Clothing

context: Physically, clothing serves many purposes: it can serve as protection from the elements, and can enhance safety during hazardous activities such as hiking and cooking. It protects the wearer from rough surfaces, rash-causing plants, insect bites, splinters, thorns and prickles by providing a barrier between the skin and the environment. Clothes can insulate against cold or hot conditions. Further, they can provide a hygienic barrier, keeping infectious and toxic materials away from the body. Clothing also provides protection from harmful UV radiation.
qas: answers: text: safety
question: What can clothing provide during hazardous activities?

answers: text: rough
question: What type of surfaces can clothing protect from?

answers: text: body
question: What does clothing keep toxic materials away from?

answers: text: Clothes
question: What can insulate against cold or hot conditions?

answers: text: UV
question: What type of radiation can clothing provide some protection from?

context: There is no easy way to determine when clothing was first developed, but some information has been inferred by studying lice. The body louse specifically lives in clothing, and diverge from head lice about 107,000 years ago, suggesting that clothing existed at that time. Another theory is that modern humans are the only survivors of several species of primates who may have worn clothes and that clothing may have been used as long ago as 650 thousand years ago. Other louse-based estimates put the introduction of clothing at around 42,000–72,000 BP.
qas: answers: text: when clothing was first developed
question: What isn't it easy to determine about clothing?

answers: text: lice
question: What organism has provided some information about the timeline of clothing?

answers: text: clothing
question: What habitat is the body louse specific to?

answers: text: primates
question: What may modern humans be the only survivor of several species of?

answers: text: 650
question: How many thousands of years ago may have clothing been worn?

context: The most obvious function of clothing is to improve the comfort of the wearer, by protecting the wearer from the elements. In hot climates, clothing provides protection from sunburn or wind damage, while in cold climates its thermal insulation properties are generally more important. Shelter usually reduces the functional need for clothing. For example, coats, hats, gloves, and other superficial layers are normally removed when entering a warm home, particularly if one is residing or sleeping there. Similarly, clothing has seasonal and regional aspects, so that thinner materials and fewer layers of clothing are generally worn in warmer seasons and regions than in colder ones.
qas: answers: text: comfort
question: What obvious improvement does clothing bestow upon the wearer?

answers: text: hot
question: In what type of climate does clothing protect against sunburn and wind damage?

answers: text: thermal insulation
question: What property of clothing is important in cold climates?

answers: text: clothing
question: What has seasonal and regional aspects?

answers: text: thinner
question: What type of material tends to be worn in warmer seasons?

context: Clothing can and has in history been made from a very wide variety of materials. Materials have ranged from leather and furs, to woven materials, to elaborate and exotic natural and synthetic fabrics. Not all body coverings are regarded as clothing. Articles carried rather than worn (such as purses), worn on a single part of the body and easily removed (scarves), worn purely for adornment (jewelry), or those that serve a function other than protection (eyeglasses), are normally considered accessories rather than clothing, as are footwear and hats.
qas: answers: text: very wide
question: What variety has there been in the materials of clothing throughout history?

answers: text: purses
question: What is an article that is carried rather than worn that isn't regarded as clothing?

answers: text: adornment
question: Jewelry isn't considered clothing because it's usually worn purely for what reason?

answers: text: accessories
question: What are footwear and hats both considered?

answers: text: eyeglasses
question: What is an example of something that serves a function other than protection?

context: Clothing protects against many things that might injure the uncovered human body. Clothes protect people from the elements, including rain, snow, wind, and other weather, as well as from the sun. However, clothing that is too sheer, thin, small, tight, etc., offers less protection. Clothes also reduce risk during activities such as work or sport. Some clothing protects from specific environmental hazards, such as insects, noxious chemicals, weather, weapons, and contact with abrasive substances. Conversely, clothing may protect the environment from the clothing wearer, as with doctors wearing medical scrubs.
qas: answers: text: the uncovered human body
question: What does clothing protect from things which may injure it?

answers: text: elements
question: Rain, snow, and wind are what class of things clothing protects the wearer from?

answers: text: protection
question: Clothing that is too sheer will offer less what?

answers: text: environmental
question: What type of hazard is noxious chemicals?

answers: text: medical scrubs
question: What type of clothing do doctors wear to protect their surroundings?

context: Humans have shown extreme inventiveness in devising clothing solutions to environmental hazards. Examples include: space suits, air conditioned clothing, armor, diving suits, swimsuits, bee-keeper gear, motorcycle leathers, high-visibility clothing, and other pieces of protective clothing. Meanwhile, the distinction between clothing and protective equipment is not always clear-cut—since clothes designed to be fashionable often have protective value and clothes designed for function often consider fashion in their design. Wearing clothes also has social implications. They cover parts of the body that social norms require to be covered, act as a form of adornment, and serve other social purposes.
qas: answers: text: Humans
question: What animal has shown extreme inventiveness in the clothing it has devised?

answers: text: environmental hazards
question: What are space suits an example of a solution to? 

answers: text: social
question: What type of implication might a certain type of clothing have?

answers: text: protective
question: What value may clothing designed to be fashionable also have?

answers: text: social norms
question: Why are some parts of the body covered?

context: Although dissertations on clothing and its function appear from the 19th century as colonising countries dealt with new environments, concerted scientific research into psycho-social, physiological and other functions of clothing (e.g. protective, cartage) occurred in the first half of the 20th century, with publications such as J. C. Flügel's Psychology of Clothes in 1930, and Newburgh's seminal Physiology of Heat Regulation and The Science of Clothing in 1949. By 1968, the field of environmental physiology had advanced and expanded significantly, but the science of clothing in relation to environmental physiology had changed little. While considerable research has since occurred and the knowledge-base has grown significantly, the main concepts remain unchanged, and indeed Newburgh's book is still cited by contemporary authors, including those attempting to develop thermoregulatory models of clothing development.
qas: answers: text: 19th
question: What century do dissertation on clothing first appear from?

answers: text: 1930
question: What year was J. C. Flügel's Psychology of Clothes published?

answers: text: Newburgh's
question: Whose book entitled Physiology of Heat Regulation and The Science of Clothing was published in 1949?

answers: text: little
question: How much had the science of clothing in relation to environmental factors changed by 1968?

answers: text: the main concepts
question: What have remained unchanged while the knowledge has grown?

context: In Western societies, skirts, dresses and high-heeled shoes are usually seen as women's clothing, while neckties are usually seen as men's clothing. Trousers were once seen as exclusively male clothing, but are nowadays worn by both genders. Male clothes are often more practical (that is, they can function well under a wide variety of situations), but a wider range of clothing styles are available for females. Males are typically allowed to bare their chests in a greater variety of public places. It is generally acceptable for a woman to wear traditionally male clothing, while the converse is unusual.
qas: answers: text: Trousers
question: What is an example of clothing that was once seen as exclusively for males?

answers: text: Male
question: What gender's clothing is often more practical?

answers: text: their chests
question: What can males typically bare in more places?

answers: text: male clothing
question: What would be unlikely to raise eyebrows if a woman were to wear it?

answers: text: unusual
question: What is a common opinion about men wearing women's clothing?

context: In some societies, clothing may be used to indicate rank or status. In ancient Rome, for example, only senators could wear garments dyed with Tyrian purple. In traditional Hawaiian society, only high-ranking chiefs could wear feather cloaks and palaoa, or carved whale teeth. Under the Travancore Kingdom of Kerala, (India), lower caste women had to pay a tax for the right to cover their upper body. In China, before establishment of the republic, only the emperor could wear yellow. History provides many examples of elaborate sumptuary laws that regulated what people could wear. In societies without such laws, which includes most modern societies, social status is instead signaled by the purchase of rare or luxury items that are limited by cost to those with wealth or status. In addition, peer pressure influences clothing choice.
qas: answers: text: senators
question: Who was allowed to wear gamrents dyed with Tyrian purple in ancient Rome?

answers: text: high-ranking chiefs
question: Who was allowed to wear feather cloaks and palaoa in old school Hawaiian society?

answers: text: the right to cover their upper body
question: What right were lower caste women required to pay a tax to acquire?

answers: text: China
question: What country once only allowed their emperor to wear yellow?

answers: text: clothing choice
question: What can peer pressure influence?

context: According to archaeologists and anthropologists, the earliest clothing likely consisted of fur, leather, leaves, or grass that were draped, wrapped, or tied around the body. Knowledge of such clothing remains inferential, since clothing materials deteriorate quickly compared to stone, bone, shell and metal artifacts. Archeologists have identified very early sewing needles of bone and ivory from about 30,000 BC, found near Kostenki, Russia in 1988. Dyed flax fibers that could have been used in clothing have been found in a prehistoric cave in the Republic of Georgia that date back to 36,000 BP.
qas: answers: text: tied around
question: How was the earliest clothing kept on the body?

answers: text: deteriorate
question: What does clothing materials do more quickly compared to stone and bone?

answers: text: Archeologists
question: Who has identified needles from about 30,000 B.C.?

answers: text: a prehistoric cave
question: Where have flax fibers which may have been used in clothing found?

answers: text: Dyed flax fibers
question: What dates back to 36,000 BP?

context: Scientists are still debating when people started wearing clothes. Ralf Kittler, Manfred Kayser and Mark Stoneking, anthropologists at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, have conducted a genetic analysis of human body lice that suggests clothing originated quite recently, around 170,000 years ago. Body lice is an indicator of clothes-wearing, since most humans have sparse body hair, and lice thus require human clothing to survive. Their research suggests the invention of clothing may have coincided with the northward migration of modern Homo sapiens away from the warm climate of Africa, thought to have begun between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago. However, a second group of researchers using similar genetic methods estimate that clothing originated around 540,000 years ago (Reed et al. 2004. PLoS Biology 2(11): e340). For now, the date of the origin of clothing remains unresolved.[citation needed]
qas: answers: text: Scientists
question: What group of people debate when humans stated wearing clothes?

answers: text: genetic
question: What type of analysis has been conducted on human body lice?

answers: text: survive
question: What do lice require human clothing to do?

answers: text: northward migration
question: What may have the invention of clothing happened with?

answers: text: the date
question: What about the origin of clothing remains unanswered?

context: Different cultures have evolved various ways of creating clothes out of cloth. One approach simply involves draping the cloth. Many people wore, and still wear, garments consisting of rectangles of cloth wrapped to fit – for example, the dhoti for men and the sari for women in the Indian subcontinent, the Scottish kilt or the Javanese sarong. The clothes may simply be tied up, as is the case of the first two garments; or pins or belts hold the garments in place, as in the case of the latter two. The precious cloth remains uncut, and people of various sizes or the same person at different sizes can wear the garment.
qas: answers: text: cloth
question: Various cultures have come up with ways of making clothes from what?

answers: text: rectangles
question: Many people still wear clothes that are what shape?

answers: text: Scottish
question: What nationality wears kilts?

answers: text: garments
question: Pins or belts hold what in place?

answers: text: cloth
question: What precious material may remain uncut?

context: By the early years of the 21st century, western clothing styles had, to some extent, become international styles. This process began hundreds of years earlier, during the periods of European colonialism. The process of cultural dissemination has perpetuated over the centuries as Western media corporations have penetrated markets throughout the world, spreading Western culture and styles. Fast fashion clothing has also become a global phenomenon. These garments are less expensive, mass-produced Western clothing. Donated used clothing from Western countries are also delivered to people in poor countries by charity organizations.
qas: answers: text: western clothing styles
question: What had somewhat became an international style by the early 21st century?

answers: text: centuries
question: Cultural dissemination has continued over the what?

answers: text: markets throughout the world
question: What have Western corporations penetrated?

answers: text: Western media corporations
question: Who has been spreading Western culture and styles?

answers: text: charity organizations
question: Who donates discard Western clothing to people in poor places?

context: Most sports and physical activities are practiced wearing special clothing, for practical, comfort or safety reasons. Common sportswear garments include shorts, T-shirts, tennis shirts, leotards, tracksuits, and trainers. Specialized garments include wet suits (for swimming, diving or surfing), salopettes (for skiing) and leotards (for gymnastics). Also, spandex materials are often used as base layers to soak up sweat. Spandex is also preferable for active sports that require form fitting garments, such as volleyball, wrestling, track & field, dance, gymnastics and swimming.
qas: answers: text: special
question: Safety reasons may be why someone wears this type of clothing.

answers: text: sportswear
question: Leotards are an example of what type of garment?

answers: text: sweat
question: What does spandex soak up?

answers: text: Spandex
question: What's an example of a form fitting garment?

answers: text: active
question: What type of sport is wrestling considered?

context: The world of clothing is always changing, as new cultural influences meet technological innovations. Researchers in scientific labs have been developing prototypes for fabrics that can serve functional purposes well beyond their traditional roles, for example, clothes that can automatically adjust their temperature, repel bullets, project images, and generate electricity. Some practical advances already available to consumers are bullet-resistant garments made with kevlar and stain-resistant fabrics that are coated with chemical mixtures that reduce the absorption of liquids.
qas: answers: text: technological
question: Changes keep happening because new cultural stuff meets these type of innovations.

answers: text: prototypes
question: What have researchers in science labs been making?

answers: text: electricity
question: What elementary force can some specialized fabrics generate?

answers: text: bullets
question: What can garments made with kevlar resist?

answers: text: absorption of liquids
question: Stain-resistant fabrics are coated with chemicals to reduce what?

context: Though mechanization transformed most aspects of human industry by the mid-20th century, garment workers have continued to labor under challenging conditions that demand repetitive manual labor. Mass-produced clothing is often made in what are considered by some to be sweatshops, typified by long work hours, lack of benefits, and lack of worker representation. While most examples of such conditions are found in developing countries, clothes made in industrialized nations may also be manufactured similarly, often staffed by undocumented immigrants.[citation needed]
qas: answers: text: challenging
question: What type of conditions do many garment works endure?

answers: text: Mass-produced
question: What type of clothing is frequently the product of sweatshops?

answers: text: long work hours
question: What is a feature of sweatshops beyond lack of benefits and representation?

answers: text: industrialized
question: Poor conditions found in developing countries may also be found in what type of nations?

answers: text: undocumented
question: What type of immigrant often staff sweatshops?

context: Outsourcing production to low wage countries like Bangladesh, China, India and Sri Lanka became possible when the Multi Fibre Agreement (MFA) was abolished. The MFA, which placed quotas on textiles imports, was deemed a protectionist measure.[citation needed] Globalization is often quoted as the single most contributing factor to the poor working conditions of garment workers. Although many countries recognize treaties like the International Labor Organization, which attempt to set standards for worker safety and rights, many countries have made exceptions to certain parts of the treaties or failed to thoroughly enforce them. India for example has not ratified sections 87 and 92 of the treaty.[citation needed]
qas: answers: text: Outsourcing production to low wage countries
question: The abolishing of the MFA made what possible?

answers: text: textiles imports
question: What did the MFA put quotas on?

answers: text: Globalization
question: What is often identified as the reason for less than ideal working conditions for garment workers?

answers: text: the International Labor Organization
question: What treaty tries to set standards for worker safety and rights?

answers: text: India
question: What country has failed to ratify sections 87 and 92 of the ILO?

context: The use of animal fur in clothing dates to prehistoric times. It is currently associated in developed countries with expensive, designer clothing, although fur is still used by indigenous people in arctic zones and higher elevations for its warmth and protection. Once uncontroversial, it has recently been the focus of campaigns on the grounds that campaigners consider it cruel and unnecessary. PETA, along with other animal rights and animal liberation groups have called attention to fur farming and other practices they consider cruel.
qas: answers: text: animal fur
question: What have humans used for clothing since prehistoric times?

answers: text: arctic
question: Indigenous people in what zones use fur for warmth and protection?

answers: text: uncontroversial
question: Using animal fur as clothing was once considered what?

answers: text: campaigners
question: Who considers animal fur to be cruel and unnecessary?

answers: text: PETA
question: What's the four letter name of an animal liberation group?

context: Many kinds of clothing are designed to be ironed before they are worn to remove wrinkles. Most modern formal and semi-formal clothing is in this category (for example, dress shirts and suits). Ironed clothes are believed to look clean, fresh, and neat. Much contemporary casual clothing is made of knit materials that do not readily wrinkle, and do not require ironing. Some clothing is permanent press, having been treated with a coating (such as polytetrafluoroethylene) that suppresses wrinkles and creates a smooth appearance without ironing.
qas: answers: text: to remove wrinkles
question: What's the point of ironing clothing?

answers: text: Ironed
question: What type of clothing is believed to look neat, fresh and clean?

answers: text: knit
question: What material doesn't easily wrinkle?

answers: text: a coating
question: Permanent press materials have been treated with what?

answers: text: wrinkles
question: What does polytetrafluoroethylene suppress?

context: A resin used for making non-wrinkle shirts releases formaldehyde, which could cause contact dermatitis for some people; no disclosure requirements exist, and in 2008 the U.S. Government Accountability Office tested formaldehyde in clothing and found that generally the highest levels were in non-wrinkle shirts and pants. In 1999, a study of the effect of washing on the formaldehyde levels found that after 6 months after washing, 7 of 27 shirts had levels in excess of 75 ppm, which is a safe limit for direct skin exposure.
qas: answers: text: A resin
question: What releases formaldehyde?

answers: text: formaldehyde
question: What can cause contact dermatitis for some people?

answers: text: Accountability
question: What government office found high levels of formaldehyde in non-wrinkle clothing in 2008?

answers: text: 75
question: How many ppm is a safe limit for direct skin exposure to formaldehyde?

answers: text: 6
question: How many months of washing did a 1999 study look at?

context: In past times, mending was an art. A meticulous tailor or seamstress could mend rips with thread raveled from hems and seam edges so skillfully that the tear was practically invisible. When the raw material – cloth – was worth more than labor, it made sense to expend labor in saving it. Today clothing is considered a consumable item. Mass-manufactured clothing is less expensive than the labor required to repair it. Many people buy a new piece of clothing rather than spend time mending. The thrifty still replace zippers and buttons and sew up ripped hems.
qas: answers: text: mending
question: What used to be considered an art, back in the day?

answers: text: tear
question: What could an accomplished tailor or seamstress skillfully render almost invisible?

answers: text: worth more than labor
question: Why did it make sense to spend time fixing cloth?

answers: text: a consumable item
question: What is clothing considered today?

answers: text: thrifty
question: What type of person is likely to replace zippers and buttons?