Georgian_architecture

context: Georgian architecture is the name given in most English-speaking countries to the set of architectural styles current between 1714 and 1830. It is eponymous for the first four British monarchs of the House of Hanover—George I, George II, George III, and George IV—who reigned in continuous succession from August 1714 to June 1830. The style was revived in the late 19th century in the United States as Colonial Revival architecture and in the early 20th century in Great Britain as Neo-Georgian architecture; in both it is also called Georgian Revival architecture. In America the term "Georgian" is generally used to describe all building from the period, regardless of style; in Britain it is generally restricted to buildings that are "architectural in intention", and have stylistic characteristics that are typical of the period, though that covers a wide range.
qas: answers: text: George I, George II, George III, and George IV
question: Who were the British monarchs of the House of Hanover from August 1714 to June 1830?

answers: text: Colonial Revival
question: What was the 19th century revival of Georgian architecture in the United States referred to as?

answers: text: between 1714 and 1830
question: Between what years was Georgian architecture in style?

answers: text: Neo-Georgian
question: What was the name given to the 20th century Great British revival Georgian architecture.

answers: text: House of Hanover
question: What was the name of the house of the monarchs in power from 1714 and 1830?

context: The style of Georgian buildings is very variable, but marked by a taste for symmetry and proportion based on the classical architecture of Greece and Rome, as revived in Renaissance architecture. Ornament is also normally in the classical tradition, but typically rather restrained, and sometimes almost completely absent on the exterior. The period brought the vocabulary of classical architecture to smaller and more modest buildings than had been the case before, replacing English vernacular architecture (or becoming the new vernacular style) for almost all new middle-class homes and public buildings by the end of the period.
qas: answers: text: Greece and Rome
question: What classical architecture is Georgian architecture based on?

answers: text: English vernacular architecture
question: What type of architecture did Georgian replace?

answers: text: the exterior
question: Where is ornament typically not found in Georgian architecture?

context: In towns, which expanded greatly during the period, landowners turned into property developers, and rows of identical terraced houses became the norm. Even the wealthy were persuaded to live in these in town, especially if provided with a square of garden in front of the house. There was an enormous amount of building in the period, all over the English-speaking world, and the standards of construction were generally high. Where they have not been demolished, large numbers of Georgian buildings have survived two centuries or more, and they still form large parts of the core of cities such as London, Edinburgh, Dublin and Bristol.
qas: answers: text: property developers
question: During the period of Georgian architecture what did landowners turn into?

answers: text: London, Edinburgh, Dublin and Bristol
question: Where do many buildings constructed during the period of Georgian architecture still exist today?

answers: text: a square of garden
question: What benefit convinced many wealthy people to move into town during this time?

answers: text: all over the English-speaking world
question: What part of the world was mostly dominated by Georgian architecture?

answers: text: generally high
question: What quality were the buildings constructed during that time?

context: The period saw the growth of a distinct and trained architectural profession; before the mid-century "the high-sounding title, 'architect' was adopted by anyone who could get away with it". But most buildings were still designed by builders and landlords together, and the wide spread of Georgian architecture, and the Georgian styles of design more generally, came from dissemination through pattern books and inexpensive suites of engravings. This contrasted with earlier styles, which were primarily disseminated among craftsmen through the direct experience of the apprenticeship system. Authors such as the prolific William Halfpenny (active 1723–1755) received editions in America as well as Britain. From the mid-18th century, Georgian styles were assimilated into an architectural vernacular that became part and parcel of the training of every architect, designer, builder, carpenter, mason and plasterer, from Edinburgh to Maryland.
qas: answers: text: architect
question: What high sounding title was adopted by anyone who could get away with it?

answers: text: pattern books and inexpensive suites of engravings
question: How did most Georgian design styles disseminate?

answers: text: the apprenticeship system
question: How did styles disseminate before Georgian architecture?

answers: text: William Halfpenny
question: Which American author received editions of Georgian architecture?

answers: text: 1723–1755
question: What years were William Halfpenny active?

context: Georgian succeeded the English Baroque of Sir Christopher Wren, Sir John Vanbrugh, Thomas Archer, William Talman, and Nicholas Hawksmoor; this in fact continued into at least the 1720s, overlapping with a more restrained Georgian style. The architect James Gibbs was a transitional figure, his earlier buildings are Baroque, reflecting the time he spent in Rome in the early 18th century, but he adjusted his style after 1720. Major architects to promote the change in direction from baroque were Colen Campbell, author of the influential book Vitruvius Britannicus (1715-1725); Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington and his protégé William Kent; Isaac Ware; Henry Flitcroft and the Venetian Giacomo Leoni, who spent most of his career in England. Other prominent architects of the early Georgian period include James Paine, Robert Taylor, and John Wood, the Elder. The European Grand Tour became very common for wealthy patrons in the period, and Italian influence remained dominant, though at the start of the period Hanover Square, Westminster (1713 on), developed and occupied by Whig supporters of the new dynasty, seems to have deliberately adopted German stylisic elements in their honour, especially vertical bands connecting the windows.
qas: answers: text: English Baroque
question: What style did Georgian succeed?

answers: text: James Gibbs
question: Which architect was a transitional figure?

answers: text: The European Grand Tour
question: What became very popular with wealthy patrons during this period?

answers: text: Vitruvius Britannicus
question: Which book did Colen Campbell write?

answers: text: Giacomo Leoni
question: What Venetian spent most of his career in England?

context: The styles that resulted fall within several categories. In the mainstream of Georgian style were both Palladian architecture— and its whimsical alternatives, Gothic and Chinoiserie, which were the English-speaking world's equivalent of European Rococo. From the mid-1760s a range of Neoclassical modes were fashionable, associated with the British architects Robert Adam, James Gibbs, Sir William Chambers, James Wyatt, George Dance the Younger, Henry Holland and Sir John Soane. John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of the late Georgian era known as The Regency style, he was responsible for designing large areas of London. Greek Revival architecture was added to the repertory, beginning around 1750, but increasing in popularity after 1800. Leading exponents were William Wilkins and Robert Smirke.
qas: answers: text: Gothic and Chinoiserie
question: What are the whimsical alternatives of Palladian architecture?

answers: text: European Rococo
question: Gothic and Chinoiserie were the English-speaking world's equivalent of what style?

answers: text: The Regency style
question: John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of which style?

answers: text: around 1750
question: Around what year was the Greek Revival added to the repertory?

answers: text: William Wilkins and Robert Smirke
question: Who were two leading exponent of the Greek Revival style?

context: Georgian architecture is characterized by its proportion and balance; simple mathematical ratios were used to determine the height of a window in relation to its width or the shape of a room as a double cube. Regularity, as with ashlar (uniformly cut) stonework, was strongly approved, imbuing symmetry and adherence to classical rules: the lack of symmetry, where Georgian additions were added to earlier structures remaining visible, was deeply felt as a flaw, at least before Nash began to introduce it in a variety of styles. Regularity of housefronts along a street was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning. Until the start of the Gothic Revival in the early 19th century, Georgian designs usually lay within the Classical orders of architecture and employed a decorative vocabulary derived from ancient Rome or Greece.
qas: answers: text: its proportion and balance
question: Georgian architecture is characterized by?

answers: text: Regularity of housefronts
question: What was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning?

answers: text: lack of symmetry
question: What was considered a deep flaw of Georgian architecture?

answers: text: ancient Rome or Greece
question: What decorative vocabulary did Georgian designs draw from?

context: Versions of revived Palladian architecture dominated English country house architecture. Houses were increasingly placed in grand landscaped settings, and large houses were generally made wide and relatively shallow, largely to look more impressive from a distance. The height was usually highest in the centre, and the Baroque emphasis on corner pavilions often found on the continent generally avoided. In grand houses, an entrance hall led to steps up to a piano nobile or mezzanine floor where the main reception rooms were. Typically the basement area or "rustic", with kitchens, offices and service areas, as well as male guests with muddy boots, came some way above ground, and was lit by windows that were high on the inside, but just above ground level outside. A single block was typical, with a perhaps a small court for carriages at the front marked off by railings and a gate, but rarely a stone gatehouse, or side wings around the court.
qas: answers: text: Palladian
question: What revived style dominated English country house architecture?

answers: text: made wide and relatively shallow
question: What was done to make houses look more impressive from a distance?

answers: text: the centre
question: Where was the height generally highest in Palladian architecture?

answers: text: basement area
question: Where were areas such as kitchens, offices, and service areas generally found?

answers: text: mezzanine floor
question: What floor were the main receptions rooms generally located?

context: Windows in all types of buildings were large and regularly placed on a grid; this was partly to minimize window tax, which was in force throughout the period in the United Kingdom. Some windows were subsequently bricked-in. Their height increasingly varied between the floors, and they increasingly began below waist-height in the main rooms, making a small balcony desirable. Before this the internal plan and function of the rooms can generally not be deduced from the outside. To open these large windows the sash window, already developed by the 1670s, became very widespread. Corridor plans became universal inside larger houses.
qas: answers: text: window tax
question: What tax was in force throughout the United Kingdom during this time?

answers: text: the 1670s
question: When was the sash window developed?

answers: text: Corridor plans
question: What plans became universal inside larger houses?

answers: text: the internal plan and function of the rooms
question: What cannot be generally deduced from the outside?

answers: text: Their height
question: What aspect of windows generally varied between floors?

context: Internal courtyards became more rare, except beside the stables, and the functional parts of the building were placed at the sides, or in separate buildings nearby hidden by trees. The views to and from the front and rear of the main block were concentrated on, with the side approaches usually much less important. The roof was typically invisible from the ground, though domes were sometimes visible in grander buildings. The roofline was generally clear of ornament except for a balustrade or the top of a pediment. Columns or pilasters, often topped by a pediment, were popular for ornament inside and out, and other ornament was generally geometrical or plant-based, rather than using the human figure.
qas: answers: text: trees
question: What was often used to hide functional parts of buildings?

answers: text: domes
question: What was occasionally visible in grander buildings?

answers: text: pediment
question: What often topped pilasters of columns?

answers: text: geometrical or plant-based
question: What designs did ornament use to avoid using the human figure?

answers: text: Internal courtyards
question: What aspect of buildings became very rare?

context: Inside ornament was far more generous, and could sometimes be overwhelming. The chimneypiece continued to be the usual main focus of rooms, and was now given a classical treatment, and increasingly topped by a painting or a mirror. Plasterwork ceilings, carved wood, and bold schemes of wallpaint formed a backdrop to increasingly rich collections of furniture, paintings, porcelain, mirrors, and objets d'art of all kinds. Wood-panelling, very common since about 1500, fell from favour around the mid-century, and wallpaper included very expensive imports from China.
qas: answers: text: Inside ornament
question: Where could sometimes overwhelming ornament be found?

answers: text: chimneypiece
question: What was the typical main focus of rooms?

answers: text: Plasterwork ceilings
question: What type of ceilings became commonplace?

answers: text: Wood-panelling
question: What fell out of favor during this time?

answers: text: China
question: Where was very expensive wallpaper imported from?

context: In towns even most better-off people lived in terraced houses, which typically opened straight onto the street, often with a few steps up to the door. There was often an open space, protected by iron railings, dropping down to the basement level, with a discreet entrance down steps off the street for servants and deliveries; this is known as the "area". This meant that the ground floor front was now removed and protected from the street and encouraged the main reception rooms to move there from the floor above. Where, as often, a new street or set of streets was developed, the road and pavements were raised up, and the gardens or yards behind the houses at a lower level, usually representing the original one.
qas: answers: text: terraced houses
question: Most town people lived in what type of houses?

answers: text: iron railings
question: What was used to protect the "area"?

answers: text: main reception rooms
question: Due to new entry styles what rooms were often moved down a floor?

context: Town terraced houses for all social classes remained resolutely tall and narrow, each dwelling occupying the whole height of the building. This contrasted with well-off continental dwellings, which had already begun to be formed of wide apartments occupying only one or two floors of a building; such arrangements were only typical in England when housing groups of batchelors, as in Oxbridge colleges, the lawyers in the Inns of Court or The Albany after it was converted in 1802. In the period in question, only in Edinburgh were working-class purpose-built tenements common, though lodgers were common in other cities. A curving crescent, often looking out at gardens or a park, was popular for terraces where space allowed. In early and central schemes of development, plots were sold and built on individually, though there was often an attempt to enforce some uniformity, but as development reached further out schemes were increasingly built as a uniform scheme and then sold.
qas: answers: text: tall and narrow
question: What shape and size did most town terraced houses take on?

answers: text: 1802
question: What year did The Albany convert?

answers: text: wide apartments occupying only one or two floors of a building
question: Well-off continental dwellings consisted of?

answers: text: Edinburgh
question: What was the only city where working class purpose built tenements common?

answers: text: A curving crescent
question: What was popular for terraces where there was enough space?

context: The late Georgian period saw the birth of the semi-detached house, planned systematically, as a suburban compromise between the terraced houses of the city and the detached "villas" further out, where land was cheaper. There had been occasional examples in town centres going back to medieval times. Most early suburban examples are large, and in what are now the outer fringes of Central London, but were then in areas being built up for the first time. Blackheath, Chalk Farm and St John's Wood are among the areas contesting being the original home of the semi. Sir John Summerson gave primacy to the Eyre Estate of St John's Wood. A plan for this exists dated 1794, where "the whole development consists of pairs of semi-detached houses, So far as I know, this is the first recorded scheme of the kind". In fact the French Wars put an end to this scheme, but when the development was finally built it retained the semi-detached form, "a revolution of striking significance and far-reaching effect".
qas: answers: text: Blackheath, Chalk Farm and St John's Wood
question: What cities contest to being the original home of the semi?

answers: text: 1794
question: A plan for a semi-detached houses was dated for what year?

answers: text: Sir John Summerson
question: Who conferred primacy to the Eyre Estate of St John's Wood?

answers: text: the French Wars
question: What put an end to the scheme of semi-detached houses?

context: Until the Church Building Act of 1818, the period saw relatively few churches built in Britain, which was already well-supplied, although in the later years of the period the demand for Non-conformist and Roman Catholic places of worship greatly increased. Anglican churches that were built were designed internally to allow maximum audibility, and visibility, for preaching, so the main nave was generally wider and shorter than in medieval plans, and often there were no side-aisles. Galleries were common in new churches. Especially in country parishes, the external appearance generally retained the familiar signifiers of a Gothic church, with a tower or spire, a large west front with one or more doors, and very large windows along the nave, but all with any ornament drawn from the classical vocabulary. Where funds permitted, a classical temple portico with columns and a pediment might be used at the west front. Decoration inside was very limited, but churches filled up with monuments to the prosperous.
qas: answers: text: Church Building Act of 1818
question: What act spurred to building of new churches in Britain?

answers: text: maximum audibility, and visibility
question: What were Anglican churches internally designed for?

answers: text: Non-conformist and Roman Catholic
question: The later years of the period saw the demand for which places of worship increase?

answers: text: Galleries
question: What were common in new churches?

answers: text: monuments to the prosperous
question: Churches filled up with monuments to what?

context: Public buildings generally varied between the extremes of plain boxes with grid windows and Italian Late Renaissance palaces, depending on budget. Somerset House in London, designed by Sir William Chambers in 1776 for government offices, was as magnificent as any country house, though never quite finished, as funds ran out. Barracks and other less prestigious buildings could be as functional as the mills and factories that were growing increasingly large by the end of the period. But as the period came to an end many commercial projects were becoming sufficiently large, and well-funded, to become "architectural in intention", rather than having their design left to the lesser class of "surveyors".
qas: answers: text: Sir William Chambers
question: Somerset House was designed by whom?

answers: text: 1776
question: In what year was Somerset House designed?

answers: text: "architectural in intention"
question: Commercial projects in the late period tended to be "architectural" in what way?

answers: text: surveyors
question: What was considered a lesser class of designers?

context: Georgian architecture was widely disseminated in the English colonies during the Georgian era. American buildings of the Georgian period were very often constructed of wood with clapboards; even columns were made of timber, framed up, and turned on an over-sized lathe. At the start of the period the difficulties of obtaining and transporting brick or stone made them a common alternative only in the larger cities, or where they were obtainable locally. Dartmouth College, Harvard University, and the College of William and Mary, offer leading examples of Georgian architecture in the Americas.
qas: answers: text: wood with clapboards
question: American buildings in the Georgian period were frequently constructed of which materials?

answers: text: brick or stone
question: What was difficult to obtain and transport during the Georgian period?

answers: text: Dartmouth College, Harvard University, and the College of William and Mary
question: Which colleges are considered examples of Georgian architecture in America?

context: Unlike the Baroque style that it replaced, which was mostly used for palaces and churches, and had little representation in the British colonies, simpler Georgian styles were widely used by the upper and middle classes. Perhaps the best remaining house is the pristine Hammond-Harwood House (1774) in Annapolis, Maryland, designed by the colonial architect William Buckland and modelled on the Villa Pisani at Montagnana, Italy as depicted in Andrea Palladio's I quattro libri dell'architettura ("Four Books of Architecture").
qas: answers: text: Baroque
question: What style did was little represented in British colonies?

answers: text: palaces and churches
question: Baroque style was mostly used for which buildings?

answers: text: Hammond-Harwood House
question: What is considered to be the best remaining example of a house from the Georgian period and style?

answers: text: 1774
question: What year was the Hammond-Harwood House built?

answers: text: Villa Pisani at Montagnana, Italy
question: What building did William Buckland model the Hammon-Harwood House?

context: After about 1840, Georgian conventions were slowly abandoned as a number of revival styles, including Gothic Revival, that had originated in the Georgian period, developed and contested in Victorian architecture, and in the case of Gothic became better researched, and closer to their originals. Neoclassical architecture remained popular, and was the opponent of Gothic in the Battle of the Styles of the early Victorian period. In the United States the Federalist Style contained many elements of Georgian style, but incorporated revolutionary symbols.
qas: answers: text: 1840
question: What year did Georgian architecture begin to be abandoned?

answers: text: the Battle of the Styles
question: What was the rivalry between Gothic Revival and Neoclassical referred to as?

answers: text: early Victorian period
question: When was the Battle of the Styles contested?

answers: text: Federalist Style
question: What style from the United States used many elements of Georgian style but with revolutionary symbols?

context: In the early decades of the twentieth century when there was a growing nostalgia for its sense of order, the style was revived and adapted and in the United States came to be known as the Colonial Revival. In Canada the United Empire Loyalists embraced Georgian architecture as a sign of their fealty to Britain, and the Georgian style was dominant in the country for most of the first half of the 19th century. The Grange, for example, a manor built in Toronto, was built in 1817. In Montreal, English born architect John Ostell worked on a significant number of remarkable constructions in the Georgian style such as the Old Montreal Custom House and the Grand séminaire de Montréal.
qas: answers: text: Colonial Revival
question: What was the revival of Georgian style in twentieth century United States called?

answers: text: United Empire Loyalists
question: Which Canadian group embraced Georgian architecture as a sign of fealty to Britain?

answers: text: John Ostell
question: What English born architect designed the Old Montreal Custom House?

answers: text: The Grange
question: What Toronto building was built in 1817?

context: The revived Georgian style that emerged in Britain at the beginning of the 20th century is usually referred to as Neo-Georgian; the work of Edwin Lutyens includes many examples. Versions of the Neo-Georgian style were commonly used in Britain for certain types of urban architecture until the late 1950s, Bradshaw Gass & Hope's Police Headquarters in Salford of 1958 being a good example. In both the United States and Britain, the Georgian style is still employed by architects like Quinlan Terry Julian Bicknell and Fairfax and Sammons for private residences.
qas: answers: text: Neo-Georgian
question: The British revival of Georgian architecture in the 20th century is generally referred to as?

answers: text: Bradshaw Gass & Hope's Police Headquarters
question: Which police headquarters was constructed in 1958?

answers: text: Quinlan Terry Julian Bicknell and Fairfax and Sammons
question: Which architects in the US and Britain still employ the Georgian style for private residences?

answers: text: 1950s
question: Neo-Georgain style was common in Britain until the end of which decade?