Compact_disc

context: Compact Disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format. The format was originally developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data (CD-ROM). Several other formats were further derived from these, including write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact Disc (VCD), Super Video Compact Disc (SVCD), Photo CD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced Music CD. Audio CDs and audio CD players have been commercially available since October 1982.
qas: answers: text: 1982
question: When did Audio CDs become available for purchase?

answers: text: Compact Disc
question: What does CD stand for?

answers: text: Super Video Compact Disc
question: What does SVCD stand for?

answers: text: sound recordings
question: What were CD's originally created to store?

answers: text: Super Video Compact Disc
question: What does SVCD stand for?

answers: text: 1982
question: In what year were compact discs realesed for purchase?

answers: text: data storage
question: What was the original intended format for CDs?

context: In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs. By 2007, 200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide. CDs are increasingly being replaced by other forms of digital storage and distribution, with the result that audio CD sales rates in the U.S. have dropped about 50% from their peak; however, they remain one of the primary distribution methods for the music industry. In 2014, revenues from digital music services matched those from physical format sales for the first time.
qas: answers: text: 2014
question: In what year were digital and physical music sales the same?

answers: text: 200 billion
question: How many CDs had been distrubuted worldwide by 2007?

answers: text: 2004
question: In 2004 how many CDs had been sold around the world?

answers: text: 50%
question: What percent decrease did audio CD sales experience?

answers: text: other forms of digital storage and distribution
question: What has caused a decrease in CD sales?

answers: text: 30 billion
question: In 2004 how many CDs had been sold around the world?

answers: text: 200 billion
question: How many CDs had been distrubuted around the world by 2007?

answers: text: other forms of digital storage
question: What has caused a decrease in CD sales?

context: The Compact Disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a focused laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984. The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company, and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.
qas: answers: text: Philips and Sony
question: Who created Compact Disc prototypes in the 1970s?

answers: text: a year
question: How lond did the creation of Red Book CD-DA standard take?

answers: text: the cooperation between Philips and Sony
question: To what does the compact disc owe its prosperity?

answers: text: 400,000
question: How many CD players were sold in the United States in their first year?

answers: text: LaserDisc
question: What did the CD evolve from?

answers: text: unified design
question: What made it possible for CDs to be played on any companies CD player?

answers: text: 1982
question: What year did CD players become available for purchase?

answers: text: cooperation between Philips and Sony
question: To what does the compact disc owe its prosperity?

context: In 1974, L. Ottens, director of the audio division of Philips, started a small group with the aim to develop an analog optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record. However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two Philips research engineers recommended a digital format in March 1974. In 1977, Philips then established a laboratory with the mission of creating a digital audio disc. The diameter of Philips's prototype compact disc was set at 11.5 cm, the diagonal of an audio cassette.
qas: answers: text: 1977
question: In what year did Philips institute a laboratory to create a digital audio disc?

answers: text: 11.5 cm
question: What was the proposed diameter for the original compact disc?

answers: text: 1974
question: What year did Philips propse the idea of a digital audio format?

answers: text: L. Ottens
question: Who was the director of the Philips audio division in 1974?

context: Heitaro Nakajima, who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan's national public broadcasting organization NHK in 1970, became general manager of Sony's audio department in 1971. His team developed a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder using a Betamax video recorder in 1973. After this, in 1974 the leap to storing digital audio on an optical disc was easily made. Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. A year later, in September 1977, Sony showed the press a 30 cm disc that could play 60 minutes of digital audio (44,100 Hz sampling rate and 16-bit resolution) using MFM modulation. In September 1978, the company demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150-minute playing time, 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, and cross-interleaved error correction code—specifications similar to those later settled upon for the standard Compact Disc format in 1980. Technical details of Sony's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd AES Convention, held on 13–16 March 1979, in Brussels. Sony's AES technical paper was published on 1 March 1979. A week later, on 8 March, Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called "Philips Introduce Compact Disc" in Eindhoven, Netherlands.
qas: answers: text: Brussels
question: Where was the 62nd AES Convention held?

answers: text: Heitaro Nakajima
question: Who was the general manger of Sony's audio department in 1971?

answers: text: 1976
question: What year did Sony first exhibit the use of an optical digital audio disc?

answers: text: a Betamax video recorder
question: What did Nakajima's team use to create a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder?

answers: text: Eindhoven, Netherlands
question: Where was the Philips Introduce Compact disc conference held?

answers: text: Betamax video recorder
question: What did Nakajima's team use to create a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder?

answers: text: 1 March 1979
question: When did Sony release it's AES technical paper?

context: As a result, in 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers Kees Schouhamer Immink and Toshitada Doi, the research pushed forward laser and optical disc technology. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the Red Book CD-DA standard. First published in 1980, the standard was formally adopted by the IEC as an international standard in 1987, with various amendments becoming part of the standard in 1996.
qas: answers: text: 1979
question: In what year did Sony and Philips band together to design a new digital audio disc?

answers: text: 1980
question: What year was the Red Book CD-DA standard released?

answers: text: 1987
question: When did the IEC isntigate the Red Book CD-DA as an international standard?

answers: text: Kees Schouhamer Immink and Toshitada Doi
question: Who headed the 1979 Sony and Philips digital audio disc task force?

context: The Japanese launch was followed in March 1983 by the introduction of CD players and discs to Europe and North America (where CBS Records released sixteen titles). This event is often seen as the "Big Bang" of the digital audio revolution. The new audio disc was enthusiastically received, especially in the early-adopting classical music and audiophile communities, and its handling quality received particular praise. As the price of players gradually came down, and with the introduction of the portable Walkman the CD began to gain popularity in the larger popular and rock music markets. The first artist to sell a million copies on CD was Dire Straits, with their 1985 album Brothers in Arms. The first major artist to have his entire catalogue converted to CD was David Bowie, whose 15 studio albums were made available by RCA Records in February 1985, along with four greatest hits albums. In 1988, 400 million CDs were manufactured by 50 pressing plants around the world.
qas: answers: text: Dire Straits
question: Who first sold a million copies on CD?

answers: text: David Bowie
question: Which artist was the first to have their full catalogue converted to CD?

answers: text: 1985
question: What year was the Dire Straits album Brothers in Arms released?

answers: text: 15
question: How many studio albums did David Bowie release in February 1985?

answers: text: 400 million
question: How many CDs were mass produced in 1988?

answers: text: 15
question: How many studio albums did David Bowie release in February 1985?

context: The CD was planned to be the successor of the gramophone record for playing music, rather than primarily as a data storage medium. From its origins as a musical format, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and Braat presented the first experiments with erasable compact discs during the 73rd AES Convention. In June 1985, the computer-readable CD-ROM (read-only memory) and, in 1990, CD-Recordable were introduced, also developed by both Sony and Philips. Recordable CDs were a new alternative to tape for recording music and copying music albums without defects introduced in compression used in other digital recording methods. Other newer video formats such as DVD and Blu-ray use the same physical geometry as CD, and most DVD and Blu-ray players are backward compatible with audio CD.
qas: answers: text: read-only memory
question: What does ROM stand for?

answers: text: 1990
question: What year did Sony and Philips release CD-Recordable?

answers: text: musical format
question: What was the original intended format for CDs?

answers: text: 1983
question: What year was the 73rd AES Convention?

answers: text: the gramophone record
question: What was the CDs predecessor?

answers: text: gramophone record
question: What was the CDs predecessor?

context: Meanwhile, with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 - 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20%, although independent and DIY music sales may be tracking better according to figures released 30 March 2009, and CDs still continue to sell greatly. As of 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only 34 percent of music sales in the United States. In Japan, however, over 80 percent of music was bought on CDs and other physical formats as of 2015.
qas: answers: text: the 2000s
question: When did CD sales experience their original decline?

answers: text: 34 percent
question: What portion of music sales did CDs and DVDs account for in the United States as of 2012?

answers: text: Japan
question: Which country attributes over 80 percent of its music sales to physical formats?

answers: text: lossily-compressed
question: How are MP3s compressed?

answers: text: 2000s
question: When did CD sales experience their original decline?

answers: text: Internet-based distribution of files
question: What has caused a decrease in CD sales?

context: Replicated CDs are mass-produced initially using a hydraulic press. Small granules of heated raw polycarbonate plastic are fed into the press. A screw forces the liquefied plastic into the mold cavity. The mold closes with a metal stamper in contact with the disc surface. The plastic is allowed to cool and harden. Once opened, the disc substrate is removed from the mold by a robotic arm, and a 15 mm diameter center hole (called a stacking ring) is created. The time it takes to "stamp" one CD is usually two to three seconds.
qas: answers: text: hydraulic press
question: How are CDs mass produced?

answers: text: raw polycarbonate plastic
question: What type of material is used to make CDs?

answers: text: 15 mm
question: What size is the diameter of the center hole in a CD?

answers: text: two to three seconds
question: How long does it take to stamp out one CD?

answers: text: stacking ring
question: What is the term for the center hole in a CD?

context: This method produces the clear plastic blank part of the disc. After a metallic reflecting layer (usually aluminium, but sometimes gold or other metal) is applied to the clear blank substrate, the disc goes under a UV light for curing and it is ready to go to press. To prepare to press a CD, a glass master is made, using a high-powered laser on a device similar to a CD writer. The glass master is a positive image of the desired CD surface (with the desired microscopic pits and lands). After testing, it is used to make a die by pressing it against a metal disc.
qas: answers: text: usually aluminium, but sometimes gold or other metal
question: What materials can be used to make the reflective layer on a CD?

answers: text: UV
question: What type of light is used to cure CDs?

answers: text: positive image of the desired CD surface
question: What is a glass master?

answers: text: high-powered laser
question: How are glass masters created?

context: The die is a negative image of the glass master: typically, several are made, depending on the number of pressing mills that are to make the CD. The die then goes into a press, and the physical image is transferred to the blank CD, leaving a final positive image on the disc. A small amount of lacquer is applied as a ring around the center of the disc, and rapid spinning spreads it evenly over the surface. Edge protection lacquer is applied before the disc is finished. The disc can then be printed and packed.
qas: answers: text: die
question: What is the term for a negative image of the glass master?

answers: text: lacquer
question: How is the positive image on a CD protected? 

answers: text: rapid spinning
question: How is lacquer distrubted on a CD?

context: The most expensive part of a CD is the jewel case. In 1995, material costs were 30 cents for the jewel case and 10 to 15 cents for the CD. Wholesale cost of CDs was $0.75 to $1.15, which retailed for $16.98. On average, the store received 35 percent of the retail price, the record company 27 percent, the artist 16 percent, the manufacturer 13 percent, and the distributor 9 percent. When 8-track tapes, cassette tapes, and CDs were introduced, each was marketed at a higher price than the format they succeeded, even though the cost to produce the media was reduced. This was done because the apparent value increased. This continued from vinyl to CDs but was broken when Apple marketed MP3s for $0.99, and albums for $9.99. The incremental cost, though, to produce an MP3 is very small.
qas: answers: text: jewel case
question: What is the priciest component of a CD?

answers: text: value increased
question: Why did the cost of audio music increase when the production costs decreased?

answers: text: $16.98
question: What did CDs retail for in 1995?

answers: text: the store
question: Who received the most profit from the sale of CDs?

answers: text: 30 cents
question: How much did a jewel case cost in 1995?

context: CD-R recordings are designed to be permanent. Over time, the dye's physical characteristics may change causing read errors and data loss until the reading device cannot recover with error correction methods. The design life is from 20 to 100 years, depending on the quality of the discs, the quality of the writing drive, and storage conditions. However, testing has demonstrated such degradation of some discs in as little as 18 months under normal storage conditions. This failure is known as disc rot, for which there are several, mostly environmental, reasons.
qas: answers: text: 20 to 100 years
question: How long are CDs expected to last?

answers: text: disc rot
question: What can cause sudden disc degradation?

answers: text: permanent
question: Are CDs meant for permanent or temporary use?

context: The ReWritable Audio CD is designed to be used in a consumer audio CD recorder, which will not (without modification) accept standard CD-RW discs. These consumer audio CD recorders use the Serial Copy Management System (SCMS), an early form of digital rights management (DRM), to conform to the United States' Audio Home Recording Act (AHRA). The ReWritable Audio CD is typically somewhat more expensive than CD-RW due to (a) lower volume and (b) a 3% AHRA royalty used to compensate the music industry for the making of a copy.
qas: answers: text: Serial Copy Management System
question: What does SCMS stand for?

answers: text: digital rights management
question: What does DRM stand for?

answers: text: Audio Home Recording Act
question: What does AHRA stand for?

answers: text: ReWritable Audio CD
question: What type of CD is intended to be used in a Consumer audio CD Recorder?

answers: text: CD-RW
question: Which is less expensive, the ReWritable Audio CD or a CD-RW?

context: Due to technical limitations, the original ReWritable CD could be written no faster than 4x speed. High Speed ReWritable CD has a different design, which permits writing at speeds ranging from 4x to 12x. Original CD-RW drives can only write to original ReWritable CDs. High Speed CD-RW drives can typically write to both original ReWritable CDs and High Speed ReWritable CDs. Both types of CD-RW discs can be read in most CD drives. Higher speed CD-RW discs, Ultra Speed (16x to 24x write speed) and Ultra Speed+ (32x write speed) are now available.
qas: answers: text: 4x speed
question: How fast could the first ReWritable CD be written?

answers: text: High Speed ReWritable CD
question: Which CD has writing speeds betwen 4x and 12x?

answers: text: 32x
question: How fast can Ultra Speed+ CDs write?

answers: text: 16x to 24x
question: How fast can Ultra Speed CDs write?

context: A CD is read by focusing a 780 nm wavelength (near infrared) semiconductor laser housed within the CD player, through the bottom of the polycarbonate layer. The change in height between pits and lands results in a difference in the way the light is reflected. By measuring the intensity change with a photodiode, the data can be read from the disc. In order to accommodate the spiral pattern of data, the semiconductor laser is placed on a swing arm within the disc tray of any CD player. This swing arm allows the laser to read information from the centre to the edge of a disc, without having to interrupt the spinning of the disc itself.
qas: answers: text: on a swing arm
question: Where is the semiconductor laser found in a CD player?

answers: text: 780 nm
question: What wavelenght is used to pull data from a CD?

answers: text: photodiode
question: What is used to discern the change of intensity in light on a CD?

answers: text: spiral
question: In what pattern is data stored on a CD?

answers: text: change in height between pits and lands
question: What createds the change in light reflected off of a CD?

context: The pits and lands themselves do not directly represent the zeros and ones of binary data. Instead, non-return-to-zero, inverted encoding is used: a change from pit to land or land to pit indicates a one, while no change indicates a series of zeros. There must be at least two and no more than ten zeros between each one, which is defined by the length of the pit. This in turn is decoded by reversing the eight-to-fourteen modulation used in mastering the disc, and then reversing the cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon coding, finally revealing the raw data stored on the disc. These encoding techniques (defined in the Red Book) were originally designed for CD Digital Audio, but they later became a standard for almost all CD formats (such as CD-ROM).
qas: answers: text: change from pit to land or land to pit
question: What type of result from a CD will return a one?

answers: text: Red Book
question: Where can one find the encoding techniques for CDs?

answers: text: non-return-to-zero
question: What type of encoding do CDs implement?

answers: text: eight-to-fourteen
question: What type of modulation is implemented when a disc is mastered?

context: CDs are susceptible to damage during handling and from environmental exposure. Pits are much closer to the label side of a disc, enabling defects and contaminants on the clear side to be out of focus during playback. Consequently, CDs are more likely to suffer damage on the label side of the disc. Scratches on the clear side can be repaired by refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing. The edges of CDs are sometimes incompletely sealed, allowing gases and liquids to corrode the metal reflective layer and to interfere with the focus of the laser on the pits. The fungus Geotrichum candidum, found in Belize, has been found to consume the polycarbonate plastic and aluminium found in CDs.
qas: answers: text: label side of the disc
question: Where can one expect to find damage on a disc?

answers: text: refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing
question: How are scratches on a CD fixed?

answers: text: fungus Geotrichum candidum
question: What eats at the plastic and aluminum found in CDs?

answers: text: Belize
question: Where does the fungus Geotrichum candidum originate from?

context: The digital data on a CD begins at the center of the disc and proceeds toward the edge, which allows adaptation to the different size formats available. Standard CDs are available in two sizes. By far, the most common is 120 millimetres (4.7 in) in diameter, with a 74- or 80-minute audio capacity and a 650 or 700 MiB (737,280,000-byte) data capacity. This capacity was reportedly specified by Sony executive Norio Ohga in May 1980 so as to be able to contain the entirety of the London Philharmonic Orchestra's recording of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony on one disc. This is a myth according to Kees Immink, as the code format had not yet been decided in May 1980. The adoption of EFM one month later would have allowed a playing time of 97 minutes for 120 mm diameter or 74 minutes for a disc as small as 100 mm. The 120 mm diameter has been adopted by subsequent formats, including Super Audio CD, DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray Disc. Eighty-millimeter discs ("Mini CDs") were originally designed for CD singles and can hold up to 24 minutes of music or 210 MiB of data but never became popular.[citation needed] Today, nearly every single is released on a 120 mm CD, called a Maxi single.[citation needed]
qas: answers: text: the center
question: Where is the start of data on a CD?

answers: text: 120 millimetres (4.7 in)
question: What size CD is most frequently used?

answers: text: Eighty-millimeter
question: What is the size of a Mini CD?

answers: text: 120 mm
question: What is the size of a Maxi Single?

answers: text: Norio Ohga
question: Who was the Sony Executive in 1980?

context: The logical format of an audio CD (officially Compact Disc Digital Audio or CD-DA) is described in a document produced in 1980 by the format's joint creators, Sony and Philips. The document is known colloquially as the Red Book CD-DA after the colour of its cover. The format is a two-channel 16-bit PCM encoding at a 44.1 kHz sampling rate per channel. Four-channel sound was to be an allowable option within the Red Book format, but has never been implemented. Monaural audio has no existing standard on a Red Book CD; thus, mono source material is usually presented as two identical channels in a standard Red Book stereo track (i.e., mirrored mono); an MP3 CD, however, can have audio file formats with mono sound.
qas: answers: text: the colour of its cover
question: Where does the Red Book get it's name from?

answers: text: Compact Disc Digital Audio
question: What is the formal name for a CD? 

answers: text: two-channel
question: Do CDs have a two or four channel format?

answers: text: Four-channel sound
question: What format has never been implemented on CDs?

context: Compact Disc + Graphics is a special audio compact disc that contains graphics data in addition to the audio data on the disc. The disc can be played on a regular audio CD player, but when played on a special CD+G player, it can output a graphics signal (typically, the CD+G player is hooked up to a television set or a computer monitor); these graphics are almost exclusively used to display lyrics on a television set for karaoke performers to sing along with. The CD+G format takes advantage of the channels R through W. These six bits store the graphics information.
qas: answers: text: television set or a computer monitor
question: How is graphics information read from a CD+ Graphics?

answers: text: to display lyrics on a television set for karaoke
question: What is the primary use of Compact Disc + Graphics?

answers: text: channels R through W
question: Which channels does the CD+G use to hold graphics data?

context: SVCD has two-thirds the resolution of DVD, and over 2.7 times the resolution of VCD. One CD-R disc can hold up to 60 minutes of standard quality SVCD-format video. While no specific limit on SVCD video length is mandated by the specification, one must lower the video bit rate, and therefore quality, to accommodate very long videos. It is usually difficult to fit much more than 100 minutes of video onto one SVCD without incurring significant quality loss, and many hardware players are unable to play video with an instantaneous bit rate lower than 300 to 600 kilobits per second.
qas: answers: text: 60 minutes
question: How much video can a CD-R contain?

answers: text: SVCD
question: Which has better resolution, a VCD or SVCD?

answers: text: lower the video bit rate
question: How are lengthy videos fit onto SVCDs?

answers: text: 100 minutes
question: What is the maximum amount of video a SVCD can properly hold?

context: Photo CD is a system designed by Kodak for digitizing and storing photos on a CD. Launched in 1992, the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high-quality images, scanned prints and slides using special proprietary encoding. Photo CDs are defined in the Beige Book and conform to the CD-ROM XA and CD-i Bridge specifications as well. They are intended to play on CD-i players, Photo CD players and any computer with the suitable software irrespective of the operating system. The images can also be printed out on photographic paper with a special Kodak machine. This format is not to be confused with Kodak Picture CD, which is a consumer product in CD-ROM format.
qas: answers: text: 100
question: How many images could Photo CDs initially contain?

answers: text: 1992
question: When were Photo CDs initially released?

answers: text: Kodak
question: Who created Photo CDs?

answers: text: photographic paper
question: What type of paper can Photo CD images be produced on?

answers: text: Beige Book
question: In what book are Photo CD standards defined?

context: The Red Book audio specification, except for a simple "anti-copy" statement in the subcode, does not include any copy protection mechanism. Known at least as early as 2001, attempts were made by record companies to market "copy-protected" non-standard compact discs, which cannot be ripped, or copied, to hard drives or easily converted to MP3s. One major drawback to these copy-protected discs is that most will not play on either computer CD-ROM drives or some standalone CD players that use CD-ROM mechanisms. Philips has stated that such discs are not permitted to bear the trademarked Compact Disc Digital Audio logo because they violate the Red Book specifications. Numerous copy-protection systems have been countered by readily available, often free, software.
qas: answers: text: 2001
question: When did record companies first attempt to protect their CDs from copying?

answers: text: Philips
question: Who said that protected CDs are not allowed to carry the CDDA logo?

answers: text: in the subcode
question: Where does the Red Book mention copy protection?