Estonia

context: Estonia (i/ɛˈstoʊniə/; Estonian: Eesti [ˈeːsti]), officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia (338.6 km). Across the Baltic Sea lies Sweden in the west and Finland in the north. The territory of Estonia consists of a mainland and 2,222 islands and islets in the Baltic Sea, covering 45,339 km2 (17,505 sq mi) of land, and is influenced by a humid continental climate.
qas: answers: text: the Republic of Estonia
question: What is the official name for Estonia?

answers: text: the Baltic region
question: Where is Estonia located in Northern Europe?

answers: text: the Gulf of Finland
question: What borders the north of Estonia?

answers: text: the Baltic Sea
question: What body of water borders Estonia on the west?

answers: text: Latvia
question: What country borders south Estonia?

context: After centuries of Danish, Swedish and German rule the native Estonians started to yearn for independence during the period of national awakening while being governed by the Russian Empire. Established on 24 February 1918, the Republic of Estonia came into existence towards the end of World War I. During World War II, Estonia was then occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940, then Nazi Germany a year later and again in 1944 establishing the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1988, during the Singing Revolution, the Estonian SSR issued the Estonian Sovereignty Declaration to defy against the illegal Soviet rule. Estonia then restored its independence during the 1991 coup by the Soviets on the night of 20 August 1991.
qas: answers: text: the period of national awakening
question: When did Estonia start hoping for freedom?

answers: text: the Russian Empire
question: Who was in control during the national awakening?

answers: text: Danish, Swedish and German rule
question: Who was in control of Estonia for most of the country's history?

answers: text: 1918
question: What year was the Republic of Estonia established?

answers: text: World War I
question: What war ended as Estonia was born?

context: A developed country with an advanced, high-income economy and high living standards, Estonia ranks very high in the Human Development Index, and performs favourably in measurements of economic freedom, civil liberties, education, and press freedom (third in the world in 2012). Estonia has been among the fastest growing economies in the European Union and is a part of the World Trade Organization and the Nordic Investment Bank. Estonia is often described as one of the most internet-focused countries in Europe.
qas: answers: text: high-income economy and high living standards
question: What features describe Estonia as a developed nation?

answers: text: the Human Development Index
question: What standard of living does Estonia rank well in?

answers: text: Estonia
question: What country performs well in evaluation of economic freedom, civil liberties, and education?

answers: text: 2012
question: What year did Estonia rank third in press freedom?

answers: text: the Nordic Investment Bank
question: What financial institution is associated with Estonia?

context: In the first centuries AD, political and administrative subdivisions began to emerge in Estonia. Two larger subdivisions appeared: the province (Estonian: kihelkond) and the land (Estonian: maakond). Several elderships or villages made up a province. Nearly all provinces had at least one fortress. The king or other highest administrative official elder directed the defense of the local area. By the thirteenth century Estonia consisted of the following provinces: Revala, Harjumaa, Saaremaa, Hiiumaa, Läänemaa, Alempois, Sakala, Ugandi, Jogentagana, Soopoolitse, Vaiga, Mõhu, Nurmekund, Järvamaa and Virumaa.
qas: answers: text: first centuries AD
question: When did political subgroups begin to appear in Estonia?

answers: text: kihelkond
question: What subdivision was associated with the province?

answers: text: maakond
question: What subdivision was associated with the land?

answers: text: fortress
question: What type of structure did most provinces have?

answers: text: The king or other highest administrative official elder
question: Who commanded the defense of an area?

context: The Oeselians or Osilians (Estonian saarlased; singular: saarlane) were a historical subdivision of Estonians inhabiting Saaremaa (Danish: Øsel; German: Ösel; Swedish: Ösel), an Estonian island in the Baltic Sea. They were first mentioned as early as the second century BC in Ptolemy's Geography III. The Oeselians were known in the Old Norse Icelandic Sagas and in Heimskringla as Víkingr frá Esthland (Estonian Vikings). Their sailing vessels were called pirate ships by Henry of Latvia in his Latin chronicles written at the beginning of the 13th century.
qas: answers: text: The Oeselians
question: Which subdivision of Estonians lived in Saaremaa?

answers: text: the Baltic Sea
question: Where is Saaremaa located?

answers: text: Ptolemy's Geography III
question: Where was the initial mention of the Oeselians?

answers: text: Henry of Latvia
question: Who described the sailboats of the Estonians as pirate ships?

context: Perhaps the most famous raid by Oeselian pirates occurred in 1187, with the attack on the Swedish town of Sigtuna by Finnic raiders from Couronia and Oesel. Among the casualties of this raid was the Swedish archbishop Johannes. The city remained occupied for some time, contributing to its decline as a center of commerce in the 13th century and the rise of Uppsala, Visby, Kalmar and Stockholm. The Livonian Chronicle describes the Oeselians as using two kinds of ships, the piratica and the liburna. The former was a warship, the latter mainly a merchant ship. A piratica could carry approximately 30 men and had a high prow shaped like a dragon or a snakehead and a rectangular sail. Viking-age treasures from Estonia mostly contain silver coins and bars. Saaremaa has the richest finds of Viking treasures after Gotland in Sweden. This strongly suggests that Estonia was an important transit country during the Viking era.
qas: answers: text: 1187
question: What year did the Oeselian pirates carry out a famous raid?

answers: text: the Swedish town of Sigtuna
question: Who did the Oeselian pirates atack?

answers: text: Swedish archbishop Johannes
question: What important figure was killed in the raid?

answers: text: the piratica and the liburna
question: What two ships were used by the Oeselian pirates?

answers: text: merchant ship
question: What type of ship was the liburna?

context: The superior god of Oeselians as described by Henry of Latvia was called Tharapita. According to the legend in the chronicle Tharapita was born on a forested mountain in Virumaa (Latin: Vironia), mainland Estonia from where he flew to Oesel, Saaremaa The name Taarapita has been interpreted as "Taara, help!"/"Thor, help!" (Taara a(v)ita in Estonian) or "Taara keeper"/"Thor keeper" (Taara pidaja) Taara is associated with the Scandinavian god Thor. The story of Tharapita's or Taara's flight from Vironia to Saaremaa has been associated with a major meteor disaster estimated to have happened in 660 ± 85 BC that formed Kaali crater in Saaremaa.
qas: answers: text: Tharapita
question: What god did the Oeselians worship?

answers: text: Henry of Latvia
question: Who described Tharapita?

answers: text: on a forested mountain in Virumaa
question: Where was Tharapita born in his legend story?

answers: text: Thor
question: What famous Viking God is associated with Tharapita?

answers: text: meteor disaster
question: What event formed a crater in Saaremaa?

context: The capital of Danish Estonia (Danish: Hertugdømmet Estland) was Reval (Tallinn), founded at the place of Lyndanisse after the invasion of 1219. The Danes built the fortress of Castrum Danorum at Toompea Hill. Estonians still call their capital "Tallinn", which according to legend derives from Taani linna (meaning Danish town or castle). Reval was granted Lübeck city rights (1248) and joined the Hanseatic League. Even today, Danish influence can be seen in heraldic symbols. The Danish cross is on the city of Tallinn's coat of arms, and Estonia's coat of arms displays three lions similar to those found on the Danish coat of arms.
qas: answers: text: Reval
question: What was the capital of Danish Estonia?

answers: text: the invasion of 1219
question: What event preceded the founding of the capital?

answers: text: the fortress of Castrum Danorum
question: What structure was built at Toompea Hill?

answers: text: 1248
question: What year was Reval granted with Lübeck city rights?

context: On St. George's Night (Estonian: Jüriöö ülestõus) 23 April 1343, the indigenous Estonian population in the Duchy of Estonia, the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek and the insular territories of the State of the Teutonic Order tried to rid themselves of the Danish and German rulers and landlords, who had conquered the country in the 13th century during the Livonian crusade, and to eradicate the non-indigenous Christian religion. After initial success the revolt was ended by the invasion of the Teutonic Order. In 1346 the Duchy of Estonia was sold for 19,000 Köln marks to the Teutonic Order by the King of Denmark. The shift of sovereignty from Denmark to the State of the Teutonic Order took place on 1 November 1346.
qas: answers: text: 23 April 1343
question: What is the date of St. George's Night?

answers: text: St. George's Night
question: When did the indigenous Estonians try to overthrow their Danish and German rulers?

answers: text: the non-indigenous Christian religion
question: What belief system did the native Estonians try to remove? 

answers: text: the invasion of the Teutonic Order.
question: What event ended the uprising?

answers: text: 1 November 1346
question: What date did sovereignty shift from the state of Denmark?

context: From 1228, after of the Livonian Crusade, through the 1560s, Estonia was part of Terra Mariana, established on 2 February 1207 as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire and proclaimed by Pope Innocent III in 1215 as subject to the Holy See. The southern parts of the country were conquered by Livonian Brothers of the Sword who joined the Teutonic Order in 1237 and became its branch known as the Livonian Order. The Duchy of Estonia was created out of the northern parts of the country and was a direct dominion of the King of Denmark from 1219 until 1346, when it was sold to the Teutonic Order and became part of the Ordenstaat. In 1343, the people of northern Estonia and Saaremaa rebelled against German rule in the St. George's Night Uprising, which was put down by 1345. The unsuccessful rebellion led to a consolidation of power for the Baltic German minority. For the subsequent centuries they remained the ruling elite in both cities and in the countryside.
qas: answers: text: 2 February 1207
question: When was Terra Mariana established?

answers: text: Livonian Brothers of the Sword
question: Who ruled the southern parts of Estonia?

answers: text: 1237
question: What year did the Livonian Brothers join the Teutonic Order?

answers: text: 1346
question: What year did the King of Denmark sell Estonia to the Teutonic Order?

answers: text: German rule
question: Who did Estonia rebel against in 1343?

context: After the decline of the Teutonic Order following its defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, and the defeat of the Livonian Order in the Battle of Swienta on 1 September 1435, the Livonian Confederation Agreement was signed on 4 December 1435. The Livonian Confederation ceased to exist during the Livonian War (1558–82). The wars had reduced the Estonian population from about 250–300,000 people before the Livonian War to 120–140,000 in the 1620s. The Grand Duchy of Moscow and Tsardom of Russia also attempted invasions in 1481 and 1558, both of which were unsuccessful .
qas: answers: text: 1410
question: When did the Battle of Grunwald take place?

answers: text: the Battle of Grunwald
question: What event preceded the decline of the Teutonic Order?

answers: text: the Livonian Order
question: Who did the Estonians defeat in the Battle of Swienta?

answers: text: 1 September 1435
question: What is date of the Battle of Swienta?

answers: text: 4 December 1435
question: When was the Livonian Confederation Agreement signed?

context: The Reformation in Europe officially began in 1517 with Martin Luther (1483–1546) and his 95 Theses. The Reformation greatly changed the Baltic region. Its ideas came quickly to the Livonian Confederation and by the 1520s were widespread. Language, education, religion and politics were transformed. Church services were now conducted in the vernacular instead of in Latin, previously used. During the Livonian War in 1561, northern Estonia submitted to Swedish control. In the 1560s two voivodeships of present-day southern Estonia, Dorpat Voivodeship (Tartu region) and Parnawa Voivodeship (Pärnu region), became the autonomous Duchy of Livonia within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, under joint control of the Polish Crown and the Grand Duchy. In 1629, mainland Estonia came entirely under Swedish rule. Estonia was administratively divided between the provinces of Estonia in the north and Livonia in southern Estonia and northern Latvia. This division persisted until the early twentieth century.
qas: answers: text: 1517
question: When did the The Reformation in Europe start?

answers: text: Martin Luther
question: Who led the The Reformation in Europe?

answers: text: 1546
question: What was the year of Martin Luther's death?

answers: text: Language, education, religion and politics
question: What parts of society did the Reformation change?

answers: text: Latin
question: What was the previous language of the church?

context: As a result of the abolition of serfdom and the availability of education to the native Estonian-speaking population, an active Estonian nationalist movement developed in the 19th century.[citation needed] It began on a cultural level, resulting in the establishment of Estonian language literature, theatre and professional music and led on to the formation of the Estonian national identity and the Age of Awakening. Among the leaders of the movement were Johann Voldemar Jannsen, Jakob Hurt and Carl Robert Jakobson.
qas: answers: text: serfdom
question: What form of servitude was eliminated?

answers: text: 19th century
question: When did the Estonian nationalist movement begin?

answers: text: the Age of Awakening
question: The development of Estonian national identity was accompanied with what era?

answers: text: Johann Voldemar Jannsen, Jakob Hurt and Carl Robert Jakobson.
question: Who were the leaders of the Age of Awakening?

context: On 14 June, while the world's attention was focused on the fall of Paris to Nazi Germany a day earlier, the Soviet military blockade on Estonia went into effect, two Soviet bombers downed the Finnish passenger aeroplane "Kaleva" flying from Tallinn to Helsinki carrying three diplomatic pouches from the US delegations in Tallinn, Riga and Helsinki. On 16 June, the Soviet Union invaded Estonia. The Red Army exited from their military bases in Estonia on 17 June. The following day, some 90,000 additional troops entered the country. In the face of overwhelming Soviet force, the Estonian government capitulated on 17 June 1940 to avoid bloodshed.
qas: answers: text: Paris
question: What capital of France was lost to the Nazi Germans?

answers: text: 14 June
question: When did the Soviet army initiate their blockade on Estonia?

answers: text: Kaleva
question: What was the name of the Finnish aeroplane attacked by the Soviets?

answers: text: Helsinki
question: Where was the destination of Kaleva?

context: Most of the Estonian Defence Forces surrendered according to the orders of the Estonian government, believing that resistance was useless and were disarmed by the Red Army. Only the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion showed resistance to Red Army and Communist militia "People's Self-Defence" units in front of the XXI Grammar School in Tallinn on 21 June. As the Red Army brought in additional reinforcements supported by six armoured fighting vehicles, the battle lasted several hours until sundown. Finally the military resistance was ended with negotiations and the Independent Signal Battalion surrendered and was disarmed. There were two dead Estonian servicemen, Aleksei Männikus and Johannes Mandre, and several wounded on the Estonian side and about ten killed and more wounded on the Soviet side.
qas: answers: text: the Estonian government
question: Who commanded the defense of the Estonia to surrender?

answers: text: the Red Army
question: Who disarmed the Estonian Defence Forces?

answers: text: the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion
question: What was the name of the single unit that didn't surrender?

answers: text: 21 June
question: When did the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion face off against the Soviets?

context: On 6 August 1940, Estonia was annexed by the Soviet Union as the Estonian SSR. The provisions in the Estonian constitution requiring a popular referendum to decide on joining a supra-national body were ignored. Instead the vote to join the Soviet Union was taken by those elected in the elections held the previous month. Additionally those who had failed to do their "political duty" of voting Estonia into the USSR, specifically those who had failed to have their passports stamped for voting, were condemned to death by Soviet tribunals. The repressions followed with the mass deportations carried out by the Soviets in Estonia on 14 June 1941. Many of the country's political and intellectual leaders were killed or deported to remote areas of the USSR by the Soviet authorities in 1940–1941. Repressive actions were also taken against thousands of ordinary people.
qas: answers: text: 6 August 1940
question: What date was Estonia annexed by the Soviets?

answers: text: the Soviet Union
question: Who annexed Estonia as the Estonian SSR?

answers: text: the Estonian constitution
question: The rules of joining a super power were ignored from what document?

answers: text: elections
question: What system was used to decide on joining the Soviets?

context: After Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, the Wehrmacht crossed the Estonian southern border on 7 July. The Red Army retreated behind the Pärnu River – Emajõgi line on 12 July. At the end of July the Germans resumed their advance in Estonia working in tandem with the Estonian Forest Brothers. Both German troops and Estonian partisans took Narva on 17 August and the Estonian capital Tallinn on 28 August. After the Soviets were driven out from Estonia, German troops disarmed all the partisan groups.
qas: answers: text: 22 June 1941
question: What date did the Germans invade the Soviets?

answers: text: 7 July
question: When did the Werhmacht cross the south border of Estonia?

answers: text: the Pärnu River
question: What body of water did the Red Army retreat behind?

answers: text: 12 July
question: When did the Red Army fall back to the Parnu River?

answers: text: 22 June 1941
question: When did the Germans invade the Soviet Union?

answers: text: 7 July
question: When did the Werhmacht cross south border of Estonia?

answers: text: the Estonian Forest Brothers
question: Who helped the Germans take over Estonia?

context: Although initially the Germans were welcomed by most Estonians as liberators from the USSR and its oppressions, and hopes were raised for the restoration of the country's independence, it was soon realised that the Nazis were but another occupying power. The Germans used Estonia's resources for their war effort; for the duration of the occupation Estonia was incorporated into the German province of Ostland. The Germans and their collaborators also carried out The Holocaust in Estonia in which they established a network of concentration camps and murdered thousands of Estonian Jews and Estonian Gypsies, other Estonians, non-Estonian Jews, and Soviet prisoners of war.
qas: answers: text: liberators
question: What did the majority of Estonians view the Germans as?

answers: text: the USSR
question: Who was in control of Estonia before the Germans?

answers: text: the country's independence
question: What did Estonia hope to restore after the removal of the USSR?

answers: text: Estonia's resources
question: What did Germany take from Estonia for their war strategy?

context: Some Estonians, unwilling to side directly with the Nazis, joined the Finnish Army (which was allied with the Nazis) to fight against the Soviet Union. The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200 (Estonian: soomepoisid) was formed out of Estonian volunteers in Finland. Although many Estonians were recruited into the German armed forces (including Estonian Waffen-SS), the majority of them did so only in 1944 when the threat of a new invasion of Estonia by the Red Army had become imminent. In January 1944 Estonia was again facing the prospect of invasion from the Red Army and the last legitimate prime minister of the Republic of Estonia (according to the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia) delivered a radio address asking all able-bodied men born from 1904 through 1923 to report for military service. The call resulted in around 38,000 new enlistments and several thousand Estonians who had joined the Finnish Army came back to join the newly formed Territorial Defense Force, assigned to defend Estonia against the Soviet advance. It was hoped[by whom?] that by engaging in such a war Estonia would be able to attract Western support for Estonian independence.
qas: answers: text: the Finnish Army
question: Who did some Estonians join as an alternative to the Germans?

answers: text: the Nazis
question: Who was the Finnish Army allied with?

answers: text: Estonian volunteers in Finland
question: Who composed the The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200?

answers: text: 1944
question: What year did most Estonians join the Germans after a new Soviet threat was emerging?

context: In the face of the country being re-occupied by the Red Army, tens of thousands of Estonians (including a majority of the education, culture, science, political and social specialists) chose to either retreat with the Germans or flee to Finland or Sweden where they sought refuge in other western countries, often by refugee ships such as the SS Walnut. On 12 January 1949, the Soviet Council of Ministers issued a decree "on the expulsion and deportation" from Baltic states of "all kulaks and their families, the families of bandits and nationalists", and others.
qas: answers: text: tens of thousands
question: How many Estonians chose to retreat or flee when in anticipation of another Soviet invasion?

answers: text: Finland or Sweden
question: Which countries did most Estonians desire to flee to?

answers: text: the SS Walnut
question: What was the name of the refugee ship that Estonians boarded?

answers: text: 12 January 1949
question: What date did the Soviet Council of Ministers issue a declaration to remove native Estonians?

context: Half the deported perished, and the other half were not allowed to return until the early 1960s (years after Stalin's death).[citation needed] The activities of Soviet forces in 1940–41 and after reoccupation sparked a guerrilla war against Soviet authorities in Estonia by the Forest Brothers, who consisted mostly of Estonian veterans of the German and Finnish armies and some civilians. This conflict continued into the early 1950s. Material damage caused by the world war and the following Soviet era significantly slowed Estonia's economic growth, resulting in a wide wealth gap in comparison with neighbouring Finland and Sweden.
qas: answers: text: Half the deported perished
question: What percentage of Estonians died after deporation?

answers: text: the early 1960s
question: When were the deported Estonians allowed to return?

answers: text: Stalin's death
question: What event led to the return of Estonians back home?

answers: text: the Forest Brothers
question: Who fought a guerrilla war against the Soviets?

context: Militarization was another aspect of the Soviet state. Large parts of the country, especially the coastal areas, were closed to all but the Soviet military. Most of the sea shore and all sea islands (including Saaremaa and Hiiumaa) were declared "border zones". People not actually residing there were restricted from travelling to them without a permit. A notable closed military installation was the city of Paldiski, which was entirely closed to all public access. The city had a support base for the Soviet Baltic Fleet's submarines and several large military bases, including a nuclear submarine training centre complete with a full-scale model of a nuclear submarine with working nuclear reactors. The Paldiski reactors building passed into Estonian control in 1994 after the last Russian troops left the country. Immigration was another effect of Soviet occupation. Hundreds of thousands of migrants were relocated to Estonia from other parts of the Soviet Union to assist industrialisation and militarisation, contributing an increase of about half a million people within 45 years.
qas: answers: text: Militarization
question: What political strategy only allowed major parts of of Estonia to be accessed by the Soviets?

answers: text: Saaremaa and Hiiumaa
question: What sea islands were declared border zones?

answers: text: permit
question: What document did people need to travel to the border zones?

answers: text: A notable closed military installation
question: What was established in the city of Paldiski?

context: The U.S., UK, France, Italy and the majority of other Western countries considered the annexation of Estonia by the USSR illegal. They retained diplomatic relations with the representatives of the independent Republic of Estonia, never de jure recognised the existence of the Estonian SSR, and never recognised Estonia as a legal constituent part of the Soviet Union. Estonia's return to independence became possible as the Soviet Union faced internal regime challenges, loosening its hold on the outer empire. As the 1980s progressed, a movement for Estonian autonomy started. In the initial period of 1987–1989, this was partially for more economic independence, but as the Soviet Union weakened and it became increasingly obvious that nothing short of full independence would do, Estonia began a course towards self-determination.
qas: answers: text: the annexation of Estonia
question: What did most Western countries view as an illegal claim by the USSR?

answers: text: diplomatic relations
question: What relationship did Western countries continue with Estonia?

answers: text: the Estonian SSR
question: What institution did Western countries refuse to recognize?

answers: text: 1980s
question: What decade started the push for Estonian independence?

context: In 1989, during the "Singing Revolution", in a landmark demonstration for more independence, more than two million people formed a human chain stretching through Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, called the Baltic Way. All three nations had similar experiences of occupation and similar aspirations for regaining independence. The Estonian Sovereignty Declaration was issued on 16 November 1988. On 20 August 1991, Estonia declared formal independence during the Soviet military coup attempt in Moscow, reconstituting the pre-1940 state. The Soviet Union recognised the independence of Estonia on 6 September 1991. The first country to diplomatically recognise Estonia's reclaimed independence was Iceland. The last units of the Russian army left on 31 August 1994.
qas: answers: text: 1989
question: What year did the Singing Revolution occur?

answers: text: independence
question: What was the demonstration of the Singing Revolution trying to fight for?

answers: text: more than two million people
question: How many people created a chain of solidarity that went Estonia and other countries?

answers: text: the Baltic Way
question: What was the name of the human chain?

context: Estonia's land border with Latvia runs 267 kilometers; the Russian border runs 290 kilometers. From 1920 to 1945, Estonia's border with Russia, set by the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty, extended beyond the Narva River in the northeast and beyond the town of Pechory (Petseri) in the southeast. This territory, amounting to some 2,300 square kilometres (888 sq mi), was incorporated into Russia by Stalin at the end of World War II. For this reason the borders between Estonia and Russia are still not defined.
qas: answers: text: 267 kilometers
question: What is the length of the border that Estonia shares with Lativa?

answers: text: 290 kilometers
question: What is the length of the border that Estonia shares with Russia?

answers: text: the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty
question: What document established the border between Russia and Estonia?

context: Estonia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea immediately across the Gulf of Finland from Finland on the level northwestern part of the rising East European platform between 57.3° and 59.5° N and 21.5° and 28.1° E. Average elevation reaches only 50 metres (164 ft) and the country's highest point is the Suur Munamägi in the southeast at 318 metres (1,043 ft). There is 3,794 kilometres (2,357 mi) of coastline marked by numerous bays, straits, and inlets. The number of islands and islets is estimated at some 2,355 (including those in lakes). Two of them are large enough to constitute separate counties: Saaremaa and Hiiumaa. A small, recent cluster of meteorite craters, the largest of which is called Kaali is found on Saaremaa, Estonia.
qas: answers: text: the Baltic Sea
question: What body of water borders Estonia?

answers: text: 50 metres (164 ft)
question: What is the average elevation of Estonia?

answers: text: the Suur Munamägi
question: What is Estonia's highest mountain point?

answers: text: 318 metres (1,043 ft)
question: How tall is the the Suur Munamägi?

context: Estonia is situated in the northern part of the temperate climate zone and in the transition zone between maritime and continental climate. Estonia has four seasons of near-equal length. Average temperatures range from 16.3 °C (61.3 °F) on the Baltic islands to 18.1 °C (64.6 °F) inland in July, the warmest month, and from −3.5 °C (25.7 °F) on the Baltic islands to −7.6 °C (18.3 °F) inland in February, the coldest month. The average annual temperature in Estonia is 5.2 °C (41.4 °F). The average precipitation in 1961–1990 ranged from 535 to 727 mm (21.1 to 28.6 in) per year.
qas: answers: text: northern part
question: What section of the temperate climate zone does Estonia reside?

answers: text: near-equal length
question: What is the similar trait of Estonia's four seasons?

answers: text: 16.3 °C (61.3 °F)
question: What is the average temperature of the Baltic Islands?

answers: text: July
question: What is the warmest month in Estonia?

context: A maakond (county) is the biggest administrative subdivision. The county government (Maavalitsus) of each county is led by a county governor (Maavanem), who represents the national government at the regional level. Governors are appointed by the Government of Estonia for a term of five years. Several changes were made to the borders of counties after Estonia became independent, most notably the formation of Valga County (from parts of Võru, Tartu and Viljandi counties) and Petseri County (area acquired from Russia with the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty).
qas: answers: text: A maakond
question: What is the largest administrative subdivision in Estonia?

answers: text: Maavalitsus
question: What is the county government in Estonia called?

answers: text: county governor
question: A Maavanem holds what position in Estonia?

answers: text: Maavanem
question: Who represents the national government on a local level?

context: Estonia is a parliamentary representative democratic republic in which the Prime Minister of Estonia is the head of government and which includes a multi-party system. The political culture is stable in Estonia, where power is held between two and three parties that have been in politics for a long time. This situation is similar to other countries in Northern Europe. The former Prime Minister of Estonia, Andrus Ansip, is also Europe's longest-serving Prime Minister (from 2005 until 2014). The current Estonian Prime Minister is Taavi Rõivas, who is the former Minister of Social Affairs and the head of the Estonian Reform Party.
qas: answers: text: the Prime Minister of Estonia
question: Who is the leader of Estonia's government?

answers: text: a multi-party system
question: What political structure aids the Prime Minister?

answers: text: Northern Europe
question: The political scene of Estonia is similar to other countries in what continent?

answers: text: Andrus Ansip
question: Who is Europe's longest serving Prime Minister?

context: The Parliament of Estonia (Estonian: Riigikogu) or the legislative branch is elected by people for a four-year term by proportional representation. The Estonian political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1992 constitutional document. The Estonian parliament has 101 members and influences the governing of the state primarily by determining the income and the expenses of the state (establishing taxes and adopting the budget). At the same time the parliament has the right to present statements, declarations and appeals to the people of Estonia, ratify and denounce international treaties with other states and international organisations and decide on the Government loans.
qas: answers: text: The Parliament of Estonia
question: What position do the citizens of Estonia elect for a four year term?

answers: text: 1992
question: What year did the Estonians create a constitutional document for their modern political system?

answers: text: 101 members
question: How many representatives are in the Estonian parliament?

answers: text: ratify and denounce international treaties
question: What can the Estonian parliament do in regards to treaties?

context: The Riigikogu elects and appoints several high officials of the state, including the President of the Republic. In addition to that, the Riigikogu appoints, on the proposal of the President of Estonia, the Chairman of the National Court, the chairman of the board of the Bank of Estonia, the Auditor General, the Legal Chancellor and the Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Forces. A member of the Riigikogu has the right to demand explanations from the Government of the Republic and its members. This enables the members of the parliament to observe the activities of the executive power and the above-mentioned high officials of the state.
qas: answers: text: The Riigikogu
question: Who chooses high state officials of Estonia?

answers: text: the Riigikogu
question: Who does the government have to explain their actions to?

answers: text: activities of the executive power
question: What can the Riigikogu monitor for abuse of influence?

context: The Government of Estonia (Estonian: Vabariigi Valitsus) or the executive branch is formed by the Prime Minister of Estonia, nominated by the president and approved by the parliament. The government exercises executive power pursuant to the Constitution of Estonia and the laws of the Republic of Estonia and consists of twelve ministers, including the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister also has the right to appoint other ministers and assign them a subject to deal with. These are ministers without portfolio — they don't have a ministry to control.
qas: answers: text: the Prime Minister of Estonia
question: Who establishes the executive branch of Estonia?

answers: text: parliament
question: Who has to approve the Government of Estonia after it is nominated by the President?

answers: text: twelve
question: How many ministers serve in the government?

answers: text: The Prime Minister
question: Who has the ability to assign other ministers?

context: The Prime Minister has the right to appoint a maximum of three such ministers, as the limit of ministers in one government is fifteen. It is also known as the cabinet. The cabinet carries out the country's domestic and foreign policy, shaped by parliament; it directs and co-ordinates the work of government institutions and bears full responsibility for everything occurring within the authority of executive power. The government, headed by the Prime Minister, thus represents the political leadership of the country and makes decisions in the name of the whole executive power.
qas: answers: text: three
question: What is the most amount of ministers that a Prime Minister can assign?

answers: text: the cabinet
question: What is another name for the governing body of ministers?

answers: text: domestic and foreign policy
question: What strategy does the cabinet execute?

answers: text: everything occurring within the authority of executive power
question: What major responsibility does the cabinet hold?

context: Estonia has pursued the development of the e-state and e-government. Internet voting is used in elections in Estonia. The first internet voting took place in the 2005 local elections and the first in a parliamentary election was made available for the 2007 elections, in which 30,275 individuals voted over the internet. Voters have a chance to invalidate their electronic vote in traditional elections, if they wish to. In 2009 in its eighth Worldwide Press Freedom Index, Reporters Without Borders ranked Estonia sixth out of 175 countries. In the first ever State of World Liberty Index report, Estonia was ranked first out of 159 countries.
qas: answers: text: Internet voting
question: What digital technology as Estonia been advacning?

answers: text: 2005
question: What year did the first internet vote occur in local Estonia elections?

answers: text: 2007
question: What year did the first internet vote occur in Estonia parliamentary elections?

answers: text: 30,275
question: In 2007, how many Estonians used internet voting?

context: According to the Constitution of Estonia (Estonian: Põhiseadus) the supreme power of the state is vested in the people. The people exercise their supreme power of the state on the elections of the Riigikogu through citizens who have the right to vote. The supreme judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court or Riigikohus, with nineteen justices. The Chief Justice is appointed by the parliament for nine years on nomination by the president. The official Head of State is the President of Estonia, who gives assent to the laws passed by Riigikogu, also having the right of sending them back and proposing new laws.
qas: answers: text: the Constitution of Estonia
question: What document declares supreme power for the people?

answers: text: the Supreme Court or Riigikohus
question: Who holds supreme judicial power in Estonia?

answers: text: nineteen
question: How many judges are on Estonia's supreme court?

answers: text: nine
question: How many years does the Chief justice serve?

context: Estonia was a member of the League of Nations from 22 September 1921, has been a member of the United Nations since 17 September 1991, and of NATO since 29 March 2004, as well as the European Union since 1 May 2004. Estonia is also a member of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) and the Nordic Investment Bank (NIB). As an OSCE participating State, Estonia's international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the U.S. Helsinki Commission. Estonia has also signed the Kyoto Protocol.
qas: answers: text: 22 September 1921
question: What date did Estonia join the League of Nations?

answers: text: 17 September 1991
question: What date did Estonia join the United Nations?

answers: text: 29 March 2004
question: What date did Estonia join NATO?

answers: text: 1 May 2004
question: What date did Estonia join the European Union?

context: Since regaining independence, Estonia has pursued a foreign policy of close co-operation with its Western European partners. The two most important policy objectives in this regard have been accession into NATO and the European Union, achieved in March and May 2004 respectively. Estonia's international realignment toward the West has been accompanied by a general deterioration in relations with Russia, most recently demonstrated by the protest triggered by the controversial relocation of the Bronze Soldier World War II memorial in Tallinn.
qas: answers: text: close co-operation
question: What type of foreign policy has Estonia sought after getting their independence?

answers: text: accession into NATO and the European Union
question: What were the most important foreign policy priorities?

answers: text: deterioration in relations with Russia
question: What trend has accompanied Estonia's cooperation with Western powers?

context: Since the early 1990s, Estonia is involved in active trilateral Baltic states co-operation with Latvia and Lithuania, and Nordic-Baltic co-operation with the Nordic countries. The Baltic Council is the joint forum of the interparliamentary Baltic Assembly (BA) and the intergovernmental Baltic Council of Ministers (BCM). Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB-8) is the joint co-operation of the governments of Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway and Sweden. Nordic-Baltic Six (NB-6), comprising Nordic-Baltic countries that are European Union member states, is a framework for meetings on EU related issues. Parliamentary co-operation between the Baltic Assembly and Nordic Council began in 1989. Annual summits take place, and in addition meetings are organised on all possible levels: speakers, presidiums, commissions, and individual members. The Nordic Council of Ministers has an office in Tallinn with a subsidiary in Tartu and information points in Narva, Valga and Pärnu. Joint Nordic-Baltic projects include the education programme Nordplus and mobility programmes for business and industry and for public administration.
qas: answers: text: Latvia and Lithuania
question: Which Baltic countries have cooperated with Estonia since the early 1990s?

answers: text: The Baltic Council
question: What is the combined group of the interparliamentary Baltic Assembly and the intergovernmental Baltic Council of Ministers?

answers: text: Nordic-Baltic Eight
question: What is the name of the joint group that Estonia shares with Denmark and 7 other countries?

answers: text: 1989
question: What year did Parliamentary co-operation between the Baltic Assembly and Nordic Council start?

context: An important element in Estonia's post-independence reorientation has been closer ties with the Nordic countries, especially Finland and Sweden. Indeed, Estonians consider themselves a Nordic people rather than Balts, based on their historical ties with Sweden, Denmark and particularly Finland. In December 1999, then Estonian foreign minister (and since 2006, president of Estonia) Toomas Hendrik Ilves delivered a speech entitled "Estonia as a Nordic Country" to the Swedish Institute for International Affairs. In 2003, the foreign ministry also hosted an exhibit called "Estonia: Nordic with a Twist".
qas: answers: text: closer ties with the Nordic countries
question: What has been a major factor in the restoration of Estonia after winning their independence?

answers: text: December 1999
question: When did Toomas Hendrik Ilves deliver his speech?

answers: text: Toomas Hendrik Ilves
question: Who expressed a speech called "Estonia as a Nordic Country"?

answers: text: 2003
question: What year did the foreign ministry hold an exhibit exploring the Nordic ties of Estonia?

context: In 2005, Estonia joined the European Union's Nordic Battle Group. It has also shown continued interest in joining the Nordic Council. Whereas in 1992 Russia accounted for 92% of Estonia's international trade, today there is extensive economic interdependence between Estonia and its Nordic neighbours: three quarters of foreign investment in Estonia originates in the Nordic countries (principally Finland and Sweden), to which Estonia sends 42% of its exports (as compared to 6.5% going to Russia, 8.8% to Latvia, and 4.7% to Lithuania). On the other hand, the Estonian political system, its flat rate of income tax, and its non-welfare-state model distinguish it from the Nordic countries and their Nordic model, and indeed from many other European countries.
qas: answers: text: 2005
question: When did Estonia join the European Union's Nordic Battle Group?

answers: text: the Nordic Council
question: What government institution did Estonia continue to show desire in joining?

answers: text: 92%
question: What percentage of Estonia's foreign trade was held by Russia in 1992?

answers: text: 42%
question: What percentage of Estonia exports are sent to Nordic countries?

context: The military of Estonia is based upon the Estonian Defence Forces (Estonian: Kaitsevägi), which is the name of the unified armed forces of the republic with Maavägi (Army), Merevägi (Navy), Õhuvägi (Air Force) and a paramilitary national guard organisation Kaitseliit (Defence League). The Estonian National Defence Policy aim is to guarantee the preservation of the independence and sovereignty of the state, the integrity of its land, territorial waters, airspace and its constitutional order. Current strategic goals are to defend the country's interests, develop the armed forces for interoperability with other NATO and EU member forces, and participation in NATO missions.
qas: answers: text: Maavägi
question: What is the name of Estonia's Army?

answers: text: Merevägi
question: What is the name of Estonia's Navy?

answers: text: Õhuvägi
question: What is the name of Estonia's Air Force?

answers: text: the Estonian Defence Forces
question: What name describes the combined body of all Estonia military?

context: Estonia co-operates with Latvia and Lithuania in several trilateral Baltic defence co-operation initiatives, including Baltic Battalion (BALTBAT), Baltic Naval Squadron (BALTRON), Baltic Air Surveillance Network (BALTNET) and joint military educational institutions such as the Baltic Defence College in Tartu. Future co-operation will include sharing of national infrastructures for training purposes and specialisation of training areas (BALTTRAIN) and collective formation of battalion-sized contingents for use in the NATO rapid-response force. In January 2011 the Baltic states were invited to join NORDEFCO, the defence framework of the Nordic countries.
qas: answers: text: Latvia and Lithuania
question: Which countries aid Estonia in trilateral defense strategies?

answers: text: the Baltic Defence College
question: What joint military educational academy does Estonia share with Baltic Countries?

answers: text: Tartu
question: Where is the Baltic Defence College located?

answers: text: January 2011
question: When were the Baltic states asked to join NORDEFCO?

context: The Ministry of Defence and the Defence Forces have been working on a cyberwarfare and defence formation for some years now. In 2007, a military doctrine of an e-military of Estonia was officially introduced as the country was under massive cyberattacks in 2007. The proposed aim of the e-military is to secure the vital infrastructure and e-infrastructure of Estonia. The main cyber warfare facility is the Computer Emergency Response Team of Estonia (CERT), founded in 2006. The organisation operates on security issues in local networks.
qas: answers: text: The Ministry of Defence and the Defence Forces
question: Who have been jointly working on protection against cyberwarfare?

answers: text: 2007
question: What year was a declaration of e-military introduced?

answers: text: massive cyberattacks
question: What event in 2007 led to a need for e-military action?

answers: text: 2006
question: When was the Computer Emergency Response Team of Estonia established?

context: As a member of the European Union, Estonia is considered a high-income economy by the World Bank. The GDP (PPP) per capita of the country, a good indicator of wealth, was in 2015 $28,781 according to the IMF, between that of Slovak Republic and Lithuania, but below that of other long-time EU members such as Italy or Spain. The country is ranked 8th in the 2015 Index of Economic Freedom, and the 4th freest economy in Europe. Because of its rapid growth, Estonia has often been described as a Baltic Tiger beside Lithuania and Latvia. Beginning 1 January 2011, Estonia adopted the euro and became the 17th eurozone member state.
qas: answers: text: the World Bank
question: What institution views the economy of Estonia as high income?

answers: text: $28,781
question: What was the GDP of Estonia in 2015?

answers: text: Slovak Republic and Lithuania
question: What countries share similar levels of GDP with Estonia?

answers: text: 8th
question: Where is Estonia ranked in the 2015 Index of Economic Freedom?

context: Estonia produces about 75% of its consumed electricity. In 2011 about 85% of it was generated with locally mined oil shale. Alternative energy sources such as wood, peat, and biomass make up approximately 9% of primary energy production. Renewable wind energy was about 6% of total consumption in 2009. Estonia imports petroleum products from western Europe and Russia. Oil shale energy, telecommunications, textiles, chemical products, banking, services, food and fishing, timber, shipbuilding, electronics, and transportation are key sectors of the economy. The ice-free port of Muuga, near Tallinn, is a modern facility featuring good transshipment capability, a high-capacity grain elevator, chill/frozen storage, and new oil tanker off-loading capabilities.[citation needed] The railroad serves as a conduit between the West, Russia, and other points to the East.[citation needed]
qas: answers: text: 75%
question: How much of consumed electricity does Estonia produce by itself?

answers: text: about 85%
question: What percentage of electricity was produced with local oil shale in 2011?

answers: text: wood, peat, and biomass
question: What alternative energy sources account for 9% of energy production?

answers: text: 6%
question: What percentage of electricity was produced from renewable energy in 2009?

context: Because of the global economic recession that began in 2007, the GDP of Estonia decreased by 1.4% in the 2nd quarter of 2008, over 3% in the 3rd quarter of 2008, and over 9% in the 4th quarter of 2008. The Estonian government made a supplementary negative budget, which was passed by Riigikogu. The revenue of the budget was decreased for 2008 by EEK 6.1 billion and the expenditure by EEK 3.2 billion. In 2010, the economic situation stabilized and started a growth based on strong exports. In the fourth quarter of 2010, Estonian industrial output increased by 23% compared to the year before. The country has been experiencing economic growth ever since.
qas: answers: text: 2007
question: When did the global economic recession start?

answers: text: global economic recession
question: What trend led to the decrease of Estonia's GDP?

answers: text: Riigikogu
question: Who approved the supplementary negative budget drafted by the Estonian government?

answers: text: 2010
question: What year did Estonia start their economic rise based on strong exports?

context: Since re-establishing independence, Estonia has styled itself as the gateway between East and West and aggressively pursued economic reform and integration with the West. Estonia's market reforms put it among the economic leaders in the former COMECON area.[citation needed] In 1994, based on the economic theories of Milton Friedman, Estonia became one of the first countries to adopt a flat tax, with a uniform rate of 26% regardless of personal income. In January 2005, the personal income tax rate was reduced to 24%. Another reduction to 23% followed in January 2006. The income tax rate was decreased to 21% by January 2008. The Government of Estonia finalised the design of Estonian euro coins in late 2004, and adopted the euro as the country's currency on 1 January 2011, later than planned due to continued high inflation. A Land Value Tax is levied which is used to fund local municipalities. It is a state level tax, however 100% of the revenue is used to fund Local Councils. The rate is set by the Local Council within the limits of 0.1–2.5%. It is one of the most important sources of funding for municipalities. The Land Value Tax is levied on the value of the land only with improvements and buildings not considered. Very few exemptions are considered on the land value tax and even public institutions are subject to the tax. The tax has contributed to a high rate (~90%) of owner-occupied residences within Estonia, compared to a rate of 67.4% in the United States.
qas: answers: text: the gateway between East and West
question: What Estonia view itself as after winning independence?

answers: text: 1994
question: What year did Estonia establish a flat tax?

answers: text: Milton Friedman
question: Who was the source of influence for the flat tax?

answers: text: a uniform rate of 26%
question: What was tax rate imposed on the personal income?

context: In 1999, Estonia experienced its worst year economically since it regained independence in 1991, largely because of the impact of the 1998 Russian financial crisis.[citation needed] Estonia joined the WTO in November 1999. With assistance from the European Union, the World Bank and the Nordic Investment Bank, Estonia completed most of its preparations for European Union membership by the end of 2002 and now has one of the strongest economies of the new member states of the European Union.[citation needed] Estonia joined the OECD in 2010.
qas: answers: text: 1999
question: What was the worst economic year for Estonia after winning independence?

answers: text: 1991
question: What year did Estonia reclaim their independence?

answers: text: the 1998 Russian financial crisis
question: What event played a major part in the decline of the economy during 1999?

answers: text: November 1999
question: When did Estonia unite with the WTO?

context: Estonia is a dependent country in the terms of energy and energy production. In recent years many local and foreign companies have been investing in renewable energy sources.[citation needed] The importance of wind power has been increasing steadily in Estonia and currently the total amount of energy production from wind is nearly 60 MW while at the same time roughly 399 MW worth of projects are currently being developed and more than 2800 MW worth of projects are being proposed in the Lake Peipus area and the coastal areas of Hiiumaa.
qas: answers: text: energy
question: What lacking resource does Estonia depend on other countries for?

answers: text: renewable energy sources
question: What type of energy production as many companies been investing in recent years?

answers: text: wind power
question: What energy source has been increasing in Estonia?

answers: text: nearly 60 MW
question: What is total amount of energy production from wind power?

context: Estonia has had a market economy since the end of the 1990s and one of the highest per capita income levels in Eastern Europe. Proximity to the Scandinavian markets, its location between the East and West, competitive cost structure and a highly skilled labour force have been the major Estonian comparative advantages in the beginning of the 2000s (decade). As the largest city, Tallinn has emerged as a financial centre and the Tallinn Stock Exchange joined recently with the OMX system. The current government has pursued tight fiscal policies, resulting in balanced budgets and low public debt.
qas: answers: text: Eastern
question: In what region does Estonia hold one of the highest per capita income levels?

answers: text: Scandinavian markets
question: Being close to what commercial area gives Estonia a competitive advantage?

answers: text: highly skilled
question: What is a major trait of the Estonian employed workers?

answers: text: Tallinn
question: What is the largest city in Estonia?

context: In 2007, however, a large current account deficit and rising inflation put pressure on Estonia's currency, which was pegged to the Euro, highlighting the need for growth in export-generating industries. Estonia exports mainly machinery and equipment, wood and paper, textiles, food products, furniture, and metals and chemical products. Estonia also exports 1.562 billion kilowatt hours of electricity annually. At the same time Estonia imports machinery and equipment, chemical products, textiles, food products and transportation equipment. Estonia imports 200 million kilowatt hours of electricity annually.
qas: answers: text: 2007
question: When did a huge deficit and rising inflation place pressure on Estonia's currency?

answers: text: export-generating industries
question: What area of commerce did Estonia need to expand?

answers: text: 200 million kilowatt hours
question: How much electricity is imported by Estonia annually?

answers: text: 1.562 billion kilowatt hours
question: How much electricity is exported by Estonia annually?

context: Between 2007 and 2013, Estonia receives 53.3 billion kroons (3.4 billion euros) from various European Union Structural Funds as direct supports by creating the largest foreign investments into Estonia ever. Majority of the European Union financial aid will be invested into to the following fields: energy economies, entrepreneurship, administrative capability, education, information society, environment protection, regional and local development, research and development activities, healthcare and welfare, transportation and labour market.
qas: answers: text: 53.3 billion kroons (3.4 billion euros)
question: How much money did Estonia receive from European Union Structural Funds between 2007 and 2013?

answers: text: 2007
question: What year was the start of investments from the European Union Structural Funds?

answers: text: 2013
question: What year was the end of investments from the European Union Structural Funds?

context: Between 1945 and 1989, the share of ethnic Estonians in the population resident within the currently defined boundaries of Estonia dropped to 61%, caused primarily by the Soviet programme promoting mass immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, as well as by wartime emigration and Joseph Stalin's mass deportations and executions.[citation needed] By 1989, minorities constituted more than one-third of the population, as the number of non-Estonians had grown almost fivefold.
qas: answers: text: Between 1945 and 1989
question: What period did the amount of ethnic Estonians drop by 61%?

answers: text: mass immigration of urban industrial workers from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus
question: What trend caused the drop of ethnic Estonians?

answers: text: Joseph Stalin
question: Who ordered large scales of deportations and executions?

answers: text: 1989
question: What year did minorities in Estonia make up more than a third of the country?

context: At the end of the 1980s, Estonians perceived their demographic change as a national catastrophe. This was a result of the migration policies essential to the Soviet Nationalisation Programme aiming to russify Estonia – administrative and military immigration of non-Estonians from the USSR coupled with the deportation of Estonians to the USSR. In the decade following the reconstitution of independence, large-scale emigration by ethnic Russians and the removal of the Russian military bases in 1994 caused the proportion of ethnic Estonians in Estonia to increase from 61% to 69% in 2006.
qas: answers: text: a national catastrophe
question: How did Estonians view the demographic change of less ethnic Estonians?

answers: text: Russian military bases
question: What Russian institutions were removed in the decade following Estonia's reclaim of independence?

answers: text: 69%
question: What percentage of Estonians were ethnic in 2006?

context: Modern Estonia is a fairly ethnically heterogeneous country, but this heterogeneity is not a feature of much of the country as the non-Estonian population is concentrated in two of Estonia's counties. Thirteen of Estonia's 15 counties are over 80% ethnic Estonian, the most homogeneous being Hiiumaa, where Estonians account for 98.4% of the population. In the counties of Harju (including the capital city, Tallinn) and Ida-Viru, however, ethnic Estonians make up 60% and 20% of the population, respectively. Russians make up 25.6% of the total population but account for 36% of the population in Harju county and 70% of the population in Ida-Viru county.
qas: answers: text: Thirteen
question: What number of Estonia's counties are over 80% ethnic Estonian?

answers: text: 15
question: How many counties are in Estonia?

answers: text: Hiiumaa
question: Which county in Estonia is the most uniform?

answers: text: 98.4%
question: What percentage accounts for the total number people living in Hiiumaa that are ethnic Estonians?

answers: text: 25.6%
question: What number describes the percentage of Russian Estonians?

context: The Estonian Cultural Autonomy law that was passed in 1925 was unique in Europe at that time. Cultural autonomies could be granted to minorities numbering more than 3,000 people with longstanding ties to the Republic of Estonia. Before the Soviet occupation, the Germans and Jewish minorities managed to elect a cultural council. The Law on Cultural Autonomy for National Minorities was reinstated in 1993. Historically, large parts of Estonia's northwestern coast and islands have been populated by indigenous ethnically Rannarootslased (Coastal Swedes).
qas: answers: text: 1925
question: What year was the Estonian Cultural Autonomy law established?

answers: text: The Estonian Cultural Autonomy law
question: In 1925, what rule did Estonia create that was unique in Europe?

answers: text: more than 3,000 people
question: How many minorities were granted cultural autonomies?

answers: text: Germans and Jewish minorities
question: What groups of minorities could elect a cultural council before the Soviet occupation?

context: The 2008 United Nations Human Rights Council report called "extremely credible" the description of the citizenship policy of Estonia as "discriminatory". According to surveys, only 5% of the Russian community have considered returning to Russia in the near future. Estonian Russians have developed their own identity – more than half of the respondents recognised that Estonian Russians differ noticeably from the Russians in Russia. When comparing the result with a survey from 2000, then Russians' attitude toward the future is much more positive.
qas: answers: text: The 2008 United Nations Human Rights Council report
question: What document labeled the the description of the citizenship policy of Estonia as "discriminatory"? 

answers: text: 5%
question: What percentage of Estonian Russians have though of going back to Russia?

answers: text: more than half
question: What proportion of Estonian Russians see themselves as different from their Russian counterparts?

context: Estonia's constitution guarantees freedom of religion, separation of church and state, and individual rights to privacy of belief and religion. According to the Dentsu Communication Institute Inc, Estonia is one of the least religious countries in the world, with 75.7% of the population claiming to be irreligious. The Eurobarometer Poll 2005 found that only 16% of Estonians profess a belief in a god, the lowest belief of all countries studied (EU study). According to the Lutheran World Federation, the historic Lutheran denomination remains a large presence with 180,000 registered members.
qas: answers: text: Estonia's constitution
question: What guarantees freedom of religion for Estonian citizens?

answers: text: separation of church and state
question: Estonia's constitution declares the division of what parts of society?

answers: text: belief and religion
question: What individual privacy rights are citizens granted?

answers: text: 75.7%
question: What percentage of Estonians claim no religion?

context: Another major group, inhabitants who follow Eastern Orthodox Christianity, practised chiefly by the Russian minority, and the Russian Orthodox Church is the second largest denomination with 150,000 members. The Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church, under the Greek-Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarchate, claims another 20,000 members. Thus, the number of adherents of Lutheranism and Orthodoxy, without regard to citizenship or ethnicity, is roughly equal. Refer to the Table below. The Catholics have their Latin Apostolic Administration of Estonia.
qas: answers: text: Russian minority
question: What is the major group that believes in Eastern Orthodox Christianity?

answers: text: the Russian Orthodox Church
question: Which religious group is the second largest with 150,000 members?

answers: text: Latin Apostolic Administration of Estonia
question: What religious group do Catholics in Estonia follow?

context: Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and German, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.
qas: answers: text: Germanic
question: What language does Estonian share similar words with?

answers: text: nearly one third
question: What proportion of vocabulary did Estonia borrow from Germany?

answers: text: High German
question: What standard language did Estonia adopt during German rule?

answers: text: about 15 percent
question: What percentage of the Estonia language includes Low Saxon words?

context: Academic higher education in Estonia is divided into three levels: bachelor's, master's, and doctoral studies. In some specialties (basic medical studies, veterinary, pharmacy, dentistry, architect-engineer, and a classroom teacher programme) the bachelor's and master's levels are integrated into one unit. Estonian public universities have significantly more autonomy than applied higher education institutions. In addition to organising the academic life of the university, universities can create new curricula, establish admission terms and conditions, approve the budget, approve the development plan, elect the rector, and make restricted decisions in matters concerning assets. Estonia has a moderate number of public and private universities. The largest public universities are the University of Tartu, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn University, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Estonian Academy of Arts; the largest private university is Estonian Business School.
qas: answers: text: bachelor's, master's, and doctoral studies
question: What are the three levels of higher learning in Estonia?

answers: text: basic medical studies, veterinary, pharmacy, dentistry
question: What medical fields have their bachelor's and master's levels combined into one unit?

answers: text: autonomy
question: What do Estonian public universities have more of than higher education institutions?

answers: text: Estonian Business School
question: What is the largest private university in Estonia?

context: The Estonian Academy of Sciences is the national academy of science. The strongest public non-profit research institute that carries out fundamental and applied research is the National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics (NICPB; Estonian KBFI). The first computer centres were established in the late 1950s in Tartu and Tallinn. Estonian specialists contributed in the development of software engineering standards for ministries of the Soviet Union during the 1980s. As of 2011[update], Estonia spends around 2.38% of its GDP on Research and Development, compared to an EU average of around 2.0%.
qas: answers: text: The Estonian Academy of Sciences
question: What is the main science institution in Estonia?

answers: text: the National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics
question: What is the strongest research body that executes fundamental and applied research?

answers: text: the late 1950s
question: What decade were the first computer centers created in Estonia?

answers: text: Tartu and Tallinn
question: What cities were the locations of the first computer centers?

context: Today, Estonian society encourages liberty and liberalism, with popular commitment to the ideals of the limited government, discouraging centralised power and corruption. The Protestant work ethic remains a significant cultural staple, and free education is a highly prized institution. Like the mainstream culture in the other Nordic countries, Estonian culture can be seen to build upon the ascetic environmental realities and traditional livelihoods, a heritage of comparatively widespread egalitarianism out of practical reasons (see: Everyman's right and universal suffrage), and the ideals of closeness to nature and self-sufficiency (see: summer cottage).
qas: answers: text: liberty and liberalism
question: What virtues does modern Estonian society promote?

answers: text: limited government, discouraging centralised power and corruption
question: What size and power of government is popular in Estonia?

answers: text: free education
question: What is a highly prized fixture of Estonian society?

answers: text: closeness to nature
question: What ideal does Estonia hold towards the environment?

context: The Estonian Academy of Arts (Estonian: Eesti Kunstiakadeemia, EKA) is providing higher education in art, design, architecture, media, art history and conservation while Viljandi Culture Academy of University of Tartu has an approach to popularise native culture through such curricula as native construction, native blacksmithing, native textile design, traditional handicraft and traditional music, but also jazz and church music. In 2010, there were 245 museums in Estonia whose combined collections contain more than 10 million objects.
qas: answers: text: The Estonian Academy of Arts
question: What institute provides education in art, design, and media?

answers: text: Viljandi Culture Academy of University of Tartu
question: What institute promotes awareness of native culture?

answers: text: native construction, native blacksmithing, native textile design
question: What parts of native culture does the Viljandi Culture Academy highlight?

answers: text: 245
question: How many Estonian museums existed in 2010?

context: The tradition of Estonian Song Festivals (Laulupidu) started at the height of the Estonian national awakening in 1869. Today, it is one of the largest amateur choral events in the world. In 2004, about 100,000 people participated in the Song Festival. Since 1928, the Tallinn Song Festival Grounds (Lauluväljak) have hosted the event every five years in July. The last festival took place in July 2014. In addition, Youth Song Festivals are also held every four or five years, the last of them in 2011, and the next is scheduled for 2017.
qas: answers: text: Laulupidu
question: What name describes the Estonian Song Festivals?

answers: text: 1869
question: What year did the tradition of Laulupidu start?

answers: text: about 100,000 people
question: How many people celebrated Laulupidu in 2004?

answers: text: the Tallinn Song Festival Grounds
question: Where does Laulupidu usually take place?

answers: text: every five years in July
question: When does Laulupidu occur?

context: Estonia won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2001 with the song "Everybody" performed by Tanel Padar and Dave Benton. In 2002, Estonia hosted the event. Maarja-Liis Ilus has competed for Estonia on two occasions (1996 and 1997), while Eda-Ines Etti, Koit Toome and Evelin Samuel owe their popularity partly to the Eurovision Song Contest. Lenna Kuurmaa is a very popular singer in Europe[citation needed], with her band Vanilla Ninja. "Rändajad" by Urban Symphony, was the first ever song in Estonian to chart in the UK, Belgium, and Switzerland.
qas: answers: text: 2001
question: What year did Estonia win the Eurovision Song Contest?

answers: text: 2002
question: What year did Estonia host the Eurovision Song Contest?

answers: text: Tanel Padar and Dave Benton
question: Who performed the song "Everybody"?

answers: text: Maarja-Liis Ilus
question: What performer has represented Estonia two different times?

answers: text: "Rändajad" by Urban Symphony
question: What was the first ever Estonian song to hit the popular European charts?

context: The Estonian literature refers to literature written in the Estonian language (ca. 1 million speakers). The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Germany, Sweden, and Russia resulted in few early written literary works in the Estonian language. The oldest records of written Estonian date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences. The Liber Census Daniae (1241) contains Estonian place and family names.
qas: answers: text: the Northern Crusades
question: What event preceded the domination of Estonia by different European powers?

answers: text: Germany, Sweden, and Russia
question: Which three nations occupied Estonia up until 1918?

answers: text: the 13th century
question: What era contains the oldest records of written Estonia works?

answers: text: The Liber Census Daniae
question: What document dated in 1241 contains place and family names?

context: Oskar Luts was the most prominent prose writer of the early Estonian literature, who is still widely read today, especially his lyrical school novel Kevade (Spring). Anton Hansen Tammsaare's social epic and psychological realist pentalogy Truth and Justice captured the evolution of Estonian society from a peasant community to an independent nation. In modern times, Jaan Kross and Jaan Kaplinski are Estonia's best known and most translated writers. Among the most popular writers of the late 20th and early 21st centuries are Tõnu Õnnepalu and Andrus Kivirähk, who uses elements of Estonian folklore and mythology, deforming them into absurd and grotesque.
qas: answers: text: Oskar Luts
question: Who was the most famous prose writer in early Estonian history?

answers: text: Kevade
question: What is the name of lyrical novel written by Oskar Luts?

answers: text: Truth and Justice
question: What is the name of the book written by Anton Hansen Tammsaare?

answers: text: Anton Hansen Tammsaare
question: Who wrote a book detailing Estonia's rise from peasants to independence?

context: The architectural history of Estonia mainly reflects its contemporary development in northern Europe. Worth mentioning is especially the architectural ensemble that makes out the medieval old town of Tallinn, which is on the UNESCO World Heritage List. In addition, the country has several unique, more or less preserved hill forts dating from pre-Christian times, a large number of still intact medieval castles and churches, while the countryside is still shaped by the presence of a vast number of manor houses from earlier centuries.
qas: answers: text: Tallinn
question: Which medieval town is on the UNESCO World Heritage List?

answers: text: pre-Christian times
question: When were the preserved hill forts in Estonia built?

answers: text: castles and churches
question: What institutional structures still exist from medieval times?

context: Historically, the cuisine of Estonia has been heavily dependent on seasons and simple peasant food, which today is influenced by many countries. Today, it includes many typical international foods.[citation needed] The most typical foods in Estonia are black bread, pork, potatoes, and dairy products. Traditionally in summer and spring, Estonians like to eat everything fresh – berries, herbs, vegetables, and everything else that comes straight from the garden. Hunting and fishing have also been very common, although currently hunting and fishing are enjoyed mostly as hobbies. Today, it is also very popular to grill outside in summer.
qas: answers: text: seasons and simple peasant food
question: What factors have influenced Estonian food for most of their history?

answers: text: black bread, pork, potatoes, and dairy products.
question: What are the most common foods in Estonia?

answers: text: berries, herbs, vegetables
question: What fresh items do Estonians traditionally enjoy in summer and spring?

answers: text: Hunting and fishing
question: What food gathering behaviors are now seen as hobbies in modern Estonian culture?

context: Sport plays an important role in Estonian culture. After declaring independence from Russia in 1918, Estonia first competed as a nation at the 1920 Summer Olympics, although the National Olympic Committee was established in 1923. Estonian athletes took part of the Olympic Games until the country was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940. The 1980 Summer Olympics Sailing regatta was held in the capital city Tallinn. After regaining independence in 1991, Estonia has participated in all Olympics. Estonia has won most of its medals in athletics, weightlifting, wrestling and cross-country skiing. Estonia has had very good success at the Olympic games given the country's small population. Estonia's best results were being ranked 13th in the medal table at the 1936 Summer Olympics, and 12th at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
qas: answers: text: Sport
question: What physical activity plays a major part in Estonian society?

answers: text: 1918
question: What year did Estonia declare independence from Russia?

answers: text: the 1920 Summer Olympics
question: What event did Estonia compete in as a nation for the first time ever?

answers: text: 1940
question: What year was Estonia annexed by Russia?

answers: text: Tallinn
question: What city hosted the 1980 Summer Olympics Sailing regatta?

context: Basketball is also a notable sport in Estonia. Estonia national basketball team previously participated in 1936 Summer Olympics, appeared in EuroBasket four times. Estonia national team also qualified to EuroBasket 2015, which will be held in Ukraine. BC Kalev/Cramo, which participates in EuroCup, is the most recent Korvpalli Meistriliiga winner after becoming champion of the league for the 6th time. Tartu Ülikool/Rock, which participates in EuroChallenge, is the second strongest Estonian basketball club, previously winning Korvpalli Meistriliiga 22 times. Six Estonian basketball clubs participates in Baltic Basketball League.
qas: answers: text: 1936
question: What year did Estonia's basketball team first compete in the Summer Olympics

answers: text: four
question: How many instances has Estonia appeared in the EuroBasket tournament?

answers: text: BC Kalev/Cramo
question: Which Estonian football club competes in the EuroCup?

answers: text: Tartu Ülikool/Rock
question: What is the name of second best basketball club in Estonia?

answers: text: Six
question: How many Estonian teams are in the Baltic Basketball League?