Wayback_Machine

context: The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet created by the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization, based in San Francisco, California, United States. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet. The service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a "three dimensional index."
qas: answers: text: World Wide Web
question: Where does the information stored on the Wayback Machine come from?

answers: text: Internet Archive
question: Which company made the Wayback Machine?

answers: text: San Francisco
question: Where is Internet Archive headquartered?

answers: text: Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat
question: What individuals founded Internet Archive?

answers: text: three dimensional index
question: What is the term used by Internet Archive to describe the Wayback Machine?

context: Since 1996, they have been archiving cached pages of web sites onto their large cluster of Linux nodes. They revisit sites every few weeks or months and archive a new version if the content has changed. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who are offered a link to do so. The intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. Their grand vision is to archive the entire Internet.
qas: answers: text: Linux
question: What operating system is used on Wayback Machine's servers?

answers: text: if the content has changed
question: When does Wayback Machine save a copy of a website?

answers: text: to archive the entire Internet
question: What is the ultimate aim of the Wayback Machine?

context: The name Wayback Machine was chosen as a droll reference to a plot device in an animated cartoon series, The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show. In one of the animated cartoon's component segments, Peabody's Improbable History, lead characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman routinely used a time machine called the "WABAC machine" (pronounced way-back) to witness, participate in, and, more often than not, alter famous events in history.
qas: answers: text: The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show
question: What TV show served as inspiration for the Wayback Machine's name?

answers: text: Mr. Peabody and Sherman
question: Which characters on The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show used a device that allowed them to travel through time?

answers: text: WABAC machine
question: What was the machine used by Mr. Peabody and Sherman named?

context: In 1996 Brewster Kahle, with Bruce Gilliat, developed software to crawl and download all publicly accessible World Wide Web pages, the Gopher hierarchy, the Netnews (Usenet) bulletin board system, and downloadable software. The information collected by these "crawlers" does not include all the information available on the Internet, since much of the data is restricted by the publisher or stored in databases that are not accessible. These "crawlers" also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached. To overcome inconsistencies in partially cached web sites, Archive-It.org was developed in 2005 by the Internet Archive as a means of allowing institutions and content creators to voluntarily harvest and preserve collections of digital content, and create digital archives.
qas: answers: text: 1996
question: When was the program necessary to crawl and archive the web created?

answers: text: crawlers
question: What is a term used for programs that automatically visit websites and record the data they find?

answers: text: robots exclusion standard
question: What rule do crawlers abide by when determining which sites to record?

answers: text: Archive-It.org
question: What site was created to mitigate issues with incomplete copies of websites?

context: Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers and scientists to tap into the clunky database. When the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley.
qas: answers: text: digital tape
question: What medium was originally used to keep Internet Archive's data?

answers: text: researchers and scientists
question: Who were sometimes permitted to use the Archive's database?

answers: text: fifth anniversary
question: At what milestone was the archive made public?

answers: text: University of California, Berkeley
question: Where was the event launching the publicly-available archive held?

context: Snapshots usually become available more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later; it can take twenty-four months or longer.  The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked web site updates are recorded. Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots.
qas: answers: text: Snapshots
question: What are the saved versions of a site called?

answers: text: six months
question: What is the minimum amount of time that elapses before most snapshots are released for viewing?

answers: text: variable
question: What term characterizes the rate at which snapshots are made of websites?

context: After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. According to Jeff Kaplan of the Internet Archive in November 2010, other sites were still being archived, but more recent captures would become visible only after the next major indexing, an infrequent operation.
qas: answers: text: After August 2008
question: When did it become a requirement for websites to appear on Open Directory for inclusion in the Archive?

answers: text: Jeff Kaplan
question: Who stated that sites not on Open Directory were still being saved but would not be released until the Archive was reindexed?

answers: text: November 2010
question: When did Kaplan make comments about the status of non-Open Directory sites?

context: As of 2009[update], the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month; the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month. The data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies.
qas: answers: text: three petabytes
question: In 2009, what size did the data saved by Wayback Machine reach?

answers: text: 12 terabytes/month
question: As of 2003, what was the rate of increase in the amount of data recorded by the Wayback Machine?

answers: text: PetaBox rack systems
question: Where does Wayback Machine keep its information stored?

answers: text: Capricorn Technologies
question: Who makes PetaBox rack systems?

context: In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, and hosts a new data center in a Sun Modular Datacenter on Sun Microsystems' California campus.
qas: answers: text: 2009
question: When did Internet Archive chance its platform for data storage?

answers: text: Sun Open Storage
question: Which platform did Internet Archive adopt in 2009?

answers: text: Sun Microsystems' California campus
question: Where does Internet archive run a datacenter?

context: In 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing.
qas: answers: text: 2011
question: When was an upgrade of the Wayback Machine released for testing?

context: In March 2011, it was said on the Wayback Machine forum that "The Beta of the new Wayback Machine has a more complete and up-to-date index of all crawled materials into 2010, and will continue to be updated regularly. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a little bit of material past 2008, and no further index updates are planned, as it will be phased out this year".
qas: answers: text: March 2011
question: When were details of the test version of the updated Wayback Machine released?

answers: text: 2008
question: The older version of Wayback Machine did not have much new data past what year?

answers: text: 2010
question: The newer version of the Wayback Machine included date up to and including what year?

context: In October 2013, the company announced the "Save a Page" feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries.
qas: answers: text: Save a Page
question: What was the functionality called that gave users the ability to save a snapshot of a site?

answers: text: October 2013
question: When was Save a Page made available?

context: In a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc., defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots.txt file on its web site that was causing the Wayback Machine to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from Nebula's site, pages that Chordiant believed would support its case.
qas: answers: text: Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc.
question: What 2009 court battle involved the Wayback Machine?

answers: text: Chordiant
question: Which company thought that Wayback Machine data was important for its argument?

answers: text: the robots.txt file
question: What did Chordiant request that the court deactivate on Netbula's website?

context: Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbula's web site and that they should have subpoenaed Internet Archive for the pages directly. An employee of Internet Archive filed a sworn statement supporting Chordiant's motion, however, stating that it could not produce the web pages by any other means "without considerable burden, expense and disruption to its operations."
qas: answers: text: Internet Archive
question: Who did Netbula believe was the entity that should be responsible for the availability of its snapshots?

answers: text: Chordiant
question: Which party did Internet Archive side with?

context: Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd in the Northern District of California, San Jose Division, rejected Netbula's arguments and ordered them to disable the robots.txt blockage temporarily in order to allow Chordiant to retrieve the archived pages that they sought.
qas: answers: text: Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd
question: Which judge presided over the Netbula v. Chordiant case?

answers: text: Northern District of California, San Jose Division
question: In what jurisdiction was the Netbula v. Chordiant case tried?

answers: text: Chordiant
question: Which party won its argument regarding Netbula's robots.txt file?

context: In an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No. 02 C 3293, 65 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 673 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 15, 2004), a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, perhaps for the first time. Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network. Prior to the trial proceedings, EchoStar indicated that it intended to offer Wayback Machine snapshots as proof of the past content of Telewizja Polska's web site. Telewizja Polska brought a motion in limine to suppress the snapshots on the grounds of hearsay and unauthenticated source, but Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys rejected Telewizja Polska's assertion of hearsay and denied TVP's motion in limine to exclude the evidence at trial. At the trial, however, district Court Judge Ronald Guzman, the trial judge, overruled Magistrate Keys' findings,[citation needed] and held that neither the affidavit of the Internet Archive employee nor the underlying pages (i.e., the Telewizja Polska website) were admissible as evidence. Judge Guzman reasoned that the employee's affidavit contained both hearsay and inconclusive supporting statements, and the purported web page printouts were not self-authenticating.[citation needed]
qas: answers: text: TVP Polonia
question: What does Telewizja Polska operate?

answers: text: the Dish Network
question: What is EchoStar's platform?

answers: text: Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys
question: Which judge denied Telewizja Polska's attempt to block the use of Internet Archive contents as evidence?

answers: text: district Court Judge Ronald Guzman
question: Which judge overturned Keys' ruling?

context: Provided some additional requirements are met (e.g. providing an authoritative statement of the archivist), the United States patent office and the European Patent Office will accept date stamps from the Internet Archive as evidence of when a given Web page was accessible to the public. These dates are used to determine if a Web page is available as prior art for instance in examining a patent application.
qas: answers: text: in examining a patent application
question: When are Internet Archive timestamps useful for patent offices?

answers: text: authoritative statement of the archivist
question: What is an example of a condition that must be met for the Internet Archive data to be considered acceptable for submission to patent offices in the US and Europe?

context: There are technical limitations to archiving a web site, and as a consequence, it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided by web site archives. This problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints, answers, or expert witness reports, when the underlying links are not exposed and therefore, can contain errors. For example, archives such as the Wayback Machine do not fill out forms and therefore, do not include the contents of non-RESTful e-commerce databases in their archives.
qas: answers: text: technical
question: What kind of limitations exist in keeping copies of a website?

answers: text: underlying links
question: The omission of what element in screenshots can make them unreliable as evidence?

answers: text: forms
question: What elements of webpages are not used by Wayback Machine?

answers: text: e-commerce
question: What kind of sites contain information that the Wayback Machine does not record?

context: In Europe the Wayback Machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws. Only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated, so the Archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator. The exclusion policies for the Wayback Machine may be found in the FAQ section of the site. The Wayback Machine also retroactively respects robots.txt files, i.e., pages that currently are blocked to robots on the live web temporarily will be made unavailable from the archives as well.
qas: answers: text: copyright laws
question: What kinds of laws could the Wayback Machine be viewed as breaking in Europe?

answers: text: delete pages from its system
question: What would the Internet Archive have to do if requested by someone whose content is available on Wayback Machine?

answers: text: FAQ
question: In what part of the website are Wayback Machine's rules regarding removing content?

context: In late 2002, the Internet Archive removed various sites that were critical of Scientology from the Wayback Machine. An error message stated that this was in response to a "request by the site owner." Later, it was clarified that lawyers from the Church of Scientology had demanded the removal and that the site owners did not want their material removed.
qas: answers: text: Scientology
question: Web pages that contained content critical of what religous movement were taken off of the Internet Archive in 2002?

answers: text: the site owner
question: Who was mistakenly credited for having the sites with criticism of Scientology removed from the Internet Archive?

answers: text: Church of Scientology
question: Who was the actual party that requested the critical sites be taken down?

context: In 2003, Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the Archive's Wayback Machine. The attorneys were able to demonstrate that the claims made by the plaintiff were invalid, based on the content of their web site from several years prior. The plaintiff, Healthcare Advocates, then amended their complaint to include the Internet Archive, accusing the organization of copyright infringement as well as violations of the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Healthcare Advocates claimed that, since they had installed a robots.txt file on their web site, even if after the initial lawsuit was filed, the Archive should have removed all previous copies of the plaintiff web site from the Wayback Machine. The lawsuit was settled out of court.
qas: answers: text: Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey
question: Which law firm leveraged Wayback Machine to protect their client in 2003?

answers: text: Healthcare Advocates
question: Which company filed suit against Harding, Earley, Follmer & Frailey's client?

answers: text: Internet Archive
question: Who did Healthcare advocates change their case to include as a defendant?

answers: text: the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
question: What laws did Healthcare Advocates accuse Internet Archive of having broken?

context: Robots.txt is used as part of the Robots Exclusion Standard, a voluntary protocol the Internet Archive respects that disallows bots from indexing certain pages delineated by its creator as off-limits. As a result, the Internet Archive has rendered unavailable a number of web sites that now are inaccessible through the Wayback Machine. Currently, the Internet Archive applies robots.txt rules retroactively; if a site blocks the Internet Archive, such as Healthcare Advocates, any previously archived pages from the domain are rendered unavailable as well. In cases of blocked sites, only the robots.txt file is archived.
qas: answers: text: voluntary
question: What kind of protocol is the Robots Exclusion Standard?

answers: text: Robots.txt
question: What file is utilized to exercise the rights promoted by the Robots Exclusion Standard?

answers: text: Robots.txt
question: If a site prevents Internet Archive from recording it, what file is still saved?

context: The Internet Archive states, however, "Sometimes a website owner will contact us directly and ask us to stop crawling or archiving a site. We comply with these requests." In addition, the web site says: "The Internet Archive is not interested in preserving or offering access to Web sites or other Internet documents of persons who do not want their materials in the collection."
qas: answers: text: Internet Archive
question: Who asserts that they will respond to direct contacts requesting material be removed from the archive?

context: In December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, seeking a judicial determination that Internet Archive did not violate Shell's copyright. Shell responded and brought a countersuit against Internet Archive for archiving her site, which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service. On February 13, 2007, a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract. The Internet Archive did not move to dismiss copyright infringement claims Shell asserted arising out of its copying activities, which would also go forward.
qas: answers: text: Suzanne Shell
question: Who sued Internet Archive in 2005?

answers: text: profane-justice.org
question: What was the URL owned by Suzanne Shell?

answers: text: Northern District of California
question: In what jurisdiction were Internet Archive's counterclaims filed?

answers: text: District of Colorado
question: In what jurisdiction where counterclaims nullified by the court?

context: On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it "...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her Web site and we regret that the inclusion of her Web site in the Wayback Machine resulted in this litigation." Shell said, "I respect the historical value of Internet Archive's goal. I never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm."
qas: answers: text: April 25, 2007
question: When did Suzanne Shell's suit against Internet Archive come to an end?

answers: text: Internet Archive
question: Who stated that they had no wish to violate individuals' copyrights?

answers: text: Suzanne Shell
question: Who stated that they did not want to cause damage to the Internet Archive?

context: In 2013–14 a pornographic actor was trying to remove archived images of himself, first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the Archive and then in the Federal Court of Canada.
qas: answers: text: DMCA requests
question: What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get his images taken down?

answers: text: Federal Court of Canada
question: What legal system did the actor use after filing DMCA petitions?