Anthropology

context: Anthropology is the study of humans and their societies in the past and present. Its main subdivisions are social anthropology and cultural anthropology, which describes the workings of societies around the world, linguistic anthropology, which investigates the influence of language in social life, and biological or physical anthropology, which concerns long-term development of the human organism. Archaeology, which studies past human cultures through investigation of physical evidence, is thought of as a branch of anthropology in the United States, while in Europe, it is viewed as a discipline in its own right, or grouped under other related disciplines such as history.
qas: answers: text: humans and their societies
question: What is anthropology a study of?

answers: text: social
question: What type of anthropology describes the workings of societies around the world?

answers: text: linguistic anthropology
question: What investigates the influence of language in social life?

answers: text: physical
question: What subdivision of anthropology concerns itself with the long-term development of the human organism?

answers: text: United States
question: Where is Archaeology considered a branch of anthropology?

context: Similar organizations in other countries followed: The American Anthropological Association in 1902, the Anthropological Society of Madrid (1865), the Anthropological Society of Vienna (1870), the Italian Society of Anthropology and Ethnology (1871), and many others subsequently. The majority of these were evolutionist. One notable exception was the Berlin Society of Anthropology (1869) founded by Rudolph Virchow, known for his vituperative attacks on the evolutionists. Not religious himself, he insisted that Darwin's conclusions lacked empirical foundation.
qas: answers: text: 1870
question: Vienna created it's society in what year?

answers: text: 1869
question: When was the Berlin Society of Anthropology founded by Rudolph Virchow?

answers: text: 1902
question: When was the American Anthropological Association founded?

answers: text: 1865
question: When did Madrid get it's own anthropological society?

answers: text: empirical foundation
question: What did Virchow feel Darwin's conclusions lacked?

context: During the last three decades of the 19th century a proliferation of anthropological societies and associations occurred, most independent, most publishing their own journals, and all international in membership and association. The major theorists belonged to these organizations. They supported the gradual osmosis of anthropology curricula into the major institutions of higher learning. By 1898 the American Association for the Advancement of Science was able to report that 48 educational institutions in 13 countries had some curriculum in anthropology. None of the 75 faculty members were under a department named anthropology.
qas: answers: text: anthropological societies
question: What proliferated in the last three decades of the 19th century?

answers: text: international
question: What did all the anthropological societies allow their membership to be?

answers: text: The major theorists
question: Who belonged to these proliferating organizations?

answers: text: 48
question: How many educational institutions had some curriculum in anthropology by 1898?

answers: text: 13
question: How many countries were the institutions teaching anthropology located in?

context: Since the work of Franz Boas and Bronisław Malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, social anthropology in Great Britain and cultural anthropology in the US have been distinguished from other social sciences by its emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons, long-term in-depth examination of context, and the importance it places on participant-observation or experiential immersion in the area of research. Cultural anthropology in particular has emphasized cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques. This has been particularly prominent in the United States, from Boas' arguments against 19th-century racial ideology, through Margaret Mead's advocacy for gender equality and sexual liberation, to current criticisms of post-colonial oppression and promotion of multiculturalism. Ethnography is one of its primary research designs as well as the text that is generated from anthropological fieldwork.
qas: answers: text: late 19th and early 20th centuries
question: When did Bronislaw Malinoswki and Franz Boas do their relevant work?

answers: text: gender equality and sexual liberation
question: What did Margaret Mead advocate for?

answers: text: cross-cultural comparisons
question: What has cultural anthropology distinguished itself from other social sciences by emphasizing?

answers: text: 19th-century racial ideology
question: What did Boas' argue against?

answers: text: cultural relativism, holism, and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques
question: What has cultural anthropology specifically emphasized?

context: Anthropology is a global discipline where humanities, social, and natural sciences are forced to confront one another. Anthropology builds upon knowledge from natural sciences, including the discoveries about the origin and evolution of Homo sapiens, human physical traits, human behavior, the variations among different groups of humans, how the evolutionary past of Homo sapiens has influenced its social organization and culture, and from social sciences, including the organization of human social and cultural relations, institutions, social conflicts, etc. Early anthropology originated in Classical Greece and Persia and studied and tried to understand observable cultural diversity. As such, anthropology has been central in the development of several new (late 20th century) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies.
qas: answers: text: humanities, social, and natural sciences
question: What fields are forced to confront one another in anthropology?

answers: text: Anthropology
question: What builds upon natural and social sciences?

answers: text: global
question: What type of discipline is anthropology?

answers: text: Greece and Persia
question: Where did early anthropology originate?

answers: text: cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies
question: What interdisciplinary fields has anthropology been central in the development of?

context: Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline.[page needed] During this shift, enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology. In contrast, archaeology and biological anthropology remained largely positivist. Due to this difference in epistemology, the four sub-fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades.
qas: answers: text: structuralist and postmodern theories
question: What has sociocultural anthropology been heavily influenced by?

answers: text: During the 1970s and 1990s
question: When was there an epistemological shift away from positivist traditions in anthropology?

answers: text: nature and production of knowledge
question: What questions came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology?

answers: text: archaeology and biological anthropology
question: What two fields remained largely positivist? 

answers: text: cohesion
question: What have the four sub-fields of anthropology lacked over the last several decades?

context: Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups. Cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy, literature and the arts (how one's culture affects experience for self and group, contributing to more complete understanding of the people's knowledge, customs, and institutions), while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history. in that it helps develop understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations (such as minorities, subgroups, dissidents, etc.). There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, and these categories overlap to a considerable degree.
qas: answers: text: Sociocultural anthropology
question: What draws together the axes of cultural and social anthropology?

answers: text: social
question: Which type of anthropology studies relationships among persons and groups?

answers: text: social structures,
question: What does social anthropology help develop an understanding of?

answers: text: hard-and-fast
question: What kind of distinction is lacking between social and cultural anthropology?

answers: text: Cultural anthropology
question: What studies the way people make sense of the world around them?

context: Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values. Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison. This project is often accommodated in the field of ethnography. Ethnography can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research, i.e. an ethnographic monograph. As methodology, ethnography is based upon long-term fieldwork within a community or other research site. Participant observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology. Ethnology involves the systematic comparison of different cultures. The process of participant-observation can be especially helpful to understanding a culture from an emic (conceptual, vs. etic, or technical) point of view.
qas: answers: text: cultural relativism
question: What is the attempt to understand other societies on their own terms?

answers: text: Ethnography
question: What can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research?

answers: text: Participant observation
question: What is one of the foundational methods of social anthropology?

answers: text: emic
question: What is a needlessly complicated word which means "conceptual"?

answers: text: reductionism in cross-cultural comparison
question: What does accepting other cultures in their own terms moderate?

context: The study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology, as kinship is a human universal. Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games, food, festivals, and language (which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology).
qas: answers: text: Sociocultural
question: Why type of anthropology is the study of social organization a central focus of?

answers: text: consumption and exchange
question: What patterns does sociocultural anthropology get up in the morning to learn about?

answers: text: kinship
question: What is a human universal?

answers: text: language
question: What is the object of study for linguistic anthropology?

answers: text: resolution
question: Why type of conflict is sociocultural anthropology interested in?

context: Archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains. Artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies. Archaeologists examine these material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices. Ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remains of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways.
qas: answers: text: Archaeology
question: What field studies human's past through material remains?

answers: text: human behavior and cultural practices
question: What can archaeologists deduce from material remains?

answers: text: past human groups
question: What do Ethnoarchaeologists gain a better understanding of by studying living human groups?

answers: text: in similar ways
question: How are long dead human groups presumed to have lived and behaved as compared to still living populations?

answers: text: cultural and material lives of past societies
question: What are artifacts, faunal remains and human altered landscapes the evidence of?

context: Linguistic anthropology (also called anthropological linguistics) seeks to understand the processes of human communications, verbal and non-verbal, variation in language across time and space, the social uses of language, and the relationship between language and culture. It is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems, linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes. Linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields including sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis.
qas: answers: text: anthropological
question: What problems does linguistic anthropology bring linguistic methods to bear on?

answers: text: interpretation of sociocultural processes
question: What is the analysis of linguistic forms and processes linked to?

answers: text: Linguistic
question: What subdivision of anthropology seeks to understand the process of human communications?

answers: text: sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis
question: What related fields do linguistic anthropologists draw on?

context: One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of 'art' as a cultural phenomenon. Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of 'painting', 'sculpture', or 'literature', conceived as independent artistic activities, do not exist, or exist in a significantly different form, in most non-Western contexts. To surmount this difficulty, anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which, without exclusively being 'artistic', have certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities. Boas' Primitive Art, Claude Lévi-Strauss' The Way of the Masks (1982) or Geertz's 'Art as Cultural System' (1983) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of culturally specific 'aesthetics'.
qas: answers: text: art
question: What is a cultural phenomenon? 

answers: text: do not exist
question: What have several anthropologists noted about Western artistic endeavors and their place in non-Western contexts?

answers: text: evident 'aesthetic' qualities
question: What formal features in objects do anthropologists of art focus on?

answers: text: 1983
question: When was Art as Cultural System penned?

answers: text: culturally specific 'aesthetics'
question: What is the trend to transform the anthropology of 'art' into an anthropology of?

context: Sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently, such as the use by Étienne Serres in 1838 to describe the natural history, or paleontology, of man, based on comparative anatomy, and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the National Museum of Natural History (France) by Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau. Various short-lived organizations of anthropologists had already been formed. The Société Ethnologique de Paris, the first to use Ethnology, was formed in 1839. Its members were primarily anti-slavery activists. When slavery was abolished in France in 1848 the Société was abandoned.
qas: answers: text: Étienne Serres
question: Who used the term anthropology to describe the natural history of man?

answers: text: 1838
question: When was anthropology used as a term for comparative anatomy?

answers: text: 1850
question: When was a chair created for anthropology at the National Museum of Natural History?

answers: text: France
question: Where is the National Museum of Natural History located?

answers: text: Société Ethnologique de Paris
question: What organization was formed by members whose primary objective was the abolishment of slavery?

context: Anthropology and many other current fields are the intellectual results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century. Theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy, linguistics, and Ethnology, making feature-by-feature comparisons of their subject matters, were beginning to suspect that similarities between animals, languages, and folkways were the result of processes or laws unknown to them then. For them, the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect. Darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild.
qas: answers: text: comparative methods
question: What is anthropology the intellectual results of?

answers: text: similarities
question: What were theorists in diverse fields beginning to notice between animals and languages?

answers: text: processes or laws unknown to them then
question: What did the theorists suspect these patterns were the result of?

answers: text: epiphany
question: What was Darwin's On The Origin of Species for theorists?

answers: text: comparison of species
question: How did Darwin arrive at his conclusions?

context: Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s. There was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences. Paul Broca in Paris was in the process of breaking away from the Société de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies, the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, meeting for the first time in Paris in 1859.[n 4] When he read Darwin he became an immediate convert to Transformisme, as the French called evolutionism. His definition now became "the study of the human group, considered as a whole, in its details, and in relation to the rest of nature".
qas: answers: text: late 1850s.
question: When did Wallace and Darwin unveil the theory of evolution?

answers: text: bring it into the social sciences
question: What was there a rush to do with the theory of evolution?

answers: text: Paris
question: Where did Paul Broca reside?

answers: text: Société de biologie
question: What organization was Broca in the process of disentangling himself from?

answers: text: Transformisme
question: What did the French call evolutionism?

context: Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech. He wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals, which appeared to reside in speech. He discovered the speech center of the human brain, today called Broca's area after him. His interest was mainly in Biological anthropology, but a German philosopher specializing in psychology, Theodor Waitz, took up the theme of general and social anthropology in his six-volume work, entitled Die Anthropologie der Naturvölker, 1859–1864. The title was soon translated as "The Anthropology of Primitive Peoples". The last two volumes were published posthumously.
qas: answers: text: neurosurgeon
question: If Broca were alive today, what would his profession be?

answers: text: the pathology of speech
question: What particularly interested Broca?

answers: text: speech center
question: What did Broca discover in the human brain?

answers: text: psychology
question: What did the German philosopher Waitz specialize in?

answers: text: six
question: How many volumes was Waitz work?

context: Waitz defined anthropology as "the science of the nature of man". By nature he meant matter animated by "the Divine breath"; i.e., he was an animist. Following Broca's lead, Waitz points out that anthropology is a new field, which would gather material from other fields, but would differ from them in the use of comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology to differentiate man from "the animals nearest to him". He stresses that the data of comparison must be empirical, gathered by experimentation. The history of civilization as well as ethnology are to be brought into the comparison. It is to be presumed fundamentally that the species, man, is a unity, and that "the same laws of thought are applicable to all men".
qas: answers: text: the science of the nature of man
question: How did Waitz define anthropology?

answers: text: an animist
question: What philosophical perspective did Waitz hold?

answers: text: comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology
question: What would anthropology use to differentiate man from the animals nearest him?

answers: text: empirical
question: What did Waitz stress that the data of comparison must be?

answers: text: civilization
question: What history was to be brought into the comparison?

context: Waitz was influential among the British ethnologists. In 1863 the explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt broke away from the Ethnological Society of London to form the Anthropological Society of London, which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnology. It was the 2nd society dedicated to general anthropology in existence. Representatives from the French Société were present, though not Broca. In his keynote address, printed in the first volume of its new publication, The Anthropological Review, Hunt stressed the work of Waitz, adopting his definitions as a standard.[n 5] Among the first associates were the young Edward Burnett Tylor, inventor of cultural anthropology, and his brother Alfred Tylor, a geologist. Previously Edward had referred to himself as an ethnologist; subsequently, an anthropologist.
qas: answers: text: British ethnologists
question: Who was Waitz influential among?

answers: text: 1863
question: In what year did Richard Francis Burton break away from the Ethnological Society of London?

answers: text: anthropology
question: What path of exploration did the Anthropological Society of London follow?

answers: text: French Société
question: Representatives from where were present in the Anthropological Society of London?

answers: text: Waitz
question: Whose work did Hunt stress in the first volume of The Anthropological Review?

context: This meagre statistic expanded in the 20th century to comprise anthropology departments in the majority of the world's higher educational institutions, many thousands in number. Anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more. Practical anthropology, the use of anthropological knowledge and technique to solve specific problems, has arrived; for example, the presence of buried victims might stimulate the use of a forensic archaeologist to recreate the final scene. Organization has reached global level. For example, the World Council of Anthropological Associations (WCAA), "a network of national, regional and international associations that aims to promote worldwide communication and cooperation in anthropology", currently contains members from about three dozen nations.
qas: answers: text: majority of the world's higher educational institutions
question: What did the 20th century see the expansion of anthropology departments into?

answers: text: subdivisions
question: What was anthropology diversified into dozens of?

answers: text: Practical
question: What type of anthropology is used to solve specific problems?

answers: text: recreate the final scene
question: What does a forensic archaeologist become stimulated to do in the presence of buried victims?

answers: text: about three dozen
question: From how many nations does the WCAA boast members from?

context: Media anthropology (also known as anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers, journalists in the field, film production) to contexts of media reception, following audiences in their everyday responses to media. Other types include cyber anthropology, a relatively new area of internet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education. This is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts, where media such as radio, the press, new media and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s.
qas: answers: text: Media anthropology
question: What type of anthropology tries to understand the social aspects of mass media?

answers: text: ethnographic
question: Media production and media reception are examples of what type of context?

answers: text: early 1990s
question: Media such as a radio and television have started to make their presences felt since what years?

answers: text: media reception
question: Following audiences in their everyday responses to media is encompassed by what type of context?

answers: text: cyber
question: What type of anthropology involves the relatively new area of internet search?

context: Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including areas such as performance, museums, art, and the production and reception of mass media. Visual representations from all cultures, such as sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology.
qas: answers: text: Visual
question: What type of anthropology concerns itself with the study of photography and film?

answers: text: visual representation
question: What are performances, art, and the production of mass media grouped under?

answers: text: all
question: What cultures' visual representations are included in visual anthropology?

answers: text: ethnographic film
question: What term is visual anthropology sometimes used interchangeably with?

context: Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish-British founder of Anthropology, Bronislaw Malinowski, and his French compatriot, Marcel Mauss, on the nature of gift-giving exchange (or reciprocity) as an alternative to market exchange. Economic Anthropology remains, for the most part, focused upon exchange. The school of thought derived from Marx and known as Political Economy focuses on production, in contrast. Economic Anthropologists have abandoned the primitivist niche they were relegated to by economists, and have now turned to examine corporations, banks, and the global financial system from an anthropological perspective.
qas: answers: text: Economic
question: Which branch of anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior?

answers: text: historic, geographic and cultural
question: Economic anthropology covers what scope of human economic behavior?

answers: text: discipline of economics
question: What is economic anthropology highly critical of?

answers: text: Bronislaw Malinowski
question: Who was the Polish-British founder of Anthropology?

answers: text: exchange
question: What is Economic Anthropology mostly focused upon?

context: Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of Historical Materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including, but not limited to, non-capitalist societies. Political Economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture. Three main areas of interest rapidly developed. The first of these areas was concerned with the "pre-capitalist" societies that were subject to evolutionary "tribal" stereotypes. Sahlins work on Hunter-gatherers as the 'original affluent society' did much to dissipate that image. The second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world's population at the time, the peasantry, many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam. The third area was on colonialism, imperialism, and the creation of the capitalist world-system. More recently, these Political Economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism around the world.
qas: answers: text: traditional concerns
question: What does political economy in anthropology apply Historical Materialism to?

answers: text: history and colonialism
question: What did Political Economy introduce questions of to theories of social structure and culture?

answers: text: Hunter-gatherers
question: Who were the original affluent society?

answers: text: population
question: What do peasants make up the vast majority of in the world?

answers: text: industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism
question: What have Political Economists most recently focused on the issues of?

context: Applied Anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems. It is a, "complex of related, research-based, instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data, initiation of direct action, and/or the formulation of policy". More simply, applied anthropology is the practical side of anthropological research; it includes researcher involvement and activism within the participating community. It is closely related to Development anthropology (distinct from the more critical Anthropology of development).
qas: answers: text: Applied
question: What type of anthropology is used to analyse and find solutions to real world problems?

answers: text: change or stability
question: What do the instrumental methods of applied anthropology produce?

answers: text: direct
question: What type of action does applied anthropology initiate?

answers: text: the practical side
question: What side of anthropology is applied anthropology?

answers: text: participating
question: Included in applied anthropology is researcher involvement as well as activism in what communities?

context: Anthropology of development tends to view development from a critical perspective. The kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach simply involve pondering why, if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty, is poverty increasing? Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes? Why are those working in development so willing to disregard history and the lessons it might offer? Why is development so externally driven rather than having an internal basis? In short why does so much planned development fail?
qas: answers: text: critical
question: What perspective does development anthropology view development from?

answers: text: pondering
question: What does development anthropology involves doing a lot of?

answers: text: increasing
question: Development anthropologists would like to know why if a goal is to alleviate poverty, that poverty is doing what?

answers: text: gap
question: When it comes to plans and outcomes, what do development anthropologists look at between them?

answers: text: fail
question: What does a lot of planned development apparently do?

context: Kinship can refer both to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures, or it can refer to the patterns of social relationships themselves. Over its history, anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as "descent", "descent groups", "lineages", "affines", "cognates", and even "fictive kinship". Broadly, kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent (one's social relations during development), and also relatives by marriage.
qas: answers: text: Kinship
question: What can refer to the study of patterns in human cultures?

answers: text: anthropology
question: What has developed a number of related concepts and terms?

answers: text: Over its history
question: When has anthropology developed related terms?

answers: text: one's social relations during development
question: What does it mean if people are related by descent?

answers: text: marriage
question: Kinship patterns can included people who are relatives by what cultural ritual involving the exchange of rings and sometimes dowry?

context: Feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology (archeological, biological, cultural, linguistic) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings, anthropological hiring practices, and the scholarly production of knowledge. Anthropology engages often with feminists from non-Western traditions, whose perspectives and experiences can differ from those of white European and American feminists. Historically, such 'peripheral' perspectives have sometimes been marginalized and regarded as less valid or important than knowledge from the western world. Feminist anthropologists have claimed that their research helps to correct this systematic bias in mainstream feminist theory. Feminist anthropologists are centrally concerned with the construction of gender across societies. Feminist anthropology is inclusive of birth anthropology as a specialization.
qas: answers: text: Feminist
question: What type of anthropology focuses on a political agenda rather than on contributing to science?

answers: text: male bias
question: What does feminist anthropology self-reports as seeking to reduce in research findings?

answers: text: systematic bias
question: What do feminist anthropologists claim their research helps to correct?

answers: text: gender
question: What are feminist anthropologists centrally concerned about?

answers: text: birth anthropology
question: What type of anthropology do feminist anthropologists inclusively specialize in?

context: Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems, nutritional status and food security, and how changes in the former affect the latter. If economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food, food security, and dietary health, then this interplay between culture and biology is in turn connected to broader historical and economic trends associated with globalization. Nutritional status affects overall health status, work performance potential, and the overall potential for economic development (either in terms of human development or traditional western models) for any given group of people.
qas: answers: text: Nutritional
question: What division of anthropology concerns itself with food security?

answers: text: food security
question: Nutritional anthropologists investigate the interplay between economic systems and what?

answers: text: globalization
question: If environmental changes in a community affect access to food, then there is an eventual connection to what?

answers: text: Nutritional status
question: What affects overall health status?

answers: text: economic
question: What can having ready access to food affect the overall potential development of?

context: Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes. This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group—with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories—shape processes of human cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and mental health. It also examines how the understanding of cognition, emotion, motivation, and similar psychological processes inform or constrain our models of cultural and social processes.
qas: answers: text: Psychological
question: What subfield of anthropology studies mental processes? 

answers: text: humans' development and enculturation
question: What does psychological anthropology particularly focus on in a particular culture group?

answers: text: its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories
question: What aspects define a cultural group?

answers: text: cultural group
question: What shapes processes of human cognition?

answers: text: understanding
question: Psychological anthropology examines how our models of social processes are informed by what?

context: Cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns of shared knowledge, cultural innovation, and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences (especially experimental psychology and evolutionary biology) often through close collaboration with historians, ethnographers, archaeologists, linguists, musicologists and other specialists engaged in the description and interpretation of cultural forms. Cognitive anthropology is concerned with what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledge changes the way people perceive and relate to the world around them.
qas: answers: text: Cognitive
question: What type of anthology deals with patterns of shared knowledge?

answers: text: cognitive sciences
question: What methods and theories do cognitive anthropologists use to explain cultural innovation?

answers: text: experimental psychology and evolutionary biology
question: What are two examples of methods and theories of cognitive science?

answers: text: implicit knowledge
question: Cognitive anthropologists want to know how the way people perceive and related to the world around them is linked to what?

context: Political anthropology concerns the structure of political systems, looked at from the basis of the structure of societies. Political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies, a new development started from the 1960s, and is still unfolding: anthropologists started increasingly to study more "complex" social settings in which the presence of states, bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena. The turn towards complex societies meant that political themes were taken up at two main levels. First of all, anthropologists continued to study political organization and political phenomena that lay outside the state-regulated sphere (as in patron-client relations or tribal political organization). Second of all, anthropologists slowly started to develop a disciplinary concern with states and their institutions (and of course on the relationship between formal and informal political institutions). An anthropology of the state developed, and it is a most thriving field today. Geertz' comparative work on "Negara", the Balinese state is an early, famous example.
qas: answers: text: Political
question: What type of anthropology is interested in the structure of political systems?

answers: text: structure of societies
question: From what basis do political anthropologists examine the structure of political systems?

answers: text: the 1960s
question: When did the new development of a stateless society come about?

answers: text: "complex"
question: The presence of states, bureaucracies and markets makes for what type of social setting?

answers: text: Geertz
question: Who did a comparative work on a Balinese state?

context: Cyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within the American Anthropological Association's annual meeting in 1993. The sub-group was very closely related to STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science. Donna Haraway's 1985 Cyborg Manifesto could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthropology by first exploring the philosophical and sociological ramifications of the term. Cyborg anthropology studies humankind and its relations with the technological systems it has built, specifically modern technological systems that have reflexively shaped notions of what it means to be human beings.
qas: answers: text: Cyborg
question: What type of anthropology originated as a sub-focus group?

answers: text: 1993
question: When did the division of cyborg anthropology originate?

answers: text: the Society for the Social Studies of Science
question: What the sub-group of cyborg anthropology very closely related to, in addition to STS?

answers: text: Donna Haraway
question: Who published a Cyborg Manifesto?

answers: text: its relations
question: What does cyborg anthropology study about humankind and technological systems humans have built?

context: Environmental anthropology is a sub-specialty within the field of anthropology that takes an active role in examining the relationships between humans and their environment across space and time. The contemporary perspective of environmental anthropology, and arguably at least the backdrop, if not the focus of most of the ethnographies and cultural fieldworks of today, is political ecology. Many characterize this new perspective as more informed with culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, and more. The focus and data interpretation is often used for arguments for/against or creation of policy, and to prevent corporate exploitation and damage of land. Often, the observer has become an active part of the struggle either directly (organizing, participation) or indirectly (articles, documentaries, books, ethnographies). Such is the case with environmental justice advocate Melissa Checker and her relationship with the people of Hyde Park.
qas: answers: text: Environmental
question: Which sub-specialty of anthropology takes an active role in looking at how humans interact with their environment?

answers: text: political ecology
question: What is the focus of most of the field work in environmental anthropology today?

answers: text: culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, and more.
question: What do many characterize the new perspective as being more informed with?

answers: text: corporate
question: The data interpretation of environmental anthropology can be used to prevent what type of exploitation?

answers: text: people of Hyde Park
question: Who does Melissa Checker have a relationship with?

context: Ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records. It is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today. Ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation. Its historical methods and materials go beyond the standard use of documents and manuscripts. Practitioners recognize the utility of such source material as maps, music, paintings, photography, folklore, oral tradition, site exploration, archaeological materials, museum collections, enduring customs, language, and place names.
qas: answers: text: by examining historical records
question: How does an someone interested in ethnohistory learn more about cultures and customs?

answers: text: ethnic
question: Ethnohistory can study the history of what types of groups which may or may not exist today?

answers: text: its foundation
question: What does ethnohistory use both historical and ethnographic data as?

answers: text: documents and manuscripts
question: What do the methods of ethnohistory go beyond the standard use of?

answers: text: Practitioners
question: Who recognizes the utility of music, folkore and language?

context: Urban anthropology is concerned with issues of urbanization, poverty, and neoliberalism. Ulf Hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were "a notoriously agoraphobic lot, anti-urban by definition". Various social processes in the Western World as well as in the "Third World" (the latter being the habitual focus of attention of anthropologists) brought the attention of "specialists in 'other cultures'" closer to their homes. There are two principle approaches in urban anthropology: by examining the types of cities or examining the social issues within the cities. These two methods are overlapping and dependent of each other. By defining different types of cities, one would use social factors as well as economic and political factors to categorize the cities. By directly looking at the different social issues, one would also be studying how they affect the dynamic of the city.
qas: answers: text: Urban
question: What division of anthropology is concerned with poverty?

answers: text: Ulf Hannerz
question: Who is fond of quoting a remark from the 1960s?

answers: text: notoriously agoraphobic
question: What is a stereotype of traditional anthropologists? 

answers: text: two
question: How many principles approaches are there in urban anthropology?

answers: text: social issues
question: One would be studying how the dynamic of a city is affected if one were looking directly at different what?

context: Anthrozoology (also known as "human–animal studies") is the study of interaction between living things. It is a burgeoning interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines, including anthropology, ethology, medicine, psychology, veterinary medicine and zoology. A major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions. It includes scholars from a diverse range of fields, including anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy.[n 7]
qas: answers: text: human–animal studies
question: What is Anthrozoology also known as?

answers: text: Anthrozoology
question: What is the study of interaction between living things?

answers: text: number of other disciplines
question: What does the field of anthrozoology overlap with?

answers: text: positive
question: What type of effects are a major focus of the anthrozoologic research?

answers: text: anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy
question: What are some of the diverse range of fields scholars come to Anthrozoology from?

context: Evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominins and non-hominin primates. Evolutionary anthropology is based in natural science and social science, combining the human development with socioeconomic factors. Evolutionary anthropology is concerned with both biological and cultural evolution of humans, past and present. It is based on a scientific approach, and brings together fields such as archaeology, behavioral ecology, psychology, primatology, and genetics. It is a dynamic and interdisciplinary field, drawing on many lines of evidence to understand the human experience, past and present.
qas: answers: text: Evolutionary
question: What branch of anthropology studies human behavior and the relation between primates?

answers: text: natural science and social science
question: What is evolutionary anthropology  based in?

answers: text: past and present
question: Which humans does evolutionary anthropology concern itself with the biological and cultural evolution of?

answers: text: scientific
question: What type of approach is evolutionary anthropology based on?

answers: text: many lines
question: What evidence does evolutionary anthropology draw on to understand the human experience?

context: Ethical commitments in anthropology include noticing and documenting genocide, infanticide, racism, mutilation (including circumcision and subincision), and torture. Topics like racism, slavery, and human sacrifice attract anthropological attention and theories ranging from nutritional deficiencies to genes to acculturation have been proposed, not to mention theories of colonialism and many others as root causes of Man's inhumanity to man. To illustrate the depth of an anthropological approach, one can take just one of these topics, such as "racism" and find thousands of anthropological references, stretching across all the major and minor sub-fields.
qas: answers: text: Ethical
question: What type of anthropology commitment is noticing and documenting genocide?

answers: text: mutilation
question: What is the proper term for circumcision?

answers: text: racism, slavery, and human sacrifice
question: What are good topics to attract the attention of an anthropologist?

answers: text: man
question: Nutritional deficiencies and colonialism are just two theories of the root cause of Man's inhumanity towards whom?

answers: text: depth of an anthropological approach
question: Why can one find thousands of anthropological references to the topics?

context: But by the 1940s, many of Boas' anthropologist contemporaries were active in the allied war effort against the "Axis" (Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan). Many served in the armed forces, while others worked in intelligence (for example, Office of Strategic Services and the Office of War Information). At the same time, David H. Price's work on American anthropology during the Cold War provides detailed accounts of the pursuit and dismissal of several anthropologists from their jobs for communist sympathies.
qas: answers: text: active in the allied war effort
question: What were Boas' peers doing in the 1940s?

answers: text: Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan
question: What groups formed the Axis forces?

answers: text: the armed forces
question: What did many anthropologists serve in?

answers: text: intelligence
question: The Office of Strategic Services is an example of what type of posting during the War?

answers: text: communist sympathies.
question: Why are several anthropologists dismissed from their jobs, according to David H. Price?

context: Professional anthropological bodies often object to the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state. Their codes of ethics or statements may proscribe anthropologists from giving secret briefings. The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth (ASA) has called certain scholarship ethically dangerous. The AAA's current 'Statement of Professional Responsibility' clearly states that "in relation with their own government and with host governments ... no secret research, no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given."
qas: answers: text: the state
question: What do groups of anthropologists object to the use of anthropology for benefit of?

answers: text: secret
question: What type of briefings are forbidden for members of certain anthropologist bodies to give?

answers: text: certain scholarship
question: What has the ASA identified as being ethically dangerous?

answers: text: The AAA
question: Who penned a "Statement of Professional Responsibility"?

answers: text: given
question: Secret research and reports are things which should never be what?

context: Anthropologists, along with other social scientists, are working with the US military as part of the US Army's strategy in Afghanistan. The Christian Science Monitor reports that "Counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs" in Afghanistan, under the Human Terrain System (HTS) program; in addition, HTS teams are working with the US military in Iraq. In 2009, the American Anthropological Association's Commission on the Engagement of Anthropology with the US Security and Intelligence Communities released its final report concluding, in part, that, "When ethnographic investigation is determined by military missions, not subject to external review, where data collection occurs in the context of war, integrated into the goals of counterinsurgency, and in a potentially coercive environment – all characteristic factors of the HTS concept and its application – it can no longer be considered a legitimate professional exercise of anthropology. In summary, while we stress that constructive engagement between anthropology and the military is possible, CEAUSSIC suggests that the AAA emphasize the incompatibility of HTS with disciplinary ethics and practice for job seekers and that it further recognize the problem of allowing HTS to define the meaning of "anthropology" within DoD."
qas: answers: text: the US military
question: Who are anthropologists working with along with other social scientists? 

answers: text: US Army's strategy in Afghanistan
question: What are the anthropologists part of?

answers: text: Counterinsurgency
question: What efforts focus on better understanding and meeting of local needs in Afghanistan?

answers: text: Iraq
question: Where are HTS teams working with the military in addition to Afghanistan?

answers: text: ethics
question: What does the AAA feel is incompatible with working with the military?

context: Biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals (behaviors, ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures). They use many different methods of study, but modern population genetics, participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists "into the field," which means traveling to a community in its own setting, to do something called "fieldwork." On the biological or physical side, human measurements, genetic samples, nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or monographs.
qas: answers: text: Biological
question: What type of anthropologist is interested in human variation?

answers: text: human universals
question: What would an idea shared by virtually all human cultures be considered?

answers: text: into the field
question: Where can participant observation take an anthropologist?

answers: text: a community in its own setting
question: To be able to do fieldwork, an anthropologist must first travel to what?

answers: text: genetic
question: Articles can published once what type of samples have been taken?

context: Along with dividing up their project by theoretical emphasis, anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions. Human time on Earth is divided up into relevant cultural traditions based on material, such as the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, of particular use in archaeology.[citation needed] Further cultural subdivisions according to tool types, such as Olduwan or Mousterian or Levalloisian help archaeologists and other anthropologists in understanding major trends in the human past.[citation needed] Anthropologists and geographers share approaches to Culture regions as well, since mapping cultures is central to both sciences. By making comparisons across cultural traditions (time-based) and cultural regions (space-based), anthropologists have developed various kinds of comparative method, a central part of their science.
qas: answers: text: relevant time periods and geographic regions
question: How do anthropologists typically like to divide up the world?

answers: text: cultural traditions based on material
question: How has human time on Earth been divided up?

answers: text: tool
question: Olduwan, Mousterian, and Levalloisian are all types of what?

answers: text: geographers
question: Mapping cultures is central to both the sciences of anthropologists and who else?

answers: text: comparative method
question: What is a central part of the science of anthropology?

context: Some authors argue that anthropology originated and developed as the study of "other cultures", both in terms of time (past societies) and space (non-European/non-Western societies). For example, the classic of urban anthropology, Ulf Hannerz in the introduction to his seminal Exploring the City: Inquiries Toward an Urban Anthropology mentions that the "Third World" had habitually received most of attention; anthropologists who traditionally specialized in "other cultures" looked for them far away and started to look "across the tracks" only in late 1960s.
qas: answers: text: "other cultures
question: What do some authors state anthropology developed as the study of?

answers: text: time
question: A past society would be an other culture separated by what temporal aspect?

answers: text: non-European/non-Western societies
question: What other cultures are said to be separated by space, what is actually meant?

answers: text: Ulf Hannerz
question: Who published a book with unnecessarily long title, "Exploring the City: Inquires Toward an Urban Anthropology"?

answers: text: only in late 1960s
question: When did anthropologists stop looking for cultures far away and instead began to "look across the tracks"?

context: Since the 1980s it has become common for social and cultural anthropologists to set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region, frequently examining the connections between locations rather than limiting research to a single locale. There has also been a related shift toward broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people; increasingly, research is set in settings such as scientific laboratories, social movements, governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses.
qas: answers: text: set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region
question: What has become common for social anthropologists to do since the 1980s?

answers: text: research to a single locale
question: Setting research in the North Atlantic region allows looking at connections between locations rather than being limited to what?

answers: text: daily life of ordinary people
question: What has there been a shift toward broadening the focus beyond?

answers: text: scientific laboratories
question: What setting have anthropologists done more research in recently?

answers: text: research
question: Governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses are all settings which are fair game to do what in?