Letter_case

context: The terms upper case and lower case can be written as two consecutive words, connected with a hyphen (upper-case and lower-case), or as a single word (uppercase and lowercase). These terms originated from the common layouts of the shallow drawers called type cases used to hold the movable type for letterpress printing. Traditionally, the capital letters were stored in a separate case that was located above the case that held the small letters, and the name proved easy to remember since capital letters are taller.
qas: answers: text: shallow
question: The terms uppercase and lowercase originated from the common layout which type of drawers?

answers: text: hyphen
question: Besides being a single word or two separate words, how can the words uppercase and lowercase be expressed?

answers: text: located above
question: In relation to the shelf the small letters were located, where were the capital letters?

answers: text: taller
question: Which characteristic of capital letters made it easy to remember.

context: The convention followed by many British publishers (including scientific publishers, like Nature, magazines, like The Economist and New Scientist, and newspapers, like The Guardian and The Times) and U.S. newspapers is to use sentence-style capitalisation in headlines, where capitalisation follows the same rules that apply for sentences. This convention is usually called sentence case. It may also be applied to publication titles, especially in bibliographic references and library catalogues. Examples of global publishers whose English-language house styles prescribe sentence-case titles and headings include the International Organization for Standardization.
qas: answers: text: sentences
question: What is the basis of capitalization standards for the sentence-style capitalization?

answers: text: sentence-style
question: What is the popular capitalization structure and standard used by many British publishers and U.S. newspapers?

answers: text: sentence case
question: What is an alternative name for sentence-style capitalization?

answers: text: International Organization for Standardization
question: Which popular global publisher utilizes sentence case for titles and headers?

answers: text: publication titles
question: Besides headlines, what is sentence-style capitalization often applied to?

context: Similar developments have taken place in other alphabets. The lower-case script for the Greek alphabet has its origins in the 7th century and acquired its quadrilinear form in the 8th century. Over time, uncial letter forms were increasingly mixed into the script. The earliest dated Greek lower-case text is the Uspenski Gospels (MS 461) in the year 835.[citation needed] The modern practice of capitalising the first letter of every sentence seems to be imported (and is rarely used when printing Ancient Greek materials even today).
qas: answers: text: 7th
question: Which century did the lower-case script for the Greek Alphabet originate?

answers: text: 8th
question: Which century did the Greek alphabet acquire its quadrilinear form?

answers: text: uncial
question: Overtime which type of letter forms were mixed increasingly into the Greek language script?

answers: text: 835
question: Which year is the earliest dated Greek lower-case text?

answers: text: Uspenski Gospels
question: In which literature is the earliest dated Greek lower-case text?

context: In orthography and typography, letter case (or just case) is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case (also capital letters, capitals, caps, large letters, or more formally majuscule, see Terminology) and smaller lower case (also small letters, or more formally minuscule, see Terminology) in the written representation of certain languages. Here is a comparison of the upper and lower case versions of each letter included in the English alphabet (the exact representation will vary according to the font used):
qas: answers: text: letter case
question: In orthography and typography, what is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case and lower upper case

answers: text: smaller lower
question: Minuscule is a term uses to describe which case of letter?

answers: text: larger upper
question: Capital letters refer to which case of letter?

answers: text: written
question: Letter case is used to distinction betweem lowercase and uppercase letter in which common representation of certain languages?

context: Capitalisation in English, in terms of the general orthographic rules independent of context (e.g. title vs. heading vs. text), is universally standardized for formal writing. (Informal communication, such as texting, instant messaging or a handwritten sticky note, may not bother, but that is because its users usually do not expect it to be formal.) In English, capital letters are used as the first letter of a sentence, a proper noun, or a proper adjective. There are a few pairs of words of different meanings whose only difference is capitalisation of the first letter. The names of the days of the week and the names of the months are also capitalised, as are the first-person pronoun "I" and the interjection "O" (although the latter is uncommon in modern usage, with "oh" being preferred). Other words normally start with a lower-case letter. There are, however, situations where further capitalisation may be used to give added emphasis, for example in headings and titles (see below). In some traditional forms of poetry, capitalisation has conventionally been used as a marker to indicate the beginning of a line of verse independent of any grammatical feature.
qas: answers: text: formal
question: Capitalization in English is universally standardized for which type of writing?

answers: text: capital
question: In English the first letter of a sentence is which type of letter?

answers: text: beginning of a line of verse
question: What is capitalization commonly use to indicate in poetry independent of any grammatical feature?

answers: text: capitalised
question: How is the first letter of a first-person pronoun handled mid sentence in English?

answers: text: oh
question: The interjection "O" has been replaced by which more common and preferred word in English?

context: Originally alphabets were written entirely in majuscule letters, spaced between well-defined upper and lower bounds. When written quickly with a pen, these tended to turn into rounder and much simpler forms. It is from these that the first minuscule hands developed, the half-uncials and cursive minuscule, which no longer stayed bound between a pair of lines. These in turn formed the foundations for the Carolingian minuscule script, developed by Alcuin for use in the court of Charlemagne, which quickly spread across Europe. The advantage of the minuscule over majuscule was improved, faster readability.[citation needed]
qas: answers: text: majuscule
question: Originally alphabets were written entirely in which type of letter?

answers: text: pen
question: Rounder and simpler forms of letters came from writing quickly with which instrument?

answers: text: Alcuin
question: Who developed the Carolingian minuscule script for handwriting?

answers: text: Europe
question: Carolingian minuscule script quickly spread across which continent?

answers: text: faster readability
question: What is a common advantage of miniscule over majuscule handwriting?

context: Letter case is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by the conventions of a particular discipline. In orthography, the uppercase is primarily reserved for special purposes, such as the first letter of a sentence or of a proper noun, which makes the lowercase the more common variant in text. In mathematics, letter case may indicate the relationship between objects with uppercase letters often representing "superior" objects (e.g. X could be a set containing the generic member x). Engineering design drawings are typically labelled entirely in upper-case letters, which are easier to distinguish than lowercase, especially when space restrictions require that the lettering be small.
qas: answers: text: Letter case
question: What is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by conventions of a particular discipline?

answers: text: special
question: Which kind of purpose is uppercase reserved for in orthography?

answers: text: lowercase
question: Which is the most common variant of case in text?

answers: text: upper-case
question: Engineering design drawings typically utiilze which case of letter in labeling?

answers: text: easier to distinguish than lowercase
question: Why are uppercase letters preferred often times when space is restricted?

context: Typographically, the basic difference between the majuscules and minuscules is not that the majuscules are big and minuscules small, but that the majuscules generally have the same height. The height of the minuscules varies, as some of them have parts higher or lower than the average, i.e. ascenders and descenders. In Times New Roman, for instance, b, d, f, h, k, l, t  are the letters with ascenders, and g, j, p, q, y are the ones with descenders. Further to this, with old-style numerals still used by some traditional or classical fonts—although most do have a set of alternative Lining Figures— 6 and 8 make up the ascender set, and 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 the descender set.
qas: answers: text: generally have the same height
question: Who do majuscules have which distinguish themselves from minuscules?

answers: text: ascenders
question: In Time New Roman the letter "b" would be consider which type of letter based on whether it is above or below average height?

answers: text: lower than the average
question: Descending letters tend to have a part which falls where relative to the average height of a letter?

answers: text: 8
question: Besides the number 6, which number makes of the ascender set in some traditional or classical fonts?

context: Most Western languages (particularly those with writing systems based on the Latin, Cyrillic, Greek, Coptic, and Armenian alphabets) use letter cases in their written form as an aid to clarity. Scripts using two separate cases are also called bicameral scripts. Many other writing systems make no distinction between majuscules and minuscules – a system called unicameral script or unicase. This includes most syllabic and other non-alphabetic scripts. The Georgian alphabet is special since it used to be bicameral, but today is mostly used in a unicameral way.
qas: answers: text: letter cases
question: What do most Western languages use in their written form to add clarity?

answers: text: unicameral script
question: What are writing systems which make no distinction between majuscales and minuscules often referred to as?

answers: text: Georgian
question: Which alphabet is a special case because it transitioned from bicameral to unicameral?

answers: text: bicameral
question: What are scripts that utilized two seperate cases called?

context: In Latin, papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD (when it was destroyed) have been found that have been written in old Roman cursive, where the early forms of minuscule letters "d", "h" and "r", for example, can already be recognised. According to papyrologist Knut Kleve, "The theory, then, that the lower-case letters have been developed from the fifth century uncials and the ninth century Carolingian minuscules seems to be wrong." Both majuscule and minuscule letters existed, but the difference between the two variants was initially stylistic rather than orthographic and the writing system was still basically unicameral: a given handwritten document could use either one style or the other but these were not mixed. European languages, except for Ancient Greek and Latin, did not make the case distinction before about 1300.[citation needed]
qas: answers: text: old Roman cursive
question: Papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD have been to to be written in which hand writing?

answers: text: Knut Kleve
question: Whicy papyrologist theorized lowercase letter actually developed from the fifth century uncials?

answers: text: Europe
question: Which continents languages with few exceptions generally did not utilize case distinction until about the year 1300?

answers: text: stylistic
question: What was the initial difference between majuscule and minuscule letters? 

answers: text: handwritten
question: Which type of document was general unicameral because the writer used one type of writing but not another?

context: As regards publication titles it is, however, a common typographic practice among both British and U.S. publishers to capitalise significant words (and in the United States, this is often applied to headings, too). This family of typographic conventions is usually called title case. For example, R. M. Ritter's Oxford Manual of Style (2002) suggests capitalising "the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, but generally not articles, conjunctions and short prepositions". This is an old form of emphasis, similar to the more modern practice of using a larger or boldface font for titles. The rules for which words to capitalise are not based on any grammatically inherent correct/incorrect distinction and are not universally standardized; they are arbitrary and differ between style guides, although in most styles they tend to follow a few strong conventions, as follows:
qas: answers: text: headings
question: What is capitalization of significant words applied to in the United States besides titles?

answers: text: title case
question: Capitalization of significant words refers to which family of typographic conventions?

answers: text: R. M. Ritter's Oxford Manual of Style
question: Which book of literature standards suggests capitalizing the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs?

answers: text: not universally standardized
question: The use of bold fonts and capilization in titles falls under which unusual grammatical distinction?

context: As briefly discussed in Unicode Technical Note #26, "In terms of implementation issues, any attempt at a unification of Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would wreak havoc [and] make casing operations an unholy mess, in effect making all casing operations context sensitive […]". In other words, while the shapes of letters like A, B, E, H, K, M, O, P, T, X, Y and so on are shared between the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic alphabets (and small differences in their canonical forms may be considered to be of a merely typographical nature), it would still be problematic for a multilingual character set or a font to provide only a single codepoint for, say, uppercase letter B, as this would make it quite difficult for a wordprocessor to change that single uppercase letter to one of the three different choices for the lower-case letter, b (Latin), β (Greek), or в (Cyrillic). Without letter case, a "unified European alphabet" – such as ABБCГDΔΕZЄЗFΦGHIИJ…Z, with an appropriate subset for each language – is feasible; but considering letter case, it becomes very clear that these alphabets are rather distinct sets of symbols.
qas: answers: text: make casing operations an unholy mess
question: Attempts to unify Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would create which sort of problems?

answers: text: shapes
question: What among many common letters is shared between Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic?

answers: text: single codepoint
question: What would be problematic for a multilingual character set or font to provide?

answers: text: sets of symbols
question: What distinguishes Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic from one another?

answers: text: letter case
question: Although there are challenges a unified European alphabet is feasible even in the absence of which common language rule?