Slavs

context: Slavs are the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe. They inhabit Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, North Asia and Central Asia. Slavs speak Indo-European Slavic languages and share, to varying degrees, some cultural traits and historical backgrounds. From the early 6th century they spread to inhabit most of Central and Eastern Europe and Southeast Europe, whilst Slavic mercenaries fighting for the Byzantines and Arabs settled Asia Minor and even as far as Syria. The East Slavs colonised Siberia and Central Asia.[better source needed] Presently over half of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities, but every Slavic ethnicity has emigrated to other continents.
qas: answers: text: Slavs are the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe.
question: What is the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe?

answers: text: They inhabit Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, North Asia and Central Asia.
question: What areas of the world do Slavs inhabit?

answers: text: The East Slavs colonised Siberia and Central Asia.
question: What was colonised by the East Slavs?

answers: text: Presently over half of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities
question: What portion of Europe's territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities?

answers: text: Slavic mercenaries fighting for the Byzantines and Arabs settled Asia Minor and even as far as Syria.
question: Slavic mercenaries settled where?

context: Present-day Slavic people are classified into West Slavic (chiefly Poles, Czechs and Slovaks), East Slavic (chiefly Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians), and South Slavic (chiefly Serbs, Bulgarians, Croats, Bosniaks, Macedonians, Slovenes, and Montenegrins), though sometimes the West Slavs and East Slavs are combined into a single group known as North Slavs. For a more comprehensive list, see the ethnocultural subdivisions. Modern Slavic nations and ethnic groups are considerably diverse both genetically and culturally, and relations between them – even within the individual ethnic groups themselves – are varied, ranging from a sense of connection to mutual feelings of hostility.
qas: answers: text: Poles, Czechs and Slovaks
question: West Slavic people consist of which nationalities?

answers: text: Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians
question: East Slavic people consist of which nationalities?

answers: text: Serbs, Bulgarians, Croats, Bosniaks, Macedonians, Slovenes, and Montenegrins
question: South Slavic people consist of which nationalities?

answers: text: North Slavs
question: West and East Slavs are sometimes combined into a single group called what?

context: The Slavic autonym is reconstructed in Proto-Slavic as *Slověninъ, plural *Slověne. The oldest documents written in Old Church Slavonic and dating from the 9th century attest Словѣне Slověne to describe the Slavs. Other early Slavic attestations include Old East Slavic Словѣнѣ Slověně for "an East Slavic group near Novgorod." However, the earliest written references to the Slavs under this name are in other languages. In the 6th century AD Procopius, writing in Byzantine Greek, refers to the Σκλάβοι Sklaboi, Σκλαβηνοί Sklabēnoi, Σκλαυηνοί Sklauenoi, Σθλαβηνοί Sthlabenoi, or Σκλαβῖνοι Sklabinoi, while his contemporary Jordanes refers to the Sclaveni in Latin.
qas: answers: text: Proto-Slavic
question: *Slověninъ, plural *Slověne, is the Slavic autonym reconstructed in what?

answers: text: Old Church Slavonic
question: Old 9th century documents describing Slavs were written in what language?

answers: text: Procopius
question: Who wrote about the Slavs in Byzantine Greek in the 6th century?

answers: text: Latin
question: Procopius' contemporary Jordanes referred to the Slavs in what language?

context: The Slavic autonym *Slověninъ is usually considered (e.g. by Roman Jakobson) a derivation from slovo "word", originally denoting "people who speak (the same language)," i.e. people who understand each other, in contrast to the Slavic word denoting "foreign people" – němci, meaning "mumbling, murmuring people" (from Slavic *němъ – "mumbling, mute").
qas: answers: text: slovo
question: What slavic word denotes "people who speak the same language?"

answers: text: němci
question: What slavic word denotes "foreign people?"

answers: text: Roman Jakobson
question: Who considered *Slověninъ do be a derivation from slovo?

context: The word slovo ("word") and the related slava ("fame") and slukh ("hearing") originate from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱlew- ("be spoken of, fame"), cognate with Ancient Greek κλῆς (klês - "famous"), whence the name Pericles, and Latin clueo ("be called"), and English loud.
qas: answers: text: *ḱlew
question: Slovo, slava, and slukh all originate from what Proto-Indo-European root?

answers: text: Pericles
question: The Ancient Greek κλῆς (klês - "famous") helped create what famous name?

answers: text: he word slovo ("word") and the related slava ("fame") and slukh ("hearing")
question: What three words originated from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱlew- ("be spoken of, fame")?

context: The English word Slav could be derived from the Middle English word sclave, which was borrowed from Medieval Latin sclavus or slavus, itself a borrowing and Byzantine Greek σκλάβος sklábos "slave," which was in turn apparently derived from a misunderstanding of the Slavic autonym (denoting a speaker of their own languages). The Byzantine term Sklavinoi was loaned into Arabic as Saqaliba صقالبة (sing. Saqlabi صقلبي) by medieval Arab historiographers. However, the origin of this word is disputed.
qas: answers: text: sclave
question: The word Slav could be derived from what Middle English word?

answers: text: Sklavinoi
question: The origin of what Byzantine term is disputed?

answers: text: misunderstanding of the Slavic autonym
question: The Byzantine Greek σκλάβος sklábos "slave," which was in turn apparently derived from what?

answers: text: medieval Arab historiographers
question: The Byzantine term Sklavinoi was loaned into Arabic as Saqaliba by who?

context: Alternative proposals for the etymology of *Slověninъ propounded by some scholars have much less support. Lozinski argues that the word *slava once had the meaning of worshipper, in this context meaning "practicer of a common Slavic religion," and from that evolved into an ethnonym. S.B. Bernstein speculates that it derives from a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European *(s)lawos, cognate to Ancient Greek λαός laós "population, people," which itself has no commonly accepted etymology. Meanwhile, others have pointed out that the suffix -enin indicates a man from a certain place, which in this case should be a place called Slova or Slava, possibly a river name. The Old East Slavic Slavuta for the Dnieper River was argued by Henrich Bartek (1907–1986) to be derived from slova and also the origin of Slovene.
qas: answers: text: Lozinski
question: Who argues that the word *slava once had the meaning of worshipper?

answers: text: S.B. Bernstein
question: Who speculates that *slava derives from a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European *(s)lawos?

answers: text: a man from a certain place
question: The suffix -enin indicates what?

answers: text: Henrich Bartek
question: Who argued that the Old East Slavic Slavuta for the Dnieper River was derived from slova?

context: The earliest mentions of Slavic raids across the lower River Danube may be dated to the first half of the 6th century, yet no archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before c. 600 AD.
qas: answers: text: River Danube
question: The earliest mentions of Slavic raids are across what river?

answers: text: Slavic raids
question: The earliest mentions of what may be dated to the first half of the 6th century?

answers: text: c. 600 AD
question: No archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before when?

answers: text: the Balkans
question: There is no evidence of a Slavic settlement where before c. 600 AD?

context: The Slavs under name of the Antes and the Sclaveni make their first appearance in Byzantine records in the early 6th century. Byzantine historiographers under Justinian I (527–565), such as Procopius of Caesarea, Jordanes and Theophylact Simocatta describe tribes of these names emerging from the area of the Carpathian Mountains, the lower Danube and the Black Sea, invading the Danubian provinces of the Eastern Empire.
qas: answers: text: in the early 6th century
question: The Slavs make their first appearance in Byzantine records when?

answers: text: the Antes and the Sclaveni
question: The Slavs were under what name in the early 6th century?

answers: text: the Carpathian Mountains, the lower Danube and the Black Sea
question: According to Byzantine historiographers, tribes of Slavs emerged from what areas?

answers: text: the Danubian provinces
question: Tribes of Slavs were invading what provinces of the Eastern Empire?

answers: text: under Justinian I
question: Under whose reign did Byzantine historiographers describe Slavic tribes?

context: Procopius wrote in 545 that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times." He describes their social structure and beliefs:
qas: answers: text: Procopius
question: Who wrote in 545 that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times."?

answers: text: 545
question: When did Procopius write that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times."?

answers: text: Spori
question: Procopius said Sclaveni and Antae were both called what?

answers: text: their social structure and beliefs
question: What does Procopius describe in his writings of the Sclaveni and Antae?

answers: text: the Sclaveni and the Antae
question: Who did Procopius write about in 545?

context: Jordanes tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities. Another 6th-century source refers to them living among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes.
qas: answers: text: Jordanes
question: Who tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities?

answers: text: the Sclaveni
question: Who had swamps and forests for their cities?

answers: text: among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes
question: A 6th-century source refers to the Sclaveni as living where?

context: Menander Protector mentions a Daurentius (577–579) that slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I. The Avars asked the Slavs to accept the suzerainty of the Avars, he however declined and is reported as saying: "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us".
qas: answers: text: Menander Protector
question: Who mentions a Daurentius (577–579) that slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I?

answers: text: Daurentius
question: Who slew an envoy of Khagan Bayan I?

answers: text: the Avars
question: The Slavs were asked to accept the suzerainty of whom?

answers: text: Daurentius
question: Who said, "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us."?

answers: text: Khagan Bayan I
question: Whose envoy was slaughtered by Daurentius?

context: The relationship between the Slavs and a tribe called the Veneti east of the River Vistula in the Roman period is uncertain. The name may refer both to Balts and Slavs.
qas: answers: text: the Veneti
question: An uncertain relationship was held between the Slavs and who?

answers: text: east of the River Vistula
question: The Veneti tribe was located where?

answers: text: Veneti
question: What name may refer both to Balts and Slavs?

answers: text: in the Roman period
question: When was the relationship between the Slavs and Veneti uncertain?

context: According to eastern homeland theory, prior to becoming known to the Roman world, Slavic-speaking tribes were part of the many multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia – such as the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires. The Slavs emerged from obscurity when the westward movement of Germans in the 5th and 6th centuries CE (thought to be in conjunction with the movement of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe: Huns, and later Avars and Bulgars) started the great migration of the Slavs, who settled the lands abandoned by Germanic tribes fleeing the Huns and their allies: westward into the country between the Oder and the Elbe-Saale line; southward into Bohemia, Moravia, much of present-day Austria, the Pannonian plain and the Balkans; and northward along the upper Dnieper river. Perhaps some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to Iberia and north Africa.
qas: answers: text: multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia
question: Slavic-speaking tribes were part of what prior to becoming known to the Roman world?

answers: text: the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires
question: What were some of the multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia?

answers: text: Germans
question: Who started the great migration of the Slavs?

answers: text: Iberia and north Africa
question: Some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to where?

answers: text: the Huns and their allies
question: Who were the Germanic tribes fleeing?

context: Around the 6th century, Slavs appeared on Byzantine borders in great numbers.[page needed] The Byzantine records note that grass would not regrow in places where the Slavs had marched through, so great were their numbers. After a military movement even the Peloponnese and Asia Minor were reported to have Slavic settlements. This southern movement has traditionally been seen as an invasive expansion. By the end of the 6th century, Slavs had settled the Eastern Alps regions.
qas: answers: text: Around the 6th century
question: When did Slavs appear on Byzantine borders?

answers: text: Byzantine borders
question: The Slavs appeared on whose borders around the 6th century?

answers: text: Peloponnese and Asia Minor
question: Where else reported Slavic settlements?

answers: text: the Eastern Alps
question: Where had the Slavs settled by the end of the 6th century?

answers: text: By the end of the 6th century
question: When had the Slavs settled the Eastern Alps?

context: When their migratory movements ended, there appeared among the Slavs the first rudiments of state organizations, each headed by a prince with a treasury and a defense force. Moreover, it was the beginnings of class differentiation, and nobles pledged allegiance either to the Frankish/ Holy Roman Emperors or the Byzantine Emperors.
qas: answers: text: the first rudiments of state organizations
question: What appeared among the Slavs when their migratory movements ended?

answers: text: When their migratory movements ended
question: When did the first rudiments of state organizations appear among the Slavs?

answers: text: a prince with a treasury and a defense force
question: Early state organizations where headed by what?

answers: text: the Frankish/ Holy Roman Emperors or the Byzantine Emperors
question: Noble Slavs pledged allegiance to whom?

context: In the 7th century, the Frankish merchant Samo, who supported the Slavs fighting their Avar rulers, became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe, which, however, most probably did not outlive its founder and ruler. This provided the foundation for subsequent Slavic states to arise on the former territory of this realm with Carantania being the oldest of them. Very old also are the Principality of Nitra and the Moravian principality (see under Great Moravia). In this period, there existed central Slavic groups and states such as the Balaton Principality, but the subsequent expansion of the Magyars, as well as the Germanisation of Austria, separated the northern and southern Slavs. The First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681, the Slavic language Old Bulgarian became the main and official of the empire in 864. Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of Slavic literacy and Christianity to the rest of the Slavic world.
qas: answers: text: the 7th century
question: When did Samo become the ruler of the first known Slav state?

answers: text: Samo
question: What Frankish merchant was the ruler of the first Slav state in Central Europe?

answers: text: Carantania
question: What is the oldest Slav state in Central Europe?

answers: text: 681
question: When was the first Bulgarian Empire founded?

answers: text: Slavic literacy and Christianity
question: Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of what to the rest of the Slavic world?

context: As of 1878, there were only three free Slavic states in the world: the Russian Empire, Serbia and Montenegro. Bulgaria was also free but was de jure vassal to the Ottoman Empire until official independence was declared in 1908. In the entire Austro-Hungarian Empire of approximately 50 million people, about 23 million were Slavs. The Slavic peoples who were, for the most part, denied a voice in the affairs of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, were calling for national self-determination. During World War I, representatives of the Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes set up organizations in the Allied countries to gain sympathy and recognition. In 1918, after World War I ended, the Slavs established such independent states as Czechoslovakia, the Second Polish Republic, and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.
qas: answers: text: the Russian Empire, Serbia and Montenegro
question: What three free Slavic states were in the world as of 1878?

answers: text: 1878
question: When were the Russian Empire, Serbia, and Montenegro the only free Slavic states in the world?

answers: text: Bulgaria
question: Whose official independence was declared in 1908?

answers: text: In 1918
question: When were independent states as Czechoslovakia, the Second Polish Republic, and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs established?

context: During World War II, Hitler's Generalplan Ost (general plan for the East) entailed killing, deporting, or enslaving the Slavic and Jewish population of occupied Eastern Europe to create Lebensraum (living space) for German settlers. The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union. These partially fulfilled plans resulted in the deaths of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war.
qas: answers: text: Hitler's
question: Whose plan for the East entailed killing, deporting, or enslaving the Slavs?

answers: text: The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost
question: What would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union?

answers: text: 19.3 million civilians
question: The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost resulted in the death and imprisonment of how many people?

answers: text: Lebensraum
question: What is the German word for living space?

context: The first half of the 20th century in Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of wars, famines and other disasters, each accompanied by large-scale population losses. Stephen J. Lee estimates that, by the end of World War II in 1945, the Russian population was about 90 million fewer than it could have been otherwise.
qas: answers: text: succession of wars, famines and other disasters
question: The first half of the 20th century was marked by what in Russia and the Soviet Union?

answers: text: Stephen J. Lee
question: Who estimated the Russian population was 90 million fewer than it could have been in 1945?

answers: text: 1945
question: When was the Russian population estimated to be about 90 million fewer than it could have been?

answers: text: Russia and the Soviet Union
question: What was marked by succession of wars, famines, and other disasters in the 20th century?

context: Because of the vastness and diversity of the territory occupied by Slavic people, there were several centers of Slavic consolidation. In the 19th century, Pan-Slavism developed as a movement among intellectuals, scholars, and poets, but it rarely influenced practical politics and did not find support in some nations that had Slavic origins. Pan-Slavism became compromised when the Russian Empire started to use it as an ideology justifying its territorial conquests in Central Europe as well as subjugation of other ethnic groups of Slavic origins such as Poles and Ukrainians, and the ideology became associated with Russian imperialism. The common Slavic experience of communism combined with the repeated usage of the ideology by Soviet propaganda after World War II within the Eastern bloc (Warsaw Pact) was a forced high-level political and economic hegemony of the USSR dominated by Russians. A notable political union of the 20th century that covered most South Slavs was Yugoslavia, but it ultimately broke apart in the 1990s along with the Soviet Union.
qas: answers: text: In the 19th century
question: When did Pan-Slavism develop as a movement?

answers: text: Russian Empire
question: Pan-Slavism became compromised when what empire started to use it as an ideology justifying its territorial conquests?

answers: text: Pan-Slavism
question: The Russian Empire used what as justification for its territorial conquests?

answers: text: Yugoslavia
question: What notable political union of the 20th century covered most South Slavs?

answers: text: 1990s
question: When did Yugoslavia break apart?

context: The word "Slavs" was used in the national anthem of the Slovak Republic (1939–1945), Yugoslavia (1943–1992) and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003), later Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006).
qas: answers: text: 1939–1945
question: When was the word "Slavs" used in the national anthem of the Slovak Republic?

answers: text: 1943–1992
question: When was the word "Slavs" used in the national anthem of Yugoslavia?

answers: text: 1992–2003
question: When was the word "Slavs" used in the national anthem of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia?

answers: text: 2003–2006
question: When was the word "Slavs" used in the national anthem of Serbia and Montenegro?

context: Former Soviet states, as well as countries that used to be satellite states or territories of the Warsaw Pact, have numerous minority Slavic populations, many of whom are originally from the Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussian SSR. As of now, Kazakhstan has the largest Slavic minority population with most being Russians (Ukrainians, Belarusians and Poles are present as well but in much smaller numbers).
qas: answers: text: the Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussian SSR
question: Many Slavic populations that were part of the Warsaw Pact are originally from where?

answers: text: Russians
question: What is the largest Slavic minority?

answers: text: Kazakhstan
question: Where is the largest Slavic minority located?

answers: text: Ukrainians, Belarusians and Poles
question: What other Slavic minorities are in Kazakhstan?

context: Pan-Slavism, a movement which came into prominence in the mid-19th century, emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples. The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice. The Russian Empire used Pan-Slavism as a political tool; as did the Soviet Union, which gained political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations between 1945 and 1948 and retained a hegemonic role until the period 1989–1991.
qas: answers: text: Pan-Slavism
question: What movement came into prominence in the mid-19th century that emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples?

answers: text: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice
question: Where was the main focus of Pan-Slavism?

answers: text: The Russian Empire
question: Who used Pan-Slavism as a political tool?

answers: text: between 1945 and 1948
question: When did the Soviet Union gain political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations?

answers: text: until the period 1989–1991
question: How long did the Soviet Union retain a hegemonic role?

context: Slavic studies began as an almost exclusively linguistic and philological enterprise. As early as 1833, Slavic languages were recognized as Indo-European.
qas: answers: text: Slavic studies
question: What began as an almost exclusively linguistic and philological enterprise?

answers: text: As early as 1833
question: When were Slavic languages recognized as Indo-European?

answers: text: Slavic languages
question: What languages were recognized as Indo-European?

answers: text: Indo-European
question: In 1833, Slavic languages were recognized as what?

context: Slavic standard languages which are official in at least one country: Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, and Ukrainian. The alphabet depends on what religion is usual for the respective Slavic ethnic groups. The Orthodox use the Cyrillic alphabet and the Roman Catholics use Latin alphabet, the Bosniaks who are Muslims also use the Latin. Few Greek Roman and Roman Catholics use the Cyrillic alphabet however. The Serbian language and Montenegrin language uses both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. There is also a Latin script to write in Belarusian, called the Lacinka alphabet.
qas: answers: text: The alphabet
question: What depends on what religion is usual for the respective Slavic ethnic groups?

answers: text: The Orthodox
question: Who uses the Cyrillic alphabet?

answers: text: the Roman Catholics
question: Who uses the Latin alphabet?

answers: text: the Bosniaks
question: Other than the Roman Catholics, who else uses Latin?

answers: text: the Lacinka alphabet
question: What is a Latin script to write in Belarusian?

context: Proto-Slavic, the supposed ancestor language of all Slavic languages, is a descendant of common Proto-Indo-European, via a Balto-Slavic stage in which it developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with the Baltic languages. In the framework of the Kurgan hypothesis, "the Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations [from the steppe] became speakers of Balto-Slavic".
qas: answers: text: Proto-Slavic
question: What is the supposed ancestor of all Slavic languages?

answers: text: Baltic languages
question: Proto-Slavic developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with what languages?

answers: text: Balto-Slavic
question: The Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations became speakers of what?

answers: text: Indo-Europeans
question: Who became speakers of Balto-Slavic?

answers: text: Proto-Indo-European
question: Proto-Slavic is a descendant of what?

context: Proto-Slavic, sometimes referred to as Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic, is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages. That language was uniform, and on the basis of borrowings from foreign languages and Slavic borrowings into other languages, cannot be said to have any recognizable dialects, suggesting a comparatively compact homeland. Slavic linguistic unity was to some extent visible as late as Old Church Slavonic manuscripts which, though based on local Slavic speech of Thessaloniki, could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language.
qas: answers: text: Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic
question: Proto-Slavic is sometimes referred to as what?

answers: text: Proto-Slavic
question: What is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages?

answers: text: Thessaloniki
question: Old Church Slavonic manuscripts were based on the local Slavic speech of what?

answers: text: Old Church Slavonic manuscripts
question: What could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language?

context: The pagan Slavic populations were Christianized between the 6th and 10th centuries. Orthodox Christianity is predominant in the East and South Slavs, while Roman Catholicism is predominant in West Slavs and the western South Slavs. The religious borders are largely comparable to the East–West Schism which began in the 11th century. The majority of contemporary Slavic populations who profess a religion are Orthodox, followed by Catholic, while a small minority are Protestant. There are minor Slavic Muslim groups. Religious delineations by nationality can be very sharp; usually in the Slavic ethnic groups the vast majority of religious people share the same religion. Some Slavs are atheist or agnostic: only 19% of Czechs professed belief in god/s in the 2005 Eurobarometer survey.
qas: answers: text: between the 6th and 10th centuries
question: When were pagan Slavic populations Christianized?

answers: text: Orthodox Christianity
question: What religion is predominant in the East and South Slavs?

answers: text: Roman Catholicism
question: What religion is predominant in the West and western South Slavs?

answers: text: 11th century
question: When did the East-West Schism begin?

answers: text: Orthodox
question: The majority of contemporary Slavic populations who profess a religion are what?

context: Slavs are customarily divided along geographical lines into three major subgroups: West Slavs, East Slavs, and South Slavs, each with a different and a diverse background based on unique history, religion and culture of particular Slavic groups within them. Apart from prehistorical archaeological cultures, the subgroups have had notable cultural contact with non-Slavic Bronze- and Iron Age civilisations.
qas: answers: text: Slavs
question: Who is customarily divided along geographical lines into tree major subgroups?

answers: text: West Slavs, East Slavs, and South Slavs
question: What three major subgroups are Slavs divided into?

answers: text: non-Slavic Bronze- and Iron Age
question: The Slav subgroups have had notable cultural contact with what kind of civilisations?

context: ^1 Also considered part of Rusyns
^2 Considered transitional between Ukrainians and Belarusians
^3 The ethnic affiliation of the Lemkos has become an ideological conflict. It has been alleged that among the Lemkos the idea of "Carpatho-Ruthenian" nation is supported only by Lemkos residing in Transcarpathia and abroad
^4 Most inhabitants of historic Moravia considered themselves as Czechs but significant amount declared their Moravian nationality, different from that Czech (although people from Bohemia and Moravia use the same official language).
^5 Also considered Poles.
^6 There are sources that show Silesians as part of the Poles. Parts of the southmost population of Upper Silesia is sometimes considered Czech (controversial).
qas: answers: text: the Lemkos
question: Ethnic affiliation of who has become an ideological conflict?

answers: text: Transcarpathia and abroad
question: The idea of "Carpatho-Ruthenian" nation is supported only by Lemkos residing where?

answers: text: Czechs
question: Most inhabitants of historic Moravia considered themselves as what?

answers: text: Silesians
question: What group is considered part of the Poles?

context: ^7 A census category recognized as an ethnic group. Most Slavic Muslims (especially in Bosnia, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia) now opt for Bosniak ethnicity, but some still use the "Muslim" designation. Bosniak and Muslim are considered two ethnonyms for a single ethnicity and the terms may even be used interchangeably. However, a small number of people within Bosnia and Herzegovina declare themselves Bosniak but are not necessarily Muslim by faith.
qas: answers: text: Bosniak
question: Most Slavic Muslims now opt for what ethnicity?

answers: text: Bosniak and Muslim
question: What two groups are considered two ethnonyms for a single ethnicity and the terms may even be used interchangeably?

answers: text: Bosnia and Herzegovina
question: A small number of people declare themselves Bosniak but are not necessarily Muslim by faith within what regions?

context: ^8 This identity continues to be used by a minority throughout the former Yugoslav republics. The nationality is also declared by diasporans living in the USA and Canada. There are a multitude of reasons as to why people prefer this affiliation, some published on the article.
qas: answers: text: Yugoslav republics
question: This identity continues to be used by a minority throughout the what former republics?

answers: text: USA and Canada
question: The nationality is also declared by diasporans living where?

context: ^9 Sub-groups of Croats include Bunjevci (in Bačka), Šokci (in Slavonia and Vojvodina), Janjevci (in Kosovo), Burgenland Croats (in Austria), Bosniaks (in Hungary), Molise Croats (in Italy), Krashovans (in Romania), Moravian Croats (in the Czech Republic)
qas: answers: text: Bačka
question: Where are Bunjevci located?

answers: text: Slavonia and Vojvodina
question: Where are Šokci located?

answers: text: Kosovo
question: Where are Janjevci located?

answers: text: Austria
question: Where are Burgenland Croats located?

answers: text: Romania
question: Where are Krashovans located?

context: ^10 Sub-groups of Slovenes include Prekmurians, Hungarian Slovenes, Carinthian Slovenes, Venetian Slovenes, Resians, and the extinct Carantanians and Somogy Slovenes.
qas: answers: text: Carantanians and Somogy Slovenes
question: What sub-groups of Slovenes are extinct?

answers: text: Prekmurians, Hungarian Slovenes, Carinthian Slovenes, Venetian Slovenes, Resians
question: What are the current sub-groups of Slovenes?

context: Note: Besides ethnic groups, Slavs often identify themselves with the local geographical region in which they live. Some of the major regional South Slavic groups include: Zagorci in northern Croatia, Istrijani in westernmost Croatia, Dalmatinci in southern Croatia, Boduli in Adriatic islands, Vlaji in hinterland of Dalmatia, Slavonci in eastern Croatia, Bosanci in Bosnia, Hercegovci in Herzegovina, Krajišnici in western Bosnia, but is more commonly used to refer to the Serbs of Croatia, most of whom are descendants of the Grenzers, and continued to live in the area which made up the Military Frontier until the Croatian war of independence, Semberci in northeast Bosnia, Srbijanci in Serbia proper, Šumadinci in central Serbia, Vojvođani in northern Serbia, Sremci in Syrmia, Bačvani in northwest Vojvodina, Banaćani in Banat, Sandžaklije (Muslims in Serbia/Montenegro border), Kosovci in Kosovo, Bokelji in southwest Montenegro, Trakiytsi in Upper Thracian Lowlands, Dobrudzhantsi in north-east Bulgarian region, Balkandzhii in Central Balkan Mountains, Miziytsi in north Bulgarian region, Warmiaks and Masurians in north-east Polish regions Warmia and Mazuria, Pirintsi in Blagoevgrad Province, Ruptsi in the Rhodopes etc.
qas: answers: text: the Grenzers
question: Serbs of Croatia are mostly descendants of who?

answers: text: northern Croatia
question: Where are Zagorci located?

answers: text: westernmost Croatia
question: Where are Istrijani located?

answers: text: Adriatic islands
question: Where are Boduli located?

answers: text: hinterland of Dalmatia
question: Where are Vlaji located?

context: The modern Slavic peoples carry a variety of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups. Yet two paternal haplogroups predominate: R1a1a [M17] and I2a2a [L69.2=T/S163.2]. The frequency of Haplogroup R1a ranges from 63.39% in the Sorbs, through 56.4% in Poland, 54% in Ukraine, 52% in Russia, Belarus, to 15.2% in Republic of Macedonia, 14.7% in Bulgaria and 12.1% in Herzegovina. The correlation between R1a1a [M17] and the speakers of Indo-European languages, particularly those of Eastern Europe (Russian) and Central and Southern Asia, was noticed in the late 1990s. From this Spencer Wells and colleagues, following the Kurgan hypothesis, deduced that R1a1a arose on the Pontic-Caspian steppe.
qas: answers: text: R1a1a [M17] and I2a2a
question: What two DNA haplogroups predominate in modern Slavic peoples?

answers: text: 63.39%
question: What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in the Sorbs?

answers: text: 56.4%
question: What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Poland?

answers: text: 54%
question: What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Ukraine?

answers: text: 52%
question: What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Russia?

context: Specific studies of Slavic genetics followed. In 2007 Rębała and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland. The significant findings of this study are that:
qas: answers: text: 2007
question: When did Rębała and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland?

answers: text: Rębała
question: Who studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland?

answers: text: the Proto-Slavic homeland
question: In 2007 Rębała and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing what?

context: Marcin Woźniak and colleagues (2010) searched for specifically Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]. Working with haplotypes, they found a pattern among Western Slavs which turned out to correspond to a newly discovered marker, M458, which defines subclade R1a1a7. This marker correlates remarkably well with the distribution of Slavic-speakers today. The team led by Peter Underhill, which discovered M458, did not consider the possibility that this was a Slavic marker, since they used the "evolutionary effective" mutation rate, which gave a date far too old to be Slavic. Woźniak and colleagues pointed out that the pedigree mutation rate, giving a later date, is more consistent with the archaeological record.
qas: answers: text: Marcin Woźniak and colleagues
question: Who searched for specifically Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]?

answers: text: 2010
question: When did Marcin Woźniak search specifically for Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]?

answers: text: Peter Underhill
question: The team that discovered M458 was led by who?

context: Pomors are distinguished by the presence of Y Haplogroup N among them. Postulated to originate from southeast Asia, it is found at high rates in Uralic peoples. Its presence in Pomors (called "Northern Russians" in the report) attests to the non-Slavic tribes (mixing with Finnic tribes of northern Eurasia). Autosomally, Russians are generally similar to populations in central-eastern Europe but some northern Russians are intermediate to Finno-Ugric groups.
qas: answers: text: Pomors
question: What is distinguished by the presence of Y Haplogroup N?

answers: text: Y Haplogroup N
question: Pomors are distinguished by the presence of what?

answers: text: Uralic peoples
question: Y Haplogroup N are found at high rates in who?

answers: text: central-eastern Europe
question: Russians are generally similar to populations in what region?

answers: text: Northern Russians
question: Pomors are also known as what?

context: On the other hand, I2a1b1 (P41.2) is typical of the South Slavic populations, being highest in Bosnia-Herzegovina (>50%). Haplogroup I2a2 is also commonly found in north-eastern Italians. There is also a high concentration of I2a2a in the Moldavian region of Romania, Moldova and western Ukraine. According to original studies, Hg I2a2 was believed to have arisen in the west Balkans sometime after the LGM, subsequently spreading from the Balkans through Central Russian Plain. Recently, Ken Nordtvedt has split I2a2 into two clades – N (northern) and S (southern), in relation where they arose compared to Danube river. He proposes that N is slightly older than S. He recalculated the age of I2a2 to be ~ 2550 years and proposed that the current distribution is explained by a Slavic expansion from the area north-east of the Carpathians.
qas: answers: text: South Slavic populations
question: I2a1b1 is typical of what populations?

answers: text: Bosnia-Herzegovina
question: I2a1b1 is found being highest where?

answers: text: north-eastern Italians
question: Haplogroup I2a2 is commonly found in what group of people?

answers: text: west Balkans
question: Hg I2a2 was believed to have arisen where?

answers: text: Ken Nordtvedt
question: Who has split I2a2 into two clades?

context: In 2008, biochemist Boris Arkadievich Malyarchuk (Russian: Борис Аркадьевич Малярчук) et al. of the Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, Russia, used a sample (n=279) of Czech individuals to determine the frequency of "Mongoloid" "mtDNA lineages". Malyarchuk found Czech mtDNA lineages were typical of "Slavic populations" with "1.8%" Mongoloid mtDNA lineage. Malyarchuk added that "Slavic populations" "almost always" contain Mongoloid mtDNA lineage. Malyarchuk said the Mongoloid component of Slavic people was partially added before the split of "Balto-Slavics" in 2,000–3,000 BC with additional Mongoloid mixture occurring among Slavics in the last 4,000 years. Malyarchuk said the "Russian population" was developed by the "assimilation of the indigenous pre-Slavic population of Eastern Europe by true Slavs" with additional "assimilation of Finno-Ugric populations" and "long-lasting" interactions with the populations of "Siberia" and "Central Asia". Malyarchuk said that other Slavs "Mongoloid component" was increased during the waves of migration from "steppe populations (Huns, Avars, Bulgars and Mongols)", especially the decay of the "Avar Khaganate".
qas: answers: text: 2008
question: When did Boris Arkadievich Malyarchuk use a sample of Czech individuals to determine the frequency of "Monigoloid" "mtDNA lineages"?

answers: text: Boris Arkadievich Malyarchuk
question: Who used a sample of Czech individuals to determine the frequency of "Monigoloid" "mtDNA lineages"?

answers: text: Slavic populations
question: Malyarchuk found Czech mtDNA lineages were typical of what populations?

answers: text: Malyarchuk said that other Slavs "Mongoloid component" was increased during the waves of migration from "steppe populations
question: Malyarchuk said the Mongoloid component of Slavic people was partially added before the split of "Balto-Slavics" in what time period?

answers: text: steppe populations
question: Malyarchuk said that other Slavs "Mongoloid component" was increased during the waves of migration from what populations?

context: DNA samples from 1228 Russians show that the Y chromosomes analyzed, all except 20 (1.6%) fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to West Eurasian populations. Taken together, they account for 95% of the total Russian Y chromosomal pool. Only (0.7%) fell into haplogroups that are specific to East and South Asian populations. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) examined in Poles and Russians revealed the presence of all major European haplogroups, which were characterized by similar patterns of distribution in Poles and Russians. An analysis of the DNA did not reveal any specific combinations of unique mtDNA haplotypes and their subclusters. The DNA clearly shows that both Poles and Russians are not different from the neighbouring European populations.
qas: answers: text: 1228
question: DNA from how many Russians show that the Y chromosomes fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to West Eurasian populations?

answers: text: West Eurasian
question: DNA samples from 1228 Russians show that the Y chromosomes analyzed, all except 20 (1.6%) fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to what populations?

answers: text: 95%
question: Taken together, they account for what percentage of the total Russian Y chromosomal pool?

answers: text: 0.7%
question: What percentage fell into haplogroups that are specific to East and South Asian populations?

answers: text: European
question: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) examined in Poles and Russians revealed the presence of what major haplogroups?

context: Throughout their history, Slavs came into contact with non-Slavic groups. In the postulated homeland region (present-day Ukraine), they had contacts with the Iranic Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths. After their subsequent spread, they began assimilating non-Slavic peoples. For example, in the Balkans, there were Paleo-Balkan peoples, such as Romanized and Hellenized (Jireček Line) Illyrians, Thracians and Dacians, as well as Greeks and Celtic Scordisci. Over time, due to the larger number of Slavs, most descendants of the indigenous populations of the Balkans were Slavicized. The Thracians and Illyrians vanished from the population during this period – although the modern Albanian nation claims descent from the Illyrians. Exceptions are Greece, where the lesser numbered Slavs scattered there came to be Hellenized (aided in time by more Greeks returning to Greece in the 9th century and the role of the church and administration) and Romania where Slavic people settled en route for present-day Greece, Republic of Macedonia, Bulgaria and East Thrace whereby the Slavic population had come to assimilate. Bulgars were also assimilated by local Slavs but their ruling status and subsequent land cast the nominal legacy of Bulgarian country and people onto all future generations. The Romance speakers within the fortified Dalmatian cities managed to retain their culture and language for a long time, as Dalmatian Romance was spoken until the high Middle Ages. However, they too were eventually assimilated into the body of Slavs.
qas: answers: text: Ukraine
question: What is the posulated homeland region of the Slavs?

answers: text: Iranic Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths
question: Who did the Slavs have contact with in Ukraine?

answers: text: non-Slavic peoples
question: After their subsequent spread, they began assimilating who?

answers: text: Paleo-Balkan peoples
question: What peoples where in the Balkans?

answers: text: The Thracians and Illyrians
question: Who vanished from the population of the Balkans?

context: In the Western Balkans, South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with Avar invaders, eventually producing a Slavicized population.[citation needed] In Central Europe, the Slavs intermixed with Germanic and Celtic, while the eastern Slavs encountered Uralic and Scandinavian peoples. Scandinavians (Varangians) and Finnic peoples were involved in the early formation of the Rus' state but were completely Slavicized after a century. Some Finno-Ugric tribes in the north were also absorbed into the expanding Rus population. At the time of the Magyar migration, the present-day Hungary was inhabited by Slavs, numbering about 200,000, and by Romano-Dacians who were either assimilated or enslaved by the Magyars. In the 11th and 12th centuries, constant incursions by nomadic Turkic tribes, such as the Kipchaks and the Pechenegs, caused a massive migration of East Slavic populations to the safer, heavily forested regions of the north. In the Middle Ages, groups of Saxon ore miners settled in medieval Bosnia, Serbia and Bulgaria where they were Slavicized.
qas: answers: text: In the Western Balkans
question: Where did South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with Avar invaders?

answers: text: Avar invaders
question: In the Western Balkans, South Slavs and Germanic Gepids intermarried with who?

answers: text: Germanic and Celtic
question: In Central Europe, the Slavs intermixed with who?

answers: text: Uralic and Scandinavian peoples
question: The eastern Slavs intermixed with who?

answers: text: the Rus' state
question: Scandinavians (Varangians) and Finnic peoples were involved in the early formation of what state?

context: Polabian Slavs (Wends) settled in parts of England (Danelaw), apparently as Danish allies. Polabian-Pomeranian Slavs are also known to have even settled on Norse age Iceland. Saqaliba refers to the Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab world in North Africa, Sicily and Al-Andalus. Saqaliba served as caliph's guards. In the 12th century, there was intensification of Slavic piracy in the Baltics. The Wendish Crusade was started against the Polabian Slavs in 1147, as a part of the Northern Crusades. Niklot, pagan chief of the Slavic Obodrites, began his open resistance when Lothar III, Holy Roman Emperor, invaded Slavic lands. In August 1160 Niklot was killed and German colonization (Ostsiedlung) of the Elbe-Oder region began. In Hanoverian Wendland, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Lusatia invaders started germanization. Early forms of germanization were described by German monks: Helmold in the manuscript Chronicon Slavorum and Adam of Bremen in Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum. The Polabian language survived until the beginning of the 19th century in what is now the German state of Lower Saxony. In Eastern Germany, around 20% of Germans have Slavic paternal ancestry. Similarly, in Germany, around 20% of the foreign surnames are of Slavic origin.
qas: answers: text: Polabian Slavs (Wends)
question: Who settled in parts of England?

answers: text: parts of England (Danelaw)
question: Where did Polabian Slavs (Wends) settle?

answers: text: Norse age Iceland
question: Polabian-Pomeranian Slavs are also known to have even settled where?

answers: text: Saqaliba
question: What refers to the Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab world in North Africa, Sicily and Al-Andalus?

answers: text: caliph's guards
question: Saqaliba served as what?

context: Cossacks, although Slavic-speaking and Orthodox Christians, came from a mix of ethnic backgrounds, including Tatars and other Turks. Many early members of the Terek Cossacks were Ossetians.
qas: answers: text: Tatars and other Turks
question: Cossacks came from what backgrounds?

answers: text: Ossetians
question: Many early members of the Terek Cossacks were what?

answers: text: Orthodox Christians
question: What religious affiliation did the Cossacks have?

context: The Gorals of southern Poland and northern Slovakia are partially descended from Romance-speaking Vlachs who migrated into the region from the 14th to 17th centuries and were absorbed into the local population. The population of Moravian Wallachia also descend of this population.
qas: answers: text: southern Poland and northern Slovakia
question: Where did the Gorals reside?

answers: text: Gorals
question: Who descended from Romance-speaking Vlachs?

answers: text: 14th to 17th centuries
question: When did the Vlachs migrate into the region?

answers: text: Moravian Wallachia
question: What population descended from the Vlachs?

context: Conversely, some Slavs were assimilated into other populations. Although the majority continued south, attracted by the riches of the territory which would become Bulgaria, a few remained in the Carpathian basin and were ultimately assimilated into the Magyar or Romanian population. There is a large number of river names and other placenames of Slavic origin in Romania.[better source needed]
qas: answers: text: the Magyar or Romanian population
question: Slavs that remained in the Carpathian basin were assimilated into who?

answers: text: Romania
question: There is a large number of river names and other placenames of Slavic origin in what country?

answers: text: Bulgaria
question: Majority of Slavs continued south to the riches of the territory that became what country?

answers: text: Carpathian basin
question: Where did the Slavs that assimilated into the Magyar or Romanian population remain?