Institute_of_technology

context: Institute of technology (also: university of technology, polytechnic university, technikon, and technical college) is a designation employed for a wide range of learning institutions awarding different types of degrees and operating often at variable levels of the educational system. It may be an institution of higher education and advanced engineering and scientific research or professional vocational education, specializing in science, engineering, and technology or different sorts of technical subjects. It may also refer to a secondary education school focused in vocational training.[citation needed] The term institute of technology is often abbreviated IT and is not to be confused with information technology.
qas: answers: text: IT
question: What's a common abbreviation for the term institute of technology?

context: The English term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century, from the French École Polytechnique, an engineering school founded in 1794 in Paris. The French term comes from the Greek πολύ (polú or polý) meaning "many" and τεχνικός (tekhnikós) meaning "arts".
qas: answers: text: 19th century
question: In what century did the term polytechnic first show up?

answers: text: École Polytechnique
question: What school founded in 1794 first used a form of the word polytechnic in its name?

answers: text: Greek
question: What language does the French word polytechnique come from?

context: While the terms "institute of technology" and "polytechnic" are synonymous, the preference concerning which one is the preferred term varies from country to country.[citation needed]
qas: answers: text: polytechnic
question: What word means the same thing as "institute of technology"?

context: The institutes of technology and polytechnics have been in existence since at least the 18th century, but became popular after World War II with the expansion of engineering and applied science education, associated with the new needs created by industrialization. The world's first institution of technology, the Berg-Schola (today its legal successor is the University of Miskolc) was founded by the Court Chamber of Vienna in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary in 1735 in order to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining according to the requirements of the industrial revolution in Hungary. The oldest German Institute of Technology is the Braunschweig University of Technology (founded in 1745 as "Collegium Carolinum"). Another exception is the École Polytechnique, which has educated French élites since its foundation in 1794. In some cases, polytechnics or institutes of technology are engineering schools or technical colleges.
qas: answers: text: the Berg-Schola
question: What was the first institute of technology in the world?

answers: text: World War II
question: What war led to the increased popularity of institutes of technology and polytechnics?

answers: text: Collegium Carolinum
question: What was the founding name of the Braunschweig University of Technology?

answers: text: 1794
question: In what year was the École Polytechnique founded?

context: In several countries, like Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Turkey, institutes of technology and polytechnics are institutions of higher education, and have been accredited to award academic degrees and doctorates. Famous examples are the Istanbul Technical University, ETH Zurich, İYTE, Delft University of Technology and RWTH Aachen, all considered universities.[citation needed]
qas: answers: text: institutions of higher education
question: What kind of institutions do countries like Germany and Switzerland consider institutes of technology to be?

context: In countries like Iran, Finland, Malaysia, Portugal, Singapore or the United Kingdom, there is often a significant and confused distinction between polytechnics and universities. In the UK a binary system of higher education emerged consisting of universities (research orientation) and Polytechnics (engineering and applied science and professional practice orientation). Polytechnics offered university equivalent degrees from bachelor's, master's and PhD that were validated and governed at the national level by the independent UK Council for National Academic Awards. In 1992 UK Polytechnics were designated as universities which meant they could award their own degrees. The CNAA was disbanded. The UK's first polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution (now the University of Westminster) was founded in 1838 in Regent Street, London. In Ireland the term institute of technology is the more favored synonym of a regional technical college though the latter is the legally correct term; however, Dublin Institute of Technology is a university in all but name as it can confer degrees in accordance with law, Cork Institute of Technology and another of other Institutes of Technology have delegated authority from HETAC to make awards to and including master's degree level—Level 9 of the National Framework for Qualifications (NFQ)—for all areas of study and Doctorate level in a number of others.
qas: answers: text: 1992
question: In what year were polytechnics in the UK given the university designation?

answers: text: University of Westminster
question: What is the name of the Royal Polytechnic Institution now?

answers: text: Regent Street
question: What street is the University of Westminster on?

context: In a number of countries, although being today generally considered similar institutions of higher learning across many countries, polytechnics and institutes of technology used to have a quite different statute among each other, its teaching competences and organizational history. In many cases polytechnic were elite technological universities concentrating on applied science and engineering and may also be a former designation for a vocational institution, before it has been granted the exclusive right to award academic degrees and can be truly called an institute of technology. A number of polytechnics providing higher education is simply a result of a formal upgrading from their original and historical role as intermediate technical education schools. In some situations, former polytechnics or other non-university institutions have emerged solely through an administrative change of statutes, which often included a name change with the introduction of new designations like institute of technology, polytechnic university, university of applied sciences, or university of technology for marketing purposes. Such emergence of so many upgraded polytechnics, former vocational education and technical schools converted into more university-like institutions has caused concern where the lack of specialized intermediate technical professionals lead to industrial skill shortages in some fields, being also associated to an increase of the graduate unemployment rate. This is mostly the case in those countries, where the education system is not controlled by the state and everybody can grant degrees.[citation needed] Evidence have also shown a decline in the general quality of teaching and graduate's preparation for the workplace, due to the fast-paced conversion of that technical institutions to more advanced higher level institutions. Mentz, Kotze and Van der Merwe (2008) argues that all the tools are in place to promote the debate on the place of technology in higher education in general and in Universities of Technology specifically. The aspects of this debate can follow the following lines: • To what degree is technology defined as a concept? • What is the scope of technology discourse? • What is the place and relation of science with technology? • How useful is the Mitcham framework in thinking about technology in South Africa? • Can a measure of cooperation as opposed to competition be achieved amongst higher education institutions? • Who ultimately is responsible for vocational training and what is the role of technology in this?
qas: answers: text: polytechnics
question: What term was used in some countries to describe select universities that focus on technological education in applied science and engineering?

context: During the 1970s to early 1990s, the term was used to describe state owned and funded technical schools that offered both vocational and higher education. They were part of the College of Advanced Education system. In the 1990s most of these merged with existing universities, or formed new ones of their own. These new universities often took the title University of Technology, for marketing rather than legal purposes. AVCC report The most prominent such university in each state founded the Australian Technology Network a few years later.
qas: answers: text: University of Technology
question: What name did some universities switch to in the 1990s for marketing purposes?

answers: text: College of Advanced Education system
question: What system were institutes of technology a part of during the seventies, eighties, and early nineties?

context: Since the mid-1990s, the term has been applied to some technically minded technical and further education (TAFE) institutes. A recent example is the Melbourne Polytechnic rebranding and repositioning in 2014 from Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE. These primarily offer vocational education, although some like Melbourne Polytechnic are expanding into higher education offering vocationally oriented applied bachelor degress. This usage of the term is most prevalent historically in NSW and the ACT. The new terminology is apt given that this category of institution are becoming very much like the institutes of the 1970s–1990s period.
qas: answers: text: TAFE
question: What's the four-letter abbreviation for technically minded technical and further education institutes?

answers: text: Melbourne Polytechnic
question: What is the new name of the Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE?

context: In Tasmania in 2009 the old college system and TAFE Tasmania have started a 3-year restructure to become the Tasmanian Polytechnic www.polytechnic.tas.edu.au, Tasmanian Skills Institute www.skillsinstitute.tas.edu.au and Tasmanian Academy www.academy.tas.edu.au
qas: answers: text: 2009
question: TAFE Tasmania started a three-year restructuring in what year?

context: In the higher education sector, there are seven designated Universities of Technology in Australia (though, note, not all use the phrase "university of technology", such as the Universities of Canberra and South Australia, which used to be Colleges of Advanced Education before transitioning into fully-fledged universities with the ability - most important of all - to confer doctorates):
qas: answers: text: seven
question: In Australia, how many universities are recognized as Universities of Technology?

context: Fachhochschule is a German type of tertiary education institution and adopted later in Austria and Switzerland. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science.
qas: answers: text: Fachhochschule
question: What's the German word for a tertiary education institution?

answers: text: master's degrees
question: In addition to Bachelor's degrees, what other kind of degree can one earn from a Fachhochschule?

context: Hogeschool is used in Belgium and in the Netherlands. The hogeschool has many similarities to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas and to the ammattikorkeakoulu in Finland.
qas: answers: text: hogeschool
question: What term is used in Belgium and the Netherlands to refer to an institution like a German Fachhochschule?

context: Hogeschool institutions in the Flemish Community of Belgium (such as the Erasmus Hogeschool Brussel) are currently undergoing a process of academization. They form associations with a university and integrate research into the curriculum, which will allow them to deliver academic master's degrees.
qas: answers: text: academization
question: What term refers to the process that a hogeschool undergoes before it's able to award Master's degrees?

context: In the Netherlands, four former institutes of technology have become universities over the past decades. These are the current three Technical Universities (at Delft, Eindhoven and Enschede), plus the former agricultural institute in Wageningen. A list of all hogescholen in the Netherlands, including some which might be called polytechnics, can be found here.
qas: answers: text: four
question: How many institutes of technology in the Netherlands have converted into full-fledged universities in the past few decades?

answers: text: three
question: How many Technical Universities are there in the Netherlands today?

context: In Cambodia, there are Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to: certificates, diplomas, and degrees. Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes and Universities tend to be independent institutions.
qas: answers: text: Cambodia
question: What country has Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes from which students can earn certificates, diplomas, and degrees?

context: In Canada, there are Affiliate Schools, Colleges, Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to: engineering and applied science degrees, apprenticeship and trade programs, certificates, and diplomas. Affiliate Schools are polytechnic divisions belonging to a national university and offer select technical and engineering programs. Colleges, Institutes of Technology/Polytechnic Institutes, and Universities tend to be independent institutions.
qas: answers: text: Affiliate Schools
question: What are polytechnic divisions of national universities called in Canada?

context: Credentials are typically conferred at the undergraduate level, however university-affiliated schools like the École de technologie supérieure and the École Polytechnique de Montréal (both of which are located in Quebec), also offer graduate and postgraduate programs, in accordance with provincial higher education guidelines. Canadian higher education institutions, at all levels, undertake directed and applied research with financing allocated through public funding, private equity, or industry sources.
qas: answers: text: Quebec
question: In what city is the École Polytechnique de Montréal located?

answers: text: public funding
question: In addition to private equity and industry sources, what's a third source of research funding for institutions of higher learning in Canada?

context: Some of Canada's most esteemed colleges and polytechnic institutions also partake in collaborative institute-industry projects, leading to technology commercialization, made possible through the scope of Polytechnics Canada; a national alliance of eleven leading research-intensive colleges and institutes of technology.
qas: answers: text: Polytechnics Canada
question: What is Canada's national alliance of 11 research-focused schools called?

answers: text: collaborative institute-industry projects
question: What kind of projects does Polytechnics Canada sponsor that can lead to technology commercialization?

context: China's modern higher education began in 1895 with the Imperial Tientsin University which was a polytechnic plus a law department. Liberal arts were not offered until three years later at Capital University. To this day, about half of China's elite universities remain essentially polytechnical.
qas: answers: text: 1895
question: In what year was the Imperial Tientsin University founded in China?

answers: text: Capital University
question: What was the first university to offer courses in liberal arts?

answers: text: half
question: What portion of China's elite universities still have a primary polytechnical focus today?

context: In Croatia there are many polytechnic institutes and colleges that offer a polytechnic education. The law about polytechnic education in Croatia was passed in 1997.
qas: answers: text: 1997
question: What year did Croatia pass a law regarding polytechnic education?

context: EPN is known for research and education in the applied science, astronomy, atmospheric physics, engineering and physical sciences. The Geophysics Institute  monitors over the country`s seismic, tectonic and volcanic activity in the continental territory and in the Galápagos Islands.
qas: answers: text: The Geophysics Institute
question: What institution is in charge of tracking volcanic activity in the Galápagos Islands?

context: One of the oldest observatories in South America is the Quito Astronomical Observatory. Founded in 1873 and located 12 minutes south of the Equator in Quito, Ecuador. The Quito Astronomical Observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador and is located in the Historic Center of Quito and is managed by the National Polytechnic School.
qas: answers: text: Quito Astronomical Observatory
question: What observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador?

answers: text: National Polytechnic School
question: What school oversees the Quito Astronomical Observatory?

answers: text: 1873
question: When was the Quito Astronomical Observatory founded?

context: The Nuclear Science Department at EPN is the only one in Ecuador and has the large infrastructure, related to irrradiation factilities like cobalt-60 source and Electron beam processing.
qas: answers: text: one
question: EPN's Nuclear Science Department is among how many of its kind in Ecuador?

context: Its mission is to provide high quality education, training and research in the areas of science and technology to produce qualified professionals that can apply their knowledge and skills in the country's development.
qas: answers: text: the country's development
question: If the mission is achieved, professionals will apply what they've learned to what goal?

context: MIT raises funds from non-governmental organizations and individuals who support the mission and objectives of the Institute. Tigray Development Association, its supporters, and REST have provided the initial funds for the launching of the Institute. As a result of the unstinting efforts made by the Provisional Governing Board to obtain technical and financial assistance, the Institute has so far secured financial and material support as well as pledges of sponsorship for 50 students, covering their tuition fees, room and board up to graduation. The MIT has also been able to create linkages with some universities and colleges in the United States of America, which have provided manpower and material support to MIT. The institute is governed by a provisional governing board.
qas: answers: text: 50
question: MIT raised money to cover tuition, room and board for what number of students?

context: Universities of Technology are categorised as universities, are allowed to grant B.Sc. (Tech.), M.Sc. (Tech.), Lic.Sc. (Tech.), Ph.D. and D.Sc.(Tech.) degrees and roughly correspond to Instituts de technologie of French-speaking areas and Technische Universität of Germany in prestige. In addition to universities of technology, some universities, e.g. University of Oulu and Åbo Akademi University, are allowed to grant the B.Sc. (tech.), M.Sc. (tech.) and D.Sc. (Tech.) degrees.
qas: answers: text: Instituts de technologie
question: What's the equivalent of Universities of Technology in French-speaking areas?

context: Universities of Technology are academically similar to other (non-polytechnic) universities. Prior to Bologna process, M.Sc. (Tech.) required 180 credits, whereas M.Sc. from a normal university required 160 credits. The credits between Universities of Technology and normal universities are comparable.
qas: answers: text: 180
question: How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. (Tech.) degree before the Bologna Process?

answers: text: 160
question: How many credits were needed for an M.Sc. from a traditional university prior to the Bologna Process?

context: Polytechnic schools are distinct from academic universities in Finland. Ammattikorkeakoulu is the common term in Finland, as is the Swedish alternative "yrkeshögskola" – their focus is on studies leading to a degree (for instance insinööri, engineer; in international use, Bachelor of Engineering) in kind different from but in level comparable to an academic bachelor's degree awarded by a university. Since 2006 the polytechnics have offered studies leading to master's degrees (Master of Engineering). After January 1, 2006, some Finnish ammattikorkeakoulus switched the English term "polytechnic" to the term "university of applied sciences" in the English translations of their legal names. The ammattikorkeakoulu has many similarities to the hogeschool in Belgium and in the Netherlands and to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas.
qas: answers: text: Finland
question: In what country are polytechnic schools designated uniquely from academic universities?

answers: text: ammattikorkeakoulus
question: What word means polytechnic school in Finnish?

answers: text: yrkeshögskola
question: What's the Swedish word for a polytechnic school?

context: Collegiate universities grouping several engineering schools or multi-site clusters of French grandes écoles provide sciences and technology curricula as autonomous higher education engineering institutes. They include :
qas: answers: text: technology
question: Universities that encompass several engineering schools provide curricula in sciences and what other field?

context: In addition, France's education system includes many institutes of technology, embedded within most French universities. They are referred-to as institut universitaire de technologie (IUT). Instituts universitaires de technologie provide undergraduate technology curricula. 'Polytech institutes', embedded as a part of eleven French universities provide both undergraduate and graduate engineering curricula.
qas: answers: text: institut universitaire de technologie
question: What are an institute of technology called in France?

answers: text: IUT
question: What's the three-letter acronym for institut universitaire de technologie?

context: In the French-speaking part of Switzerland exists also the term haute école specialisée for a type of institution called Fachhochschule in the German-speaking part of the country. (see below).
qas: answers: text: Fachhochschule
question: What's the term in German for what those in French-speaking Switzerland call haute école specialisée?

context: Higher education systems, that are influenced by the French education system set at the end of the 18th century, use a terminology derived by reference to the French École polytechnique. Such terms include Écoles Polytechniques (Algeria, Belgium, Canada, France, Switzerland, Tunisia), Escola Politécnica (Brasil, Spain), Polytechnicum (Eastern Europe).
qas: answers: text: Polytechnicum
question: In Eastern Europe, what is the word for an institute of technology?

answers: text: 18th
question: What century in France's history included the French École polytechnique that influenced education systems in other countries?

answers: text: Escola Politécnica
question: What term in Brasil and Spain refers to a polytechnic institute?

context: Fachhochschulen were first founded in the early 1970s. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees, and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science.
qas: answers: text: 1970s
question: Fachhochschulen first came about in the early years of what decade?

answers: text: teaching
question: Fachhochschulen favor an education in what, as opposed to research?

answers: text: business
question: In addition to technology, Fachhochschulen offer courses in social science, medicine, design, and what other discipline?

context: Technische Universität (abbreviation: TU) are the common terms for universities of technology or technical university. These institutions can grant habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research.
qas: answers: text: TU
question: What's the abbreviation for a Technische Universität?

answers: text: research
question: What's the main focus of a Technische Universität?

context: The nine largest and most renowned Technische Universitäten in Germany have formed TU9 German Institutes of Technology as community of interests. Technische Universitäten normally have faculties or departements of natural sciences and often of economics but can also have units of cultural and social sciences and arts. RWTH Aachen, TU Dresden and TU München also have a faculty of medicine associated with university hospitals (Klinikum Aachen, University Hospital Dresden, Rechts der Isar Hospital).
qas: answers: text: medicine
question: Which department's faculty can be associated with university hospitals?

answers: text: nine
question: How many Technische Universitäten make up the TU9 German Institutes of Technology?

context: There are 17 universities of technology in Germany with about 290,000 students enrolled. The four states of Bremen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony-Anhalt and Schleswig-Holstein are not operating a Technische Universität. Saxony and Lower Saxony have the highest counts of TUs, while in Saxony three out of four universities are universities of technology.
qas: answers: text: 17
question: How many institutes of technology are there in Germany?

answers: text: 290,000
question: What's the approximate number of students in Germany who are enrolled in a university of technology?

answers: text: Saxony
question: Which German state has the highest ratio of universities of technology to standard universities?

context: Niedersächsische Technische Hochschule is a joint-venture of TU Clausthal, TU Braunschweig and University of Hanover. Some universities in Germany can also be seen as institutes of technology due to comprising a wide spread of technical sciences and having a history as a technical university. Examples are
qas: answers: text: Niedersächsische Technische Hochschule
question: What's the joint project of TU Clausthal, TU Braunschweig, and the University of Hanover called?

context: In Greece, there are 2 "Polytechnics" part of the public higher education in Greece and they confer a 5-year Diplom Uni (300E.C.T.S – I.S.C.E.D. 5A), the National Technical University of Athens and the Technical University of Crete. Also, there are Greek Higher Technological Educational Institutes (Ανώτατα Τεχνολογικά Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα – Α.T.E.I). After the N.1404/1983 Higher Education Reform Act (Ν.1404/1983 - 2916/2001 - Ν. 3549/2007 - N. 3685/2008 - N. 4009/2011) the Technological Educational Institute constitute, a parallel and equivalent with universities part of the public higher education in Greece. They confer 4-year bachelor's degree (Diplom FH) (240E.C.T.S – I.S.C.E.D. 5A).
qas: answers: text: Higher Education Reform Act
question: What's the name of the Act that changed how Greek public institutes of technology were designated?

context: The first polytechnic in Hong Kong is The Hong Kong Polytechnic, established in 1972 through upgrading the Hong Kong Technical College (Government Trade School before 1947). The second polytechnic, the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, was founded in 1984. These polytechnics awards diplomas, higher diplomas, as well as academic degrees. Like the United Kingdom, the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994, and renamed The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the City University of Hong Kong respectively. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, a university with a focus in applied science, engineering and business, was founded in 1991.
qas: answers: text: The Hong Kong Polytechnic
question: What was the very first polytechnic school in Hong Kong?

answers: text: Hong Kong Technical College
question: What was the original name of Hong Kong Polytechnic?

answers: text: 1984
question: In what year was the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong founded?

answers: text: Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
question: What Hong Kong university was created in 1991?

answers: text: 1994
question: When did the two polytechnic schools in Hong Kong receive status as universities?

context: The world's first Institute of Technology the Berg-Schola (Bergschule) established in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary by the Court Chamber of Vienna in 1735 providing Further education to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining. In 1762 the institute ranked up to be Academia providing Higher Education courses. After the Treaty of Trianon the institute had to be moved to Sopron.
qas: answers: text: copper
question: What kind of mining did the world's first institute of technology prepare students for?

answers: text: 1735
question: What's the founding year of the first institute of technology ever?

answers: text: Court Chamber of Vienna
question: Who established the Berg-Schola?

context: There are 16 autonomous Indian Institutes of Technology in addition to 30 National Institutes of Technology which are Government Institutions. In addition to these there are many other Universities which offer higher technical courses. The Authority over technical education in India is the AICTE.
qas: answers: text: 16
question: How many private institutes of technology are there in India?

answers: text: 30
question: How many government-affiliated institutes of technology are there in India?

answers: text: AICTE
question: What organization oversees India's technical education institutions?

context: In India there are many polytechnic institutes and collages that offer a polytechnic education. In India a Diploma in Engineering is a specific academic award usually awarded in technical or vocational courses e.g. Engineering, Pharmacy, Designing, etc. These Institutions offer three year diploma in engineering post Tenth class. These institutes have affiliation from state bord of technical education of respective state governments. after which one can apply for post of junior engineer or continue higher studies by appearing for exams of AMIE to become an engineering graduate.
qas: answers: text: Diploma in Engineering
question: What's the name of the diploma awarded in India for technical or vocational coursework?

context: There are four public institutes of technology in Indonesia that owned by the government of Indonesia. Other than that, there are hundreds other institute that owned by private or other institutions.
qas: answers: text: four
question: How many government-owned public institutes of technology does Indonesia have?

context: However, in Bahasa Indonesia, Politeknik carries a rather different meaning than Institut Teknologi. Politeknik provides vocational education and typically offers three-year Diploma degrees, which is similar to associate degrees, instead of full, four-year bachelor's degree and the more advanced Master's and doctoral degrees being offered by an Institut Teknologi.
qas: answers: text: three
question: Rather than four-year Bachelor's degrees, Politeknik offer a diploma after how many years?

context: Ireland has an "Institute of Technology" system, formerly referred to as Regional Technical College (RTCs) system. The terms "IT" and "IT's" are now widely used to describe an Institute(s) of Technology. These institutions offer sub-degree, degree and post-graduate level studies. Unlike the Irish university system an Institute of Technology also offers sub-degree programmes such as 2-year Higher Certificate programme in various academic fields of study. Some institutions have "delegated authority" that allows them to make awards in their own name, after authorisation by the Higher Education & Training Awards Council.
qas: answers: text: Regional Technical College
question: What was the original name of Ireland's Institute of Technology system?

context: Dublin Institute of Technology developed separately from the Regional Technical College system, and after several decades of association with the University of Dublin, Trinity College it acquired the authority to confer its own degrees.
qas: answers: text: Dublin Institute of Technology
question: What Irish institute of technology evolved independently of the Regional Technical College System?

context: In higher education, Politecnico refers to a technical university awarding degrees in engineering. Historically there were two Politecnici, one in each of the two largest industrial cities of the north:
qas: answers: text: Politecnico
question: What term in higher education refers to technical universities that award engineering degrees?

answers: text: two
question: Traditionally, how many Politecnici were there?

context: In 2003, the Ministry of Education, Universities and Research and the Ministry of Economy and Finance jointly established the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (Italian Institute of Technology), headquartered in Genoa with 10 laboratories around Italy, which however focuses on research and does not offer undergraduate degrees.
qas: answers: text: Genoa
question: What city houses the headquarters of the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia?

context: In Japan, an institute of technology (工業大学, kōgyō daigaku?) is a type of university that specializes in the sciences. See also the Imperial College of Engineering, which was the forerunner of the University of Tokyo's engineering faculty.
qas: answers: text: Imperial College of Engineering
question: What college was the forerunner for the engineering faculty at the University of Tokyo?

answers: text: sciences
question: What area of discipline do Japan's institutes of technology specialize in?

context: Polytechnics in Malaysia has been operated for almost 44 years. The institutions provide courses for bachelor's degree & Bachelor of Science (BSc) (offer at Premier Polytechnics for September 2013 intake & 2014 intake), Advanced Diploma, Diploma and Special Skills Certificate. It was established by the Ministry of Education with the help of UNESCO in 1969. The amount of RM24.5 million is used to fund the pioneer of Politeknik Ungku Omar located in Ipoh, Perak from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).
qas: answers: text: Malaysia
question: What country has operated polytechnic institutes for nearly 44 years?

answers: text: UNESCO
question: What international organization partnered with Malaysia's Ministry of Education in 1969?

answers: text: Ipoh
question: In what city in the state of Perak is the Politeknik Ungku Omar located?

context: At present, Malaysia have developed 32 polytechnic at all over states in engineering, agriculture, commerce, hospitality and design courses with 60,840 students in 2009 to 87,440 students in 2012.
qas: answers: text: 32
question: How many polytechnic institutes does Malaysia have now?

answers: text: 60,840
question: How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2009?

answers: text: 87,440
question: How many students were enrolled in polytechnic schools in Malaysia in 2012?

context: The only technical university in Mauritius is the University of Technology, Mauritius with its main campus situated in La Tour Koenig, Pointe aux Sables. It has a specialized mission with a technology focus. It applies traditional and beyond traditional approaches to teaching, training, research and consultancy. The university has been founded with the aim to play a key role in the economic and social development of Mauritius through the development of programmes of direct relevance to the country’s needs, for example in areas like technology, sustainable development science, and public sector policy and management.
qas: answers: text: University of Technology, Mauritius
question: What's the name of Mauritius's sole technical university?

answers: text: technology
question: What's the focus of Mauritius's University of Technology's specialized mission?

context: New Zealand polytechnics are established under the Education Act 1989 as amended, and are considered state-owned tertiary institutions along with universities, colleges of education, and wānanga; there is today often much crossover in courses and qualifications offered between all these types of Tertiary Education Institutions. Some have officially taken the title 'institute of technology' which is a term recognized in government strategies equal to that of the term 'polytechnic'. One has opted for the name 'Universal College of Learning' (UCOL), and another 'Unitec New Zealand'. These are legal names but not recognized terms like 'polytechnic' or 'institute of technology'. Many if not all now grant at least bachelor-level degrees.
qas: answers: text: New Zealand
question: What country considers their polytechnics, universities, and colleges state-owned institutions?

answers: text: Universal College of Learning
question: What does UCOL stand for?

answers: text: 1989
question: In what year was the Education Act originally passed in New Zealand?

context: Since the 1990s, there has been consolidation in New Zealand's state-owned tertiary education system. In the polytechnic sector: Wellington Polytechnic amalgamated with Massey University. The Central Institute of Technology explored a merger with the Waikato Institute of Technology, which was abandoned, but later, after financial concerns, controversially amalgamated with Hutt Valley Polytechnic, which in turn became Wellington Institute of Technology. Some smaller polytechnics in the North Island, such as Waiarapa Polytechnic, amalgamated with UCOL. (The only other amalgamations have been in the colleges of education.)
qas: answers: text: Wellington Polytechnic
question: What school did Massey University combine with?

answers: text: 1990s
question: In what decade did New Zealand's tertiary education institutions begin consolidation?

answers: text: Central Institute of Technology
question: What school considered a merger with Waikato Institute of Technology that was later abandoned?

answers: text: North Island
question: What island was Waiarapa Polytechnic located on before it merged with UCOL?

context: The Auckland University of Technology is the only polytechnic to have been elevated to university status; while Unitec has had repeated attempts blocked by government policy and consequent decisions; Unitec has not been able to convince the courts to overturn these decisions.
qas: answers: text: Auckland University of Technology
question: What's the only polytechnic school in New Zealand to be designated a university?

context: The Polytechnic institutes in Pakistan, offer a diploma spanning three years in different branches. Students are admitted to the diploma program based on their results in the 10th grade standardized exams. The main purpose of Polytechnic Institutes is to train people in various trades.
qas: answers: text: 10th
question: In Pakistan, a student's tests in what grade determine their admission to a diploma program?

answers: text: trades
question: What are people being trained for, mainly, in Pakistan's polytechnic institutes?

answers: text: three
question: How many years does it usually take to earn a diploma from polytechnic schools in Pakistan?

context: After successfully completing a diploma at a polytechnic, students can gain lateral entry to engineering degree (under graduate) courses called BE, which are conducted by engineering colleges affiliated to universities or University of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences.
qas: answers: text: BE
question: What two-letter abbreviation is used for undergraduate engineering  courses?

context: University of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences are the recognized universities that grant Bachelor's and master's degrees in undergraduate and graduate studies respectively. The Bachelor of Science degree awarded by Universities of Engineering & Technology or University of Engineering Sciences are 4 years full-time program after finishing 13 years of education (international high school certificate) in Pakistan known as F.Sc equivalent to British system A-Level.
qas: answers: text: F.Sc
question: What's Pakistan's program called that's comparable to the British A Level?

context: Politechnika (translated as a "technical university" or "university of technology") is a main kind of technical university name in Poland. There are some biggest Polytechnic in Poland:
qas: answers: text: Politechnika
question: What word do they use in Poland for an institute of technology?

context: The designation "Institute of Technology" is not applied at all, being meaningless in Portugal. However, there are higher education educational institutions in Portugal since the 1980s, which are called polytechnics. After 1998 they were upgraded to institutions which are allowed to confer bachelor's degrees (the Portuguese licenciatura). Before then, they only awarded short-cycle degrees which were known as bacharelatos and did not provide further education. After the Bologna Process in 2007, they have been allowed to offer 2nd cycle (master's) degrees to its students. The polytechnical higher education system provides a more practical training and is profession-oriented, while the university higher education system has a strong theoretical basis and is highly research-oriented.
qas: answers: text: bacharelatos
question: What is the Portuguese word for the short-cycle degrees awarded prior to 1988?

answers: text: Bologna Process
question: What process was instituted in 2007 that brought Master's degrees to the polytechnic education system?

context: Polytechnics in Singapore provides industry oriented education equivalent to a junior college or sixth form college in the UK. Singapore retains a system similar but not the same as in the United Kingdom from 1970–1992, distinguishing between polytechnics and universities. Unlike the British Polytechnic (United Kingdom) system Singapore Polytechnics do not offer bachelors, masters or PhD degrees. Under this system, most Singaporean students sit for their O-Level examinations after a four or five years of education in secondary school, and apply for a place at either a technical school termed ITE, a polytechnic or a university-preparatory school (a junior college or the Millennia Institute, a centralized institute). Polytechnic graduates may be granted transfer credits when they apply to local and overseas universities, depending on the overall performance in their grades, as well as the university's policies on transfer credits. A few secondary schools are now offering six-year program which leads directly to university entrance.
qas: answers: text: Millennia Institute
question: What's the name of Singapore's centralized institute that students can attend before university?

context: Polytechnics offer three-year diploma courses in fields such as information technology, engineering subjects and other vocational fields, like psychology and nursing. There are 5 polytechnics in Singapore. They are namely:
qas: answers: text: 5
question: How many polytechnics are there in Singapore?

answers: text: three
question: How many years of study would it take to obtain a degree from a polytechnic in Singapore?

context: The world's first institution of technology or technical university with tertiary technical education is the Banská Akadémia in Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia, founded in 1735, Academy since December 13, 1762 established by queen Maria Theresa in order to train specialists of silver and gold mining and metallurgy in neighbourhood. Teaching started in 1764. Later the department of Mathematics, Mechanics and Hydraulics and department of Forestry were settled. University buildings are still at their place today and are used for teaching. University has launched the first book of electrotechnics in the world.
qas: answers: text: queen Maria Theresa
question: What queen set up the Banská Akadémia?

answers: text: 1735
question: What year was the Banská Akadémia founded?

answers: text: silver and gold
question: The Banská Akadémia was originally intended for training workers in what two precious metals?

answers: text: 1764
question: What year did teaching start at the Banská Akadémia?

answers: text: teaching
question: What are the university buildings still standing at the Banská Akadémia used for now?

context: South Africa has completed a process of transforming its "higher education landscape". Historically a division has existed in South Africa between Universities and Technikons (polytechnics) as well between institutions servicing particular racial and language groupings. In 1993 Technikons were afforded the power to award certain technology degrees.
qas: answers: text: Technikons
question: What are polytechnics called in South Africa?

answers: text: 1993
question: What year did Technikons gain the ability to give out technology degrees?

context: Beginning in 2004 former Technikons have either been merged with traditional Universities to form Comprehensive Universities or have become Universities of Technology, however the Universities of Technology have not to date acquired all of the traditional rights and privileges of a University (such as the ability to confer a wide range of degrees).
qas: answers: text: 2004
question: When did Technikons start being integrated with traditional South African universities?

context: Most of Thailand's institutes of technology were developed from technical colleges, in the past could not grant bachelor's degrees; today, however, they are university level institutions, some of which can grant degrees to the doctoral level. Examples are Pathumwan Institute of Technology (developed from Pathumwan Technical School), King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (Nondhaburi Telecommunications Training Centre), and King Mongkut's Institute of Technology North Bangkok (Thai-German Technical School).
qas: answers: text: technical colleges
question: Most institutes of technology in Thailand were born out of what other type of institutions?

answers: text: bachelor's degrees
question: What type of degree were Thailand's technical colleges historically not allowed to confer?

answers: text: Pathumwan Institute of Technology
question: What's the new name of Pathumwan Technical School?

context: There are two former institutes of technology, which already changed their name to "University of Technology": Rajamangala University of Technology (formerly Institute of Technology and Vocational Education) and King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Thonburi Technology Institute).
qas: answers: text: King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi
question: What did the Thonburi Technology Institute become after its name change?

answers: text: Institute of Technology and Vocational Education
question: What was the previous name of Rajamangala University of Technology?

context: Institutes of technology with different origins are Asian Institute of Technology, which developed from SEATO Graduate School of Engineering, and Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, an engineering school of Thammasat University. Suranaree University of Technology is the only government-owned technological university in Thailand that was established (1989) as such; while Mahanakorn University of Technology is the most well known private technological institute. Technology/Technical colleges in Thailand is associated with bitter rivalries which erupts into frequent off-campus brawls and assassinations of students in public locations that has been going on for nearly a decade, with innocent bystanders also commonly among the injured and the military under martial law still unable to stop them from occurring.
qas: answers: text: Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology
question: What is the name of Thammasat University's engineering school?

answers: text: Suranaree University of Technology
question: What is Thailand's only government-established and owned institute of technology?

answers: text: 1989
question: What year was Suranaree University of Technology founded?

answers: text: Mahanakorn University of Technology
question: What is the name of the best-known private institute of technology in Thailand?

context: In Turkey and the Ottoman Empire, the oldest technical university is Istanbul Technical University. Its graduates contributed to a wide variety of activities in scientific research and development. In 1950s, 2 technical universities were opened in Ankara and Trabzon. In recent years, Yildiz University is reorganized as Yildiz Technical University and 2 institutes of technology were founded in Kocaeli and Izmir. In 2010, another technical university named Bursa Technical University was founded in Bursa. Moreover, a sixth technical university is about to be opened in Konya named Konya Technical University.
qas: answers: text: Bursa Technical University
question: What institute of technology opened in Bursa in 2010?

answers: text: six
question: When Konya Technical University opens, how many total institutes of technology will there be in Turkey and the Ottoman Empire?

answers: text: Ankara and Trabzon
question: What two cities in Turkey acquired institutes of technology in the 1950s?

context: Polytechnics were tertiary education teaching institutions in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Since 1970 UK Polytechnics operated under the binary system of education along with universities. Polytechnics offered diplomas and degrees (bachelor's, master's, PhD) validated at the national level by the UK Council for National Academic Awards CNAA. They particularly excelled in engineering and applied science degree courses similar to technological universities in the USA and continental Europe. The comparable institutions in Scotland were collectively referred to as Central Institutions. Britain's first Polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution later known as the Polytechnic of Central London (now the University of Westminster) was established in 1838 at Regent Street in London and its goal was to educate and popularize engineering and scientific knowledge and inventions in Victorian Britain "at little expense." The London Polytechnic led a mass movement to create numerous Polytechnic institutes across the UK in the late 19th Century. Most Polytechnic institutes were established at the centre of major metropolitan cities and their focus was on engineering, applied science and technology education.
qas: answers: text: 1970
question: What year did UK polytechnics start functioning in a binary education system?

answers: text: the UK Council for National Academic Awards
question: What organization validates degrees received from polytechnic schools?

answers: text: Central Institutions
question: What two-word term does Scotland use to describe their technological universities?

answers: text: Royal Polytechnic Institution
question: What was the first polytechnic in Britain originally named?

context: In 1956, some colleges of technology received the designation College of Advanced Technology. They became universities in the 1960s meaning they could award their own degrees. The designation "Institute of Technology" was occasionally used by polytechnics (Bolton), Central Institutions (Dundee, Robert Gordon's), and postgraduate universities, (Cranfield and Wessex), most of which later adopted the designation University, and there were two "Institutes of Science and Technology": UMIST and UWIST, part of the University of Wales. Loughborough University was called Loughborough University of Technology from 1966 to 1996, the only institution in the UK to have had such a designation.
qas: answers: text: two
question: How many Institutes of Science and Technology were affiliated with the University of Wales?

answers: text: Loughborough University of Technology
question: What was the name Loughborough University was known by from 1966 to 1996?

answers: text: 1960s
question: In what decade did colleges of technology gain the University designation?

context: Polytechnics were granted university status under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. This meant that Polytechnics could confer degrees without the oversight of the national CNAA organization. These institutions are sometimes referred to as post-1992 universities.
qas: answers: text: the Further and Higher Education Act 1992
question: What act allowed polytechnic schools to become universities?

answers: text: CNAA
question: The Further and Higher Education Act 1992 allows polytechnics to award degrees without what organization's approval?

context: Schools called "technical institute" or "technical school" that were formed in the early 20th century provided further education between high school and University or Polytechnic. Most technical institutes have been merged into regional colleges and some have been designated university colleges if they are associated with a local university.
qas: answers: text: university colleges
question: If a technical institute is affiliated with a local university, what does its designation become?

answers: text: 20th century
question: What century brought the advent of technical schools or technical institutes?

answers: text: high school
question: A student would attend a technical institute before a university or polytechnic but after what?

context: Polytechnic Institutes are technological universities, many dating back to the mid-19th century. A handful of world-renowned Elite American universities include the phrases "Institute of Technology", "Polytechnic Institute", "Polytechnic University", or similar phrasing in their names; these are generally research-intensive universities with a focus on engineering, science and technology. The earliest and most famous of these institutions are, respectively, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI, 1824), New York University Tandon School of Engineering (1854) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT, 1861). Conversely, schools dubbed "technical colleges" or "technical institutes" generally provide post-secondary training in technical and mechanical fields, focusing on training vocational skills primarily at a community college level—parallel and sometimes equivalent to the first two years at a bachelor's degree-granting institution.
qas: answers: text: 1824
question: In what year was Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute founded?

answers: text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
question: Which of the three earliest technological universities was founded most recently, in 1861?

context: Institutes of technology in Venezuela were developed in the 1950s as an option for post-secondary education in technical and scientific courses, after the polytechnic French concepts. At that time, technical education was considered essential for the development of a sound middle class economy.
qas: answers: text: middle class
question: What type of economy was technical education in Venezuela intended to support?

answers: text: 1950s
question: When did Venezuela begin to create institutes of technology?

context: Most of these institutes award diplomas after three or three and a half years of education. The Institute of technology implementation (IUT from Instituto universitario de tecnologia on Spanish) began with the creation of the first IUT at Caracas, capital city of Venezuela, called IUT. Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio adopted the French "Institut Universitaire de Technologie"s system, using French personnel and study system based on three-year periods, with research and engineering facilities at the same level as the main national universities to obtain French equivalent degrees. This IUT is the first and only one in Venezuela having French equivalent degrees accepted, implementing this system and observing the high-level degrees some other IUT's were created in Venezuela, regardless of this the term IUT was not used appropriately resulting in some institutions with mediocre quality and no equivalent degree in France. Later, some private institutions sprang up using IUT in their names, but they are not regulated by the original French system and award lower quality degrees.
qas: answers: text: Caracas
question: What city in Venezuela had the first IUT?

answers: text: Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio
question: Who pioneered using the French system of technological education?