Jehovah%27s_Witnesses

context: Jehovah's Witnesses is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity. The group claims a worldwide membership of more than 8.2 million adherents involved in evangelism, convention attendance figures of more than 15 million, and an annual Memorial attendance of more than 19.9 million. Jehovah's Witnesses are directed by the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses, a group of elders in Brooklyn, New York, which establishes all doctrines based on its interpretations of the Bible. They prefer to use their own translation, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, although their literature occasionally quotes and cites other translations. They believe that the destruction of the present world system at Armageddon is imminent, and that the establishment of God's kingdom over the earth is the only solution for all problems faced by humanity.
qas: answers: text: millenarian restorationist Christian denomination
question: What are the Jehovah Witnesses?

answers: text: mainstream Christianity
question: What are the beliefs of Jehovah Witnesses distinct from?

answers: text: more than 8.2 million
question: How many adherents worldwide does the group claim?

answers: text: Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses
question: Who is in charges of directing the Jehovah Witnesses?

answers: text: Brooklyn, New York
question: Where are the group elders located?

context: Jehovah's Witnesses are best known for their door-to-door preaching, distributing literature such as The Watchtower and Awake!, and refusing military service and blood transfusions. They consider use of the name Jehovah vital for proper worship. They reject Trinitarianism, inherent immortality of the soul, and hellfire, which they consider to be unscriptural doctrines. They do not observe Christmas, Easter, birthdays or other holidays and customs they consider to have pagan origins incompatible with Christianity. Adherents commonly refer to their body of beliefs as "the truth" and consider themselves to be "in the truth". They consider secular society to be morally corrupt and under the influence of Satan, and most limit their social interaction with non-Witnesses. Congregational disciplinary actions include disfellowshipping, their term for formal expulsion and shunning. Baptized individuals who formally leave are considered disassociated and are also shunned. Disfellowshipped and disassociated individuals may eventually be reinstated if deemed repentant.
qas: answers: text: their door-to-door preaching
question: What are Jehovah witnesses best known for?

answers: text: military service and blood transfusions
question: What do Jehovah Witnesses refuse?

answers: text: proper worship
question: What do Jehovah Witnesses consider the name Jehovah vital for?

answers: text: they consider to be unscriptural doctrines
question: Why do Jehovah Witnesses reject inherent immortality of the soul, hellfire and Trinitarianism?

answers: text: they consider to have pagan origins
question: Why don't Jehovah Witnesses celebrate the usual holidays and customs?

context: In 1870, Charles Taze Russell and others formed a group in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to study the Bible. During the course of his ministry, Russell disputed many beliefs of mainstream Christianity including immortality of the soul, hellfire, predestination, the fleshly return of Jesus Christ, the Trinity, and the burning up of the world. In 1876, Russell met Nelson H. Barbour; later that year they jointly produced the book Three Worlds, which combined restitutionist views with end time prophecy. The book taught that God's dealings with humanity were divided dispensationally, each ending with a "harvest," that Christ had returned as an invisible spirit being in 1874 inaugurating the "harvest of the Gospel age," and that 1914 would mark the end of a 2520-year period called "the Gentile Times," at which time world society would be replaced by the full establishment of God's kingdom on earth. Beginning in 1878 Russell and Barbour jointly edited a religious journal, Herald of the Morning. In June 1879 the two split over doctrinal differences, and in July, Russell began publishing the magazine Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, stating that its purpose was to demonstrate that the world was in "the last days," and that a new age of earthly and human restitution under the reign of Christ was imminent.
qas: answers: text: 1870
question: When did Charles Taze Russell form a group?

answers: text: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
question: Where did Russell and others form their group?

answers: text: to study the Bible
question: What was the purpose of Russell's group?

answers: text: the Gentile Times
question: 1914 would mark the end of a 2520 year period known as what?

answers: text: Three Worlds
question: When Russell met Nelson H. Barbour in 1876, they jointly produced what book?

context: From 1879, Watch Tower supporters gathered as autonomous congregations to study the Bible topically. Thirty congregations were founded, and during 1879 and 1880, Russell visited each to provide the format he recommended for conducting meetings. As congregations continued to form during Russell's ministry, they each remained self-administrative, functioning under the congregationalist style of church governance. In 1881, Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society was presided over by William Henry Conley, and in 1884, Charles Taze Russell incorporated the society as a non-profit business to distribute tracts and Bibles. By about 1900, Russell had organized thousands of part- and full-time colporteurs, and was appointing foreign missionaries and establishing branch offices. By the 1910s, Russell's organization maintained nearly a hundred "pilgrims," or traveling preachers. Russell engaged in significant global publishing efforts during his ministry, and by 1912, he was the most distributed Christian author in the United States.
qas: answers: text: From 1879
question: When did Watch Tower supporters gather as autonomous congregations to study the Bible?

answers: text: Thirty
question: How many congregations were founded?

answers: text: self-administrative
question: What did the congregations which continued to form during Russell's ministry remain?

answers: text: during 1879 and 1880
question: When did Russell visit each of the congregations to provide the format he recommended to conduct their meetings?

answers: text: William Henry Conley
question: Who presided over Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society in 1881?

context: Russell moved the Watch Tower Society's headquarters to Brooklyn, New York, in 1909, combining printing and corporate offices with a house of worship; volunteers were housed in a nearby residence he named Bethel. He identified the religious movement as "Bible Students," and more formally as the International Bible Students Association. By 1910, about 50,000 people worldwide were associated with the movement and congregations re-elected him annually as their "pastor." Russell died October 31, 1916, at the age of 64 while returning from a ministerial speaking tour.
qas: answers: text: 1909
question: When did Russell move the Society's headquarters to Brooklyn?

answers: text: printing and corporate offices with a house of worship
question: What did Russell combine at the headquarters?

answers: text: Bethel
question: What was the name of the residence where volunteers were housed?

answers: text: October 31, 1916
question: When did Russell die?

answers: text: about 50,000 people
question: How many people worldwide were associated with Russell's movement by 1910?

context: In January 1917, the Watch Tower Society's legal representative, Joseph Franklin Rutherford, was elected as its next president. His election was disputed, and members of the Board of Directors accused him of acting in an autocratic and secretive manner. The divisions between his supporters and opponents triggered a major turnover of members over the next decade. In June 1917, he released The Finished Mystery as a seventh volume of Russell's Studies in the Scriptures series. The book, published as the posthumous work of Russell, was a compilation of his commentaries on the Bible books of Ezekiel and Revelation, plus numerous additions by Bible Students Clayton Woodworth and George Fisher. It strongly criticized Catholic and Protestant clergy and Christian involvement in the Great War. As a result, Watch Tower Society directors were jailed for sedition under the Espionage Act in 1918 and members were subjected to mob violence; charges against the directors were dropped in 1920.
qas: answers: text: Joseph Franklin Rutherford
question: Who was elected as the Watch Tower Society's president in January of 1917?

answers: text: June 1917,
question: When did Rutherford release The Finished Mystery?

answers: text: legal representative
question: What had Rutherford been before being elected the group's president?

answers: text: Catholic and Protestant clergy
question: Who did the Finished Mystery strongly criticize? 

answers: text: sedition
question: What were Watch Tower Society directors jailed for?

context: Rutherford centralized organizational control of the Watch Tower Society. In 1919, he instituted the appointment of a director in each congregation, and a year later all members were instructed to report their weekly preaching activity to the Brooklyn headquarters. At an international convention held at Cedar Point, Ohio, in September 1922, a new emphasis was made on house-to-house preaching. Significant changes in doctrine and administration were regularly introduced during Rutherford's twenty-five years as president, including the 1920 announcement that the Jewish patriarchs (such as Abraham and Isaac) would be resurrected in 1925, marking the beginning of Christ's thousand-year Kingdom. Disappointed by the changes, tens of thousands of defections occurred during the first half of Rutherford's tenure, leading to the formation of several Bible Student organizations independent of the Watch Tower Society, most of which still exist. By mid-1919, as many as one in seven of Russell-era Bible Students had ceased their association with the Society, and as many as two-thirds by the end of the 1920s.
qas: answers: text: Cedar Point, Ohio
question: Where as an international convention held in September of 1922?

answers: text: a director
question: What did Rutherford institute the appointment of in each congregation in 1919?

answers: text: house-to-house preaching
question: What was a new emphasis made on at the international convention?

answers: text: preaching activity
question: What were all members instructed to report weekly to the Brooklyn headquarters?

answers: text: twenty-five years
question: How long was Rutherford's tenure as president of the Society?

context: On July 26, 1931, at a convention in Columbus, Ohio, Rutherford introduced the new name—Jehovah's witnesses—based on Isaiah 43:10: "Ye are my witnesses, saith Jehovah, and my servant whom I have chosen"—which was adopted by resolution. The name was chosen to distinguish his group of Bible Students from other independent groups that had severed ties with the Society, as well as symbolize the instigation of new outlooks and the promotion of fresh evangelizing methods. In 1932, Rutherford eliminated the system of locally elected elders and in 1938, introduced what he called a "theocratic" (literally, God-ruled) organizational system, under which appointments in congregations worldwide were made from the Brooklyn headquarters.
qas: answers: text: July 26, 1931
question: When did Rutherford introduce the new name for the Society?

answers: text: Isaiah 43:10
question: What biblical passage was the name Jehovah's witnesses based on?

answers: text: locally elected elders
question: What system did Rutherford eliminate in 1932?

answers: text: the Brooklyn headquarters
question: Where were appointments in congregations worldwide made from?

context: From 1932, it was taught that the "little flock" of 144,000 would not be the only people to survive Armageddon. Rutherford explained that in addition to the 144,000 "anointed" who would be resurrected—or transferred at death—to live in heaven to rule over earth with Christ, a separate class of members, the "great multitude," would live in a paradise restored on earth; from 1935, new converts to the movement were considered part of that class. By the mid-1930s, the timing of the beginning of Christ's presence (Greek: parousía), his enthronement as king, and the start of the "last days" were each moved to 1914.
qas: answers: text: 1932
question: From when was it taught that the little flock would not be the only people to survive Armageddon?

answers: text: 144,000
question: What was the number of the little flock set at?

answers: text: a paradise restored on earth
question: Where would the great multitude live?

answers: text: great multitude
question: All new converts to the movmeent since 1935 were considered part of what class?

answers: text: 1914
question: When was the start of the last days moved to in the mid-1930s?

context: Nathan Knorr was appointed as third president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in 1942. Knorr commissioned a new translation of the Bible, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, the full version of which was released in 1961. He organized large international assemblies, instituted new training programs for members, and expanded missionary activity and branch offices throughout the world. Knorr's presidency was also marked by an increasing use of explicit instructions guiding Witnesses in their lifestyle and conduct, and a greater use of congregational judicial procedures to enforce a strict moral code.
qas: answers: text: Nathan Knorr
question: Who was appointed as the third president of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in 1942?

answers: text: a new translation of the Bible
question: What did Knorr commission?

answers: text: in 1961
question: When was the full version of the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures released?

answers: text: explicit instructions guiding Witnesses
question: What was Knorr's presidency marked by the increasing use of?

answers: text: a strict moral code
question: What was greater use of congregational judicial procedures used to enforce?

context: From 1966, Witness publications and convention talks built anticipation of the possibility that Christ's thousand-year reign might begin in late 1975 or shortly thereafter. The number of baptisms increased significantly, from about 59,000 in 1966 to more than 297,000 in 1974. By 1975, the number of active members exceeded two million. Membership declined during the late 1970s after expectations for 1975 were proved wrong. Watch Tower Society literature did not state dogmatically that 1975 would definitely mark the end, but in 1980 the Watch Tower Society admitted its responsibility in building up hope regarding that year.
qas: answers: text: Christ's thousand-year reign
question: From 1966, what did Witness publications and conventions think would happen in late 1975?

answers: text: more than 297,000
question: How many baptisms were there in 1974?

answers: text: two million
question: How many active members were there in 1975?

answers: text: after expectations for 1975 were proved wrong
question: Why did membership decline in the late 1970s?

answers: text: its responsibility in building up hope
question: What did the Watch Tower Society admit in 1980?

context: The offices of elder and ministerial servant were restored to Witness congregations in 1972, with appointments made from headquarters (and later, also by branch committees). It was announced that, starting in September 2014, appointments would be made by traveling overseers. In a major organizational overhaul in 1976, the power of the Watch Tower Society president was diminished, with authority for doctrinal and organizational decisions passed to the Governing Body. Since Knorr's death in 1977, the position of president has been occupied by Frederick Franz (1977–1992) and Milton Henschel (1992–2000), both members of the Governing Body, and since 2000 by Don A. Adams, not a member of the Governing Body. In 1995, Jehovah's Witnesses abandoned the idea that Armageddon must occur during the lives of the generation that was alive in 1914 and in 2013 changed their teaching on the "generation".
qas: answers: text: president
question: In 1976 whose power in Watch Tower Society was diminished?

answers: text: 1972
question: When was the offices of restored to the Witness congregations?

answers: text: 1977
question: When did Knorr die? 

answers: text: traveling overseers
question: Starting in September 2014, who was responsible for making appointments in the Church?

answers: text: Don A. Adams
question: Who has been president of the Society since 2000?

context: Jehovah's Witnesses are organized hierarchically, in what the leadership calls a "theocratic organization", reflecting their belief that it is God's "visible organization" on earth. The organization is led by the Governing Body—an all-male group that varies in size, but since early 2014 has comprised seven members,[note 1] all of whom profess to be of the "anointed" class with a hope of heavenly life—based in the Watch Tower Society's Brooklyn headquarters. There is no election for membership; new members are selected by the existing body. Until late 2012, the Governing Body described itself as the representative and "spokesman" for God's "faithful and discreet slave class" (approximately 10,000 self-professed "anointed" Jehovah's Witnesses). At the 2012 Annual Meeting of the Watch Tower Society, the "faithful and discreet slave" was defined as referring to the Governing Body only. The Governing Body directs several committees that are responsible for administrative functions, including publishing, assembly programs and evangelizing activities. It appoints all branch committee members and traveling overseers, after they have been recommended by local branches, with traveling overseers supervising circuits of congregations within their jurisdictions. Traveling overseers appoint local elders and ministerial servants, and while branch offices may appoint regional committees for matters such as Kingdom Hall construction or disaster relief.
qas: answers: text: hierarchically
question: How are Jehovah Witnesses organized?

answers: text: God's "visible organization"
question: What does the theocratic organization of Jehovah Witnesses reflect on Earth?

answers: text: male
question: What gender are all the members of the Governing Body?

answers: text: seven
question: How many members does the Governing Body consist of?

answers: text: several committees
question: Who does the Governing Body direct?

context: Each congregation has a body of appointed unpaid male elders and ministerial servants. Elders maintain general responsibility for congregational governance, setting meeting times, selecting speakers and conducting meetings, directing the public preaching work, and creating "judicial committees" to investigate and decide disciplinary action for cases involving sexual misconduct or doctrinal breaches. New elders are appointed by a traveling overseer after recommendation by the existing body of elders. Ministerial servants—appointed in a similar manner to elders—fulfill clerical and attendant duties, but may also teach and conduct meetings. Witnesses do not use elder as a title to signify a formal clergy-laity division, though elders may employ ecclesiastical privilege such as confession of sins.
qas: answers: text: a body of appointed unpaid male elders
question: What does each congregation have?

answers: text: Elders
question: Whose responsibility is it to conduct meetings and decide action for cases involving sexual misconduct?

answers: text: a traveling overseer
question: Who appoints new elders?

answers: text: a formal clergy-laity division
question: What does the title of elder not signify?

answers: text: confession of sins
question: What ecclesiastical privilege may elders employ?

context: Baptism is a requirement for being considered a member of Jehovah's Witnesses. Jehovah's Witnesses do not practice infant baptism, and previous baptisms performed by other denominations are not considered valid. Individuals undergoing baptism must affirm publicly that dedication and baptism identify them "as one of Jehovah's Witnesses in association with God's spirit-directed organization," though Witness publications say baptism symbolizes personal dedication to God and not "to a man, work or organization." Their literature emphasizes the need for members to be obedient and loyal to Jehovah and to "his organization,"[note 2] stating that individuals must remain part of it to receive God's favor and to survive Armageddon.
qas: answers: text: Baptism
question: What is a requirement for being considered a member of Jehovah's Witnesses?

answers: text: previous baptisms
question: What aren't considered valid when performed by other denominations?

answers: text: God
question: What do Witness publications say baptism symbolizes a person's personal dedication to?

answers: text: organization
question: Jehovah Witnesses' literature puts emphasis on the obedience to not only Jehovah but also to his what?

answers: text: favor
question: Individuals must remain Jehovah Witnesses if they wish to receive what from God?

context: Jehovah's Witnesses believe their religion is a restoration of first-century Christianity. Doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses are established by the Governing Body, which assumes responsibility for interpreting and applying scripture. The Governing Body does not issue any single, comprehensive "statement of faith", but prefers to express its doctrinal position in a variety of ways through publications published by the Watch Tower Society. Their publications teach that doctrinal changes and refinements result from a process of progressive revelation, in which God gradually reveals his will and purpose, and that such enlightenment or "new light" results from the application of reason and study, the guidance of the holy spirit, and direction from Jesus Christ and angels. The Society also teaches that members of the Governing Body are helped by the holy spirit to discern "deep truths", which are then considered by the entire Governing Body before it makes doctrinal decisions. The religion's leadership, while disclaiming divine inspiration and infallibility, is said to provide "divine guidance" through its teachings described as "based on God's Word thus ... not from men, but from Jehovah."
qas: answers: text: first-century Christianity
question: What do Jehovah Witnesses believe their religion is a restoration of?

answers: text: the Governing Body
question: Who establishes the doctrines of the Jehovah Witnesses? 

answers: text: through publications published by the Watch Tower Society
question: Where does the Governing Body express its doctrinal position?

answers: text: gradually
question: How does God reveal his will and purpose?

answers: text: divine guidance
question: What is the Jehovah Witnesses' leadership said to provide?

context: The entire Protestant canon of scripture is considered the inspired, inerrant word of God. Jehovah's Witnesses consider the Bible to be scientifically and historically accurate and reliable and interpret much of it literally, but accept parts of it as symbolic. They consider the Bible to be the final authority for all their beliefs, although sociologist Andrew Holden's ethnographic study of the religion concluded that pronouncements of the Governing Body, through Watch Tower Society publications, carry almost as much weight as the Bible. Regular personal Bible reading is frequently recommended; Witnesses are discouraged from formulating doctrines and "private ideas" reached through Bible research independent of Watch Tower Society publications, and are cautioned against reading other religious literature. Adherents are told to have "complete confidence" in the leadership, avoid skepticism about what is taught in the Watch Tower Society's literature, and "not advocate or insist on personal opinions or harbor private ideas when it comes to Bible understanding." The religion makes no provision for members to criticize or contribute to official teachings and all Witnesses must abide by its doctrines and organizational requirements.
qas: answers: text: The entire Protestant canon
question: What is considered the inspired, inerrant word of God?

answers: text: accurate
question: What do Jehovah Witnesses consider the science and history within the Bible to be?

answers: text: the Governing Body
question: Whose pronouncements within Jehovah Witnesses group are considered to carry almost as much weight as the Bible?

answers: text: other religious literature
question: What are members of Jehovah Witnesses cautioned against reading?

answers: text: criticize or contribute
question: What is there no provision for members of the Jehovah Witnesses to do in relation to the official teachings?

context: Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus is God's only direct creation, that everything else was created by means of Christ, and that the initial unassisted act of creation uniquely identifies Jesus as God's "only-begotten Son". Jesus served as a redeemer and a ransom sacrifice to pay for the sins of humanity. They believe Jesus died on a single upright post rather than the traditional cross. They believe that references in the Bible to the Archangel Michael, Abaddon (Apollyon), and the Word all refer to Jesus. Jesus is considered to be the only intercessor and high priest between God and humanity, and appointed by God as the king and judge of his kingdom. His role as a mediator (referred to in 1 Timothy 2:5) is applied to the 'anointed' class, though the 'other sheep' are said to also benefit from the arrangement.
qas: answers: text: Jesus
question: Who do Jehovah Witnesses believe is God's only direct creation?

answers: text: the sins of humanity
question: What was Jesus a ransom sacrifice to pay for?

answers: text: a single upright post
question: What do Jehovah Witnesses believe Jesus died on rather than a traditional cross?

answers: text: intercessor and high priest
question: Jesus is considered to be the only what between God and humanity?

answers: text: 1 Timothy 2:5
question: What biblical passage outlines Jesus' role as a mediator?

context: Witnesses believe that a "little flock" go to heaven, but that the hope for life after death for the majority of "other sheep" involves being resurrected by God to a cleansed earth after Armageddon. They interpret Revelation 14:1–5 to mean that the number of Christians going to heaven is limited to exactly 144,000, who will rule with Jesus as kings and priests over earth. Jehovah's Witnesses teach that only they meet scriptural requirements for surviving Armageddon, but that God is the final judge. During Christ's millennial reign, most people who died prior to Armageddon will be resurrected with the prospect of living forever; they will be taught the proper way to worship God to prepare them for their final test at the end of the millennium.
qas: answers: text: a "little flock"
question: Jehovah Witnesses believe who will go to heaven?

answers: text: a cleansed earth
question: Where will God resurrected the "other sheep" after Armageddon?

answers: text: 144,000
question: Jehovah Witnesses interrupted Revelation 14:1-5 to limit heaven goers to exactly what number?

answers: text: God
question: Who is the final Judge of whether Jehovah Witnesses get to survive Armageddon?

answers: text: their final test at the end of the millennium
question: What will people need to study for during Christ's millennial reign?

context: Jehovah's Witnesses believe that God's kingdom is a literal government in heaven, ruled by Jesus Christ and 144,000 "spirit-anointed" Christians drawn from the earth, which they associate with Jesus' reference to a "new covenant". The kingdom is viewed as the means by which God will accomplish his original purpose for the earth, transforming it into a paradise without sickness or death. It is said to have been the focal point of Jesus' ministry on earth. They believe the kingdom was established in heaven in 1914, and that Jehovah's Witnesses serve as representatives of the kingdom on earth.
qas: answers: text: a literal government in heaven
question: What do Jehovah Witnesses believe of God's kingdom?

answers: text: 144,000 "spirit-anointed" Christians
question: Who rules with Jesus Christ in heaven according to Jehovah Witnesses?

answers: text: accomplish his original purpose for the earth
question: What do the Jehovah Witnesses believe God will use the kingdom in heaven for?

answers: text: a paradise without sickness or death
question: What will the Earth be transformed into?

answers: text: 1914
question: When do Jehovah Witnesses believe the kingdom of heaven was established?

context: A central teaching of Jehovah's Witnesses is that the current world era, or "system of things", entered the "last days" in 1914 and faces imminent destruction through intervention by God and Jesus Christ, leading to deliverance for those who worship God acceptably. They consider all other present-day religions to be false, identifying them with "Babylon the Great", or the "harlot", of Revelation 17, and believe that they will soon be destroyed by the United Nations, which they believe is represented in scripture by the scarlet-colored wild beast of Revelation chapter 17. This development will mark the beginning of the "great tribulation". Satan will subsequently attack Jehovah's Witnesses, an action that will prompt God to begin the war of Armageddon, during which all forms of government and all people not counted as Christ's "sheep", or true followers, will be destroyed. After Armageddon, God will extend his heavenly kingdom to include earth, which will be transformed into a paradise similar to the Garden of Eden. After Armageddon, most of those who had died before God's intervention will gradually be resurrected during "judgment day" lasting for one thousand years. This judgment will be based on their actions after resurrection rather than past deeds. At the end of the thousand years, Christ will hand all authority back to God. Then a final test will take place when Satan is released to mislead perfect mankind. Those who fail will be destroyed, along with Satan and his demons. The end result will be a fully tested, glorified human race.
qas: answers: text: 1914
question: One of Jehovah Witnesses' central teachings is that the world entered into its last days at what year?

answers: text: false
question: What do Jehovah Witnesses consider all other present day religions to be?

answers: text: the United Nations
question: Who do Jehovah Witnesses think is out to destroy them?

answers: text: Satan
question: Who needs to attack Jehovah Witnesses for God to begin the war of Armageddon?

answers: text: a fully tested, glorified human race
question: What will be the end result of God's kingdom?

context: Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus Christ began to rule in heaven as king of God's kingdom in October 1914, and that Satan was subsequently ousted from heaven to the earth, resulting in "woe" to humanity. They believe that Jesus rules invisibly, from heaven, perceived only as a series of "signs". They base this belief on a rendering of the Greek word parousia—usually translated as "coming" when referring to Christ—as "presence". They believe Jesus' presence includes an unknown period beginning with his inauguration as king in heaven in 1914, and ending when he comes to bring a final judgment against humans on earth. They thus depart from the mainstream Christian belief that the "second coming" of Matthew 24 refers to a single moment of arrival on earth to judge humans.
qas: answers: text: when he comes to bring a final judgment
question: When will Jesus' presence end?

answers: text: ousted from heaven
question: What happened to Satan when Jesus started his rule?

answers: text: invisibly
question: How do Jehovah Witnesses believe that Jesus rules?

answers: text: "coming"
question: How is the Greek word parousia translated when referring to Christ?

answers: text: October 1914
question: On what date do Jehovah Witnesses believe Jesus Christ began his rule as a king in God's kingdom?

context: Meetings for worship and study are held at Kingdom Halls, which are typically functional in character, and do not contain religious symbols. Witnesses are assigned to a congregation in whose "territory" they usually reside and attend weekly services they refer to as "meetings" as scheduled by congregation elders. The meetings are largely devoted to study of Watch Tower Society literature and the Bible. The format of the meetings is established by the religion's headquarters, and the subject matter for most meetings is the same worldwide. Congregations meet for two sessions each week comprising five distinct meetings that total about three-and-a-half hours, typically gathering mid-week (three meetings) and on the weekend (two meetings). Prior to 2009, congregations met three times each week; these meetings were condensed, with the intention that members dedicate an evening for "family worship". Gatherings are opened and closed with kingdom songs (hymns) and brief prayers. Twice each year, Witnesses from a number of congregations that form a "circuit" gather for a one-day assembly. Larger groups of congregations meet once a year for a three-day "regional convention", usually at rented stadiums or auditoriums. Their most important and solemn event is the commemoration of the "Lord's Evening Meal", or "Memorial of Christ's Death" on the date of the Jewish Passover.
qas: answers: text: three times each week
question: How often did Jehovah Witnesses congregations meet prior to 2009?

answers: text: songs (hymns) and brief prayers
question: What are Jehovah Witnesses' gatherings opened and closed with?

answers: text: "territory" they usually reside
question: How are Jehovah Witnesses assigned to congregations?

answers: text: meetings
question: What do Jehovah Witnesses refer to their weekly services as?

answers: text: Kingdom Halls
question: Where do Jehovah Witnesses meet for worship and study?

context: Jehovah's Witnesses are perhaps best known for their efforts to spread their beliefs, most notably by visiting people from house to house, distributing literature published by the Watch Tower Society in 700 languages. The objective is to start a regular "Bible study" with any person who is not already a member, with the intention that the student be baptized as a member of the group; Witnesses are advised to consider discontinuing Bible studies with students who show no interest in becoming members. Witnesses are taught they are under a biblical command to engage in public preaching. They are instructed to devote as much time as possible to their ministry and are required to submit an individual monthly "Field Service Report". Baptized members who fail to report a month of preaching are termed "irregular" and may be counseled by elders; those who do not submit reports for six consecutive months are termed "inactive".
qas: answers: text: their efforts to spread their beliefs
question: What are Jehovah Witnesses probably best known for by outsiders?

answers: text: 700
question: How many languages is the Watch Tower Society literature published in?

answers: text: start a regular "Bible study"
question: What is the objective of Jehovah Witnesses' door to door ministry?

answers: text: show no interest in becoming members
question: When are Jehovah Witnesses advised to discontinue Bibles studies with students?

answers: text: irregular
question: What are baptized members who fail to report a month of preaching termed as?

context: Divorce is discouraged, and remarriage is forbidden unless a divorce is obtained on the grounds of adultery, which they refer to as "a scriptural divorce". If a divorce is obtained for any other reason, remarriage is considered adulterous unless the prior spouse has died or is since considered to have committed sexual immorality. Extreme physical abuse, willful non-support of one's family, and what the religion terms "absolute endangerment of spirituality" are considered grounds for legal separation.
qas: answers: text: discouraged
question: What is Jehovah Witnesses' view of divorce?

answers: text: adultery
question: What is an acceptable grounds for divorce for a Jehovah Witness?

answers: text: adulterous
question: What do Jehovah Witnesses considered remarriage when the reason for divorce wasn't adultery?

answers: text: legal separation
question: Jehovah Witnesses will allow what in the event of extreme physical abuse or absolute endangerment of spirituality?

context: Formal discipline is administered by congregation elders. When a baptized member is accused of committing a serious sin—usually cases of sexual misconduct or charges of apostasy for disputing Jehovah's Witness doctrines—a judicial committee is formed to determine guilt, provide help and possibly administer discipline. Disfellowshipping, a form of shunning, is the strongest form of discipline, administered to an offender deemed unrepentant. Contact with disfellowshipped individuals is limited to direct family members living in the same home, and with congregation elders who may invite disfellowshipped persons to apply for reinstatement; formal business dealings may continue if contractually or financially obliged. Witnesses are taught that avoiding social and spiritual interaction with disfellowshipped individuals keeps the congregation free from immoral influence and that "losing precious fellowship with loved ones may help [the shunned individual] to come 'to his senses,' see the seriousness of his wrong, and take steps to return to Jehovah." The practice of shunning may also serve to deter other members from dissident behavior. Members who disassociate (formally resign) are described in Watch Tower Society literature as wicked and are also shunned. Expelled individuals may eventually be reinstated to the congregation if deemed repentant by elders in the congregation in which the disfellowshipping was enforced. Reproof is a lesser form of discipline given formally by a judicial committee to a baptized Witness who is considered repentant of serious sin; the reproved person temporarily loses conspicuous privileges of service, but suffers no restriction of social or spiritual fellowship. Marking, a curtailing of social but not spiritual fellowship, is practiced if a baptized member persists in a course of action regarded as a violation of Bible principles but not a serious sin.[note 4]
qas: answers: text: congregation elders
question: Who administers formal discipline?

answers: text: a judicial committee
question: What is formed when a baptized member is accused of doing something serious enough for Jehovah Witnesses to take notice?

answers: text: Disfellowshipping
question: What is the strongest form of discipline the Jehovah Witnesses' judicial committee can render?

answers: text: wicked
question: What do Jehovah Witnesses describe anyone who formally resign from the church as?

answers: text: keeps the congregation free from immoral influence
question: What are Jehovah Witnesses taught that avoiding social and spiritual interaction with disfellowshipped individuals does?

context: Jehovah's Witnesses believe that the Bible condemns the mixing of religions, on the basis that there can only be one truth from God, and therefore reject interfaith and ecumenical movements. They believe that only their religion represents true Christianity, and that other religions fail to meet all the requirements set by God and will soon be destroyed. Jehovah's Witnesses are taught that it is vital to remain "separate from the world." The Witnesses' literature defines the "world" as "the mass of mankind apart from Jehovah's approved servants" and teach that it is morally contaminated and ruled by Satan. Witnesses are taught that association with "worldly" people presents a "danger" to their faith, and are instructed to minimize social contact with non-members to better maintain their own standards of morality.
qas: answers: text: can only be one truth from God
question: Why do Jehovah Witnesses believe the Bible condemns mixing of religions?

answers: text: "separate from the world."
question: What are Jehovah Witnesses taught it's vital to remain?

answers: text: represents true Christianity
question: What do Jehovah Witnesses believe is true of their religion and their religion alone?

answers: text: danger
question: What are Jehovah Witnesses taught association with worldly people presents to their faith?

answers: text: "the mass of mankind apart from Jehovah's approved servants"
question: What does Jehovah Witnesses define the "world" to mean?

context: Jehovah's Witnesses believe their highest allegiance belongs to God's kingdom, which is viewed as an actual government in heaven, with Christ as king. They remain politically neutral, do not seek public office, and are discouraged from voting, though individual members may participate in uncontroversial community improvement issues. Although they do not take part in politics, they respect the authority of the governments under which they live. They do not celebrate religious holidays such as Christmas and Easter, nor do they observe birthdays, nationalistic holidays, or other celebrations they consider to honor people other than Jesus. They feel that these and many other customs have pagan origins or reflect a nationalistic or political spirit. Their position is that these traditional holidays reflect Satan's control over the world. Witnesses are told that spontaneous giving at other times can help their children to not feel deprived of birthdays or other celebrations.
qas: answers: text: Christ
question: Who is king of God's kingdom in heaven?

answers: text: neutral
question: What do Jehovah Witnesses remain politically?

answers: text: voting
question: What are Jehovah Witnesses discouraged from doing?

answers: text: they consider to honor people other than Jesus
question: Why do Jehovah Witnesses forego religious holidays and birthdays or other celebrations?

answers: text: Satan's control over the world
question: What do Jehovah Witnesses feel all the traditional holidays reflect?

context: They do not work in industries associated with the military, do not serve in the armed services, and refuse national military service, which in some countries may result in their arrest and imprisonment. They do not salute or pledge allegiance to flags or sing national anthems or patriotic songs. Jehovah's Witnesses see themselves as a worldwide brotherhood that transcends national boundaries and ethnic loyalties. Sociologist Ronald Lawson has suggested the religion's intellectual and organizational isolation, coupled with the intense indoctrination of adherents, rigid internal discipline and considerable persecution, has contributed to the consistency of its sense of urgency in its apocalyptic message.
qas: answers: text: associated with the military
question: What industries do Jehovah Witnesses avoid working in?

answers: text: their arrest and imprisonment
question: What may a Jehovah Witnesses' refusal to serve in the natural military service result in, in some countries?

answers: text: a worldwide brotherhood
question: What do Jehovah Witnesses see themselves as, which transcends national boundaries and ethnic loyalties?

answers: text: Sociologist
question: What profession is Ronald Lawson?

answers: text: intellectual and organizational isolation
question: What does Lawson suggest has contributed to the consistency of the sense of urgency in Jehovah Witnesses' apocalyptic message?

context: Jehovah's Witnesses refuse blood transfusions, which they consider a violation of God's law based on their interpretation of Acts 15:28, 29 and other scriptures. Since 1961 the willing acceptance of a blood transfusion by an unrepentant member has been grounds for expulsion from the religion. Members are directed to refuse blood transfusions, even in "a life-or-death situation". Jehovah's Witnesses accept non-blood alternatives and other medical procedures in lieu of blood transfusions, and their literature provides information about non-blood medical procedures.
qas: answers: text: Acts 15:28, 29
question: What biblical passage informs Jehovah Witnesses' refusal of blood transfusions?

answers: text: willing acceptance of a blood transfusion
question: What is grounds for expulsion from Jehovah Witnesses, since 1961?

answers: text: non-blood alternatives
question: What do Jehovah Witnesses accept in lieu of blood transfusions?

answers: text: information
question: What does Jehovah Witnesses' literature provide about non-blood medical procedures?

context: Though Jehovah's Witnesses do not accept blood transfusions of whole blood, they may accept some blood plasma fractions at their own discretion. The Watch Tower Society provides pre-formatted durable power of attorney documents prohibiting major blood components, in which members can specify which allowable fractions and treatments they will personally accept. Jehovah's Witnesses have established Hospital Liaison Committees as a cooperative arrangement between individual Jehovah's Witnesses and medical professionals and hospitals.
qas: answers: text: blood plasma fractions
question: What are Jehovah Witnesses allowed to accept at their discretion? 

answers: text: major blood components
question: What pre-formatted durable power of attorney documents are provided by the Watch Tower Society to prohibit?

answers: text: allowable fractions and treatments they will personally accept
question: What can Jehovah's Witnesses' members specify on the canned legal forms from the WTS?

answers: text: Hospital Liaison Committees
question: What cooperative arrangement did Jehovah's Witnesses establish?

answers: text: individual Jehovah's Witnesses
question: The Hospital Liaison Committees serve to bridge between hospitals, medical professionals and who?

context: As of August 2015, Jehovah's Witnesses report an average of 8.2 million publishers—the term they use for members actively involved in preaching—in 118,016 congregations. In 2015, these reports indicated over 1.93 billion hours spent in preaching and "Bible study" activity. Since the mid-1990s, the number of peak publishers has increased from 4.5 million to 8.2 million. In the same year, they conducted "Bible studies" with over 9.7 million individuals, including those conducted by Witness parents with their children. Jehovah's Witnesses estimate their current worldwide growth rate to be 1.5% per year.
qas: answers: text: publishers
question: What term do Jehovah's Witnesses use for members actively involved in preaching?

answers: text: 8.2 million
question: How many publishers did the Jehovah's Witnesses have as of August 2015?

answers: text: 118,016
question: How many congregations did the Jehovah's Witnesses have in 2015?

answers: text: 1.93 billion
question: Over how many hours had Jehovah's Witnesses spent preaching and in "Bible study" activity in 2015?

answers: text: 1.5% per year
question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses their worldwide growth rate to be?

context: The official published membership statistics, such as those mentioned above, include only those who submit reports for their personal ministry; official statistics do not include inactive and disfellowshipped individuals or others who might attend their meetings. As a result, only about half of those who self-identified as Jehovah's Witnesses in independent demographic studies are considered active by the faith itself. The 2008 US Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life survey found a low retention rate among members of the religion: about 37% of people raised in the religion continued to identify themselves as Jehovah's Witnesses.
qas: answers: text: those who submit reports for their personal ministry
question: Where do the officially published membership statistics come from?

answers: text: active
question: Only about half all Jehovah's Witnesses are actually considered what in the faith itself?

answers: text: low
question: What did a 2008 US Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life survey discover about Jehovah's Witnesses' retention rate?

answers: text: 37%
question: Only about what percentage of the people raised in the religion continue to identify themselves as Jehovah's Witnesses?

context: Sociologist James A. Beckford, in his 1975 study of Jehovah's Witnesses, classified the religion's organizational structure as Totalizing, characterized by an assertive leadership, specific and narrow objectives, control over competing demands on members' time and energy, and control over the quality of new members. Other characteristics of the classification include likelihood of friction with secular authorities, reluctance to co-operate with other religious organizations, a high rate of membership turnover, a low rate of doctrinal change, and strict uniformity of beliefs among members. Beckford identified the religion's chief characteristics as historicism (identifying historical events as relating to the outworking of God's purpose), absolutism (conviction that Jehovah's Witness leaders dispense absolute truth), activism (capacity to motivate members to perform missionary tasks), rationalism (conviction that Witness doctrines have a rational basis devoid of mystery), authoritarianism (rigid presentation of regulations without the opportunity for criticism) and world indifference (rejection of certain secular requirements and medical treatments).
qas: answers: text: Sociologist
question: What is the profession of James A. Beckford?

answers: text: 1975
question: When did Beckford study the Jehovah's Witnesses?

answers: text: Totalizing
question: What did Beckford classify the Jehovah's Witnesses organizational structure as being?

answers: text: absolutism
question: What is the conviction that Jehovah's Witness leaders dispense absolute truth?

answers: text: world indifference
question: What is the term for Jehovah's Witnesses' rejection of certain secular requirements and medical treatments?

context: A sociological comparative study by the Pew Research Center found that Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States ranked highest in statistics for getting no further than high school graduation, belief in God, importance of religion in one's life, frequency of religious attendance, frequency of prayers, frequency of Bible reading outside of religious services, belief their prayers are answered, belief that their religion can only be interpreted one way, belief that theirs is the only one true faith leading to eternal life, opposition to abortion, and opposition to homosexuality. In the study, Jehovah's Witnesses ranked lowest in statistics for having earned a graduate degree and interest in politics.
qas: answers: text: high school graduation
question: Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States ranked highest in people whose education extended no further than what?

answers: text: reading
question: Compared to other religions, Jehovah's Witnesses have the highest frequency of doing what with the Bible outside of religious services?

answers: text: Jehovah's Witnesses
question: What religion ranks highest in frequency of religious attendance? 

answers: text: politics
question: Statistically, what is a Jehovah's Witnesses likely not to care about at all?

answers: text: a graduate degree
question: What do few Jehovah's Witnesses earn?

context: Political and religious animosity against Jehovah's Witnesses has at times led to mob action and government oppression in various countries. Their doctrine of political neutrality and their refusal to serve in the military has led to imprisonment of members who refused conscription during World War II and at other times where national service has been compulsory. In 1933, there were approximately 20,000 Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany, of whom about 10,000 were later imprisoned. Of those, 2000 were sent to Nazi concentration camps, where they were identified by purple triangles; as many as 1200 died, including 250 who were executed. In Canada, Jehovah's Witnesses were interned in camps along with political dissidents and people of Chinese and Japanese descent. In the former Soviet Union, about 9,300 Jehovah's Witnesses were deported to Siberia as part of Operation North in April 1951. Their religious activities are currently banned or restricted in some countries, including China, Vietnam and some Islamic states.
qas: answers: text: Political and religious animosity
question: What has at times led to immense violence against Jehovah's Witnesses?

answers: text: doctrine of political neutrality and their refusal to serve in the military
question: Why have Jehovah's Witnesses sometimes been imprisoned?

answers: text: 10,000
question: Of the 20,000 Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany in 1933, how many were later imprisoned?

answers: text: purple triangles
question: What were Jehovah's Witnesses identified by in Nazi concentration camps?

answers: text: China, Vietnam and some Islamic states
question: What countries ban the religious activities of Jehovah's Witnesses?

context: Authors including William Whalen, Shawn Francis Peters and former Witnesses Barbara Grizzuti Harrison, Alan Rogerson and William Schnell have claimed the arrests and mob violence in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s were the consequence of what appeared to be a deliberate course of provocation of authorities and other religions by Jehovah’s Witnesses. Whalen, Harrison and Schnell have suggested Rutherford invited and cultivated opposition for publicity purposes in a bid to attract dispossessed members of society, and to convince members that persecution from the outside world was evidence of the truth of their struggle to serve God. Watch Tower Society literature of the period directed that Witnesses should "never seek a controversy" nor resist arrest, but also advised members not to co-operate with police officers or courts that ordered them to stop preaching, and to prefer jail rather than pay fines.
qas: answers: text: authorities and other religions
question: Who were Jehovah's Witnesses accused of intentionally provoking in the 1930s and 1940s?

answers: text: Whalen, Harrison and Schnell
question: What authors have suggested Rutherford invited and cultivated opposition for the purpose of publicity?

answers: text: evidence of the truth of their struggle
question: What did Rutherford hope to convince members about the persecution from the outside world?

answers: text: controversy
question: What did Watch Tower Society literature tell Jehovah's Witnesses they should never seek?

answers: text: jail
question: What should a Jehovah's Witnesses prefer to paying fines?

context: In the United States, their persistent legal challenges prompted a series of state and federal court rulings that reinforced judicial protections for civil liberties. Among the rights strengthened by Witness court victories in the United States are the protection of religious conduct from federal and state interference, the right to abstain from patriotic rituals and military service, the right of patients to refuse medical treatment, and the right to engage in public discourse. Similar cases in their favor have been heard in Canada.
qas: answers: text: reinforced judicial protections for civil liberties
question: What did Jehovah's Witnesses persistent legal challenges result in, in the United States?

answers: text: federal and state
question: What is religious conduct protected from the interference of?

answers: text: patriotic rituals and military service
question: What right to abstain from do Jehovah's Witnesses exercise?

answers: text: medical treatment
question: What do patients have the right to refuse?

answers: text: Canada
question: Where have cases in the Jehovah's Witnesses favor been heard outside of the U.S.?

context: Doctrines of Jehovah's Witnesses are established by the Governing Body. The religion does not tolerate dissent over doctrines and practices; members who openly disagree with the religion's teachings are expelled and shunned. Witness publications strongly discourage followers from questioning doctrine and counsel received from the Governing Body, reasoning that it is to be trusted as part of "God's organization". It also warns members to "avoid independent thinking", claiming such thinking "was introduced by Satan the Devil" and would "cause division". Those who openly disagree with official teachings are condemned as "apostates" who are "mentally diseased".
qas: answers: text: the Governing Body
question: Who establishes the doctrines of the Jehovah's Witnesses?

answers: text: dissent
question: What do the Jehovah's Witnesses religion not tolerate any of?

answers: text: expelled and shunned
question: What happens to members who disagree with the religion's teachings?

answers: text: part of "God's organization"
question: Why should the counsel received from the Governing Body be trusted?

answers: text: Satan the Devil
question: Who do Jehovah's Witnesses believe introduced independent thinking?

context: Former members Heather and Gary Botting compare the cultural paradigms of the religion to George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-four, and Alan Rogerson describes the religion's leadership as totalitarian. Other critics charge that by disparaging individual decision-making, the religion's leaders cultivate a system of unquestioning obedience in which Witnesses abrogate all responsibility and rights over their personal lives. Critics also accuse the religion's leaders of exercising "intellectual dominance" over Witnesses, controlling information and creating "mental isolation", which former Governing Body member Raymond Franz argued were all elements of mind control.
qas: answers: text: Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-four
question: What do former Jehovah's Witnesses members Heath and Gary Botting compare the culture of the religion to?

answers: text: Alan Rogerson
question: Who describes the Jehovah's Witnesses' leadership as being totalitarian? 

answers: text: disparaging individual decision-making
question: How do the leaders of the Jehovah's Witnesses cultivate a system of unquestioning obedience?

answers: text: "intellectual dominance"
question: What do critics of the Jehovah's Witnesses accuse the religion's leaders of exercising over members?

answers: text: mind control
question: What did former Governing Body member Raymond Franz argue the methods employed by the religion were all elements of?

context: Sociologist Rodney Stark states that Jehovah's Witness leaders are "not always very democratic" and that members "are expected to conform to rather strict standards," but adds that "enforcement tends to be very informal, sustained by the close bonds of friendship within the group", and that Jehovah's Witnesses see themselves as "part of the power structure rather than subject to it." Sociologist Andrew Holden states that most members who join millenarian movements such as Jehovah's Witnesses have made an informed choice. However, he also states that defectors "are seldom allowed a dignified exit", and describes the administration as autocratic.
qas: answers: text: Sociologist
question: What profession did Rodney Stark grow up to become?

answers: text: "not always very democratic"
question: What statement does Stark make about the leaders of the Jehovah's Witnesses?

answers: text: "part of the power structure rather than subject to it."
question: How do Jehovah's Witnesses see themselves in regards to the power structure of the church?

answers: text: informed choice
question: Another Sociologist, Andrew Holden, feels anyone who joins a movement such as the Jehovah's Witnesses has made a what?

answers: text: dignified exit
question: Holden acknowledges that defectors are seldom allowed a what from the church?

context: On the other hand, in his study on nine of "the Bibles most widely in use in the English-speaking world", Bible scholar Jason BeDuhn, Professor of Religious Studies at the Northern Arizona University, wrote: “The NW [New World Translation] emerges as the most accurate of the translations compared.” Although the general public and many Bible scholars assume that the differences in the New World Translation are the result of religious bias on the part of its translators, BeDuhn stated: “Most of the differences are due to the greater accuracy of the NW as a literal, conservative translation of the original expressions of the New Testament writers.” He added however that the insertion of the name Jehovah in the New Testament "violate[s] accuracy in favor of denominationally preferred expressions for God".
qas: answers: text: the Bibles most widely in use in the English-speaking world
question: What is the New World Translation the most accurate translation of?

answers: text: religious bias
question: What do many Bible scholars assume the differences in the New World Translation are the result of?

answers: text: greater accuracy
question: BeDuhn clarifies that the differences are actually due to what?

answers: text: literal, conservative
question: The NW often errs on the side of what type of translation?

answers: text: Jehovah
question: What insertion into the New Testament violates accuracy in favor of denominationally preferred expressions?

context: Watch Tower Society publications have claimed that God has used Jehovah's Witnesses (and formerly, the International Bible Students) to declare his will and has provided advance knowledge about Armageddon and the establishment of God's kingdom. Some publications also claimed that God has used Jehovah's Witnesses and the International Bible Students as a modern-day prophet.[note 5] Jehovah's Witnesses' publications have made various predictions about world events they believe were prophesied in the Bible. Failed predictions have led to the alteration or abandonment of some doctrines. Some failed predictions had been presented as "beyond doubt" or "approved by God".
qas: answers: text: Jehovah's Witnesses
question: Who do Watch Tower Society publications claim God has used?

answers: text: world events
question: What have various Jehovah's Witnesses' publications made predictions about?

answers: text: to declare his will
question: What does God use Jehovah's Witnesses for?

answers: text: advance knowledge about Armageddon
question: What has God provided to Jehovah's Witnesses?

answers: text: "beyond doubt"
question: What had some of the failed predictions of Jehovah's Witnesses been presented as?

context: The Watch Tower Society rejects accusations that it is a false prophet, stating that its teachings are not inspired or infallible, and that it has not claimed its predictions were "the words of Jehovah." George D. Chryssides has suggested that with the exception of statements about 1914, 1925 and 1975, the changing views and dates of the Jehovah's Witnesses are largely attributable to changed understandings of biblical chronology than to failed predictions. Chryssides further states, "it is therefore simplistic and naïve to view the Witnesses as a group that continues to set a single end-date that fails and then devise a new one, as many counter-cultists do." However, sociologist Andrew Holden states that since the foundation of the movement around 140 years ago, "Witnesses have maintained that we are living on the precipice of the end of time."
qas: answers: text: biblical chronology
question: What does George D. Chryssides suggest the changing views and dates of the Jehovah's Witnesses can be attributed to changed understandings of?

answers: text: that it is a false prophet
question: What accusations does the Watch Tower Society reject?

answers: text: the end of time
question: What have Jehovah's Witnesses maintained we are living on the precipice of since their formation?

answers: text: around 140 years ago
question: How long ago was the foundation of the Jehovah's Witnesses movement?

answers: text: sociologist
question: What profession does Andrew Holden smugly self-identify as?

context: Jehovah's Witnesses have been accused of having policies and culture that help to conceal cases of sexual abuse within the organization. The religion has been criticized for its "two witness rule" for church discipline, based on its application of scriptures at Deuteronomy 19:15 and Matthew 18:15-17, which requires sexual abuse to be substantiated by secondary evidence if the accused person denies any wrongdoing. In cases where corroboration is lacking, the Watch Tower Society's instruction is that "the elders will leave the matter in Jehovah's hands". A former member of the church’s headquarters staff, Barbara Anderson, says the policy effectively requires that there be another witness to an act of molestation, "which is an impossibility". Anderson says the policies "protect pedophiles rather than protect the children." Jehovah's Witnesses maintain that they have a strong policy to protect children, adding that the best way to protect children is by educating parents; they also state that they do not sponsor activities that separate children from parents.
qas: answers: text: sexual abuse
question: What are Jehovah's Witnesses accused of concealing within their organization?

answers: text: Jehovah's
question: Whose hands should elders leave allegations of sexual abuse in when the accused person denies wrongdoing?

answers: text: pedophiles
question: Who does Barbara Anderson feel the church's policy regarding sexual abuse protects?

answers: text: children
question: What do Jehovah's Witnesses maintain they want to protect?

answers: text: children from parents
question: Jehovah's Witnesses do not sponsor activities when the result is the separation of whom?

context: The religion's failure to report abuse allegations to authorities has also been criticized. The Watch Tower Society's policy is that elders inform authorities when required by law to do so, but otherwise leave that action up to the victim and his or her family. The Australian Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse found that of 1006 alleged perpetrators of child sexual abuse identified by the Jehovah's Witnesses within their organization since 1950, "not one was reported by the church to secular authorities." William Bowen, a former Jehovah's Witness elder who established the Silentlambs organization to assist sex abuse victims within the religion, has claimed Witness leaders discourage followers from reporting incidents of sexual misconduct to authorities, and other critics claim the organization is reluctant to alert authorities in order to protect its "crime-free" reputation. In court cases in the United Kingdom and the United States the Watch Tower Society has been found to have been negligent in its failure to protect children from known sex offenders within the congregation and the Society has settled other child abuse lawsuits out of court, reportedly paying as much as $780,000 to one plaintiff without admitting wrongdoing.
qas: answers: text: abuse allegations
question: What has the Jehovah's Witnesses failure to report to authorities been criticized? 

answers: text: not one
question: Of the 1006 alleged perpetrators of child sexual abuse identified by Jehovah's Witnesses within their organization since 1950, how many were reported to secular authorities?

answers: text: to protect its "crime-free" reputation
question: Why are the Jehovah's Witnesses reluctant to alert authorities to abuse?

answers: text: negligent
question: What have courts in both the UK and the US found the Watch Tower Society to have been for failing to protect children from sexual predators within the congregation?

answers: text: as much as $780,000 to one plaintiff
question: How much has the Society reportedly paid to settle lawsuits without admitting any wrongdoing?