Military_history_of_the_United_States

context: Beginning in 1689, the colonies became involved in a series of wars between Great Britain and France for control of North America, the most important of which were Queen Anne's War, in which the British conquered French colony Acadia, and the final French and Indian War (1754–63) when Britain was victorious over all the French colonies in North America. This final war was to give thousands of colonists, including Virginia colonel George Washington, military experience which they put to use during the American Revolutionary War.
qas: answers: text: 1689
question: When did wars between Britain and France in North America start?

answers: text: Queen Anne's War
question: What was the most important North American conflict between France and Britain called?

answers: text: Acadia
question: What French colony did Great Britain conquer in Queen Anne's War?

answers: text: 1754–63
question: When was the final French and Indian War fought?

answers: text: George Washington
question: What future American founding father fought in the French and Indian War?

context: By far the largest military action in which the United States engaged during this era was the War of 1812. With Britain locked in a major war with Napoleon's France, its policy was to block American shipments to France. The United States sought to remain neutral while pursuing overseas trade. Britain cut the trade and impressed seamen on American ships into the Royal Navy, despite intense protests. Britain supported an Indian insurrection in the American Midwest, with the goal of creating an Indian state there that would block American expansion. The United States finally declared war on the United Kingdom in 1812, the first time the U.S. had officially declared war. Not hopeful of defeating the Royal Navy, the U.S. attacked the British Empire by invading British Canada, hoping to use captured territory as a bargaining chip. The invasion of Canada was a debacle, though concurrent wars with Native Americans on the western front (Tecumseh's War and the Creek War) were more successful. After defeating Napoleon in 1814, Britain sent large veteran armies to invade New York, raid Washington and capture the key control of the Mississippi River at New Orleans. The New York invasion was a fiasco after the much larger British army retreated to Canada. The raiders succeeded in the burning of Washington on 25 August 1814, but were repulsed in their Chesapeake Bay Campaign at the Battle of Baltimore and the British commander killed. The major invasion in Louisiana was stopped by a one-sided military battle that killed the top three British generals and thousands of soldiers. The winners were the commanding general of the Battle of New Orleans, Major General Andrew Jackson, who became president and the Americans who basked in a victory over a much more powerful nation. The peace treaty proved successful, and the U.S. and Britain never again went to war. The losers were the Indians, who never gained the independent territory in the Midwest promised by Britain.
qas: answers: text: the War of 1812
question: What was the biggest war the US got involved with in the early 19th century?

answers: text: a major war with Napoleon's France
question: What conflict caused Britain to blockade trade?

answers: text: Indian insurrection
question: What uprising did Britain support in North America?

answers: text: the United Kingdom
question: What country was the first the US ever declared war upon?

answers: text: invading British Canada, hoping to use captured territory as a bargaining chip
question: What was the initial US strategy in the War of 1812?

context: Secretary of War Elihu Root (1899–1904) led the modernization of the Army. His goal of a uniformed chief of staff as general manager and a European-type general staff for planning was stymied by General Nelson A. Miles but did succeed in enlarging West Point and establishing the U.S. Army War College as well as the General Staff. Root changed the procedures for promotions and organized schools for the special branches of the service. He also devised the principle of rotating officers from staff to line. Root was concerned about the Army's role in governing the new territories acquired in 1898 and worked out the procedures for turning Cuba over to the Cubans, and wrote the charter of government for the Philippines.
qas: answers: text: Elihu Root
question: Who was the Secretary of War who modernized the US military at the beginning of the 20th century?

answers: text: West Point
question: Which military academy did Root help grow?

answers: text: General Staff
question: What military advisement committee was established by Root?

answers: text: the principle of rotating officers from staff to line
question: What officer rotation doctrine was developed under Root's guidance?

answers: text: the Philippines
question: What then-US protectorate did Root write a government charter for?

context: The United States originally wished to remain neutral when World War I broke out in August 1914. However, it insisted on its right as a neutral party to immunity from German submarine attack, even though its ships carried food and raw materials to Britain. In 1917 the Germans resumed submarine attacks, knowing that it would lead to American entry. When the U.S declared war, the U.S. army was still small by European standards and mobilization would take a year. Meanwhile, the U.S. continued to provide supplies and money to Britain and France, and initiated the first peacetime draft. Industrial mobilization took longer than expected, so divisions were sent to Europe without equipment, relying instead on the British and French to supply them.
qas: answers: text: neutral
question: When World War I started, what was the official US position?

answers: text: August 1914
question: When did World War I commence?

answers: text: submarine attacks
question: What German war policy precipitated US involvement in WWI?

answers: text: 1917
question: What year did the US enter World War I?

answers: text: peacetime draft
question: The United States built its army prior to joining the war in what way?

context: Memories and lessons from the war are still a major factor in American politics. One side views the war as a necessary part of the Containment policy, which allowed the enemy to choose the time and place of warfare. Others note the U.S. made major strategic gains as the Communists were defeated in Indonesia, and by 1972 both Moscow and Beijing were competing for American support, at the expense of their allies in Hanoi. Critics see the conflict as a "quagmire"—an endless waste of American blood and treasure in a conflict that did not concern US interests. Fears of another quagmire have been major factors in foreign policy debates ever since. The draft became extremely unpopular, and President Nixon ended it in 1973, forcing the military (the Army especially) to rely entirely upon volunteers. That raised the issue of how well the professional military reflected overall American society and values; the soldiers typically took the position that their service represented the highest and best American values.
qas: answers: text: Containment
question: The Vietnam War was an element of what US diplomatic policy?

answers: text: Indonesia
question: Communists were defeated in what country in 1972?

answers: text: a "quagmire"
question: What term did critics of the Vietnam War use to describe it?

answers: text: 1973
question: When did the draft end?

answers: text: 1973
question: Which president ended the draft?

context: The Persian Gulf War was a conflict between Iraq and a coalition force of 34 nations led by the United States. The lead up to the war began with the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 which was met with immediate economic sanctions by the United Nations against Iraq. The coalition commenced hostilities in January 1991, resulting in a decisive victory for the U.S. led coalition forces, which drove Iraqi forces out of Kuwait with minimal coalition deaths. Despite the low death toll, over 180,000 US veterans would later be classified as "permanently disabled" according to the US Department of Veterans Affairs (see Gulf War Syndrome). The main battles were aerial and ground combat within Iraq, Kuwait and bordering areas of Saudi Arabia. Land combat did not expand outside of the immediate Iraq/Kuwait/Saudi border region, although the coalition bombed cities and strategic targets across Iraq, and Iraq fired missiles on Israeli and Saudi cities.
qas: answers: text: 34
question: How many nations were against Iraq in the US-led coalition?

answers: text: the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait
question: What precipitated the Persian Gulf War?

answers: text: August 1990
question: When did this precipitating event take place?

answers: text: January 1991
question: When did hostilities in the Persian Gulf War begin?

answers: text: 180,000
question: How many US veterans of the Persian Gulf War have been classed as permanently disabled?

context: US troops participated in a UN peacekeeping mission in Somalia beginning in 1992. By 1993 the US troops were augmented with Rangers and special forces with the aim of capturing warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid, whose forces had massacred peacekeepers from Pakistan. During a raid in downtown Mogadishu, US troops became trapped overnight by a general uprising in the Battle of Mogadishu. Eighteen American soldiers were killed, and a US television crew filmed graphic images of the body of one soldier being dragged through the streets by an angry mob. Somali guerrillas paid a staggering toll at an estimated 1,000–5,000 total casualties during the conflict. After much public disapproval, American forces were quickly withdrawn by President Bill Clinton. The incident profoundly affected US thinking about peacekeeping and intervention. The book Black Hawk Down was written about the battle, and was the basis for the later movie of the same name.
qas: answers: text: Somalia
question: In what African country did US troops participate in peacekeeping operations?

answers: text: Mohamed Farrah Aidid
question: What was the name of the Somalian warlord who directed massacres of peacekeeping troops?

answers: text: Mogadishu
question: In what Somalian city did American troops become trapped?

answers: text: Eighteen
question: How many US soldiers were killed in the battle of Mogadishu?

answers: text: Black Hawk Down
question: What is the title of the book and movie about the Mogadishu uprising?

context: In January 2002, the U.S. sent more than 1,200 troops (later raised to 2,000) to assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in combating terrorist groups linked to al-Qaida, such as Abu Sayyaf, under Operation Enduring Freedom - Philippines. Operations have taken place mostly in the Sulu Archipelago, where terrorists and other groups are active. The majority of troops provide logistics. However, there are special forces troops that are training and assisting in combat operations against the terrorist groups.
qas: answers: text: January 2002
question: When did the US send troops to the Philippines to battle terrorists?

answers: text: al-Qaida
question: Terrorists in the Philippines were linked to what larger terrorist organization?

answers: text: the Sulu Archipelago
question: Where did anti-terrorist fighting take place?

answers: text: 1,200
question: How many troops did the US initially send to the Philippines?

answers: text: Abu Sayyaf
question: What was the name of the Philippine terrorist group the US was sent to help combat? 

context: The British, for their part, lacked both a unified command and a clear strategy for winning. With the use of the Royal Navy, the British were able to capture coastal cities, but control of the countryside eluded them. A British sortie from Canada in 1777 ended with the disastrous surrender of a British army at Saratoga. With the coming in 1777 of General von Steuben, the training and discipline along Prussian lines began, and the Continental Army began to evolve into a modern force. France and Spain then entered the war against Great Britain as Allies of the US, ending its naval advantage and escalating the conflict into a world war. The Netherlands later joined France, and the British were outnumbered on land and sea in a world war, as they had no major allies apart from Indian tribes.
qas: answers: text: Saratoga
question: What battle ended a British invasion from Canada in the Revolutionary War?

answers: text: 1777
question: When was the battle of Saratoga fought?

answers: text: General von Steuben
question: What Prussian expatriate helped train the Continental army?

answers: text: France and Spain
question: What two European countries entered the Revolutionary War against Britain?

answers: text: its naval advantage
question: What advantage did Britain lose when the European countries entered the war?

context: When revolutionary France declared war on Great Britain in 1793, the United States sought to remain neutral, but the Jay Treaty, which was favorable to Great Britain, angered the French government, which viewed it as a violation of the 1778 Treaty of Alliance. French privateers began to seize U.S. vessels, which led to an undeclared "Quasi-War" between the two nations. Fought at sea from 1798 to 1800, the United States won a string of victories in the Caribbean. George Washington was called out of retirement to head a "provisional army" in case of invasion by France, but President John Adams managed to negotiate a truce, in which France agreed to terminate the prior alliance and cease its attacks.
qas: answers: text: to remain neutral
question: What was the US policy when France declared war on England in 1793?

answers: text: the Jay Treaty
question: What treaty with England conflicted with the United States' Treaty of Alliance with France?

answers: text: the Caribbean
question: Where did US ships and French privateers fight between 1798 and 1800?

answers: text: John Adams
question: What US President negotiated a truce with France to end the undeclared war at sea?

answers: text: 1778
question: When was the Treaty of Alliance with France signed? 

context: In the Treaty of Paris after the Revolution, the British had ceded the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River to the United States, without consulting the Shawnee, Cherokee, Choctaw and other smaller tribes who lived there. Because many of the tribes had fought as allies of the British, the United States compelled tribal leaders to sign away lands in postwar treaties, and began dividing these lands for settlement. This provoked a war in the Northwest Territory in which the U.S. forces performed poorly; the Battle of the Wabash in 1791 was the most severe defeat ever suffered by the United States at the hands of American Indians. President Washington dispatched a newly trained army to the region, which decisively defeated the Indian confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794.
qas: answers: text: Treaty of Paris
question: What treaty ceded territory to the US extending west to the Mississippi River?

answers: text: Shawnee, Cherokee, Choctaw
question: What three major tribes occupied these formerly British territories?

answers: text: 1791
question: When was the Battle of Wabash fought?

answers: text: the Battle of Fallen Timbers
question: What was the decisive battle in the Northwest territories against the native population there?

answers: text: 1794
question: When was this deciding battle fought?

context: Sectional tensions had long existed between the states located north of the Mason–Dixon line and those south of it, primarily centered on the "peculiar institution" of slavery and the ability of states to overrule the decisions of the national government. During the 1840s and 1850s, conflicts between the two sides became progressively more violent. After the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 (who southerners thought would work to end slavery) states in the South seceded from the United States, beginning with South Carolina in late 1860. On April 12, 1861, forces of the South (known as the Confederate States of America or simply the Confederacy) opened fire on Fort Sumter, whose garrison was loyal to the Union.
qas: answers: text: the Mason–Dixon line
question: What dividing line separated slave states from free states?

answers: text: 1860
question: When was Lincoln elected?

answers: text: states in the South seceded from the United States
question: How did slave states react to Lincoln's election?

answers: text: April 12, 1861
question: When did Confederate forces bombard Fort Sumter?

answers: text: South Carolina
question: What was the first state to formally secede?

context: The Spanish–American War was a short decisive war marked by quick, overwhelming American victories at sea and on land against Spain. The Navy was well-prepared and won laurels, even as politicians tried (and failed) to have it redeployed to defend East Coast cities against potential threats from the feeble Spanish fleet. The Army performed well in combat in Cuba. However, it was too oriented to small posts in the West and not as well-prepared for an overseas conflict. It relied on volunteers and state militia units, which faced logistical, training and food problems in the staging areas in Florida. The United States freed Cuba (after an occupation by the U.S. Army). By the peace treaty Spain ceded to the United States its colonies of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. The Navy set up coaling stations there and in Hawaii (which voluntarily joined the U.S. in 1898). The U.S. Navy now had a major forward presence across the Pacific and (with the lease of Guantánamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba) a major base in the Caribbean guarding the approaches to the Gulf Coast and the Panama Canal.
qas: answers: text: Cuba
question: Where did the American army fight the Spanish in the Spanish American War?

answers: text: volunteers and state militia
question: The army in this war was primarily made up of what sort of units?

answers: text: Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines
question: What colonies did Spain hand over to the US after the war?

answers: text: Hawaii
question: What island territory voluntarily joined the US as a colony in 1898?

answers: text: Guantánamo Bay Naval Base
question: What is the name of the naval base the US leased from a newly independent Cuba?

context: The Philippine–American War (1899–1902) was an armed conflict between a group of Filipino revolutionaries and the American forces following the ceding of the Philippines to the United States after the defeat of Spanish forces in the Battle of Manila. The Army sent in 100,000 soldiers (mostly from the National Guard) under General Elwell Otis. Defeated in the field and losing its capital in March 1899, the poorly armed and poorly led rebels broke into armed bands. The insurgency collapsed in March 1901 when the leader Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by General Frederick Funston and his Macabebe allies. Casualties included 1,037 Americans killed in action and 3,340 who died from disease; 20,000 rebels were killed.
qas: answers: text: 1899–1902
question: When was the Philippine-American War fought?

answers: text: Manila
question: Where did the US defeat occupying Spanish forces prior to the Philippine American War?

answers: text: General Elwell Otis
question: Who led American forces in this war?

answers: text: 100,000
question: How many troops did the US send to the Philippines?

answers: text: Emilio Aguinaldo
question: Who was the rebel leader captured by US forces at the end of this war?

context: The loss of eight battleships and 2,403 Americans at Pearl Harbor forced the U.S. to rely on its remaining aircraft carriers, which won a major victory over Japan at Midway just six months into the war, and on its growing submarine fleet. The Navy and Marine Corps followed this up with an island hopping campaign across the central and south Pacific in 1943–45, reaching the outskirts of Japan in the Battle of Okinawa. During 1942 and 1943, the U.S. deployed millions of men and thousands of planes and tanks to the UK, beginning with the strategic bombing of Nazi Germany and occupied Europe and leading up to the Allied invasions of occupied North Africa in November 1942, Sicily and Italy in 1943, France in 1944, and the invasion of Germany in 1945, parallel with the Soviet invasion from the east. That led to the surrender of Nazi Germany in May 1945. In the Pacific, the U.S. experienced much success in naval campaigns during 1944, but bloody battles at Iwo Jima and Okinawa in 1945 led the U.S. to look for a way to end the war with minimal loss of American lives. The U.S. used atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to destroy the Japanese war effort and to shock the Japanese leadership, which quickly caused the surrender of Japan.
qas: answers: text: eight
question: How many battleships did the US Navy lose at Pearl Harbor?

answers: text: 2,403
question: How many Americans were killed during the Pearl Harbor attack?

answers: text: island hopping
question: What term describes the overall US strategy in the Pacific in WWII?

answers: text: 1942
question: When did the Allies invade North Africa?

answers: text: Hiroshima and Nagasaki
question: Which two Japanese cities were hit with atomic bombs?

context: The Korean War was a conflict between the United States and its United Nations allies and the communist powers under influence of the Soviet Union (also a UN member nation) and the People's Republic of China (which later also gained UN membership). The principal combatants were North and South Korea. Principal allies of South Korea included the United States, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, although many other nations sent troops under the aegis of the United Nations. Allies of North Korea included the People's Republic of China, which supplied military forces, and the Soviet Union, which supplied combat advisors and aircraft pilots, as well as arms, for the Chinese and North Korean troops.
qas: answers: text: the People's Republic of China
question: What country supplied troops to North Korea during the Korean War?

answers: text: the Soviet Union
question: What country supplied advisors, pilots, and war materiel to North Korea?

answers: text: the United States
question: What country was the principal ally of South Korea during the war?

answers: text: United Nations
question: What organization did all combatants on both sides of the war belong to?

answers: text: North and South Korea
question: Which two countries were the primary fighters for territory in the Korean War?

context: The war started badly for the US and UN. North Korean forces struck massively in the summer of 1950 and nearly drove the outnumbered US and ROK defenders into the sea. However the United Nations intervened, naming Douglas MacArthur commander of its forces, and UN-US-ROK forces held a perimeter around Pusan, gaining time for reinforcement. MacArthur, in a bold but risky move, ordered an amphibious invasion well behind the front lines at Inchon, cutting off and routing the North Koreans and quickly crossing the 38th Parallel into North Korea. As UN forces continued to advance toward the Yalu River on the border with Communist China, the Chinese crossed the Yalu River in October and launched a series of surprise attacks that sent the UN forces reeling back across the 38th Parallel. Truman originally wanted a Rollback strategy to unify Korea; after the Chinese successes he settled for a Containment policy to split the country. MacArthur argued for rollback but was fired by President Harry Truman after disputes over the conduct of the war. Peace negotiations dragged on for two years until President Dwight D. Eisenhower threatened China with nuclear weapons; an armistice was quickly reached with the two Koreas remaining divided at the 38th parallel. North and South Korea are still today in a state of war, having never signed a peace treaty, and American forces remain stationed in South Korea as part of American foreign policy.
qas: answers: text: 1950
question: When did North Korean forces initiate attacks on US and UN forces in the Korean war?

answers: text: Pusan
question: What South Korean city did the US and ROK forces defend while building reinforcements?

answers: text: amphibious invasion
question: What type of attack was used on Inchon?

answers: text: the Yalu River
question: Chinese troops attacked the UN forces when they crossed what river? 

answers: text: Douglas MacArthur
question: What general was fired for defying President Truman's containment strategy?

context: Fighting on one side was a coalition of forces including the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam or the "RVN"), the United States, supplemented by South Korea, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand, and the Philippines. The allies fought against the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) as well as the National Liberation Front (NLF, also known as Viet communists Viet Cong), or "VC", a guerrilla force within South Vietnam. The NVA received substantial military and economic aid from the Soviet Union and China, turning Vietnam into a proxy war.
qas: answers: text: RVN
question: What acronym was given to South Vietnamese troops?

answers: text: NVA
question: What acronym was given to North Vietnamese army regulars?

answers: text: Viet Cong
question: By what name were fighters of the National Liberation Front known?

answers: text: South Vietnam
question: The VC operated in what geographic area?

answers: text: Soviet Union and China
question: The NVA was aided by military and financial aid from what two countries?

context: The military history of the American side of the war involved different strategies over the years. The bombing campaigns of the Air Force were tightly controlled by the White House for political reasons, and until 1972 avoided the main Northern cities of Hanoi and Haiphong and concentrated on bombing jungle supply trails, especially the Ho Chi Minh Trail. The most controversial Army commander was William Westmoreland whose strategy involved systematic defeat of all enemy forces in the field, despite heavy American casualties that alienated public opinion back home.
qas: answers: text: Hanoi and Haiphong
question: What two northern Vietnamese cities did the US avoid bombing at the outset of the war?

answers: text: the Ho Chi Minh Trail
question: What was the major supply trail for the Northern Vietnamese forces?

answers: text: William Westmoreland
question: What US commander's strategy caused a loss of public opinion in the US?

answers: text: the White House
question: Who helped orchestrate bombing campaigns in the Vietnam War?

answers: text: 1972
question: When did the US start bombing Hanoi?

context: In 1983 fighting between Palestinian refugees and Lebanese factions reignited that nation's long-running civil war. A UN agreement brought an international force of peacekeepers to occupy Beirut and guarantee security. US Marines landed in August 1982 along with Italian and French forces. On October 23, 1983, a suicide bomber driving a truck filled with 6 tons of TNT crashed through a fence and destroyed the Marine barracks, killing 241 Marines; seconds later, a second bomber leveled a French barracks, killing 58. Subsequently the US Navy engaged in bombing of militia positions inside Lebanon. While US President Ronald Reagan was initially defiant, political pressure at home eventually forced the withdrawal of the Marines in February 1984.
qas: answers: text: 1983
question: When did fighting between Palestinians and the Lebanese begin?

answers: text: 1982
question: When did US marines land in Lebanon?

answers: text: October 23, 1983
question: When did a suicide bomber successfully attack the marine barracks in Lebanon?

answers: text: 241
question: How many marines were killed in the attack?

answers: text: February 1984
question: When did President Reagan withdraw marines from Lebanon?

context: However, the battle was one-sided almost from the beginning. The reasons for this are the subject of continuing study by military strategists and academics. There is general agreement that US technological superiority was a crucial factor but the speed and scale of the Iraqi collapse has also been attributed to poor strategic and tactical leadership and low morale among Iraqi troops, which resulted from a history of incompetent leadership. After devastating initial strikes against Iraqi air defenses and command and control facilities on 17 January 1991, coalition forces achieved total air superiority almost immediately. The Iraqi air force was destroyed within a few days, with some planes fleeing to Iran, where they were interned for the duration of the conflict. The overwhelming technological advantages of the US, such as stealth aircraft and infrared sights, quickly turned the air war into a "turkey shoot". The heat signature of any tank which started its engine made an easy target. Air defense radars were quickly destroyed by radar-seeking missiles fired from wild weasel aircraft. Grainy video clips, shot from the nose cameras of missiles as they aimed at impossibly small targets, were a staple of US news coverage and revealed to the world a new kind of war, compared by some to a video game. Over 6 weeks of relentless pounding by planes and helicopters, the Iraqi army was almost completely beaten but did not retreat, under orders from Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, and by the time the ground forces invaded on 24 February, many Iraqi troops quickly surrendered to forces much smaller than their own; in one instance, Iraqi forces attempted to surrender to a television camera crew that was advancing with coalition forces.
qas: answers: text: US technological superiority
question: What is the main reason the US-led coalition won a decisive victory in the Persian Gulf War?

answers: text: on 17 January 1991
question: US airstrikes on Iraqi air defenses and command and control facilities began when?

answers: text: poor strategic and tactical leadership and low morale
question: What faults in the Iraqi forces led to their rapid defeat?

answers: text: Iraqi President Saddam Hussein
question: Who ordered Iraqi forces to hold their ground despite air bombardments?

answers: text: 24 February
question: When did US ground forces attack Iraqi positions?

context: After just 100 hours of ground combat, and with all of Kuwait and much of southern Iraq under coalition control, US President George H. W. Bush ordered a cease-fire and negotiations began resulting in an agreement for cessation of hostilities. Some US politicians were disappointed by this move, believing Bush should have pressed on to Baghdad and removed Hussein from power; there is little doubt that coalition forces could have accomplished this if they had desired. Still, the political ramifications of removing Hussein would have broadened the scope of the conflict greatly, and many coalition nations refused to participate in such an action, believing it would create a power vacuum and destabilize the region.
qas: answers: text: 100 hours
question: How long did ground combat operations last in the Persian Gulf War?

answers: text: US President George H. W. Bush
question: Who ordered the cease-fire that effectively ended hostilities?

answers: text: pressed on to Baghdad and removed Hussein from power
question: What did some US Politicians think Coalition forces should have been allowed to have done?

answers: text: refused to participate
question: Coalition nations did what with regards to invading Northern Iraq to precipitate the cease fire?

answers: text: it would create a power vacuum and destabilize the region
question: Why did Coalition nations fear the removal of Hussein from power?

context: The War on Terrorism is a global effort by the governments of several countries (primarily the United States and its principal allies) to neutralize international terrorist groups (primarily Islamic Extremist terrorist groups, including al-Qaeda) and ensure that countries considered by the US and some of its allies to be Rogue Nations no longer support terrorist activities. It has been adopted primarily as a response to the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States. Since 2001, terrorist motivated attacks upon service members have occurred in Arkansas and Texas.
qas: answers: text: The War on Terrorism
question: What term is given to the attempt by the US and her allies to fight global terrorist groups?

answers: text: Islamic Extremist
question: What religious groups are primarily targeted by this war?

answers: text: al-Qaeda
question: What is one prominent, specific terrorist group targeted by the War on Terrorism?

answers: text: the September 11, 2001 attacks
question: The War On Terrorism was caused by what event?

answers: text: Arkansas and Texas
question: Since the start of the war on Terrorism, attacks on US service members have occurred in which two US states?

context: After the lengthy Iraq disarmament crisis culminated with an American demand that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein leave Iraq, which was refused, a coalition led by the United States and the United Kingdom fought the Iraqi army in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Approximately 250,000 United States troops, with support from 45,000 British, 2,000 Australian and 200 Polish combat forces, entered Iraq primarily through their staging area in Kuwait. (Turkey had refused to permit its territory to be used for an invasion from the north.) Coalition forces also supported Iraqi Kurdish militia, estimated to number upwards of 50,000. After approximately three weeks of fighting, Hussein and the Ba'ath Party were forcibly removed, followed by 9 years of military presence by the United States and the coalition fighting alongside the newly elected Iraqi government against various insurgent groups.
qas: answers: text: that Iraqi President Saddam Hussein leave Iraq
question: What demand did the US make before invading Iraq in 2003?

answers: text: 250,000
question: How many US troops participated in the invasion?

answers: text: Turkey
question: What country refused to allow forces to stage within it?

answers: text: approximately three weeks
question: How long did the first phase of fighting last?

answers: text: 9 years
question: How long did the US and its coalition partners have to occupy Iraq?

context: As a result of the Libyan Civil War, the United Nations enacted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which imposed a no-fly zone over Libya, and the protection of civilians from the forces of Muammar Gaddafi. The United States, along with Britain, France and several other nations, committed a coalition force against Gaddafi's forces. On 19 March, the first U.S. action was taken when 114 Tomahawk missiles launched by US and UK warships destroyed shoreline air defenses of the Gaddafi regime. The U.S. continued to play a major role in Operation Unified Protector, the NATO-directed mission that eventually incorporated all of the military coalition's actions in the theater. Throughout the conflict however, the U.S. maintained it was playing a supporting role only and was following the UN mandate to protect civilians, while the real conflict was between Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him. During the conflict, American drones were also deployed.
qas: answers: text: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973
question: What declaration established a no-fly zone over Libya?

answers: text: Muammar Gaddafi
question: What is the name of the Libyan leader opposed by US and UN forces?

answers: text: Operation Unified Protector
question: What was the name of the military action against Libya?

answers: text: to protect civilians
question: What was the goal of this operation?

answers: text: Gaddafi's loyalists and Libyan rebels fighting to depose him
question: The Libyan conflict was primarily fought between which groups?

context: General George Washington (1732–99) proved an excellent organizer and administrator, who worked successfully with Congress and the state governors, selecting and mentoring his senior officers, supporting and training his troops, and maintaining an idealistic Republican Army. His biggest challenge was logistics, since neither Congress nor the states had the funding to provide adequately for the equipment, munitions, clothing, paychecks, or even the food supply of the soldiers. As a battlefield tactician Washington was often outmaneuvered by his British counterparts. As a strategist, however, he had a better idea of how to win the war than they did. The British sent four invasion armies. Washington's strategy forced the first army out of Boston in 1776, and was responsible for the surrender of the second and third armies at Saratoga (1777) and Yorktown (1781). He limited the British control to New York and a few places while keeping Patriot control of the great majority of the population. The Loyalists, on whom the British had relied too heavily, comprised about 20% of the population but never were well organized. As the war ended, Washington watched proudly as the final British army quietly sailed out of New York City in November 1783, taking the Loyalist leadership with them. Washington astonished the world when, instead of seizing power, he retired quietly to his farm in Virginia.
qas: answers: text: logistics
question: What was the biggest problem General Washington faced?

answers: text: Saratoga (1777) and Yorktown (1781)
question: Where were the two major surrenders of British forces in the war?

answers: text: 20%
question: What percentage of the Colonial population were loyal to the Crown?

answers: text: he retired quietly to his farm in Virginia.
question: What did Washington do after defeating the British Army?

answers: text: he had a better idea of how to win the war than they did
question: What advantage did Washington have over the British generals?

context: The Berbers along the Barbary Coast (modern day Libya) sent pirates to capture merchant ships and hold the crews for ransom. The U.S. paid protection money until 1801, when President Thomas Jefferson refused to pay and sent in the Navy to challenge the Barbary States, the First Barbary War followed. After the U.S.S. Philadelphia was captured in 1803, Lieutenant Stephen Decatur led a raid which successfully burned the captured ship, preventing Tripoli from using or selling it. In 1805, after William Eaton captured the city of Derna, Tripoli agreed to a peace treaty. The other Barbary states continued to raid U.S. shipping, until the Second Barbary War in 1815 ended the practice.
qas: answers: text: modern day Libya
question: Where was the Barbary Coast?

answers: text: The Berbers
question: Who sent pirates to capture merchant ships?

answers: text: The U.S. paid protection money until 1801
question: How did the United States initially deal with this problem?

answers: text: Stephen Decatur
question: What American naval officer led a raid that destroyed a captured American ship?

answers: text: Derna
question: What city did William Eaton capture to end the first Barbary War?

context: The American Civil War caught both sides unprepared. The Confederacy hoped to win by getting Britain and France to intervene, or else by wearing down the North's willingness to fight. The U.S. sought a quick victory focused on capturing the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia. The Confederates under Robert E. Lee tenaciously defended their capital until the very end. The war spilled across the continent, and even to the high seas. Most of the material and personnel of the South were used up, while the North prospered.
qas: answers: text: getting Britain and France to intervene
question: What was the Confederate overall strategy to win the Civil War?

answers: text: capturing the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia
question: What was the Union's original war aim?

answers: text: Robert E. Lee
question: Who led the Confederate forces defending Richmond throughout the war?

answers: text: the material and personnel of the South were used up, while the North prospered
question: How did the war effect both sides?

context: The Navy was modernized in the 1880s, and by the 1890s had adopted the naval power strategy of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan—as indeed did every major navy. The old sailing ships were replaced by modern steel battleships, bringing them in line with the navies of Britain and Germany. In 1907, most of the Navy's battleships, with several support vessels, dubbed the Great White Fleet, were featured in a 14-month circumnavigation of the world. Ordered by President Theodore Roosevelt, it was a mission designed to demonstrate the Navy's capability to extend to the global theater.
qas: answers: text: the 1880s
question: When in the 19th century was the US navy modernized?

answers: text: modern steel battleships
question: What replaced the older sailing ships in the navy?

answers: text: the Great White Fleet
question: By what name was the US fleet known at the start of the 20th Century?

answers: text: President Theodore Roosevelt
question: Who ordered this fleet to sail around the world?

answers: text: to demonstrate the Navy's capability to extend to the global theater
question: What was the purpose of this order?

context: The Mexican Revolution involved a civil war with hundreds of thousands of deaths and large numbers fleeing combat zones. Tens of thousands fled to the U.S. President Wilson sent U.S. forces to occupy the Mexican city of Veracruz for six months in 1914. It was designed to show the U.S. was keenly interested in the civil war and would not tolerate attacks on Americans, especially the April 9, 1914, "Tampico Affair", which involved the arrest of American sailors by soldiers of the regime of Mexican President Victoriano Huerta. In early 1916 Pancho Villa a Mexican general ordered 500 soldiers on a murderous raid on the American city of Columbus New Mexico, with the goal of robbing banks to fund his army. The German Secret Service encouraged Pancho Villa in his attacks to involve the United States in an intervention in Mexico which would distract the United States from its growing involvement in the war and divert aid from Europe to support the intervention. Wilson called up the state militias (National Guard) and sent them and the U.S. Army under General John J. Pershing to punish Villa in the Pancho Villa Expedition. Villa fled, with the Americans in pursuit deep into Mexico, thereby arousing Mexican nationalism. By early 1917 President Venustiano Carranza had contained Villa and secured the border, so Wilson ordered Pershing to withdraw.
qas: answers: text: The Mexican Revolution
question: What early 20th century conflict sent tens of thousands of refugees to the US?

answers: text: Veracruz
question: US forces were sent to occupy what Mexican City during the Revolution?

answers: text: Pancho Villa
question: What was the name of the Mexican general who attacked an American city in New Mexico?

answers: text: The German Secret Service
question: What foreign organization encouraged Villa's guerilla war against the US?

answers: text: General John J. Pershing
question: What US General led troops against Villa?

context: After the costly U.S. involvement in World War I, isolationism grew within the nation. Congress refused membership in the League of Nations, and in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia, the gradually more restrictive Neutrality Acts were passed, which were intended to prevent the U.S. from supporting either side in a war. President Franklin D. Roosevelt sought to support Britain, however, and in 1940 signed the Lend-Lease Act, which permitted an expansion of the "cash and carry" arms trade to develop with Britain, which controlled the Atlantic sea lanes.
qas: answers: text: isolationism
question: What general sentiment was the result of losses in World War I?

answers: text: the League of Nations
question: Congress refused to allow the US to join what organization?

answers: text: Neutrality Acts
question: What legislation was passed to discourage the country from getting involved in a foreign war?

answers: text: Franklin D. Roosevelt
question: Which US President sought to circumvent Neutrality acts to aid Britain?

answers: text: the Lend-Lease Act
question: What was the name of the 1940 program to send arms to Britain?

context: World War II holds a special place in the American psyche as the country's greatest triumph, and the U.S. military personnel of World War II are frequently referred to as "the Greatest Generation." Over 16 million served (about 11% of the population), and over 400,000 died during the war. The U.S. emerged as one of the two undisputed superpowers along with the Soviet Union, and unlike the Soviet Union, the U.S. homeland was virtually untouched by the ravages of war. During and following World War II, the United States and Britain developed an increasingly strong defense and intelligence relationship. Manifestations of this include extensive basing of U.S. forces in the UK, shared intelligence, shared military technology (e.g. nuclear technology), and shared procurement.
qas: answers: text: Over 16 million
question: How many Americans served in the military in World War II?

answers: text: 400,000
question: How many American service personnel died in World War II?

answers: text: the Soviet Union
question: What other country besides the United States became a super power after World War II?

answers: text: the Greatest Generation
question: What name is given to those Americans who served in World War II?

answers: text: Britain
question: Both during and after the conclusion of  World War II, the United States formed a firm alliance with what country?

context: The U.S. framed the war as part of its policy of containment of Communism in south Asia, but American forces were frustrated by an inability to engage the enemy in decisive battles, corruption and incompetence in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, and ever increasing protests at home. The Tet Offensive in 1968, although a major military defeat for the NLF with half their forces eliminated, marked the psychological turning point in the war. With President Richard M. Nixon opposed to containment and more interested in achieving détente with both the Soviet Union and China, American policy shifted to "Vietnamization," – providing very large supplies of arms and letting the Vietnamese fight it out themselves. After more than 57,000 dead and many more wounded, American forces withdrew in 1973 with no clear victory, and in 1975 South Vietnam was finally conquered by communist North Vietnam and unified.
qas: answers: text: Communism
question: The policy of containment in Asia was aimed at what ideology?

answers: text: The Tet Offensive
question: What was the psychological turning point of the war?

answers: text: 1968
question: When did this offensive take place? 

answers: text: 1973
question: When were US forces withdrawn from Vietnam?

answers: text: "Vietnamization,"
question: The policy of supplying arms and war materiel for the Vietnamese to fight their own war was called what?

context: Ongoing political tensions between Great Britain and the thirteen colonies reached a crisis in 1774 when the British placed the province of Massachusetts under martial law after the Patriots protested taxes they regarded as a violation of their constitutional rights as Englishmen. When shooting began at Lexington and Concord in April 1775, militia units from across New England rushed to Boston and bottled up the British in the city. The Continental Congress appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief of the newly created Continental Army, which was augmented throughout the war by colonial militia. He drove the British out of Boston but in late summer 1776 they returned to New York and nearly captured Washington's army. Meanwhile, the revolutionaries expelled British officials from the 13 states, and declared themselves an independent nation on July 4, 1776.
qas: answers: text: 1774
question: When did Britain declare martial law in a North American colony?

answers: text: Massachusetts
question: What colony was placed under martial law?

answers: text: Lexington and Concord
question: What were the first conflicts of the American Revolution?

answers: text: The Continental Congress
question: Who appointed Washington to serve as commander in chief?

answers: text: July 4, 1776
question: When did the colonies declare independence?

context: Following the American Revolutionary War, the United States faced potential military conflict on the high seas as well as on the western frontier. The United States was a minor military power during this time, having only a modest army, Marine corps, and navy. A traditional distrust of standing armies, combined with faith in the abilities of local militia, precluded the development of well-trained units and a professional officer corps. Jeffersonian leaders preferred a small army and navy, fearing that a large military establishment would involve the United States in excessive foreign wars, and potentially allow a domestic tyrant to seize power.
qas: answers: text: having only a modest army
question: What quality made the US only a minor military power after the Revolutionary War?

answers: text: A traditional distrust of standing armies
question: Why was the US military so small initially?

answers: text: local militia
question: The founding fathers had faith in what military groups?

answers: text: foreign wars
question: What did early American leaders worry a large standing army would involve America in?

answers: text: a domestic tyrant to seize power
question: Early leaders also feared a large army would allow what internal conflict to take place?

context: After the Civil War, population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds heightened military tensions on the Great Plains. Several tribes, especially the Sioux and Comanche, fiercely resisted confinement to reservations. The main role of the Army was to keep indigenous peoples on reservations and to end their wars against settlers and each other, William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan were in charge. A famous victory for the Plains Nations was the Battle of the Little Big Horn in 1876, when Col. George Armstrong Custer and two hundred plus members of the 7th Cavalry were killed by a force consisting of Native Americans from the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho nations. The last significant conflict came in 1891.
qas: answers: text: the Sioux and Comanche
question: What two tribes particularly resisted being confined to reservations?

answers: text: population expansion, railroad construction, and the disappearance of the buffalo herds
question: What caused a spike in difficulties between settlers and indigenous peoples on the western plains after the Civil War?

answers: text: William Tecumseh Sherman and Philip Sheridan
question: Who were two of the military leaders tasked with overseeing American policy of putting Indians on reservations?

answers: text: 1876
question: When was the Battle of Little Big Horn fought?

answers: text: Col. George Armstrong Custer
question: What US officer led the troops who were destroyed at Little Big Horn?

context: Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske was at the vanguard of new technology in naval guns and gunnery, thanks to his innovations in fire control 1890–1910. He immediately grasped the potential for air power, and called for the development of a torpedo plane. Fiske, as aide for operations in 1913–15 to Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt, proposed a radical reorganization of the Navy to make it a war-fighting instrument. Fiske wanted to centralize authority in a chief of naval operations and an expert staff that would develop new strategies, oversee the construction of a larger fleet, coordinate war planning including force structure, mobilization plans, and industrial base, and ensure that the US Navy possessed the best possible war machines. Eventually, the Navy adopted his reforms and by 1915 started to reorganize for possible involvement in the World War then underway.
qas: answers: text: Rear Admiral Bradley A. Fiske
question: What naval officer developed new doctrines for gunnery at the turn of the 20th Century?

answers: text: torpedo plane
question: What aircraft did Fiske call for the development of?

answers: text: Franklin D. Roosevelt
question: What assistant naval secretary did Fiske serve under?

answers: text: 1913–15
question: When did Fiske propose his reforms to the way the Navy operated?

context: By summer 1918, a million American soldiers, or "doughboys" as they were often called, of the American Expeditionary Forces were in Europe under the command of John J. Pershing, with 25,000 more arriving every week. The failure of Germany's spring offensive exhausted its reserves and they were unable to launch new offensives. The German Navy and home front then revolted and a new German government signed a conditional surrender, the Armistice, ending the war against the western front on November 11, 1918.
qas: answers: text: doughboys
question: What was the name given to American soldiers in Europe in 1918?

answers: text: American Expeditionary Forces
question: What was the official name of the American army that went to fight in Europe in 1918?

answers: text: John J. Pershing
question: Who had overall command of the American forces in Europe?

answers: text: November 11, 1918
question: When did fighting on the western front end?

answers: text: the Armistice
question: What was the name of the conditional surrender that ended fighting on the western front?

context: Starting in 1940 (18 months before Pearl Harbor), the nation mobilized, giving high priority to air power. American involvement in World War II in 1940–41 was limited to providing war material and financial support to Britain, the Soviet Union, and the Republic of China. The U.S. entered officially on 8 December 1941 following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Japanese forces soon seized American, Dutch, and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia, except for Australia, which became a main American forward base along with Hawaii.
qas: answers: text: air power
question: What was the American priority in mobilization prior to entering World War II?

answers: text: 8 December 1941
question: When did the US officially enter World War II?

answers: text: the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
question: What event led to America entering the war?

answers: text: seized American, Dutch, and British possessions across the Pacific and Southeast Asia
question: At the start of the conflict with the Allies, what did Japan do?

answers: text: Australia
question: What country served as an American forward base to wage war with Japan?

context: The Vietnam War was a war fought between 1959 and 1975 on the ground in South Vietnam and bordering areas of Cambodia and Laos (see Secret War) and in the strategic bombing (see Operation Rolling Thunder) of North Vietnam. American advisors came in the late 1950s to help the RVN (Republic of Vietnam) combat Communist insurgents known as "Viet Cong." Major American military involvement began in 1964, after Congress provided President Lyndon B. Johnson with blanket approval for presidential use of force in the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.
qas: answers: text: between 1959 and 1975
question: When was the Vietnam War fought?

answers: text: Cambodia and Laos
question: Besides Vietnam, what other countries saw fighting in this war?

answers: text: Operation Rolling Thunder
question: What was the name of the strategic bombing of North Vietnam?

answers: text: 1964
question: When did American military involvement ramp up in Vietnam?

answers: text: the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
question: What congressional declaration gave President Johnson authority to send troops to Vietnam?

context: Before the war, many observers believed the US and its allies could win but might suffer substantial casualties (certainly more than any conflict since Vietnam), and that the tank battles across the harsh desert might rival those of North Africa during World War II. After nearly 50 years of proxy wars, and constant fears of another war in Europe between NATO and the Warsaw Pact, some thought the Persian Gulf War might finally answer the question of which military philosophy would have reigned supreme. Iraqi forces were battle-hardened after 8 years of war with Iran, and they were well equipped with late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters, but the antiaircraft weapons were crippled; in comparison, the US had no large-scale combat experience since its withdrawal from Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier, and major changes in US doctrine, equipment and technology since then had never been tested under fire.
qas: answers: text: 8 years of war with Iran
question: What conflict was supposed to have provided Iraqi forces with battle experience?

answers: text: North Africa during World War II
question: Some observers thought that the Persian Gulf War would have tank battles similar to what war?

answers: text: late model Soviet tanks and jet fighters
question: What equipment did the Iraqi army possess?

answers: text: Vietnam nearly 20 years earlier
question: Prior to the Persian Gulf War, where and when was the last major American military conflict?

answers: text: the antiaircraft weapons were crippled
question: What problem did the Iraqi forces have?

context: With the emergence of ISIL and its capture of large areas of Iraq and Syria, a number of crises resulted that sparked international attention. ISIL had perpetrated sectarian killings and war crimes in both Iraq and Syria. Gains made in the Iraq war were rolled back as Iraqi army units abandoned their posts. Cities were taken over by the terrorist group which enforced its brand of Sharia law. The kidnapping and decapitation of numerous Western journalists and aid-workers also garnered interest and outrage among Western powers. The US intervened with airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories and assets in August, and in September a coalition of US and Middle Eastern powers initiated a bombing campaign in Syria aimed at degrading and destroying ISIL and Al-Nusra-held territory.
qas: answers: text: ISIL
question: What organization captured significant segments of Iraq and Syria?

answers: text: Sharia law
question: What legal ethos does ISIL operate under?

answers: text: kidnapping and decapitation
question: What actions did ISIL take against Western journalists and aid workers?

answers: text: airstrikes in Iraq over ISIL held territories
question: How did the US intervene against ISIL?

answers: text: degrading and destroying ISIL and Al-Nusra-held territory
question: What was the goal of US and coalition airstrikes in Syria?