Communication

context: Nonverbal communication describes the process of conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages. Examples of nonverbal communication include haptic communication, chronemic communication, gestures, body language, facial expression, eye contact, and how one dresses. Nonverbal communication also relates to intent of a message. Examples of intent are voluntary, intentional movements like shaking a hand or winking, as well as involuntary, such as sweating. Speech also contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, e.g. rhythm, intonation, tempo, and stress. There may even be a pheromone component. Research has shown that up to 55% of human communication may occur through non-verbal facial expressions, and a further 38% through paralanguage. It affects communication most at the subconscious level and establishes trust. Likewise, written texts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words and the use of emoticons to convey emotion.
qas: answers: text: conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages
question: What is nonverbal communication?

answers: text: body language
question: What is one example of nonverbal communication?

answers: text: shaking a hand
question: What is an example of a voluntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication?

answers: text: sweating
question: What is an example of an involuntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication?

answers: text: 55%
question: What percentage of human communication occurs through nonverbal facial expressions?

context: Fungi communicate to coordinate and organize their growth and development such as the formation of Marcelia and fruiting bodies. Fungi communicate with their own and related species as well as with non fungal organisms in a great variety of symbiotic interactions, especially with bacteria, unicellular eukaryote, plants and insects through biochemicals of biotic origin. The biochemicals trigger the fungal organism to react in a specific manner, while if the same chemical molecules are not part of biotic messages, they do not trigger the fungal organism to react. This implies that fungal organisms can differentiate between molecules taking part in biotic messages and similar molecules being irrelevant in the situation. So far five different primary signalling molecules are known to coordinate different behavioral patterns such as filamentation, mating, growth, and pathogenicity. Behavioral coordination and production of signaling substances is achieved through interpretation processes that enables the organism to differ between self or non-self, a biotic indicator, biotic message from similar, related, or non-related species, and even filter out "noise", i.e. similar molecules without biotic content.
qas: answers: text: to coordinate and organize their growth and development
question: Why do fungi communicate?

answers: text: through biochemicals of biotic origin
question: How do fungi communicate with insects?

answers: text: five
question: How many primary signalling molecules are known to organize different behavioral patterns?

answers: text: interpretation processes
question: What enables an organism to differentiate between self and other?

answers: text: similar molecules without biotic content
question: What is an example of "noise" that is filtered out through the interpretation processes?

context: Communication is usually described along a few major dimensions: Message (what type of things are communicated), source / emisor / sender / encoder (by whom), form (in which form), channel (through which medium), destination / receiver / target / decoder (to whom), and Receiver. Wilbur Schram (1954) also indicated that we should also examine the impact that a message has (both desired and undesired) on the target of the message. Between parties, communication includes acts that confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions. These acts may take many forms, in one of the various manners of communication. The form depends on the abilities of the group communicating. Together, communication content and form make messages that are sent towards a destination. The target can be oneself, another person or being, another entity (such as a corporation or group of beings).
qas: answers: text: confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions
question: What acts are included in communication between parties?

answers: text: abilities of the group communicating
question: The forms of the acts included in communication depends on what?

answers: text: channel (through which medium)
question: What is one dimension that communication is typically described along?

answers: text: another person or being
question: What is one target of communication?

answers: text: Wilbur Schram
question: Who said that we should examine the impact a message has on the recipient of the message?

context: Effective verbal or spoken communication is dependent on a number of factors and cannot be fully isolated from other important interpersonal skills such as non-verbal communication, listening skills and clarification. Human language can be defined as a system of symbols (sometimes known as lexemes) and the grammars (rules) by which the symbols are manipulated. The word "language" also refers to common properties of languages. Language learning normally occurs most intensively during human childhood. Most of the thousands of human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for symbols which enable communication with others around them. Languages tend to share certain properties, although there are exceptions. There is no defined line between a language and a dialect. Constructed languages such as Esperanto, programming languages, and various mathematical formalism is not necessarily restricted to the properties shared by human languages. Communication is two-way process not merely one-way.
qas: answers: text: a system of symbols
question: What is human communication defined as?

answers: text: during human childhood
question: When does language learning primarily occur most intensively?

answers: text: thousands
question: How many human languages are there?

answers: text: patterns of sound or gesture for symbols
question: What do human languages use to communicate with others?

answers: text: programming languages
question: What is an example of a language that is not restricted to properties of human language?

context: Family communication study looks at topics such as family rules, family roles or family dialectics and how those factors could affect the communication between family members. Researchers develop theories to understand communication behaviors. Family communication study also digs deep into certain time periods of family life such as marriage, parenthood or divorce and how communication stands in those situations. It is important for family members to understand communication as a trusted way which leads to a well constructed family.
qas: answers: text: family rules, family roles or family dialectics
question: What is some factors in family communication that could affect communication between family members?

answers: text: marriage, parenthood or divorce
question: What are some time periods that family communication study looks at?

answers: text: a well constructed family
question: What does trusted communication in a family lead to?

context: The broad field of animal communication encompasses most of the issues in ethology. Animal communication can be defined as any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal. The study of animal communication, called zoo semiotics (distinguishable from anthroposemiotics, the study of human communication) has played an important part in the development of ethology, sociobiology, and the study of animal cognition. Animal communication, and indeed the understanding of the animal world in general, is a rapidly growing field, and even in the 21st century so far, a great share of prior understanding related to diverse fields such as personal symbolic name use, animal emotions, animal culture and learning, and even sexual conduct, long thought to be well understood, has been revolutionized. A special field of animal communication has been investigated in more detail such as vibrational communication.
qas: answers: text: any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal
question: How is animal communication defined?

answers: text: zoo semiotics
question: What is the study of animal communication called?

answers: text: anthroposemiotics
question: What is the study of human communication called?

answers: text: animal emotions, animal culture and learning
question: What are some fields of knowledge concerning the animal world that have been revolutionizes in the 21st century?

answers: text: vibrational communication
question: What field of communication has been investigated more thoroughly?

context: The first major model for communication was introduced by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver for Bell Laboratories in 1949 The original model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone technologies. Their initial model consisted of three primary parts: sender, channel, and receiver. The sender was the part of a telephone a person spoke into, the channel was the telephone itself, and the receiver was the part of the phone where one could hear the other person. Shannon and Weaver also recognized that often there is static that interferes with one listening to a telephone conversation, which they deemed noise.
qas: answers: text: Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver
question: Who introduced the first major model for communication in 1949?

answers: text: sender, channel, and receiver
question: What did the first model for communication consist of?

answers: text: the part of a telephone a person spoke into
question: What was the sender in the initial model?

answers: text: the telephone itself
question: What was the channel in the initial model?

answers: text: the part of the phone where one could hear the other person
question: What was the receiver in the initial model?

context: In a simple model, often referred to as the transmission model or standard view of communication, information or content (e.g. a message in natural language) is sent in some form (as spoken language) from an emisor/ sender/ encoder to a destination/ receiver/ decoder. This common conception of communication simply views communication as a means of sending and receiving information. The strengths of this model are simplicity, generality, and quantifiability. Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver structured this model based on the following elements:
qas: answers: text: transmission model
question: A simple model is also referred to as what?

answers: text: a message in natural language
question: What kind of message is sent in a simple model?

answers: text: spoken language
question: In what form is the information or content sent in a simple model?

answers: text: from an emisor/ sender/ encoder
question: How is information sent through a simple model?

answers: text: simplicity, generality, and quantifiability
question: What are the strengths of the simple model?

context: In a slightly more complex form a sender and a receiver are linked reciprocally. This second attitude of communication, referred to as the constitutive model or constructionist view, focuses on how an individual communicates as the determining factor of the way the message will be interpreted. Communication is viewed as a conduit; a passage in which information travels from one individual to another and this information becomes separate from the communication itself. A particular instance of communication is called a speech act. The sender's personal filters and the receiver's personal filters may vary depending upon different regional traditions, cultures, or gender; which may alter the intended meaning of message contents. In the presence of "communication noise" on the transmission channel (air, in this case), reception and decoding of content may be faulty, and thus the speech act may not achieve the desired effect. One problem with this encode-transmit-receive-decode model is that the processes of encoding and decoding imply that the sender and receiver each possess something that functions as a codebook, and that these two code books are, at the very least, similar if not identical. Although something like code books is implied by the model, they are nowhere represented in the model, which creates many conceptual difficulties.
qas: answers: text: reciprocally
question: How are the sender and receiver connected in a slightly more complex form of communication model?

answers: text: constitutive model or constructionist view
question: What is the model of communication in which the sender and receiver are connected reciprocally called?

answers: text: a conduit
question: What is communication viewed as?

answers: text: different regional traditions
question: What is something that may alter the intended meaning of a message?

answers: text: communication noise
question: What is something that may cause the reception and decoding of the content of a message to be faulty?

context: Communication is observed within the plant organism, i.e. within plant cells and between plant cells, between plants of the same or related species, and between plants and non-plant organisms, especially in the root zone. Plant roots communicate with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil. These interactions are governed by syntactic, pragmatic, and semantic rules,[citation needed] and are possible because of the decentralized "nervous system" of plants. The original meaning of the word "neuron" in Greek is "vegetable fiber" and recent research has shown that most of the microorganism plant communication processes are neuron-like. Plants also communicate via volatiles when exposed to herbivory attack behavior, thus warning neighboring plants. In parallel they produce other volatiles to attract parasites which attack these herbivores. In stress situations plants can overwrite the genomes they inherited from their parents and revert to that of their grand- or great-grandparents.[citation needed]
qas: answers: text: between plant cells
question: What is a form of communication observed within plants?

answers: text: roots
question: What part of a plant communicates with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil?

answers: text: vegetable fiber
question: What is the meaning of the word neuron in Greek?

answers: text: via volatiles
question: How do plants communicate to warn nearby plants of danger?

answers: text: the decentralized "nervous system" of plants
question: How are the plant roots able to communicate with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil?

context: Theories of coregulation describe communication as a creative and dynamic continuous process, rather than a discrete exchange of information. Canadian media scholar Harold Innis had the theory that people use different types of media to communicate and which one they choose to use will offer different possibilities for the shape and durability of society (Wark, McKenzie 1997). His famous example of this is using ancient Egypt and looking at the ways they built themselves out of media with very different properties stone and papyrus. Papyrus is what he called 'Space Binding'. it made possible the transmission of written orders across space, empires and enables the waging of distant military campaigns and colonial administration. The other is stone and 'Time Binding', through the construction of temples and the pyramids can sustain their authority generation to generation, through this media they can change and shape communication in their society (Wark, McKenzie 1997).
qas: answers: text: Theories of coregulation
question: What describes communication as creative and dynamic rather than discrete?

answers: text: Egypt
question: What ancient civilization did Harold Innis use as an example of his theory?

answers: text: Harold Innis
question: Who theorized that the types of media people use to communicate will offer different possibilities for the shape of society?

answers: text: Space Binding
question: What did Harold Innis call papyrus?

answers: text: transmission of written orders across space, empires
question: What did Space Binding make possible for the ancient Egyptian civilizations?

context: Companies with limited resources may choose to engage in only a few of these activities, while larger organizations may employ a full spectrum of communications. Since it is difficult to develop such a broad range of skills, communications professionals often specialize in one or two of these areas but usually have at least a working knowledge of most of them. By far, the most important qualifications communications professionals can possess are excellent writing ability, good 'people' skills, and the capacity to think critically and strategically.
qas: answers: text: it is difficult to develop such a broad range of skills
question: Why do communications professionals typically specialize in only one or two areas of communication?

answers: text: communications
question: Good people skills is a qualification that is important to what profession?

answers: text: Companies with limited resources
question: What kind of companies may engage in only a few types of communications?

answers: text: excellent writing ability
question: What is one of the most important qualifications for a communications professional to have?