Education

context: Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators, but learners may also educate themselves. Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy.
qas: answers: text: knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits
question: What makes up Education?

answers: text: storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research
question: What methods make up Education?

answers: text: the guidance of educators
question: Where does education usually take place under?

context: After the Fall of Rome, the Catholic Church became the sole preserver of literate scholarship in Western Europe. The church established cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education. Some of these establishments ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europe's modern universities. During the High Middle Ages, Chartres Cathedral operated the famous and influential Chartres Cathedral School. The medieval universities of Western Christendom were well-integrated across all of Western Europe, encouraged freedom of inquiry, and produced a great variety of fine scholars and natural philosophers, including Thomas Aquinas of the University of Naples, Robert Grosseteste of the University of Oxford, an early expositor of a systematic method of scientific experimentation, and Saint Albert the Great, a pioneer of biological field research. Founded in 1088, the University of Bologne is considered the first, and the oldest continually operating university.
qas: answers: text: Catholic Church became the sole preserver
question: What occurred after the Fall of Rome with literature?

answers: text: church established cathedral schools
question: What happened with education  during the Early Middle Ages?

answers: text: medieval universities
question: What did these early schools during the Middle Ages evolve into?

answers: text: Chartres Cathedral School
question: What was the name of the famous school during the high middle ages?

context: Formal education occurs in a structured environment whose explicit purpose is teaching students. Usually, formal education takes place in a school environment with classrooms of multiple students learning together with a trained, certified teacher of the subject. Most school systems are designed around a set of values or ideals that govern all educational choices in that system. Such choices include curriculum, organizational models, design of the physical learning spaces (e.g. classrooms), student-teacher interactions, methods of assessment, class size, educational activities, and more.
qas: answers: text: school environment
question: Where does formal education take place?

answers: text: student-teacher interactions, methods of assessment, class size,
question: What are some of the sets or ideals most school systems follow?

answers: text: certified teacher
question: Who guides the students in a formal environment?

context: Preschools provide education from ages approximately three to seven, depending on the country, when children enter primary education. These are also known as nursery schools and as kindergarten, except in the US, where kindergarten is a term used for primary education.[citation needed] Kindergarten "provide[s] a child-centered, preschool curriculum for three- to seven-year-old children that aim[s] at unfolding the child's physical, intellectual, and moral nature with balanced emphasis on each of them."
qas: answers: text: three to seven
question: Whats the typical age range for pre-school?

answers: text: nursery schools and as kindergarten,
question: What are pre-schools also known as?

answers: text: US
question: In what country is Kindergarten a term used for primary education?

context: Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first five to seven years of formal, structured education. In general, primary education consists of six to eight years of schooling starting at the age of five or six, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 89% of children aged six to twelve are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising. Under the Education For All programs driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries, it is compulsory. The division between primary and secondary education is somewhat arbitrary, but it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems have separate middle schools, with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary education, are mostly referred to as primary schools or elementary schools. Primary schools are often subdivided into infant schools and junior school.
qas: answers: text: elementary
question: What is another term used for Primary education?

answers: text: first five to seven years of formal, structured education
question: What does primary school consist of?

answers: text: UNESCO
question: What is the name of the orgination who is striving to get all the countries on the same path with primary education?

context: In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education comprises the formal education that occurs during adolescence. It is characterized by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors, to the optional, selective tertiary, "postsecondary", or "higher" education (e.g. university, vocational school) for adults. Depending on the system, schools for this period, or a part of it, may be called secondary or high schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, middle schools, colleges, or vocational schools. The exact meaning of any of these terms varies from one system to another. The exact boundary between primary and secondary education also varies from country to country and even within them, but is generally around the seventh to the tenth year of schooling. Secondary education occurs mainly during the teenage years. In the United States, Canada and Australia, primary and secondary education together are sometimes referred to as K-12 education, and in New Zealand Year 1–13 is used. The purpose of secondary education can be to give common knowledge, to prepare for higher education, or to train directly in a profession.
qas: answers: text: formal education that occurs during adolescence
question: What does secondary education comprise of?

answers: text: university, vocational school
question: What two examples were given of what "postsecondary" or "higher" education?

answers: text: teenage years
question: When does secondary schooling typically take place?

answers: text: to prepare for higher education, or to train directly in a profession.
question: What is the purpose of secondary education?

context: Secondary education in the United States did not emerge until 1910, with the rise of large corporations and advancing technology in factories, which required skilled workers. In order to meet this new job demand, high schools were created, with a curriculum focused on practical job skills that would better prepare students for white collar or skilled blue collar work. This proved beneficial for both employers and employees, since the improved human capital lowered costs for the employer, while skilled employees received a higher wages.
qas: answers: text: 1910
question: When did secondary education emerge in the United States?

answers: text: rise of large corporations and advancing technology
question: Why was secondary school introduced in the U.S?

answers: text: employers and employees
question: Who benefited from secondary schools?

context: Higher education, also called tertiary, third stage, or postsecondary education, is the non-compulsory educational level that follows the completion of a school such as a high school or secondary school. Tertiary education is normally taken to include undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as vocational education and training. Colleges and universities mainly provide tertiary education. Collectively, these are sometimes known as tertiary institutions. Individuals who complete tertiary education generally receive certificates, diplomas, or academic degrees.
qas: answers: text: tertiary, third stage, or postsecondary education
question: What was another name used for Higher Education?

answers: text: follows the completion of a school such as a high school
question: What is High Education?

answers: text: undergraduate and postgraduate education
question: What does Tertiary education include?

context: University education includes teaching, research, and social services activities, and it includes both the undergraduate level (sometimes referred to as tertiary education) and the graduate (or postgraduate) level (sometimes referred to as graduate school). Universities are generally composed of several colleges. In the United States, universities can be private and independent like Yale University; public and state-governed like the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education; or independent but state-funded like the University of Virginia. A number of career specific courses are now available to students through the Internet.
qas: answers: text: teaching, research, and social services activities,
question: What does University education include?

answers: text: several colleges
question: What are usually Universities made up of?

answers: text: independent
question: What type of University would Yale fall under?

context: In the past, those who were disabled were often not eligible for public education. Children with disabilities were repeatedly denied an education by physicians or special tutors. These early physicians (people like Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet) set the foundation for special education today. They focused on individualized instruction and functional skills. In its early years, special education was only provided to people with severe disabilities, but more recently it has been opened to anyone who has experienced difficulty learning.
qas: answers: text: not eligible for public education
question: What was a rule for disabled people in the past for education?

answers: text: physicians or special tutors
question: Who denied children with disabilities to be unable to attend a public school?

answers: text: Itard, Seguin, Howe, Gallaudet
question: Who were some of these early physicians?

answers: text: people with severe disabilities
question: What would Special Education usually only apply to in the early years of schooling in the U.S?

context: While considered "alternative" today, most alternative systems have existed since ancient times. After the public school system was widely developed beginning in the 19th century, some parents found reasons to be discontented with the new system. Alternative education developed in part as a reaction to perceived limitations and failings of traditional education. A broad range of educational approaches emerged, including alternative schools, self learning, homeschooling and unschooling. Example alternative schools include Montessori schools, Waldorf schools (or Steiner schools), Friends schools, Sands School, Summerhill School, The Peepal Grove School, Sudbury Valley School, Krishnamurti schools, and open classroom schools. Charter schools are another example of alternative education, which have in the recent years grown in numbers in the US and gained greater importance in its public education system.
qas: answers: text: alternative
question: What is another term used for Special Education Services?

answers: text: 19th century
question: When were public schools become more and more developed?

answers: text: Montessori schools, Waldorf schools (or Steiner schools), Friends schools
question: What are some examples of alternative schools?

context: In time, some ideas from these experiments and paradigm challenges may be adopted as the norm in education, just as Friedrich Fröbel's approach to early childhood education in 19th-century Germany has been incorporated into contemporary kindergarten classrooms. Other influential writers and thinkers have included the Swiss humanitarian Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi; the American transcendentalists Amos Bronson Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry David Thoreau; the founders of progressive education, John Dewey and Francis Parker; and educational pioneers such as Maria Montessori and Rudolf Steiner, and more recently John Caldwell Holt, Paul Goodman, Frederick Mayer, George Dennison and Ivan Illich.
qas: answers: text: Friedrich Fröbel's
question: Whos educatgion approach was introduced in Germany in the 19th century and is used in most Kindergartens?

answers: text: Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
question: Who from Switzerland was an influential in education?

answers: text: John Dewey and Francis Parker
question: Who were the founders of progressive education?

context: Indigenous education refers to the inclusion of indigenous knowledge, models, methods, and content within formal and non-formal educational systems. Often in a post-colonial context, the growing recognition and use of indigenous education methods can be a response to the erosion and loss of indigenous knowledge and language through the processes of colonialism. Furthermore, it can enable indigenous communities to "reclaim and revalue their languages and cultures, and in so doing, improve the educational success of indigenous students."
qas: answers: text: indigenous knowledge, models, methods, and content
question: What makes up Indigenous education?

answers: text: formal and non-formal educational systems
question: In which two systems can Indigenous education be used?

answers: text: improve the educational success of indigenous students
question: What is one of the main purposes for Indigenous education?

context: Informal learning is one of three forms of learning defined by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Informal learning occurs in a variety of places, such as at home, work, and through daily interactions and shared relationships among members of society. For many learners this includes language acquisition, cultural norms and manners. Informal learning for young people is an ongoing process that also occurs in a variety of places, such as out of school time, in youth programs at community centers and media labs.
qas: answers: text: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
question: Who defines informal learning?

answers: text: home, work, and through daily interactions
question: Where does informal learning occur?

answers: text: language acquisition, cultural norms and manners
question: What does informal leaning usually consist of amongst people who take this route of learning?

context: Informal learning usually takes place outside educational establishments, does not follow a specified curriculum and may originate accidentally, sporadically, in association with certain occasions, from changing practical requirements. It is not necessarily planned to be pedagogically conscious, systematic and according to subjects, but rather unconsciously incidental, holistically problem-related, and related to situation management and fitness for life. It is experienced directly in its "natural" function of everyday life and is often spontaneous.
qas: answers: text: outside educational establishments
question: Where does informal learning usually take place?

answers: text: to be pedagogically conscious, systematic and according to subjects
question: What is not necessary for informal learning?

answers: text: unconsciously incidental, holistically problem-related, and related to situation management
question: What falls under the informal learning umbrella?

context: The concept of 'education through recreation' was applied to childhood development in the 19th century. In the early 20th century, the concept was broadened to include young adults but the emphasis was on physical activities. L.P. Jacks, also an early proponent of lifelong learning, described education through recreation: "A master in the art of living draws no sharp distinction between his work and his play, his labour and his leisure, his mind and his body, his education and his recreation. He hardly knows which is which. He simply pursues his vision of excellence through whatever he is doing and leaves others to determine whether he is working or playing. To himself he always seems to be doing both. Enough for him that he does it well." Education through recreation is the opportunity to learn in a seamless fashion through all of life's activities. The concept has been revived by the University of Western Ontario to teach anatomy to medical students.
qas: answers: text: 19th century
question: When was the 'education through recreation" applied to childhood?

answers: text: 20th century
question: When was the concept of 'education through recreation' changed and expanded?

answers: text: to include young adults
question: What changed when the concept was broadened?

context: Autodidacticism (also autodidactism) is a contemplative, absorbing process, of "learning on your own" or "by yourself", or as a self-teacher. Some autodidacts spend a great deal of time reviewing the resources of libraries and educational websites. One may become an autodidact at nearly any point in one's life. While some may have been informed in a conventional manner in a particular field, they may choose to inform themselves in other, often unrelated areas. Notable autodidacts include Abraham Lincoln (U.S. president), Srinivasa Ramanujan (mathematician), Michael Faraday (chemist and physicist), Charles Darwin (naturalist), Thomas Alva Edison (inventor), Tadao Ando (architect), George Bernard Shaw (playwright), Frank Zappa (composer, recording engineer, film director), and Leonardo da Vinci (engineer, scientist, mathematician).
qas: answers: text: learning on your own
question: What does Auto didacticism generally mean?

answers: text: any point in one's life
question: When can you become an Autodidact?

answers: text: Abraham Lincoln
question: Which famous U.S president was a Autodidact?

answers: text: Thomas Alva Edison
question: Which famous inventor was a Autodidact?

context: In 2012, the modern use of electronic educational technology (also called e-learning) had grown at 14 times the rate of traditional learning.[clarification needed] Open education is fast growing to become the dominant form of education, for many reasons such as its efficiency and results compared to traditional methods. Cost of education has been an issue throughout history, and a major political issue in most countries today. Online courses often can be more expensive than face-to-face classes. Out of 182 colleges surveyed in 2009 nearly half said tuition for online courses was higher than for campus based ones. Many large university institutions are now starting to offer free or almost free full courses such as Harvard, MIT and Berkeley teaming up to form edX. Other universities offering open education are Stanford, Princeton, Duke, Johns Hopkins, Edinburgh, U. Penn, U. Michigan, U. Virginia, U. Washington, and Caltech. It has been called the biggest change in the way we learn since the printing press. Despite favorable studies on effectiveness, many people may still desire to choose traditional campus education for social and cultural reasons.
qas: answers: text: 2012
question: In what year did e-learning jump 14 times over traditional leaning?

answers: text: Open education
question: Which form of education looks to be the dominant form i the coming years?

answers: text: Cost of education
question: What has been a constant issue with education for as long as education has been around itself?

answers: text: Online courses
question: Which type of schooling can be most expensive?

context: The conventional merit-system degree is currently not as common in open education as it is in campus universities, although some open universities do already offer conventional degrees such as the Open University in the United Kingdom. Presently, many of the major open education sources offer their own form of certificate. Due to the popularity of open education, these new kind of academic certificates are gaining more respect and equal "academic value" to traditional degrees. Many open universities are working to have the ability to offer students standardized testing and traditional degrees and credentials. A culture is beginning to form around distance learning for people who are looking to social connections enjoyed on traditional campuses. For example, students may create study groups, meetups and movements such as UnCollege.
qas: answers: text: merit-system degree
question: What is not as common in open education?

answers: text: Open University in the United Kingdom
question: Which University offers conventional degrees? 

answers: text: own form of certificate
question: What do most open education sources offer?

context: Universal Primary Education is one of the eight international Millennium Development Goals, towards which progress has been made in the past decade, though barriers still remain. Securing charitable funding from prospective donors is one particularly persistent problem. Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute have indicated that the main obstacles to funding for education include conflicting donor priorities, an immature aid architecture, and a lack of evidence and advocacy for the issue. Additionally, Transparency International has identified corruption in the education sector as a major stumbling block to achieving Universal Primary Education in Africa. Furthermore, demand in the developing world for improved educational access is not as high as foreigners have expected. Indigenous governments are reluctant to take on the ongoing costs involved. There is also economic pressure from some parents, who prefer their children to earn money in the short term rather than work towards the long-term benefits of education.[citation needed]
qas: answers: text: international Millennium Development Goals
question: What does Universal Primary Education belong to?

answers: text: charitable funding
question: What is one issue that hurts Universal Primary Education?

answers: text: Transparency International
question: Which organization has discovered corruption in the educator sector?

context: Similarities — in systems or even in ideas — that schools share internationally have led to an increase in international student exchanges. The European Socrates-Erasmus Program facilitates exchanges across European universities. The Soros Foundation provides many opportunities for students from central Asia and eastern Europe. Programs such as the International Baccalaureate have contributed to the internationalization of education. The global campus online, led by American universities, allows free access to class materials and lecture files recorded during the actual classes.
qas: answers: text: increase in international student exchanges
question: What has come from similarities in systems?

answers: text: The European Socrates-Erasmus Program
question: Which programfacilitates the exchange students across Europe?

answers: text: The Soros Foundation
question: Which group provides opportunities for Eastern Europe and Asia exchange students?

context: Research into LCPS (low cost private schools) found that over 5 years to July 2013, debate around LCPSs to achieving Education for All (EFA) objectives was polarised and finding growing coverage in international policy. The polarisation was due to disputes around whether the schools are affordable for the poor, reach disadvantaged groups, provide quality education, support or undermine equality, and are financially sustainable. The report examined the main challenges encountered by development organisations which support LCPSs. Surveys suggest these types of schools are expanding across Africa and Asia. This success is attributed to excess demand. These surveys found concern for:
qas: answers: text: low cost private schools
question: What does LCPS stand for?

answers: text: disputes around whether the schools are affordable for the poor
question: What was the reason for the polarisation for affordable schooling?

answers: text: Africa and Asia
question: Where are these types of school spreading across?

context: Some claim that there is education inequality because children did not exceed the education of their parents. This education inequality is then associated with income inequality. Although critical thinking is a goal of education, criticism and blame are often the unintended by products of our current educational process. Students often blame their teachers and their textbooks, despite the availability of libraries and the internet. When someone tries to improve education, the educational establishment itself occasionally showers the person with criticism rather than gratitude. Better by products of an educational system would be gratitude and determination.
qas: answers: text: children did not exceed the education of their parents
question: What are some of the claims being pointed towards education inequality?

answers: text: teachers and their textbooks
question: Who do students often blame for their education short comings?

answers: text: the educational establishment itself occasionally showers the person with criticism rather than gratitude
question: What happens when someone tries to improve education?

context: Developed countries have people with more resources (housing, food, transportation, water and sewage treatment, hospitals, health care, libraries, books, media, schools, the internet, education, etc.) than most of the world's population. One merely needs to see through travel or the media how many people in the undeveloped countries live to sense this. However, one can also use economic data to gain some insight into this. Yet criticism and blame are common among people in the developed countries.
qas: answers: text: Developed countries have people with more resources
question: What is the discrepancy between Developed and less developed countries?

answers: text: housing, food, transportation
question: What resources do developed countries have better access to?

answers: text: criticism and blame
question: What is common in developed countries?

context: Gratitude for all these resources and the determination to develop oneself would be more productive than criticism and blame because the resources are readily available and because, if you blame others, there is no need for you to do something different tomorrow or for you to change and improve. Where there is a will, there is a way. People in developed countries have the will and the way to do many things that they want to do. They sometimes need more determination and will to improve and to educate themselves with the resources that are abundantly available. They occasionally need more gratitude for the resources they have, including their teachers and their textbooks. The entire internet is also available to supplement these teachers and textbooks.
qas: answers: text: have the will and the way to do many things
question: What is one good trait about students from developed countries?

answers: text: internet
question: What use of technology can greatly supplement how teachers teach in the classroom?

answers: text: gratitude for the resources they have
question: What do students also need occasionally before putting blame on teachers?

context: Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. Although the terms "educational psychology" and "school psychology" are often used interchangeably, researchers and theorists are likely to be identified as educational psychologists, whereas practitioners in schools or school-related settings are identified as school psychologists. Educational psychology is concerned with the processes of educational attainment in the general population and in sub-populations such as gifted children and those with specific disabilities.
qas: answers: text: the study of how humans learn in educational settings
question: What is the meaning of Education psychology?

answers: text: school psychology
question: What is also used interchangeably  with Education psychology?

answers: text: researchers and theorists
question: Who are likely to be identified as educational psychologist?

answers: text: the processes of educational attainment
question: What is educational psychology concerned with?

context: Educational psychology can in part be understood through its relationship with other disciplines. It is informed primarily by psychology, bearing a relationship to that discipline analogous to the relationship between medicine and biology. Educational psychology in turn informs a wide range of specialties within educational studies, including instructional design, educational technology, curriculum development, organizational learning, special education and classroom management. Educational psychology both draws from and contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences. In universities, departments of educational psychology are usually housed within faculties of education, possibly accounting for the lack of representation of educational psychology content in introductory psychology textbooks (Lucas, Blazek, & Raley, 2006).
qas: answers: text: through its relationship with other disciplines
question: How can Educational psychology in part be understood?

answers: text: discipline analogous
question: How is the method of educational psychology have some relation to medicine and biology?

answers: text: contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences
question: Where does education psychology draw from?

answers: text: faculties of education
question: In universities where are the departments of educational psychology normally held?

context: Intelligence is an important factor in how the individual responds to education. Those who have higher intelligence tend to perform better at school and go on to higher levels of education. This effect is also observable in the opposite direction, in that education increases measurable intelligence. Studies have shown that while educational attainment is important in predicting intelligence in later life, intelligence at 53 is more closely correlated to intelligence at 8 years old than to educational attainment.
qas: answers: text: Intelligence
question: What is important for a student in education?

answers: text: measurable intelligence
question: What does education increase in a student?

answers: text: intelligence at 8
question: What is intelligence at 53 more closely related to?

context: Dunn and Dunn focused on identifying relevant stimuli that may influence learning and manipulating the school environment, at about the same time as Joseph Renzulli recommended varying teaching strategies. Howard Gardner identified a wide range of modalities in his Multiple Intelligences theories. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Keirsey Temperament Sorter, based on the works of Jung, focus on understanding how people's personality affects the way they interact personally, and how this affects the way individuals respond to each other within the learning environment. The work of David Kolb and Anthony Gregorc's Type Delineator follows a similar but more simplified approach.
qas: answers: text: Dunn
question: Who focused on identifying stimuli that can influence learning?

answers: text: Joseph Renzulli
question: Who also along with Dunn recommended other teaching studies?

answers: text: David Kolb and Anthony Gregorc's
question: Who created the Type Delineator?

context: Some theories propose that all individuals benefit from a variety of learning modalities, while others suggest that individuals may have preferred learning styles, learning more easily through visual or kinesthetic experiences. A consequence of the latter theory is that effective teaching should present a variety of teaching methods which cover all three learning modalities so that different students have equal opportunities to learn in a way that is effective for them. Guy Claxton has questioned the extent that learning styles such as Visual, Auditory and Kinesthetic(VAK) are helpful, particularly as they can have a tendency to label children and therefore restrict learning. Recent research has argued "there is no adequate evidence base to justify incorporating learning styles assessments into general educational practice."
qas: answers: text: that all individuals benefit from a variety of learning modalities
question: What do some theories believe?

answers: text: teaching methods which cover all three learning modalities
question: What should be included in effective teaching?

context: As an academic field, philosophy of education is "the philosophical study of education and its problems (...) its central subject matter is education, and its methods are those of philosophy". "The philosophy of education may be either the philosophy of the process of education or the philosophy of the discipline of education. That is, it may be part of the discipline in the sense of being concerned with the aims, forms, methods, or results of the process of educating or being educated; or it may be metadisciplinary in the sense of being concerned with the concepts, aims, and methods of the discipline." As such, it is both part of the field of education and a field of applied philosophy, drawing from fields of metaphysics, epistemology, axiology and the philosophical approaches (speculative, prescriptive, and/or analytic) to address questions in and about pedagogy, education policy, and curriculum, as well as the process of learning, to name a few. For example, it might study what constitutes upbringing and education, the values and norms revealed through upbringing and educational practices, the limits and legitimization of education as an academic discipline, and the relation between education theory and practice.
qas: answers: text: philosophy of the process of education or the philosophy of the discipline of education
question: What can Philosophy education be when we talk about the process?

answers: text: the philosophical study of education and its problems
question: What defines Philosophy education?

answers: text: metaphysics, epistemology, axiology and the philosophical approaches
question: What fields make up field education and a field applied philosophy?

context: Instruction is the facilitation of another's learning. Instructors in primary and secondary institutions are often called teachers, and they direct the education of students and might draw on many subjects like reading, writing, mathematics, science and history. Instructors in post-secondary institutions might be called teachers, instructors, or professors, depending on the type of institution; and they primarily teach only their specific discipline. Studies from the United States suggest that the quality of teachers is the single most important factor affecting student performance, and that countries which score highly on international tests have multiple policies in place to ensure that the teachers they employ are as effective as possible. With the passing of NCLB in the United States (No Child Left Behind), teachers must be highly qualified. A popular way to gauge teaching performance is to use student evaluations of teachers (SETS), but these evaluations have been criticized for being counterproductive to learning and inaccurate due to student bias.
qas: answers: text: teachers
question: What is another term used for instructors?

answers: text: reading, writing, mathematics, science and history
question: What are the main subjects that are covered by the instructor?

answers: text: quality of teachers
question: In the United States what is considered the single most important factor in a child's education?

context: It has been argued that high rates of education are essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth. Empirical analyses tend to support the theoretical prediction that poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because they can adopt cutting edge technologies already tried and tested by rich countries. However, technology transfer requires knowledgeable managers and engineers who are able to operate new machines or production practices borrowed from the leader in order to close the gap through imitation. Therefore, a country's ability to learn from the leader is a function of its stock of "human capital". Recent study of the determinants of aggregate economic growth have stressed the importance of fundamental economic institutions and the role of cognitive skills.
qas: answers: text: poor countries should grow faster than rich countries
question: What is the theory behind Empirical analyses?

answers: text: essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth
question: What has been argued about high rates in education?

answers: text: requires knowledgeable managers and engineers
question: What is greatly needed with technology transfer when it relates to education?

context: At the level of the individual, there is a large literature, generally related to the work of Jacob Mincer, on how earnings are related to the schooling and other human capital. This work has motivated a large number of studies, but is also controversial. The chief controversies revolve around how to interpret the impact of schooling. Some students who have indicated a high potential for learning, by testing with a high intelligence quotient, may not achieve their full academic potential, due to financial difficulties.[citation needed]
qas: answers: text: Jacob Mincer
question: Literature on how earnings and how it relates to schooling was greatly influenced by who?

answers: text: is also controversial
question: This view of how schooling and earnings has sparked a lot of studies, but what else has it brought up?

answers: text: not achieve their full academic potential, due to financial difficulties
question: What was one of the main concerns of this literature on how schooling and earnings?