Neoclassical_architecture

context: Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux. The many graphite drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe. There are links between Boullée's ideas and Edmund Burke's conception of the sublime. Ledoux addressed the concept of architectural character, maintaining that a building should immediately communicate its function to the viewer: taken literally such ideas give rise to "architecture parlante".
qas: answers: text: Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux
question: Who influenced many 19th century neoclassical architects?

answers: text: eternality
question: What do geometric architecture emulate of the universe?

answers: text: sublime
question: What Edmund Burke concept is linked to Boullee's ideas?

answers: text: architectural character
question: What concept did Ledoux address?

answers: text: building should immediately communicate its function
question: As a concept of neoclassical architecture, what should be immediately communicated to viewer?

context: The baroque style had never truly been to the English taste. Four influential books were published in the first quarter of the 18th century which highlighted the simplicity and purity of classical architecture: Vitruvius Britannicus (Colen Campbell 1715), Palladio's Four Books of Architecture (1715), De Re Aedificatoria (1726) and The Designs of Inigo Jones... with Some Additional Designs (1727). The most popular was the four-volume Vitruvius Britannicus by Colen Campbell. The book contained architectural prints of famous British buildings that had been inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio. At first the book mainly featured the work of Inigo Jones, but the later tomes contained drawings and plans by Campbell and other 18th-century architects. Palladian architecture became well established in 18th-century Britain.
qas: answers: text: 18th century
question: What century were most four influential books published?

answers: text: Colen Campbell
question: Who wrote Vitruvius Britannicus?

answers: text: 18th-century
question: In what century did Palladian architecture become well established?

answers: text: 1727
question: When was "The Designs of Inigo Jones" book published?

context: At the forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic "architect earl", Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington; in 1729, he and William Kent, designed Chiswick House. This House was a reinterpretation of Palladio's Villa Capra, but purified of 16th century elements and ornament. This severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of the Palladianism. In 1734 William Kent and Lord Burlington designed one of England's finest examples of Palladian architecture with Holkham Hall in Norfolk. The main block of this house followed Palladio's dictates quite closely, but Palladio's low, often detached, wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance.
qas: answers: text: Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington
question: Who was the "architect earl"?

answers: text: 1729
question: When was Chiswick House designed?

answers: text: Palladio's Villa Capra
question: What was the original building that Chiswick House design was reinterpretation?

answers: text: Holkham Hall
question: What is 1734 design is considered one of the finest example of Palladian architecture in England, built in Norfolk?

context: By the mid 18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s. It first gained influence in England and France; in England, Sir William Hamilton's excavations at Pompeii and other sites, the influence of the Grand Tour and the work of William Chambers and Robert Adam, was pivotal in this regard. In France, the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome, and was influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann. The style was also adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden and Russia.
qas: answers: text: Ancient Greece
question: What additional influences were incorporated into neoclassical architecture by mid 18th century?

answers: text: Sir William Hamilton
question: What englishman excavated pompeii?

answers: text: Rome
question: In what city did a generation of French art students study that propelled neoclassical architecture and incorporation broader styles?

answers: text: Sweden and Russia.
question: What other countries adopted the style of neoclassical?

context: A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire. In France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the "Louis XVI style", and the second in the styles called "Directoire" or Empire. The Rococo style remained popular in Italy until the Napoleonic regimes brought the new archaeological classicism, which was embraced as a political statement by young, progressive, urban Italians with republican leanings.[according to whom?]
qas: answers: text: Napoleonic Empire
question: When was the second wave of neoclassical architecture?

answers: text: Louis XVI style
question: What term is used to express the first wave of neoclassicism in France?

answers: text: "Directoire" or Empire
question: What is the second wave of neoclassicism in France called?

answers: text: The Rococo style
question: Up until Napoleaoic regimes, what style remained popular in Italy?

context: Indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum. These had begun in the late 1740s, but only achieved a wide audience in the 1760s, with the first luxurious volumes of tightly controlled distribution of Le Antichità di Ercolano (The Antiquities of Herculaneum). The antiquities of Herculaneum showed that even the most classicising interiors of the Baroque, or the most "Roman" rooms of William Kent were based on basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in, hence their often bombastic appearance to modern eyes: pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts.
qas: answers: text: Pompeii and Herculaneum.
question: What rediscoveries inspired interior designs of neoclassicism?

answers: text: Le Antichità di Ercolano (The Antiquities of Herculaneum).
question: What tightly controlled book brought appeal for classic interior to masses?

answers: text: pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts
question: What are some examples of the changes of interior of neoclassicism from ancient rediscoveries?

answers: text: basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in
question: What were William Kent's interior designs based from?

context: The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary. Techniques employed in the style included flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones en camaïeu ("like cameos"), isolated medallions or vases or busts or bucrania or other motifs, suspended on swags of laurel or ribbon, with slender arabesques against backgrounds, perhaps, of "Pompeiian red" or pale tints, or stone colours. The style in France was initially a Parisian style, the Goût grec ("Greek style"), not a court style; when Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774, Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, brought the "Louis XVI" style to court.
qas: answers: text: authentically Roman
question: What were interiors seeking to recreate?

answers: text: "Pompeiian red" or pale tints, or stone colours
question: What colors were utilized for interiors?

answers: text: Marie Antoinette
question: Who brought Louis XVI style to the court?

answers: text: flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones
question: What types of techniques were used to style motifs?

answers: text: Parisian
question: What were styles in France initially?

context: A new phase in neoclassical design was inaugurated by Robert and James Adam, who travelled in Italy and Dalmatia in the 1750s, observing the ruins of the classical world. On their return to Britain, they published a book entitled The Works in Architecture in installments between 1773 and 1779. This book of engraved designs made the Adam repertory available throughout Europe. The Adam brothers aimed to simplify the rococo and baroque styles which had been fashionable in the preceding decades, to bring what they felt to be a lighter and more elegant feel to Georgian houses. The Works in Architecture illustrated the main buildings the Adam brothers had worked on and crucially documented the interiors, furniture and fittings, designed by the Adams.
qas: answers: text: Robert and James Adam
question: Who began the new phase of neoclassical design?

answers: text: Italy and Dalmatia
question: Where were the inspirations for the new phase of neoclassicism centered?

answers: text: The Works in Architecture
question: What book outlines the new trends of neoclassicism in this phase?

answers: text: rococo and baroque styles
question: During the later 18th century the trend of neoclassic design attempted to simplify what styles?

answers: text: lighter and more elegant feel
question: This new style was an attempt to give what different feel to design?

context: From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples, seen through the medium of etchings and engravings, gave a new impetus to neoclassicism, the Greek Revival. There was little to no direct knowledge of Greek civilization before the middle of the 18th century in Western Europe, when an expedition funded by the Society of Dilettanti in 1751 and led by James Stuart and Nicholas Revett began serious archaeological enquiry. Stuart was commissioned after his return from Greece by George Lyttelton to produce the first Greek building in England, the garden temple at Hagley Hall (1758–59). A number of British architects in the second half of the century took up the expressive challenge of the Doric from their aristocratic patrons, including Joseph Bonomi and John Soane, but it was to remain the private enthusiasm of connoisseurs up to the first decade of the 19th century.
qas: answers: text: Greek architectural
question: From around 1800 an influx of etchings and engravings came from where?

answers: text: Greek Revival
question: What was this new phase of neoclassicism?

answers: text: 18th century
question: Prior to what century had there been little contact between western europe and greek civilization?

answers: text: James Stuart and Nicholas Revett
question: Who led an expedition to Greece in 1751?

answers: text: garden temple at Hagley Hall (1758–59)
question: What was the first Greek building in England?

context: Seen in its wider social context, Greek Revival architecture sounded a new note of sobriety and restraint in public buildings in Britain around 1800 as an assertion of nationalism attendant on the Act of Union, the Napoleonic Wars, and the clamour for political reform. It was to be William Wilkins's winning design for the public competition for Downing College, Cambridge that announced the Greek style was to be the dominant idiom in architecture. Wilkins and Robert Smirke went on to build some of the most important buildings of the era, including the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden (1808–09), the General Post Office (1824–29) and the British Museum (1823–48), Wilkins University College London (1826–30) and the National Gallery (1832–38). In Scotland, Thomas Hamilton (1784–1858), in collaboration with the artists Andrew Wilson (1780–1848) and Hugh William Williams (1773–1829) created monuments and buildings of international significance; the Burns Monument at Alloway (1818) and the (Royal) High School in Edinburgh (1823–29).
qas: answers: text: William Wilkins
question: Whose winning design for public competition began the dominance of Greek style architecture?

answers: text: Burns Monument at Alloway
question: What monument was created in 1818?

answers: text: 1824–29
question: When was the General Post Office built?

answers: text: 1823–48
question: In what year was the British Museum built?

answers: text: 1832–38
question: When was the National Gallery constructed?

context: At the same time the Empire style in France was a more grandiose wave of neoclassicism in architecture and the decorative arts. Mainly based on Imperial Roman styles, it originated in, and took its name from, the rule of Napoleon I in the First French Empire, where it was intended to idealize Napoleon's leadership and the French state. The style corresponds to the more bourgeois Biedermeier style in the German-speaking lands, Federal style in the United States, the Regency style in Britain, and the Napoleonstil in Sweden. According to the art historian Hugh Honour "so far from being, as is sometimes supposed, the culmination of the Neo-classical movement, the Empire marks its rapid decline and transformation back once more into a mere antique revival, drained of all the high-minded ideas and force of conviction that had inspired its masterpieces".
qas: answers: text: more grandiose
question: How would the Empire style of France be characterized by comparison?

answers: text: Napoleon I
question: What was the origination of the Imperial Roman Style?

answers: text: Regency
question: What was the corresponding style to Empire in Britain?

answers: text: Federal style
question: In the US, the style during this time of Neoclassical Empire was known as what?

context: High neoclassicism was an international movement. Though neoclassical architecture employed the same classical vocabulary as Late Baroque architecture, it tended to emphasize its planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes. Projections and recessions and their effects of light and shade were more flat; sculptural bas-reliefs were flatter and tended to be enframed in friezes, tablets or panels. Its clearly articulated individual features were isolated rather than interpenetrating, autonomous and complete in themselves.
qas: answers: text: Late Baroque architecture
question: What other architecture style did neoclassical share similarities and vocabulary?

answers: text: planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes
question: What qualities were more emphasized in neoclassical versus Baroque?

answers: text: isolated rather than interpenetrating
question: In addition to being flatter, how were individual features handled with neoclasic?

answers: text: international movement
question: How broad was the reach of high neoclassicism?

context: Neoclassicism also influenced city planning; the ancient Romans had used a consolidated scheme for city planning for both defence and civil convenience, however, the roots of this scheme go back to even older civilizations. At its most basic, the grid system of streets, a central forum with city services, two main slightly wider boulevards, and the occasional diagonal street were characteristic of the very logical and orderly Roman design. Ancient façades and building layouts were oriented to these city design patterns and they tended to work in proportion with the importance of public buildings.
qas: answers: text: ancient Romans
question: What ancient civilization utilized neoclassicism in city planning?

answers: text: grid system
question: What basic civil planning system for streets is rooted in neoclassicism?

answers: text: very logical and orderly
question: What are 2 benefits of leveraging neoclassicism for civil planning?

context: From the middle of the 18th century, exploration and publication changed the course of British architecture towards a purer vision of the Ancient Greco-Roman ideal. James 'Athenian' Stuart's work The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece was very influential in this regard, as were Robert Wood's Palmyra and Baalbec. A combination of simple forms and high levels of enrichment was adopted by the majority of contemporary British architects and designers. The revolution begun by Stuart was soon to be eclipsed by the work of the Adam Brothers, James Wyatt, Sir William Chambers, George Dance, James Gandon and provincially based architects such as John Carr and Thomas Harrison of Chester.
qas: answers: text: Ancient Greco-Roman ideal
question: What direction did British architecture go in mid 18th century?

answers: text: Palmyra and Baalbec
question: What were Robert Wood's influential Greek monuments from mid 18th century?

answers: text: James 'Athenian' Stuart
question: Who began the revolution of Greek influenced architecture in Britain?

answers: text: Adam Brothers
question: What brothers were instrumental in this Greek movement of neoclassicism?

context: In the early 20th century, the writings of Albert Richardson were responsible for a re-awakening of interest in pure neoclassical design. Vincent Harris (compare Harris's colonnaded and domed interior of Manchester Central Reference Library to the colonnaded and domed interior by John Carr and R R Duke), Bradshaw Gass & Hope and Percy Thomas were among those who designed public buildings in the neoclassical style in the interwar period. In the British Raj in India, Sir Edwin Lutyens' monumental city planning for New Delhi marked the sunset of neoclassicism. In Scotland and the north of England, where the Gothic Revival was less strong, architects continued to develop the neoclassical style of William Henry Playfair. The works of Cuthbert Brodrick and Alexander Thomson show that by the end of the 19th century the results could be powerful and eccentric.
qas: answers: text: Albert Richardson
question: What author's 20th century writing caused interest in pure neoclassical design?

answers: text: interwar period
question: In what period did Percy Thomas design public building in neoclassical?

answers: text: New Delhi
question: Sir Edwin Lutyens' city planning in what city marked a shift in design?

answers: text: Gothic Revival
question: What new design was trending after neoclassical?

context: The first phase of neoclassicism in France is expressed in the "Louis XVI style" of architects like Ange-Jacques Gabriel (Petit Trianon, 1762–68); the second phase, in the styles called Directoire and "Empire", might be characterized by Jean Chalgrin's severe astylar Arc de Triomphe (designed in 1806). In England the two phases might be characterized first by the structures of Robert Adam, the second by those of Sir John Soane. The interior style in France was initially a Parisian style, the "Goût grec" ("Greek style") not a court style. Only when the young king acceded to the throne in 1771 did Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, bring the "Louis XVI" style to court.
qas: answers: text: Louis XVI style
question: What is the name of the first wave of neoclassicism in France?

answers: text: Directoire and "Empire"
question: France's second phase of neoclassic is known as what?

answers: text: Robert Adam
question: What architect typifies the first style of neoclassical in England?

answers: text: Sir John Soane
question: Structure of whom characterize England's second phase of neoclassical?

answers: text: Marie Antoinette
question: Who styled the court in France for more modern design after 1771?

context: What little there was, started with Charles de Wailly's crypt in the church of St Leu-St Gilles (1773–80), and Claude Nicolas Ledoux's Barriere des Bonshommes (1785–89). First-hand evidence of Greek architecture was of very little importance to the French, due to the influence of Marc-Antoine Laugier's doctrines that sought to discern the principles of the Greeks instead of their mere practices. It would take until Laboustre's Neo-Grec of the second Empire for the Greek revival to flower briefly in France.
qas: answers: text: Charles de Wailly's crypt in the church of St Leu-St Gilles (1773–80
question: What is the earliest example of Greek architecture in France?

answers: text: Greek architecture was of very little importance to the French
question: How concerned was France with Greek architecture?

answers: text: Laboustre
question: Who's influence brought about Greek revival in France?

answers: text: second Empire
question: In which wave of neoclassical was the greek revival in France?

context: The earliest examples of neoclassical architecture in Hungary may be found in Vác. In this town the triumphal arch and the neoclassical façade of the baroque Cathedral were designed by the French architect Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval (Isidore Canevale) in the 1760s. Also the work of a French architect Charles Moreau is the garden façade of the Esterházy Palace (1797–1805) in Kismarton (today Eisenstadt in Austria). The two principal architect of Neoclassicism in Hungary was Mihály Pollack and József Hild. Pollack's major work is the Hungarian National Museum (1837–1844). Hild is famous for his designs for the Cathedral of Eger and Esztergom.
qas: answers: text: Vác
question: In what town is the oldest neoclassical architecture in Hungary?

answers: text: Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval
question: What French architect designed important neoclassical structures in 1760s?

answers: text: Charles Moreau
question: Who designed the Esterhazy Palace?

answers: text: József Hild
question: Who is famous for Cathedral Eger and Esztergom?

context: Neoclassical architecture was introduced in Malta in the late 18th century, during the final years of Hospitaller rule. Early examples include the Bibliotheca (1786), the De Rohan Arch (1798) and the Hompesch Gate (1801). However, neoclassical architecture only became popular in Malta following the establishment of British rule in the early 19th century. In 1814, a neoclassical portico decorated with the British coat of arms was added to the Main Guard building so as to serve as a symbol of British Malta. Other 19th century neoclassical buildings include RNH Bighi (1832), St Paul's Pro-Cathedral (1844), the Rotunda of Mosta (1860) and the now destroyed Royal Opera House (1866).
qas: answers: text: late 18th century
question: When was Malta introduced to neoclassical architecture?

answers: text: Hospitaller
question: What was the ruler at the time of neoclassical introduction?

answers: text: 1832
question: When was RNH Bighi built?

answers: text: 1844
question: In what year did the St Paul's Pro-Cathedral get built? 

context: As of the first decade of the 21st century, contemporary neoclassical architecture is usually classed under the umbrella term of New Classical Architecture. Sometimes it is also referred to as Neo-Historicism/Revivalism, Traditionalism or simply neoclassical architecture like the historical style. For sincere traditional-style architecture that sticks to regional architecture, materials and craftsmanship, the term Traditional Architecture (or vernacular) is mostly used. The Driehaus Architecture Prize is awarded to major contributors in the field of 21st century traditional or classical architecture, and comes with a prize money twice as high as that of the modernist Pritzker Prize.
qas: answers: text: New Classical Architecture
question: In what are of architecture is neoclassical currently classed?

answers: text: Traditional Architecture
question: What is the term for sincere traditional-style architecture that sticks to regional architecture?

answers: text: Neo-Historicism/Revivalism, Traditionalism
question: What is another name for New Classical Architecture?

answers: text: The Driehaus Architecture Prize
question: What is the award for major contributions to traditional of classical architecture in 21st century?

context: After a lull during the period of modern architectural dominance (roughly post-World War II until the mid-1980s), neoclassicism has seen somewhat of a resurgence. This rebirth can be traced to the movement of New Urbanism and postmodern architecture's embrace of classical elements as ironic, especially in light of the dominance of Modernism. While some continued to work with classicism as ironic, some architects such as Thomas Gordon Smith, began to consider classicism seriously. While some schools had interest in classical architecture, such as the University of Virginia, no school was purely dedicated to classical architecture. In the early 1990s a program in classical architecture was started by Smith and Duncan Stroik at the University of Notre Dame that continues successfully. Programs at the University of Miami, Andrews University, Judson University and The Prince's Foundation for Building Community have trained a number of new classical architects since this resurgence. Today one can find numerous buildings embracing neoclassical style, since a generation of architects trained in this discipline shapes urban planning.
qas: answers: text: roughly post-World War II until the mid-1980s
question: When was the lull in neoclassical architecture?

answers: text: New Urbanism
question: What is the movement that caused resurgence of neoclassicism?

answers: text: ironic
question: Many post modern designs feature classic elements in what way?

answers: text: Thomas Gordon Smith
question: What recent architect began to take elements of classicism seriously?

context: In Britain a number of architects are active in the neoclassical style. Two new university Libraries, Quinlan Terry's Maitland Robinson Library at Downing College and ADAM Architecture's Sackler Library illustrate that the approach taken can range from the traditional, in the former case, to the unconventional, in the latter case. Recently, Prince Charles came under controversy for promoting a classically designed development on the land of the former Chelsea Barracks in London. Writing to the Qatari Royal family (who were funding the development through the property development company Qatari Diar) he condemned the accepted modernist plans, instead advocating a classical approach. His appeal was met with success and the plans were withdrawn. A new design by architecture house Dixon Jones is currently being drafted.
qas: answers: text: Prince Charles
question: Who has stirred controversy for development and design of Chelsea Barracks?

answers: text: Qatari Royal family
question: What family was funding the development of former Chelsea Barracks?

answers: text: Quinlan Terry's Maitland Robinson Library at Downing College
question: What new library illustrates the traditional style of neoclassicism?

answers: text: ADAM Architecture's Sackler Library
question: What is the name of the library that illustrates the unconventional style of neoclassical?

answers: text: a number of architects are active in the neoclassical
question: Is neoclassical design current in Britain?