Canon_law

context: Canon law is the body of laws and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (Church leadership), for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church (both Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches), the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches, and the individual national churches within the Anglican Communion. The way that such church law is legislated, interpreted and at times adjudicated varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a church council; these canons formed the foundation of canon law.
qas: answers: text: Canon law
question: What is the name for the rules issued by the heads of the Church?

answers: text: Christian
question: In what type of religion are canon laws applicable?

answers: text: Latin Church and Eastern Catholic Churches
question: Which institutions make up the Catholic Church?

answers: text: church council
question: What body was first responsible for creating canon?

answers: text: canons
question: What does canon law consist of?

context: Greek kanon / Ancient Greek: κανών, Arabic Qanun / قانون, Hebrew kaneh / קנה, "straight"; a rule, code, standard, or measure; the root meaning in all these languages is "reed" (cf. the Romance-language ancestors of the English word "cane").
qas: answers: text: kanon
question: What is the Greek term for canon?

answers: text: kaneh
question: What is the Hebrew term for canon?

answers: text: Qanun
question: What is the Arabic term meaning canon?

answers: text: reed
question: What is the common definition of the word canon as it appears in Greek, Arabic and Hebrew?

answers: text: cane
question: Which English term is derived from the same root as the Greek, Arabic and Hebrew words for canon?

context: The Apostolic Canons or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees (eighty-five in the Eastern, fifty in the Western Church) concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church, incorporated with the Apostolic Constitutions which are part of the Ante-Nicene Fathers In the fourth century the First Council of Nicaea (325) calls canons the disciplinary measures of the Church: the term canon, κανὠν, means in Greek, a rule. There is a very early distinction between the rules enacted by the Church and the legislative measures taken by the State called leges, Latin for laws.
qas: answers: text: eighty-five
question: How many ancient canons exist in the Eastern Church?

answers: text: fifty
question: How many ancient canons exist in the Western Church?

answers: text: Ecclesiastical Canons
question: What is another term for Apostolic Canons?

answers: text: 325
question: When was the First Council of Nicaea held?

answers: text: a rule
question: What is the Greek definition of κανὠν?

context: In the Catholic Church, canon law is the system of laws and legal principles made and enforced by the Church's hierarchical authorities to regulate its external organization and government and to order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church.
qas: answers: text: the Church's hierarchical authorities
question: Who enforces canon law in Catholicism?

answers: text: canon law
question: What is the name for the collection of formal rules in Catholicism?

answers: text: external organization and government
question: What does management of canon law aim to regulate?

answers: text: order and direct the activities of Catholics toward the mission of the Church
question: What is canon law's purpose with respect to members of the Catholic Church?

context: The Roman Catholic Church canon law also includes the main five rites (groups) of churches which are in full union with the Roman Catholic Church and the Supreme Pontiff:
qas: answers: text: rites
question: What is another name for the collections of other Catholic churches led by the Supreme Pontiff?

answers: text: five
question: How many major rites exist?

answers: text: the Supreme Pontiff
question: Who is the leader of the Roman Catholic Church?

answers: text: full union
question: What term characterizes the intersection of the rites with the Roman Catholic Church?

answers: text: Roman Catholic
question: Which denomination is led by the Supreme Pontiff?

context: In the Roman Church, universal positive ecclesiastical laws, based upon either immutable divine and natural law, or changeable circumstantial and merely positive law, derive formal authority and promulgation from the office of pope, who as Supreme Pontiff possesses the totality of legislative, executive, and judicial power in his person. The actual subject material of the canons is not just doctrinal or moral in nature, but all-encompassing of the human condition.
qas: answers: text: immutable divine and natural law
question: What are the permanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?

answers: text: changeable circumstantial and merely positive law
question: What are the impermanent sources of positive ecclesiastical law?

answers: text: formal authority and promulgation
question: What is given to the universal positive law of the Roman Catholic Church by its leader?

answers: text: Supreme Pontiff
question: What is the pope's official title?

answers: text: legislative, executive, and judicial
question: What three divisions of power often found in government does the pope hold?

context: The Catholic Church has what is claimed to be the oldest continuously functioning internal legal system in Western Europe, much later than Roman law but predating the evolution of modern European civil law traditions. What began with rules ("canons") adopted by the Apostles at the Council of Jerusalem in the first century has developed into a highly complex legal system encapsulating not just norms of the New Testament, but some elements of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions.
qas: answers: text: The Catholic Church
question: What entity believes itself to have the longest standing internal mechanism of laws in Western Europe?

answers: text: Roman law
question: What is a legal system older than Catholic law?

answers: text: canons
question: What is the term for laws produced at the Council of Jerusalem?

answers: text: first century
question: When was the Council of Jerusalem held?

answers: text: Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic
question: Apart from the Old and New Testaments, which other cultures influenced canon?

context: The history of Latin canon law can be divided into four periods: the jus antiquum, the jus novum, the jus novissimum and the Code of Canon Law. In relation to the Code, history can be divided into the jus vetus (all law before the Code) and the jus novum (the law of the Code, or jus codicis).
qas: answers: text: the jus novum
question: Which period followed the jus antiquum?

answers: text: the Code of Canon Law
question: What is the most recent era of Latin canon law?

answers: text: the jus vetus
question: What is the name for the time preceding the Code of Canon Law?

context: The canon law of the Eastern Catholic Churches, which had developed some different disciplines and practices, underwent its own process of codification, resulting in the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches promulgated in 1990 by Pope John Paul II.
qas: answers: text: different disciplines and practices
question: In what ways did the Eastern Catholic Churches's legal systems vary from those of the west?

answers: text: process of codification
question: What led to the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches?

answers: text: 1990
question: When was the law of the Eastern Catholic Churches promoted?

answers: text: Pope John Paul II
question: Who sponsored the promulgation of Eastern Catholic Church laws?

answers: text: the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
question: What was the name of the formal version of laws ruling the Eastern Catholic Churches?

context: It is a fully developed legal system, with all the necessary elements: courts, lawyers, judges, a fully articulated legal code principles of legal interpretation, and coercive penalties, though it lacks civilly-binding force in most secular jurisdictions. The academic degrees in canon law are the J.C.B. (Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus, Bachelor of Canon Law, normally taken as a graduate degree), J.C.L. (Juris Canonici Licentiatus, Licentiate of Canon Law) and the J.C.D. (Juris Canonici Doctor, Doctor of Canon Law). Because of its specialized nature, advanced degrees in civil law or theology are normal prerequisites for the study of canon law.
qas: answers: text: lawyers, judges
question: What profesional roles from secular law does the Catholic Church also employ?

answers: text: civilly-binding force
question: What is not present in the Catholic legal system as compared with non-religious law?

answers: text: Juris Canonici Baccalaureatus
question: What does J.C.B. stand for?

answers: text: Bachelor of Canon Law
question: What is the English equivalent of the term abbreviated by J.C.B.?

answers: text: Juris Canonici Licentiatus
question: What is the Latin term for Licentiate of Canon Law?

context: Much of the legislative style was adapted from the Roman Law Code of Justinian. As a result, Roman ecclesiastical courts tend to follow the Roman Law style of continental Europe with some variation, featuring collegiate panels of judges and an investigative form of proceeding, called "inquisitorial", from the Latin "inquirere", to enquire. This is in contrast to the adversarial form of proceeding found in the common law system of English and U.S. law, which features such things as juries and single judges.
qas: answers: text: Roman Law Code of Justinian
question: What ancient law served as the precursor to the type of legislation seen in the Roman Catholics?

answers: text: adversarial
question: What word characterizes the type of procedure found in American and British courts?

answers: text: inquisitorial
question: What term characterizes the type of procedure used in Roman Church courts?

answers: text: to enquire
question: What is the English meaning of inquirere?

context: The institutions and practices of canon law paralleled the legal development of much of Europe, and consequently both modern civil law and common law (legal system) bear the influences of canon law. Edson Luiz Sampel, a Brazilian expert in canon law, says that canon law is contained in the genesis of various institutes of civil law, such as the law in continental Europe and Latin American countries. Sampel explains that canon law has significant influence in contemporary society.
qas: answers: text: Europe
question: What continent's laws developed alongside those of the Church?

answers: text: modern civil law and common law
question: In which types of law can elements of canon law be seen?

answers: text: Edson Luiz Sampel
question: Who stated that Church law can be seen in the growth of civil law institutions?

answers: text: Europe and Latin American
question: What two regions does Sampel cite as examples of the influence of canon law?

answers: text: contemporary society
question: What does Sampel claim had a great impact on?

context: Canonical jurisprudential theory generally follows the principles of Aristotelian-Thomistic legal philosophy. While the term "law" is never explicitly defined in the Code, the Catechism of the Catholic Church cites Aquinas in defining law as "...an ordinance of reason for the common good, promulgated by the one who is in charge of the community" and reformulates it as "...a rule of conduct enacted by competent authority for the sake of the common good."
qas: answers: text: Aristotelian-Thomistic
question: What school of thought serves as a model for canon theory?

answers: text: Aquinas
question: Which philosopher is quoted by the Catechism?

answers: text: law
question: What word is not specifically given meaning in the Code of the Church?

answers: text: the common good
question: What does Aquinas define as the aim toward which law is working?

answers: text: a rule of conduct
question: What term expresses the idea of law derived from Aquinas as interpreted by the Catechism?

context: The law of the Eastern Catholic Churches in full union with Rome was in much the same state as that of the Latin or Western Church before 1917; much more diversity in legislation existed in the various Eastern Catholic Churches. Each had its own special law, in which custom still played an important part. In 1929 Pius XI informed the Eastern Churches of his intention to work out a Code for the whole of the Eastern Church. The publication of these Codes for the Eastern Churches regarding the law of persons was made between 1949 through 1958 but finalized nearly 30 years later.
qas: answers: text: the Latin or Western Church
question: Prior to 1917, what church was in a similar situation as the Eastern Catholic Churches as regards its legal system?

answers: text: more diversity in legislation
question: What was different about the Eastern Churches compared with the Western?

answers: text: custom
question: What was still a main factor in the Eastern Church laws?

answers: text: 1929
question: When did Pius XI announce his goal of codifying the law of all Eastern Churches?

answers: text: 1949 through 1958
question: During what time period were the Codes for Eastern Churches made available, prior to the final version?

context: The first Code of Canon Law, 1917, was mostly for the Roman Rite, with limited application to the Eastern Churches. After the Second Vatican Council, (1962 - 1965), another edition was published specifically for the Roman Rite in 1983. Most recently, 1990, the Vatican produced the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches which became the 1st code of Eastern Catholic Canon Law.
qas: answers: text: 1917
question: When was the original Code of Canon Law published?

answers: text: the Roman Rite
question: For which part of the Roman Catholic Church was the first Code published?

answers: text: 1962 - 1965
question: During what years was the Second Vatican Council held?

answers: text: the Roman Rite
question: For whom was a new edition of canon law released in 1983?

answers: text: 1990
question: When was the first Code produced for Eastern Churches?

context: The Greek-speaking Orthodox have collected canons and commentaries upon them in a work known as the Pēdálion (Greek: Πηδάλιον, "Rudder"), so named because it is meant to "steer" the Church. The Orthodox Christian tradition in general treats its canons more as guidelines than as laws, the bishops adjusting them to cultural and other local circumstances. Some Orthodox canon scholars point out that, had the Ecumenical Councils (which deliberated in Greek) meant for the canons to be used as laws, they would have called them nómoi/νόμοι (laws) rather than kanónes/κανόνες (rules), but almost all Orthodox conform to them. The dogmatic decisions of the Councils, though, are to be obeyed rather than to be treated as guidelines, since they are essential for the Church's unity.
qas: answers: text: Greek
question: What language is used by members of the Orthodox denomination?

answers: text: canons and commentaries upon them
question: What are the constituents of the Pēdálion?

answers: text: Rudder
question: What does Pēdálion mean in English?

answers: text: bishops
question: Which Orthodox leaders are free to adapt canon as required?

answers: text: the Ecumenical Councils
question: Which groups do Orthodox scholars point to when defending their way of interpreting canon?

context: In the Church of England, the ecclesiastical courts that formerly decided many matters such as disputes relating to marriage, divorce, wills, and defamation, still have jurisdiction of certain church-related matters (e.g. discipline of clergy, alteration of church property, and issues related to churchyards). Their separate status dates back to the 12th century when the Normans split them off from the mixed secular/religious county and local courts used by the Saxons. In contrast to the other courts of England the law used in ecclesiastical matters is at least partially a civil law system, not common law, although heavily governed by parliamentary statutes. Since the Reformation, ecclesiastical courts in England have been royal courts. The teaching of canon law at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge was abrogated by Henry VIII; thereafter practitioners in the ecclesiastical courts were trained in civil law, receiving a Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) degree from Oxford, or a Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) degree from Cambridge. Such lawyers (called "doctors" and "civilians") were centered at "Doctors Commons", a few streets south of St Paul's Cathedral in London, where they monopolized probate, matrimonial, and admiralty cases until their jurisdiction was removed to the common law courts in the mid-19th century.
qas: answers: text: the Church of England
question: In what institution do church courts still have relevant functions in secular society?

answers: text: 12th
question: In what century did Saxons and Normans separate?

answers: text: common law
question: What type of law is not found in ecclesiastical systems in the modern day?

answers: text: Oxford and Cambridge
question: At which universities were canon law degrees abolished?

answers: text: Henry VIII
question: Who was responsible for banning canon law education from Oxford and Cambridge?

context: Other churches in the Anglican Communion around the world (e.g., the Episcopal Church in the United States, and the Anglican Church of Canada) still function under their own private systems of canon law.
qas: answers: text: the Anglican Communion
question: What is a term for the Church of England and churches that align with it?

answers: text: the Episcopal Church
question: What is an example of a member of the Anglican Communion in America?

answers: text: the Anglican Church of Canada
question: What is an example of a member of the Anglican Communion in Canada?

answers: text: their own private systems of canon law
question: What do extant churches of the Anglican Communion still operate with?

context: Currently, (2004), there are principles of canon law common to the churches within the Anglican Communion; their existence can be factually established; each province or church contributes through its own legal system to the principles of canon law common within the Communion; these principles have a strong persuasive authority and are fundamental to the self-understanding of each of the churches of the Communion; these principles have a living force, and contain in themselves the possibility of further development; and the existence of these principles both demonstrates unity and promotes unity within the Anglican Communion. 
qas: answers: text: principles of canon law
question: As of 2004, what do all Anglican Communion Churches share?

answers: text: factually
question: What term characterizes the way in which the existence of canon principles can be shown?

answers: text: its own legal system
question: Through what does each member of the Anglican Communion make a contribution to Church law? 

answers: text: living
question: What kind of force could the canonical principles be said to have within the Communion?

answers: text: unity
question: What does having common principles show and support for churches int he Communion?

context: In Presbyterian and Reformed churches, canon law is known as "practice and procedure" or "church order", and includes the church's laws respecting its government, discipline, legal practice and worship.
qas: answers: text: "practice and procedure" or "church order"
question: What are two other possible terms for canon law among some denominations?

answers: text: Presbyterian and Reformed churches
question: In what types of institutions are canon rules called "practice and procedure"?

answers: text: government
question: What aspect of management is covered by church order?

answers: text: discipline
question: What aspect of decorum is covered by practice and procedure?

answers: text: worship
question: What aspect of faith is covered by canon law?

context: Roman canon law had been criticized by the Presbyterians as early as 1572 in the Admonition to Parliament. The protest centered on the standard defense that canon law could be retained so long as it did not contradict the civil law. According to Polly Ha, the Reformed Church Government refuted this claiming that the bishops had been enforcing canon law for 1500 years.
qas: answers: text: the Presbyterians
question: What group took issue with the Roman canons?

answers: text: 1572
question: In what year was there documented criticism of Roman church law by Presbyterians?

answers: text: Parliament
question: To whom did Presbyterians complain in 1572?

answers: text: 1500 years
question: For how long did the Reformed Church state that canon had been administered by members of the church?

answers: text: bishops
question: Which church officials were responsible for the administration of canon law?

context: The Book of Concord is the historic doctrinal statement of the Lutheran Church, consisting of ten credal documents recognized as authoritative in Lutheranism since the 16th century. However, the Book of Concord is a confessional document (stating orthodox belief) rather than a book of ecclesiastical rules or discipline, like canon law. Each Lutheran national church establishes its own system of church order and discipline, though these are referred to as "canons."
qas: answers: text: The Book of Concord
question: What is a fundamental collection of documents of the Lutherans?

answers: text: 16th
question: Beginning in what century was the Book of Concord a central part of the Lutheran Church?

answers: text: confessional
question: What kind of statement is the Book of Concord?

answers: text: canons
question: What are the legislative systems of various Lutheran institutions called?

answers: text: orthodox
question: What kind of belief is the subject of the Book of Concord?