Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

context: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (or the Gates Foundation, abbreviated as BMGF) is the largest private foundation in the world, founded by Bill and Melinda Gates. It was launched in 2000 and is said to be the largest transparently operated private foundation in the world. The primary aims of the foundation are, globally, to enhance healthcare and reduce extreme poverty, and in America, to expand educational opportunities and access to information technology. The foundation, based in Seattle, Washington, is controlled by its three trustees: Bill Gates, Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett. Other principal officers include Co-Chair William H. Gates, Sr. and Chief Executive Officer Susan Desmond-Hellmann.
qas: answers: text: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (or the Gates Foundation, abbreviated as BMGF) is the largest private foundation in the world
question: What is the largest private foundation in the world?

answers: text: The foundation, based in Seattle, Washington
question: Where is the Bill and Melinda gates foundation based? 

context: On June 25, 2006, Warren Buffett (then the world's richest person, estimated worth of US$62 billion as of April 16, 2008) pledged to give the foundation approximately 10 million Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares spread over multiple years through annual contributions, with the first year's donation of 500,000 shares being worth approximately US$1.5 billion. Buffett set conditions so that these contributions do not simply increase the foundation's endowment, but effectively work as a matching contribution, doubling the Foundation's annual giving: "Buffett's gift came with three conditions for the Gates foundation: Bill or Melinda Gates must be alive and active in its administration; it must continue to qualify as a charity; and each year it must give away an amount equal to the previous year's Berkshire gift, plus an additional amount equal to 5 percent of net assets. Buffett gave the foundation two years to abide by the third requirement." The Gates Foundation received 5% (500,000) of the shares in July 2006 and will receive 5% of the remaining earmarked shares in the July of each following year (475,000 in 2007, 451,250 in 2008). In July 2013, Buffet announced another donation of his company's Class B, this time in the amount worth $2 billion, is going to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
qas: answers: text: Warren Buffett (then the world's richest person, estimated worth of US$62 billion as of April 16, 2008)
question: What was warren Buffett's estimated net worth in 2008 

answers: text: pledged to give the foundation approximately 10 million Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares
question: How many shares of berkshire hathway was pledged as a donation 

answers: text: In July 2013, Buffet announced another donation of his company's Class B, this time in the amount worth $2 billion
question: In 2013 Buffett announced another donation to the foundation for how much 

context: In November 2014, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced that they are adopting an open access (OA) policy for publications and data, "to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation, including any underlying data sets". This move has been widely applauded by those who are working in the area of capacity building and knowledge sharing.[citation needed] Its terms have been called the most stringent among similar OA policies. As of January 1, 2015 their Open Access policy is effective for all new agreements.
qas: answers: text: In November 2014, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced that they are adopting an open access (OA) policy for publications and data
question: What did the foundation announce in November 2014

answers: text: open access (OA) policy for publications and data, "to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation
question: What does the OA policy for publications and data do ?

answers: text: As of January 1, 2015 their Open Access policy is effective for all new agreements.
question: What does the OA policy cover ?

context: The foundation explains on its website that its trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (foundation) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust (trust). The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, "focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty," and its trustees are Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett. The trust section manages "the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals"—it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from Buffett.
qas: answers: text: trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (foundation) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust
question: What two entities was the foundation divided into 

answers: text: The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, "focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty
question: What does the foundation entity focus on

answers: text: The trust section manages "the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals
question: What does the Trust entity focus on 

answers: text: it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from Buffett
question: What is held in the trust entity 

context: The foundation trust invests undistributed assets, with the exclusive goal of maximizing the return on investment. As a result, its investments include companies that have been criticized for worsening poverty in the same developing countries where the foundation is attempting to relieve poverty. These include companies that pollute heavily and pharmaceutical companies that do not sell into the developing world. In response to press criticism, the foundation announced in 2007 a review of its investments to assess social responsibility. It subsequently cancelled the review and stood by its policy of investing for maximum return, while using voting rights to influence company practices.
qas: answers: text: The foundation trust invests undistributed assets
question: What does the Trust invest

answers: text: exclusive goal of maximizing the return on investment
question: What is the goal of the Trust investments 

answers: text: its investments include companies that have been criticized for worsening poverty in the same developing countries
question: What are some of the negatives of the investments 

answers: text: These include companies that pollute heavily and pharmaceutical companies that do not sell into the developing world
question: What type of company's are  critiscized

answers: text: the foundation announced in 2007 a review of its investments to assess social responsibility. It subsequently cancelled the review
question: As a result of the critics what did the company announce 

context: In March 2006, the foundation announced a US$5 million grant for the International Justice Mission (IJM), a human rights organization based in Washington, D.C., US to work in the area of sex trafficking. The official announcement explained that the grant would allow the IJM to "create a replicable model for combating sex trafficking and slavery" that would involve the opening of an office in a region with high rates of sex trafficking, following research. The office was opened for three years for the following purposes: "conducting undercover investigations, training law enforcement, rescuing victims, ensuring appropriate aftercare, and seeking perpetrator accountability".
qas: answers: text: n March 2006, the foundation announced a US$5 million grant for the International Justice Mission (IJM)
question: What did the foundation announce in March 2006 

answers: text: a human rights organization based in Washington, D.C., US to work in the area of sex trafficking.
question: What is the International Justice Mission

answers: text: the grant would allow the IJM to "create a replicable model for combating sex trafficking and slavery
question: What would the grant allow the IJM to do 

answers: text: conducting undercover investigations, training law enforcement, rescuing victims, ensuring appropriate aftercare, and seeking perpetrator accountability".
question: What did the office that ijm opened do specifically 

context: The IJM used the grant money to found "Project Lantern" and established an office in the Philippines city of Cebu. In 2010 the results of the project were published, in which the IJM stated that Project Lantern had led to "an increase in law enforcement activity in sex trafficking cases, an increase in commitment to resolving sex trafficking cases among law enforcement officers trained through the project, and an increase in services – like shelter, counseling and career training – provided to trafficking survivors". At the time that the results were released, the IJM was exploring opportunities to replicate the model in other regions.
qas: answers: text: The IJM used the grant money to found "Project Lantern
question: What was the name of the project founded by the IJM 

answers: text: "Project Lantern" and established an office in the Philippines city of Cebu.
question: Where did project lantern open an office 

answers: text: IJM stated that Project Lantern had led to "an increase in law enforcement activity in sex trafficking cases
question: What did project lantern announce in 2010

answers: text: increase in services – like shelter, counseling and career training – provided to trafficking survivors"
question: What services were also increased by project lantern

answers: text: the IJM was exploring opportunities to replicate the model in other regions.
question: What was project Lantern exploring 

context: The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WSH) program of the Gates Foundation was launched in mid-2005 as a "Learning Initiative," and became a full-fledged program under the Global Development Division in early 2010. The Foundation has since 2005 undertaken a wide range of efforts in the WASH sector involving research, experimentation, reflection, advocacy, and field implementation. In 2009, the Foundation decided to refocus its WASH effort mainly on sustainable sanitation services for the poor, using non-piped sanitation services (i.e. without the use of sewers), and less on water supply. This was because the sanitation sector was generally receiving less attention from other donors and from governments, and because the Foundation believed it had the potential to make a real difference through strategic investments.
qas: answers: text: The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WSH) program of the Gates Foundation was launched in mid-2005
question: What was the WSH program launched in 2005

answers: text: and became a full-fledged program under the Global Development Division in early 2010
question: When did the WSH become a full fledeged program

answers: text: since 2005 undertaken a wide range of efforts in the WASH sector involving research, experimentation, reflection, advocacy, and field implementation
question: What efforts have the WSH taken 

answers: text: In 2009, the Foundation decided to refocus its WASH effort mainly on sustainable sanitation services for the poor, using non-piped sanitation services
question: What did the foundation decide in 2009 

answers: text: This was because the sanitation sector was generally receiving less attention from other donors and from governments
question: WHy did the foundation make the switch 

context: In mid 2011, the Foundation announced in its new "Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Strategy Overview" that its funding now focuses primarily on sanitation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, because access to improved sanitation is lowest in those regions. Their grant-making focus has been since 2011 on sanitation science and technology ("transformative technologies"), delivery models at scale, urban sanitation markets, building demand for sanitation, measurement and evaluation as well as policy, advocacy and communications.
qas: answers: text: Their grant-making focus has been since 2011 on sanitation science and technology ("transformative technologies")
question: What has been the focus since 2011

answers: text: delivery models at scale, urban sanitation markets, building demand for sanitation, measurement and evaluation as well as policy, advocacy and communications
question: What models have been delivered

answers: text: funding now focuses primarily on sanitation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, because access to improved sanitation is lowest in those regions
question: What is the purpose of the new overview

answers: text: In mid 2011, the Foundation announced in its new "Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Strategy Overview"
question: What did the foundation announce in 2011

context: Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) of UNICEF and WHO. This program is tasked to monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) relating to drinking water and sanitation. About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies, with no dignity or privacy - which is called open defecation and which poses significant health risks. India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: around 600 million people. India has also become a focus country for the foundation's sanitation activities which has become evident since the "Reinvent the Toilet Fair" in Delhi, India in March 2014.
qas: answers: text: Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need
question: What is need in the developing world 

answers: text: Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected
question: What does data collected by unicef and Who show

answers: text: About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies
question: How many people have no sanatation facilities

answers: text: India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: around 600 million people
question: What country is the worst violator

answers: text: "Reinvent the Toilet Fair" in Delhi, India in March 2014.
question: India is host to what activity

context: In 2011, the foundation launched a program called "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge" with the aim to promote the development of innovations in toilet design to benefit the 2.5 billion people that do not have access to safe and effective sanitation. This program has generated significant interest of the mainstream media. It was complemented by a program called "Grand Challenges Explorations" (2011 to 2013 with some follow-up grants reaching until 2015) which involved grants of US$100,000 each in the first round. Both funding schemes explicitly excluded project ideas that relied on centralized sewerage systems or are not compatible with development country contexts.
qas: answers: text: In 2011, the foundation launched a program called "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge
question: When was reinvent the toilet launched 

answers: text: to promote the development of innovations in toilet design to benefit the 2.5 billion people that do not have access to safe and effective sanitation
question: What is the aim of reinvent the toilet 

answers: text: It was complemented by a program called "Grand Challenges Explorations" (2011 to 2013 with some follow-up grants reaching until 2015)
question: WHat program compliment reinvent the toilet 

answers: text: Both funding schemes explicitly excluded project ideas that relied on centralized sewerage systems or are not compatible with development country contexts
question: What was excluded by the funding schemes 

context: Since the launch of the "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge", more than a dozen research teams, mainly at universities in the U.S., Europe, India, China and South Africa, have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions for the urban poor. The grants were in the order of 400,000 USD for their first phase, followed by typically 1-3 million USD for their second phase; many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge.
qas: answers: text: universities in the U.S., Europe, India, China and South Africa, have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions
question: What countries have received grants 

answers: text: The grants were in the order of 400,000 USD for their first phase, followed by typically 1-3 million USD for their second phase
question: How much were the grants for 

answers: text: many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge.
question: What did many investigate 

context: The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge is a long-term research and development effort to develop a hygienic, stand-alone toilet. This challenge is being complemented by another investment program to develop new technologies for improved pit latrine emptying (called by the foundation the "Omni-Ingestor") and fecal sludge processing (called "Omni-Processor"). The aim of the "Omni Processor" is to convert excreta (for example fecal sludge) into beneficial products such as energy and soil nutrients with the potential to develop local business and revenue.
qas: answers: text: The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge is a long-term research and development effort to develop a hygienic, stand-alone toilet
question: What is reinvent the toilet trying to develop

answers: text: This challenge is being complemented by another investment program to develop new technologies for improved pit latrine emptying
question: What compliments the challenge 

answers: text: The aim of the "Omni Processor" is to convert excreta (for example fecal sludge) into beneficial products such as energy and soil nutrients
question: What does the Omni processor do

context: The foundation has donated billions of dollars to help sufferers of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, protecting millions of children from death at the hands of preventable diseases. However, a 2007 investigation by The Los Angeles Times claimed there are three major unintended consequences with the foundation's allocation of aid. First, sub-Saharan Africa already suffered from a shortage of primary doctors before the arrival of the Gates Foundation, but "by pouring most contributions into the fight against such high-profile killers as AIDS, Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained, higher-paid clinicians, diverting staff from basic care" in sub-Saharan Africa. This "brain drain" adds to the existing doctor shortage and pulls away additional trained staff from children and those suffering from other common killers. Second, "the focus on a few diseases has shortchanged basic needs such as nutrition and transportation". Third, "Gates-funded vaccination programs have instructed caregivers to ignore – even discourage patients from discussing – ailments that the vaccinations cannot prevent".
qas: answers: text: The foundation has donated billions of dollars to help sufferers of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria
question: The foundation has donated billions to sufferers of 

answers: text: protecting millions of children from death at the hands of preventable diseases
question: How many children were protected from death 

answers: text: Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained, higher-paid clinicians, diverting staff from basic care" in sub-Saharan Africa
question: What are some consequences of the investments 

answers: text: "the focus on a few diseases has shortchanged basic needs such as nutrition and transportation
question: What has the focus on a few diseases caused 

answers: text: discourage patients from discussing – ailments that the vaccinations cannot prevent".
question: Vaccinations programs encouraged what 

context: Melinda Gates has stated that the foundation "has decided not to fund abortion". In response to questions about this decision, Gates stated in a June 2014 blog post that she "struggle[s] with the issue" and that "the emotional and personal debate about abortion is threatening to get in the way of the lifesaving consensus regarding basic family planning". Up to 2013, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided $71 million to Planned Parenthood, the primary U.S. abortion provider, and affiliated organizations.
qas: answers: text: has decided not to fund abortion"
question: What did the foundation decide not to fund

answers: text: the emotional and personal debate about abortion is threatening to get in the way of the lifesaving consensus regarding basic family planning
question: WHy did they decide not to fund abortion

answers: text: Up to 2013, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided $71 million to Planned Parenthood
question: Before 2013 the foundation gave how how much to planned parenthood

context: In 1997, the charity introduced a U.S. Libraries initiative with a goal of "ensuring that if you can get to a public library, you can reach the internet". Only 35% of the world's population has access to the Internet. The foundation has given grants, installed computers and software, and provided training and technical support in partnership with public libraries nationwide in an effort to increase access and knowledge. Helping provide access and training for these resources, this foundation helps move public libraries into the digital age.
qas: answers: text: U.S. Libraries initiative with a goal of "ensuring that if you can get to a public library, you can reach the internet
question: what is the US libraries initiative 

answers: text: Only 35% of the world's population has access to the Internet
question: How much of the worlds population can reach the internet

answers: text: The foundation has given grants, installed computers and software, and provided training and technical support in partnership with public libraries nationwide
question: what have the grants provided public libraries

answers: text: this foundation helps move public libraries into the digital age.
question: What has the grant enabled 

context: A key aspect of the Gates Foundation's U.S. efforts involves an overhaul of the country's education policies at both the K-12 and college levels, including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority-based layoffs and other aspects of the education system that are typically backed by teachers' unions. It spent $373 million on education in 2009. It has also donated to the two largest national teachers' unions. The foundation was the biggest early backer of the Common Core State Standards Initiative.
qas: answers: text: A key aspect of the Gates Foundation's U.S. efforts involves an overhaul of the country's education policies at both the K-12 and college levels
question: what is a key aspect of the gates foundation in the US

answers: text: including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority-based layoffs
question: What do these efforts include

answers: text: It spent $373 million on education in 2009.
question: how much did it spend in 2009

answers: text: The foundation was the biggest early backer of the Common Core State Standards Initiative.
question: It was an early backer of what 

context: One of the foundation's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States, and the organization has funded "Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery" grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations to produce white papers on ideas for changing the current system of federal financial aid for college students, with a goal of increasing graduation rates. One of the ways the foundation has sought to increase the number of college graduates is to get them through college faster, but that idea has received some pushback from organizations of universities and colleges.
qas: answers: text: One of the foundation's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States
question: What is 1 foundation goal 

answers: text: One of the ways the foundation has sought to increase the number of college graduates is to get them through college faster
question: One way to increase college graduation by the foundation is 

answers: text: Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery" grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations
question: how did they work on college financing 

context: As part of its education-related initiatives, the foundation has funded journalists, think tanks, lobbying organizations and governments. Millions of dollars of grants to news organizations have funded reporting on education and higher education, including more than $1.4 million to the Education Writers Association to fund training for journalists who cover education. While some critics have feared the foundation for directing the conversation on education or pushing its point of view through news coverage, the foundation has said it lists all its grants publicly and does not enforce any rules for content among its grantees, who have editorial independence. Union activists in Chicago have accused Gates Foundation grantee Teach Plus, which was founded by new teachers and advocates against seniority-based layoffs, of "astroturfing".
qas: answers: text: As part of its education-related initiatives, the foundation has funded journalists, think tanks, lobbying organizations and governments
question: What has been funded as part of the education initiatives

answers: text: Millions of dollars of grants to news organizations have funded reporting on education and higher education
question: what do the millions in grants given to news agencies do 

answers: text: critics have feared the foundation for directing the conversation on education or pushing its point of view through news coverage
question: Critics don't like the foundations use of media why 

answers: text: the foundation has said it lists all its grants publicly
question: Where does the foundation list grants 

answers: text: Teach Plus, which was founded by new teachers and advocates against seniority-based layoffs
question: who founded teach plus 

context: The K-12 and higher education reform programs of the Gates Foundation have been criticized by some education professionals, parents, and researchers because they have driven the conversation on education reform to such an extent that they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy preferences. Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools, charter schools, and increasing class sizes have been expensive and disruptive, but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm. Peer reviewed scientific studies at Stanford find that Charter Schools do not systematically improve student performance
qas: answers: text: they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy preferences
question: Why were the gates foundation educational reforms critcized

answers: text: Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools, charter schools, and increasing class sizes
question: What are several of the gates backed policies 

answers: text: but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm
question: Have the policies been criticized 

answers: text: Peer reviewed scientific studies at Stanford find that Charter Schools do not systematically improve student performance
question: What does 1 specific study of charter schools show 

context: In October 2006, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation was split into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust, which manages the endowment assets and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which "... conducts all operations and grantmaking work, and it is the entity from which all grants are made". Also announced was the decision to "... spend all of [the Trust's] resources within 20 years after Bill's and Melinda's deaths". This would close the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust and effectively end the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. In the same announcement it was reiterated that Warren Buffett "... has stipulated that the proceeds from the Berkshire Hathaway shares he still owns at death are to be used for philanthropic purposes within 10 years after his estate has been settled".
qas: answers: text: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust, which manages the endowment assets and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
question: What two entities was the foundation split into in october 2016

answers: text: spend all of [the Trust's] resources within 20 years after Bill's and Melinda's deaths
question: When must the trust resources be spent

answers: text: the proceeds from the Berkshire Hathaway shares he still owns at death are to be used for philanthropic purposes within 10 years
question: What does warren Buffet stipulate his berkshire hathaway  shares be used for in the 10 year period after his death