Czech_language

context: Czech (/ˈtʃɛk/; čeština Czech pronunciation: [ˈt͡ʃɛʃcɪna]), formerly known as Bohemian (/boʊˈhiːmiən, bə-/; lingua Bohemica in Latin), is a West Slavic language strongly influenced by Latin and German language, spoken by over 10 million people and it is the official language of the Czech Republic. Czech's closest relative is Slovak, with which it is mutually intelligible. It is closely related to other West Slavic languages, such as Silesian and Polish. Although most Czech vocabulary is based on shared roots with Slavic, Romance, and Germanic languages, many loanwords (most associated with high culture) have been adopted in recent years.
qas: answers: text: 10 million
question: How many people speak Czech?

answers: text: Latin and German
question: Which two languages strongly influenced Czech?

answers: text: Czech Republic
question: In which country is Czech the official language?

answers: text: Slovak
question: Which language is closest to Czech?

answers: text: Bohemian
question: What name was the Czech language formerly known as?

answers: text: Bohemian
question: What was Czech formerly known as?

answers: text: Latin and German
question: What languages strongly influenced Czech?

answers: text: 10
question: Over how many million people speak Czech?

answers: text: loanwords
question: What vocabulary associated with higher classed culture have been adopted over the years?

answers: text: Czech
question: What is the official language of the Czech republic?

context: The languages have not undergone the deliberate highlighting of minor linguistic differences in the name of nationalism as has occurred in the Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian standards of Serbo-Croatian. However, most Slavic languages (including Czech) have been distanced in this way from Russian influences because of widespread public resentment against the former Soviet Union (which occupied Czechoslovakia in 1968). Czech and Slovak form a dialect continuum, with great similarity between neighboring Czech and Slovak dialects. (See "Dialects" below.)
qas: answers: text: 1968
question: When did the Soviet Union occupy Czechoslovakia?

answers: text: Slovak
question: What language forms a dialect continuum with Czech?

answers: text: Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian
question: Name three Serbo-Croatian languages that have made a point of establishing their own unique linguistic identities.

answers: text: widespread public resentment against the former Soviet Union
question: Why have many Slavic languages sought to separate themselves from Russian influence?

answers: text: highlighting of minor linguistic differences
question: What deliberate action has been done to some languages in the name of nationalism?

answers: text: Slavic
question: What language family is Czech?

answers: text: resentment against the former Soviet Union
question: Why did many Slavic languages distance themselves from Russian influences?

answers: text: 1968
question: When did the Soviet Union occupy Czechoslovakia?

answers: text: Slovak
question: What language does Czech form a dialect continuum with?

context: One study showed that Czech and Slovak lexicons differed by 80 percent, but this high percentage was found to stem primarily from differing orthographies and slight inconsistencies in morphological formation; Slovak morphology is more regular (when changing from the nominative to the locative case, Praha becomes Praze in Czech and Prahe in Slovak). The two lexicons are generally considered similar, with most differences in colloquial vocabulary and some scientific terminology. Slovak has slightly more borrowed words than Czech.
qas: answers: text: by 80 percent
question: How much do the lexicons of Czech and Slovak differ, according to on study?

answers: text: differing orthographies and slight inconsistencies in morphological formation
question: What was the high percentage of differing lexicons found to derive from?

answers: text: when changing from the nominative to the locative case
question: When is Slovak morphology more regular than Czech?

answers: text: some scientific terminology
question: The most differences between Czech and Slovak can be found in colloquial vocabulary as well as what?

answers: text: borrowed words
question: What does Slovak have slightly more of than Czech?

context: The similarities between Czech and Slovak led to the languages being considered a single language by a group of 19th-century scholars who called themselves "Czechoslavs" (Čechoslováci), believing that the peoples were connected in a way which excluded German Bohemians and (to a lesser extent) Hungarians and other Slavs. During the First Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938), although "Czechoslovak" was designated as the republic's official language both Czech and Slovak written standards were used. Standard written Slovak was partially modeled on literary Czech, and Czech was preferred for some official functions in the Slovak half of the republic. Czech influence on Slovak was protested by Slovak scholars, and when Slovakia broke off from Czechoslovakia in 1938 as the Slovak State (which then aligned with Nazi Germany in World War II) literary Slovak was deliberately distanced from Czech. When the Axis powers lost the war and Czechoslovakia reformed, Slovak developed somewhat on its own (with Czech influence); during the Prague Spring of 1968, Slovak gained independence from (and equality with) Czech. Since then, "Czechoslovak" refers to improvised pidgins of the languages which have arisen from the decrease in mutual intelligibility.
qas: answers: text: a group of 19th-century scholars
question: Who called themselves "Czechoslavs"?

answers: text: The similarities
question: Why did the Czechoslavs consider Czech and Slovak to be a single language?

answers: text: 1918–1938
question: When was the first Czechoslovak Republic?

answers: text: literary Czech
question: What was standard written Slovak partially modeled on?

answers: text: 1968
question: When was the Prague Spring?

context: Around the sixth century AD, a tribe of Slavs arrived in a portion of Central Europe. According to legend they were led by a hero named Čech, from whom the word "Czech" derives. The ninth century brought the state of Great Moravia, whose first ruler (Rastislav of Moravia) invited Byzantine ruler Michael III to send missionaries in an attempt to reduce the influence of East Francia on religious and political life in his country. These missionaries, Constantine and Methodius, helped to convert the Czechs from traditional Slavic paganism to Christianity and established a church system. They also brought the Glagolitic alphabet to the West Slavs, whose language was previously unwritten. This language, later known as Proto-Czech, was beginning to separate from its fellow West Slavic hatchlings Proto-Slovak, Proto-Polish and Proto-Sorbian. Among other features, Proto-Czech was marked by its ephemeral use of the voiced velar fricative consonant (/ɣ/) and consistent stress on the first syllable.
qas: answers: text: sixth century AD
question: When did a tribe of Slavs arrive in Central Europe?

answers: text: Čech
question: Who was the hero who led the Slavs to their new home, according to legend?

answers: text: state of Great Moravia
question: What did the ninth century bring?

answers: text: East Francia
question: Whose influence was Rastislav eager to reduce, when he invited  Michael III to send missionaries? 

answers: text: Glagolitic
question: What alphabet did the missionaries bring to the West Slavs?

context: The Czechs' language separated from other Slavic tongues into what would later be called Old Czech by the thirteenth century, a classification extending through the sixteenth century. Its use of cases differed from the modern language; although Old Czech did not yet have a vocative case or an animacy distinction, declension for its six cases and three genders rapidly became complicated (partially to differentiate homophones) and its declension patterns resembled those of Lithuanian (its Balto-Slavic cousin).
qas: answers: text: did not yet have a vocative case or an animacy distinction
question: How did Old Czech's use of cases differ from modern usage?

answers: text: Lithuanian
question: What other language did Old Czech's declension patterns resemble?

answers: text: six
question: How many cases did Old Czech have?

answers: text: through the sixteenth century
question: How long was the precursor to Czech classified as Old Czech?

answers: text: other Slavic tongues
question: By the thirteenth century, what had the Czech language separated from?

context: While Old Czech had a basic alphabet from which a general set of orthographical correspondences was drawn, it did not have a standard orthography. It also contained a number of sound clusters which no longer exist; allowing ě (/jɛ/) after soft consonants, which has since shifted to e (/ɛ/), and allowing complex consonant clusters to be pronounced all at once rather than syllabically. A phonological phenomenon, Havlik's law (which began in Proto-Slavic and took various forms in other Slavic languages), appeared in Old Czech; counting backwards from the end of a clause, every odd-numbered yer was vocalized as a vowel, while the other yers disappeared.
qas: answers: text: standard
question: What type of orthography did Old Czech lack?

answers: text: no longer exist
question: Why aren't some sound clusters used in modern Czech?

answers: text: all at once
question: How did old Czech allow some complex consonant clusters to be pronounced?

answers: text: phonological
question: What type of phenomenon is Havlik's law?

answers: text: every odd-numbered
question: Which "yer"s were vocalized as vowels?

context: Bohemia (as Czech civilization was known by then) increased in power over the centuries, as its language did in regional importance. This growth was expedited during the fourteenth century by Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV, who founded Charles University in Prague in 1348. Here, early Czech literature (a biblical translation, hymns and hagiography) flourished. Old Czech texts, including poetry and cookbooks, were produced outside the university as well. Later in the century Jan Hus contributed significantly to the standardization of Czech orthography, advocated for widespread literacy among Czech commoners (particularly in religion) and made early efforts to model written Czech after the spoken language.
qas: answers: text: Bohemia
question: What was Czech civilization called back in the day?

answers: text: Charles IV
question: What Holy Roman Emperor expedited the growth of Bohemia in the 14th century?

answers: text: 1348
question: When was Charles University founded in Prague?

answers: text: Jan Hus
question: Who contributed heavily to the effort to standardize Czech orthography?

answers: text: widespread literacy
question: What did Jan Hus advocate for among the Czech commoners?

context: Czech continued to evolve and gain in regional importance for hundreds of years, and has been a literary language in the Slovak lands since the early fifteenth century. A biblical translation, the Kralice Bible, was published during the late sixteenth century (around the time of the King James and Luther versions) which was more linguistically conservative than either. The publication of the Kralice Bible spawned widespread nationalism, and in 1615 the government of Bohemia ruled that only Czech-speaking residents would be allowed to become full citizens or inherit goods or land. This, and the conversion of the Czech upper classes from the Habsburg Empire's Catholicism to Protestantism, angered the Habsburgs and helped trigger the Thirty Years' War (where the Czechs were defeated at the Battle of White Mountain). The Czechs became serfs; Bohemia's printing industry (and its linguistic and political rights) were dismembered, removing official regulation and support from its language. German quickly became the dominant language in Bohemia.
qas: answers: text: hundreds
question: How many years as Czech continued to evolve and gain in regional importance?

answers: text: late sixteenth century
question: When was the Kralice Bible published?

answers: text: widespread nationalism
question: What did the publication of the Kralice Bible spawn?

answers: text: Thirty Years' War
question: In what war were the Czechs defeated at the Battle of White Mountain?

answers: text: German
question: What language became dominant in Bohemia after the Czech's defeat?

context: The consensus among linguists is that modern, standard Czech originated during the eighteenth century. By then the language had developed a literary tradition, and since then it has changed little; journals from that period have no substantial differences from modern standard Czech, and contemporary Czechs can understand them with little difficulty. Changes include the morphological shift of í to ej and é to í (although é survives for some uses) and the merging of í and the former ejí. Sometime before the eighteenth century, the Czech language abandoned a distinction between phonemic /l/ and /ʎ/ which survives in Slovak.
qas: answers: text: the eighteenth century
question: When do linguists agree modern Czech originated?

answers: text: literary tradition
question: What had Czech developed by the 18th century?

answers: text: modern standard Czech
question: Journals from the 18th century have no substantial differences from what?

answers: text: little
question: How much difficulty do contemporary Czechs have in understanding material from the 18th century?

answers: text: a distinction between phonemic /l/ and /ʎ/
question: What did the Czech language abandon which survives in Slovak?

context: The Czech people gained widespread national pride during the mid-eighteenth century, inspired by the Age of Enlightenment a half-century earlier. Czech historians began to emphasize their people's accomplishments from the fifteenth through the seventeenth centuries, rebelling against the Counter-Reformation (which had denigrated Czech and other non-Latin languages). Czech philologists studied sixteenth-century texts, advocating the return of the language to high culture. This period is known as the Czech National Revival (or Renascence).
qas: answers: text: widespread national pride
question: What did the Czechs as a people gain during the mid-18th century?

answers: text: Age of Enlightenment a half-century earlier
question: What inspired the Czech's national pride?

answers: text: accomplishments
question: What did Czech historians emphasize about their countrymen?

answers: text: the return of the language to high culture
question: What did Czech philologists advocate?

answers: text: Czech National Revival
question: What is the period during the mid-eighteenth century also remembered as?

context: During the revival, in 1809 linguist and historian Josef Dobrovský released a German-language grammar of Old Czech entitled Ausführliches Lehrgebäude der böhmischen Sprache (Comprehensive Doctrine of the Bohemian Language). Dobrovský had intended his book to be descriptive, and did not think Czech had a realistic chance of returning as a major language. However, Josef Jungmann and other revivalists used Dobrovský's book to advocate for a Czech linguistic revival. Changes during this time included spelling reform (notably, í in place of the former j and j in place of g), the use of t (rather than ti) to end infinitive verbs and the non-capitalization of nouns (which had been a late borrowing from German). These changes differentiated Czech from Slovak. Modern scholars disagree about whether the conservative revivalists were motivated by nationalism or considered contemporary spoken Czech unsuitable for formal, widespread use.
qas: answers: text: linguist and historian
question: What was the professions of Joseph Dobrovský?

answers: text: a major language
question: What didn't Dobrovský think Czech had a chance of returning as?

answers: text: 1809
question: What year did Joseph Dobrovský release a German-language grammar of Old Czech?

answers: text: a Czech linguistic revival
question: What did Josef Jungmann advocate for?

answers: text: Modern scholars
question: Who disagree about whether the revivalists were motivated by nationalism or if they considered contemporary spoken Czech unsuitable for formal use?

context: Czech, the official language of the Czech Republic (a member of the European Union since 2004), is one of the EU's official languages and the 2012 Eurobarometer survey found that Czech was the foreign language most often used in Slovakia. Economist Jonathan van Parys collected data on language knowledge in Europe for the 2012 European Day of Languages. The five countries with the greatest use of Czech were the Czech Republic (98.77 percent), Slovakia (24.86 percent), Portugal (1.93 percent), Poland (0.98 percent) and Germany (0.47 percent).
qas: answers: text: Czech
question: What is the official language of the Czech republic?

answers: text: since 2004
question: How long has the Czech Republic been a member of the European Union?

answers: text: foreign language most often used
question: What distinction does Czech have in Slovakia?

answers: text: Jonathan van Parys
question: Who collected data on language knowledge in Europe for the 2012 European Day of Languages?

answers: text: Germany
question: Of the five countries with the greatest use of Czech, which country had the lowest percent of use?

context: Immigration of Czechs from Europe to the United States occurred primarily from 1848 to 1914. Czech is a Less Commonly Taught Language in U.S. schools, and is taught at Czech heritage centers. Large communities of Czech Americans live in the states of Texas, Nebraska and Wisconsin. In the 2000 United States Census, Czech was reported as the most-common language spoken at home (besides English) in Valley, Butler and Saunders Counties, Nebraska and Republic County, Kansas. With the exception of Spanish (the non-English language most commonly spoken at home nationwide), Czech was the most-common home language in over a dozen additional counties in Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, North Dakota and Minnesota. As of 2009, 70,500 Americans spoke Czech as their first language (49th place nationwide, behind Turkish and ahead of Swedish).
qas: answers: text: 1914
question: Czechs immigrated from Europe to the U.S. primary from 1848 to when?

answers: text: a Less Commonly Taught Language
question: What kind of language is Czech in U.S. schools?

answers: text: Texas, Nebraska and Wisconsin
question: What states have large communities of Czech Americans?

answers: text: Spanish
question: What is the most commonly spoken non-English language at homes nationwide in the U.S.?

answers: text: 70,500
question: How many Americans spoke Czech as their first language as of 2009?

context: In addition to a spoken standard and a closely related written standard, Czech has several regional dialects primarily used in rural areas by speakers less proficient in other dialects or standard Czech. During the second half of the twentieth century, Czech dialect use began to weaken. By the early 1990s dialect use was stigmatized, associated with the shrinking lower class and used in literature or other media for comedic effect. Increased travel and media availability to dialect-speaking populations has encouraged them to shift to (or add to their own dialect) standard Czech. Although Czech has received considerable scholarly interest for a Slavic language, this interest has focused primarily on modern standard Czech and ancient texts rather than dialects. Standard Czech is still the norm for politicians, businesspeople and other Czechs in formal situations, but Common Czech is gaining ground in journalism and the mass media.
qas: answers: text: several
question: How many regional dialects does Czech have?

answers: text: rural areas
question: Where are dialects of Czech commonly found?

answers: text: lower class
question: What is dialect use associated with and thus stigmatized because of?

answers: text: considerable
question: What kind of scholarly interest has Czech received?

answers: text: Common
question: What Czech dialect is gaining ground in journalism and the mass media?

context: The Czech dialects spoken in Moravia and Silesia are known as Moravian (moravština). In the Austro-Hungarian Empire, "Bohemian-Moravian-Slovak" was a language citizens could register as speaking (with German, Polish and several others). Of the Czech dialects, only Moravian is distinguished in nationwide surveys by the Czech Statistical Office. As of 2011, 62,908 Czech citizens spoke Moravian as their first language and 45,561 were diglossal (speaking Moravian and standard Czech as first languages).
qas: answers: text: Moravian
question: What are the dialects spoken in Moravia and Silesia known as?

answers: text: the Austro-Hungarian Empire
question: Where could citizens register "Bohemian-Moravian-Slovak' as being their spoken language?

answers: text: Moravian
question: Which of the Czech dialects is the only one distinguished in the nationwide surveys by the Czech Statistical Office?

answers: text: 62,908
question: How many Czechs spoke Moravian as their first language as of 2011?

answers: text: 45,561
question: How many Czechs spoke both Moravian and standard Czech as first languages in 2011?

context: Czech contains ten basic vowel phonemes, and three more found only in loanwords. They are /a/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /o/, and /u/, their long counterparts /aː/, /ɛː/, /iː/, /oː/ and /uː/, and three diphthongs, /ou̯/, /au̯/ and /ɛu̯/. The latter two diphthongs and the long /oː/ are exclusive to loanwords. Vowels are never reduced to schwa sounds when unstressed. Each word usually has primary stress on its first syllable, except for enclitics (minor, monosyllabic, unstressed syllables). In all words of more than two syllables, every odd-numbered syllable receives secondary stress. Stress is unrelated to vowel length, and the possibility of stressed short vowels and unstressed long vowels can be confusing to students whose native language combines the features (such as English).
qas: answers: text: ten
question: How many basic vowel phonemes does Czech contain?

answers: text: loanwords
question: Where are three additional vowel phonemes found in Czech?

answers: text: schwa sounds
question: What are vowel sounds never reduced to when unstressed?

answers: text: vowel length
question: What is stress unrelated to in Czech?

answers: text: first syllable
question: What a few exceptions where is the primary word stress in Czech?

context: Although older German loanwords were colloquial, recent borrowings from other languages are associated with high culture. During the nineteenth century, words with Greek and Latin roots were rejected in favor of those based on older Czech words and common Slavic roots; "music" is muzyka in Polish and музыка (muzyka) in Russian, but in Czech it is hudba. Some Czech words have been borrowed as loanwords into English and other languages—for example, robot (from robota, "labor") and polka (from polka, "Polish woman" or from "půlka" "half").
qas: answers: text: high culture
question: In Czech, what are loanwords from other languages associated with?

answers: text: Greek and Latin
question: What word roots in the 19th century were rejected in favor of words with more common Slavic roots?

answers: text: hudba
question: How does one say the word "music" in Czech?

answers: text: robota
question: What Czech word did the English "robot" derive from?

answers: text: labor
question: What is the meaning of the Czech word "robota"?

context: Because Czech uses grammatical case to convey word function in a sentence (instead of relying on word order, as English does), its word order is flexible. As a pro-drop language, in Czech an intransitive sentence can consist of only a verb; information about its subject is encoded in the verb. Enclitics (primarily auxiliary verbs and pronouns) must appear in the second syntactic slot of a sentence, after the first stressed unit. The first slot must contain a subject and object, a main form of a verb, an adverb or a conjunction (except for the light conjunctions a, "and", i, "and even" or ale, "but").
qas: answers: text: grammatical case
question: Czech's word order is flexible because it uses what to convey word function in a sentence?

answers: text: a verb
question: In Czech an intransitive sentence may consist of only what?

answers: text: information
question: What is encoded about a subject in verbs in Czech?

answers: text: Enclitics
question: What is a hard to pronounce and remember term meaning primarily auxiliary verbs and pronouns?

answers: text: second syntactic slot
question: Where must enclitics appear in a sentence?

context: Czech syntax has a subject–verb–object sentence structure. In practice, however, word order is flexible and used for topicalization and focus. Although Czech has a periphrastic passive construction (like English), colloquial word-order changes frequently produce the passive voice. For example, to change "Peter killed Paul" to "Paul was killed by Peter" the order of subject and object is inverted: Petr zabil Pavla ("Peter killed Paul") becomes "Paul, Peter killed" (Pavla zabil Petr). Pavla is in the accusative case, the grammatical object (in this case, the victim) of the verb.
qas: answers: text: subject–verb–object
question: What is the sentence structure of Czech syntax?

answers: text: topicalization and focus
question: Because word order is flexible in Czech, what does it tend to actually be used for?

answers: text: periphrastic
question: What kind of passive construction does Czech have?

answers: text: inverted
question: What happens to the subject and object to produce a passive voice in Czech?

answers: text: accusative
question: What case is the grammatical object of a verb?

context: In Czech, nouns and adjectives are declined into one of seven grammatical cases. Nouns are inflected to indicate their use in a sentence. A nominative–accusative language, Czech marks subject nouns with nominative case and object nouns with accusative case. The genitive case marks possessive nouns and some types of movement. The remaining cases (instrumental, locative, vocative and dative) indicate semantic relationships, such as secondary objects, movement or position (dative case) and accompaniment (instrumental case). An adjective's case agrees with that of the noun it describes. When Czech children learn their language's declension patterns, the cases are referred to by number:
qas: answers: text: seven
question: How many grammatical cases can nouns and adjectives be declined into in Czech?

answers: text: to indicate their use in a sentence
question: When are nouns in Czech inflected?

answers: text: with nominative case
question: How does Czech mark subject nouns?

answers: text: object
question: What nouns does Czech use the accusative case to mark?

answers: text: the noun it describes
question: What must an adjective's case agree with in Czech?

context: Czech distinguishes three genders—masculine, feminine, and neuter—and the masculine gender is subdivided into animate and inanimate. With few exceptions, feminine nouns in the nominative case end in -a, -e, or -ost; neuter nouns in -o, -e, or -í, and masculine nouns in a consonant. Adjectives agree in gender and animacy (for masculine nouns in the accusative or genitive singular and the nominative plural) with the nouns they modify. The main effect of gender in Czech is the difference in noun and adjective declension, but other effects include past-tense verb endings: for example, dělal (he did, or made); dělala (she did, or made) and dělalo (it did, or made).
qas: answers: text: three
question: How many genders does Czech distinguish?

answers: text: animate and inanimate
question: What categories is the masculine gender in Czech divided into?

answers: text: gender and animacy
question: What do Czech adjectives agree with in the nouns they modify?

answers: text: past-tense verb endings
question: What does gender also affect in Czech?

answers: text: difference in noun and adjective declension
question: What is the main effect of gender in Czech?

context: Nouns are also inflected for number, distinguishing between singular and plural. Typical of a Slavic language, Czech cardinal numbers one through four allow the nouns and adjectives they modify to take any case, but numbers over five place these nouns and adjectives in the genitive case when the entire expression is in nominative or accusative case. The Czech koruna is an example of this feature; it is shown here as the subject of a hypothetical sentence, and declined as genitive for numbers five and up.
qas: answers: text: Nouns
question: What are inflected for number in Czech?

answers: text: any case
question: What are the cardinal numbers one through four in Czech allowed to take?

answers: text: genitive
question: What case are numbers over five in?

answers: text: when the entire expression is in nominative or accusative case
question: When is the genitive case used?

answers: text: a Slavic language
question: What is Czech's handling of cardinal numbers typical of?

context: Typical of Slavic languages, Czech marks its verbs for one of two grammatical aspects: perfective and imperfective. Most verbs are part of inflected aspect pairs—for example, koupit (perfective) and kupovat (imperfective). Although the verbs' meaning is similar, in perfective verbs the action is completed and in imperfective verbs it is ongoing. This is distinct from past and present tense, and any Czech verb of either aspect can be conjugated into any of its three tenses. Aspect describes the state of the action at the time specified by the tense.
qas: answers: text: marks
question: What do Slavic languages tend to do to their verbs?

answers: text: Aspect
question: What describes the state of the action of the verb at the time specified by its tense?

answers: text: perfective and imperfective
question: What two grammatical aspects can verbs in Czech have?

answers: text: completed
question: In perfective verbs, what state is the action the verb describes in?

answers: text: imperfective
question: In which verbs in Czech is the action the verb describes still ongoing?

context: The verbs of most aspect pairs differ in one of two ways: by prefix or by suffix. In prefix pairs, the perfective verb has an added prefix—for example, the imperfective psát (to write, to be writing) compared with the perfective napsat (to write down, to finish writing). The most common prefixes are na-, o-, po-, s-, u-, vy-, z- and za-. In suffix pairs, a different infinitive ending is added to the perfective stem; for example, the perfective verbs koupit (to buy) and prodat (to sell) have the imperfective forms kupovat and prodávat. Imperfective verbs may undergo further morphology to make other imperfective verbs (iterative and frequentative forms), denoting repeated or regular action. The verb jít (to go) has the iterative form chodit (to go repeatedly) and the frequentative form chodívat (to go regularly).
qas: answers: text: two ways
question: How many ways can a verb in an aspect pair differ?

answers: text: an added prefix
question: What does a perfective verb have added in prefix pairs?

answers: text: different infinitive ending
question: What is added to the ending in suffix pairs?

answers: text: further morphology
question: What can imperfective verb undergo to make other imperfective verbs?

answers: text: repeated or regular action
question: What type of action can second level morphed imperfective verbs denote?

context: The infinitive form ends in t (archaically, ti). It is the form found in dictionaries and the form that follows auxiliary verbs (for example, můžu tě slyšet—"I can hear you"). Czech verbs have three grammatical moods: indicative, imperative and conditional. The imperative mood adds specific endings for each of three person (or number) categories: -Ø/-i/-ej for second-person singular, -te/-ete/-ejte for second-person plural and -me/-eme/-ejme for first-person plural. The conditional mood is formed with a particle after the past-tense verb. This mood indicates possible events, expressed in English as "I would" or "I wish".
qas: answers: text: infinitive
question: What verb form is found in Czech dictionaries?

answers: text: three
question: How many grammatical moods do Czech verbs have?

answers: text: indicative, imperative and conditional
question: What are the grammatical moods of Czech verbs?

answers: text: imperative
question: What mood adds specific endings for each of three person or number categories?

answers: text: conditional
question: Which Czech verb mood indicates possible events?

context: Czech has one of the most phonemic orthographies of all European languages. Its thirty-one graphemes represent thirty sounds (in most dialects, i and y have the same sound), and it contains only one digraph: ch, which follows h in the alphabet. As a result, some of its characters have been used by phonologists to denote corresponding sounds in other languages. The characters q, w and x appear only in foreign words. The háček (ˇ) is used with certain letters to form new characters: š, ž, and č, as well as ň, ě, ř, ť, and ď (the latter five uncommon outside Czech). The last two letters are sometimes written with a comma above (ʼ, an abbreviated háček) because of their height. The character ó exists only in loanwords and onomatopoeia.
qas: answers: text: Czech
question: What language has one of the most phonemic orthographies of all European languages?

answers: text: thirty-one
question: How many graphemes does Czech have?

answers: text: corresponding sounds in other languages
question: What have some of Czech's characters been used for by phonologists to denote?

answers: text: ó
question: What character in Czech only exists in loanwords?

answers: text: foreign
question: In Czech, what type of words do the characters "q", "w" and "x" exclusively appear in?

context: Czech typographical features not associated with phonetics generally resemble those of most Latin European languages, including English. Proper nouns, honorifics, and the first letters of quotations are capitalized, and punctuation is typical of other Latin European languages. Writing of ordinal numerals is similar to most European languages. The Czech language uses a decimal comma instead of a decimal point. When writing a long number, spaces between every three numbers (e.g. between hundreds and thousands) may be used for better orientation in handwritten texts, but not in decimal places, like in English. The number 1,234,567.8910 may be written as 1234567,8910 or 1 234 567,8910. Ordinal numbers (1st) use a point as in German (1.). In proper noun phrases (except personal names), only the first word is capitalized (Pražský hrad, Prague Castle).
qas: answers: text: those of most Latin European languages
question: What do Czech typographical features not associated with phonetics tend to resemble?

answers: text: capitalized
question: In Czech, what is done to proper nouns, honorifics, and the first letters of quotations?

answers: text: punctuation
question: What is typical in Czech as other Latin European languages?

answers: text: German
question: What language does Czech share its handling of ordinal format with?

answers: text: only the first
question: What word is capitalized in proper noun phrases in Czech?