of silver to gold should be fixed?

answers: text: Congressional standard of the silver dollar
question: What market value were gold coins traded in relation to?

answers: text: 1834
question: In what year did the shift in gold standard occur?

context: Technically, all these coins are still legal tender at face value, though some are far more valuable today for their numismatic value, and for gold and silver coins, their precious metal value. From 1965 to 1970 the Kennedy half dollar was the only circulating coin with any silver content, which was removed in 1971 and replaced with cupronickel. However, since 1992, the U.S. Mint has produced special Silver Proof Sets in addition to the regular yearly proof sets with silver dimes, quarters, and half dollars in place of the standard copper-nickel versions. In addition, an experimental $4.00 (Stella) coin was also minted in 1879, but never placed into circulation, and is properly considered to be a pattern rather than an actual coin denomination.
qas: answers: text: their precious metal value
question: What are gold and silver coins valuable for now adays?

answers: text: their numismatic value
question: What are non primarily gold and silver coins valuable for?

answers: text: Kennedy half dollar
question: What was the only coin with any silver content in circulation from 1965 to 1970?

answers: text: cupronickel
question: What was the Kennedy half dollar replaced with?

answers: text: $4.00
question: How much was the experimental Stella coin valued at?

context: Dollar coins have not been very popular in the United States. Silver dollars were minted intermittently from 1794 through 1935; a copper-nickel dollar of the same large size, featuring President Dwight D. Eisenhower, was minted from 1971 through 1978. Gold dollars were also minted in the 19th century. The Susan B. Anthony dollar coin was introduced in 1979; these proved to be unpopular because they were often mistaken for quarters, due to their nearly equal size, their milled edge, and their similar color. Minting of these dollars for circulation was suspended in 1980 (collectors' pieces were struck in 1981), but, as with all past U.S. coins, they remain legal tender. As the number of Anthony dollars held by the Federal Reserve and dispensed primarily to make change in postal and transit vending machines had been virtually exhausted, additional Anthony dollars were struck in 1999. In 2000, a new $1 coin, featuring Sacagawea, (the Sacagawea dollar) was introduced, which corrected some of the problems of the Anthony dollar by having a smooth edge and a gold color, without requiring changes to vending machines that accept the Anthony dollar. However, this new coin has failed to achieve the popularity of the still-existing $1 bill and is rarely used in daily transactions. The failure to simultaneously withdraw the dollar bill and weak publicity efforts have been cited by coin proponents as primary reasons for the failure of the dollar coin to gain popular support.
qas: answers: text: 1794
question: When were silver dollars first minted?

answers: text: President Dwight D. Eisenhower
question: Who was featured on the copper - nickel dollar?

answers: text: Susan B. Anthony dollar
question: Which coin was introduced in 1979?

answers: text: Sacagawea
question: What did the new $1 coin minted in 2000 feature?

answers: text: 19th
question: In which century were gold dollars minted?

context: The monetary base consists of coins and Federal Reserve Notes in circulation outside the Federal Reserve Banks and the U.S. Treasury, plus deposits held by depository institutions at Federal Reserve Banks. The adjusted monetary base has increased from approximately 400 billion dollars in 1994, to 800 billion in 2005, and over 3000 billion in 2013. The amount of cash in circulation is increased (or decreased) by the actions of the Federal Reserve System. Eight times a year, the 12-person Federal Open Market Committee meet to determine U.S. monetary policy. Every business day, the Federal Reserve System engages in Open market operations to carry out that monetary policy. If the Federal Reserve desires to increase the money supply, it will buy securities (such as U.S. Treasury Bonds) anonymously from banks in exchange for dollars. Conversely, it will sell securities to the banks in exchange for dollars, to take dollars out of circulation.
qas: answers: text: The monetary base
question: What do coins, Federal Reserve Notes and deposits held by despository institutions make up?

answers: text: 400 billion dollars
question: What was the monetary base value in 1994?

answers: text: over 3000 billion
question: How much did the monetar base value increase to in 2013?

answers: text: securities
question: What would the Federal Reserve buy to try and increase money supply?

answers: text: Eight
question: How many times a year does the Federal Open Market Committee meet?

context: The decline in the value of the U.S. dollar corresponds to price inflation, which is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. A consumer price index (CPI) is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services purchased by households. The United States Consumer Price Index, published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, is a measure estimating the average price of consumer goods and services in the United States. It reflects inflation as experienced by consumers in their day-to-day living expenses. A graph showing the U.S. CPI relative to 1982–1984 and the annual year-over-year change in CPI is shown at right.
qas: answers: text: price inflation
question: What does the decline in value of the dollar correspond to?

answers: text: price inflation
question: The rise in level of prices in an economy is referred to as what?

answers: text: consumer price index
question: What does CPI stand for?

answers: text: Bureau of Labor Statistics
question: Who publishes the Consumer Price Index?

answers: text: average price of consumer goods and services in the United States
question: What does the CPI estimate?