Copper

context: In the Roman era, copper was principally mined on Cyprus, the origin of the name of the metal from aes сyprium (metal of Cyprus), later corrupted to сuprum, from which the words copper (English), cuivre (French), Koper (Dutch) and Kupfer (German) are all derived. Its compounds are commonly encountered as copper(II) salts, which often impart blue or green colors to minerals such as azurite, malachite and turquoise and have been widely used historically as pigments. Architectural structures built with copper corrode to give green verdigris (or patina). Decorative art prominently features copper, both by itself and in the form of pigments.
qas: answers: text: Cyprus
question: Where was copper mostly mined at in the Roman era?

answers: text: сuprum
question: What term does the name copper originate from?

answers: text: copper(II) salts
question: What componds are common in copper?

answers: text: blue
question: What is one color common in copper salts?

answers: text: green verdigris
question: What is the name of the color pigment on building structures that are made using copper.

context: Copper occurs naturally as native copper and was known to some of the oldest civilizations on record. It has a history of use that is at least 10,000 years old, and estimates of its discovery place it at 9000 BC in the Middle East; a copper pendant was found in northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC. There is evidence that gold and meteoric iron (but not iron smelting) were the only metals used by humans before copper. The history of copper metallurgy is thought to have followed the following sequence: 1) cold working of native copper, 2) annealing, 3) smelting, and 4) the lost wax method. In southeastern Anatolia, all four of these metallurgical techniques appears more or less simultaneously at the beginning of the Neolithic c. 7500 BC. However, just as agriculture was independently invented in several parts of the world, copper smelting was invented locally in several different places. It was probably discovered independently in China before 2800 BC, in Central America perhaps around 600 AD, and in West Africa about the 9th or 10th century AD. Investment casting was invented in 4500–4000 BC in Southeast Asia and carbon dating has established mining at Alderley Edge in Cheshire, UK at 2280 to 1890 BC. Ötzi the Iceman, a male dated from 3300–3200 BC, was found with an axe with a copper head 99.7% pure; high levels of arsenic in his hair suggest his involvement in copper smelting. Experience with copper has assisted the development of other metals; in particular, copper smelting led to the discovery of iron smelting. Production in the Old Copper Complex in Michigan and Wisconsin is dated between 6000 and 3000 BC. Natural bronze, a type of copper made from ores rich in silicon, arsenic, and (rarely) tin, came into general use in the Balkans around 5500 BC.[citation needed]
qas: answers: text: 9000 BC
question: When was copper first known to have been used?

answers: text: Middle East
question: In what area is the first recorded use of copper?

answers: text: 2800 BC
question: When was copper thought to have been discovered in China?

answers: text: iron smelting
question: Copper smelting resulted in the development of what other metal smelting?

answers: text: 5500 BC
question: When did Natural bronze start to be used by the general public?

context: The gates of the Temple of Jerusalem used Corinthian bronze made by depletion gilding. It was most prevalent in Alexandria, where alchemy is thought to have begun. In ancient India, copper was used in the holistic medical science Ayurveda for surgical instruments and other medical equipment. Ancient Egyptians (~2400 BC) used copper for sterilizing wounds and drinking water, and later on for headaches, burns, and itching. The Baghdad Battery, with copper cylinders soldered to lead, dates back to 248 BC to AD 226 and resembles a galvanic cell, leading people to believe this was the first battery; the claim has not been verified.
qas: answers: text: Corinthian bronze
question: What material were the gates of the Temple of Jerusalem made from?

answers: text: depletion gilding
question: How is Corinthian bronze made?

answers: text: Alexandria
question: Where do archeologists believe that alchemy was first practiced? 

answers: text: copper
question: What metal was used to make surgical equipment in ancient India?

answers: text: Baghdad Battery
question: What is the name of the battery that was developed using copper in 248 BC?

context: Despite competition from other materials, copper remains the preferred electrical conductor in nearly all categories of electrical wiring with the major exception being overhead electric power transmission where aluminium is often preferred. Copper wire is used in power generation, power transmission, power distribution, telecommunications, electronics circuitry, and countless types of electrical equipment. Electrical wiring is the most important market for the copper industry. This includes building wire, communications cable, power distribution cable, appliance wire, automotive wire and cable, and magnet wire. Roughly half of all copper mined is used to manufacture electrical wire and cable conductors. Many electrical devices rely on copper wiring because of its multitude of inherent beneficial properties, such as its high electrical conductivity, tensile strength, ductility, creep (deformation) resistance, corrosion resistance, low thermal expansion, high thermal conductivity, solderability, and ease of installation.
qas: answers: text: copper
question: What metal is used most often in electrical wiring?

answers: text: Electrical wiring
question: What is the most important market for copper today?

answers: text: Roughly half
question: How much of mined copper is used for cables and electrical wiring?

answers: text: aluminium
question: What metal are most overhead electrical wires made out of?

answers: text: high electrical conductivity
question: What is one property of copper that makes it so useful in electrical wiring?

context: Copper is biostatic, meaning bacteria will not grow on it. For this reason it has long been used to line parts of ships to protect against barnacles and mussels. It was originally used pure, but has since been superseded by Muntz metal. Similarly, as discussed in copper alloys in aquaculture, copper alloys have become important netting materials in the aquaculture industry because they are antimicrobial and prevent biofouling, even in extreme conditions and have strong structural and corrosion-resistant properties in marine environments.
qas: answers: text: biostatic
question: What word means that bacteria won't grow on a substrate?

answers: text: Muntz metal
question: What has pure copper been replaced with in the building of ships?

answers: text: ships
question: Because of copper's biostatic properties where is a common use for copper?

answers: text: netting materials
question: In the aquaculture industry what is copper alloys commonly used to make?

answers: text: corrosion-resistant
question: Name a property that makes copper a good material to use in marine environments?

context: Copper, silver and gold are in group 11 of the periodic table, and they share certain attributes: they have one s-orbital electron on top of a filled d-electron shell and are characterized by high ductility and electrical conductivity. The filled d-shells in these elements do not contribute much to the interatomic interactions, which are dominated by the s-electrons through metallic bonds. Unlike metals with incomplete d-shells, metallic bonds in copper are lacking a covalent character and are relatively weak. This explains the low hardness and high ductility of single crystals of copper. At the macroscopic scale, introduction of extended defects to the crystal lattice, such as grain boundaries, hinders flow of the material under applied stress, thereby increasing its hardness. For this reason, copper is usually supplied in a fine-grained polycrystalline form, which has greater strength than monocrystalline forms.
qas: answers: text: group 11
question: What group of the periodic table is copper in?

answers: text: one s-orbital electron
question: Name a property that copper, silver and gold have in common.

answers: text: filled d-electron shell
question: What makes copper bondings weaker than other metals?

answers: text: fine-grained polycrystalline form
question: How is copper normally supplied?

answers: text: monocrystalline forms
question: What is a weaker form of copper than fine-grained polycrystalline?

context: Copper is synthesized in massive stars and is present in the Earth's crust at a concentration of about 50 parts per million (ppm), where it occurs as native copper or in minerals such as the copper sulfides chalcopyrite and chalcocite, the copper carbonates azurite and malachite, and the copper(I) oxide mineral cuprite. The largest mass of elemental copper discovered weighed 420 tonnes and was found in 1857 on the Keweenaw Peninsula in Michigan, US. Native copper is a polycrystal, with the largest described single crystal measuring 4.4×3.2×3.2 cm.
qas: answers: text: 50 parts per million
question: What is the concentration of copper in the earths crust.

answers: text: 420 tonnes
question: How large was the biggest find of copper?

answers: text: 1857
question: What year was the largest find of copper discovered?

answers: text: 4.4×3.2×3.2 cm
question: How big is the largest copper crystal that has been found?

answers: text: Michigan, US
question: Where was the largest mass of copper found?

context: In Greece, copper was known by the name chalkos (χαλκός). It was an important resource for the Romans, Greeks and other ancient peoples. In Roman times, it was known as aes Cyprium, aes being the generic Latin term for copper alloys and Cyprium from Cyprus, where much copper was mined. The phrase was simplified to cuprum, hence the English copper. Aphrodite and Venus represented copper in mythology and alchemy, because of its lustrous beauty, its ancient use in producing mirrors, and its association with Cyprus, which was sacred to the goddess. The seven heavenly bodies known to the ancients were associated with the seven metals known in antiquity, and Venus was assigned to copper.
qas: answers: text: chalkos
question: What was copper called in Greece?

answers: text: Cyprus
question: In what area was copper first mined?

answers: text: Aphrodite
question: What is the Greek goddess that symbolizes copper?

answers: text: Venus
question: What is the Roman goddess that symbolizes copper?

answers: text: lustrous beauty
question: What property does copper have that links it to Aphrodite and Venus?

context: Compounds that contain a carbon-copper bond are known as organocopper compounds. They are very reactive towards oxygen to form copper(I) oxide and have many uses in chemistry. They are synthesized by treating copper(I) compounds with Grignard reagents, terminal alkynes or organolithium reagents; in particular, the last reaction described produces a Gilman reagent. These can undergo substitution with alkyl halides to form coupling products; as such, they are important in the field of organic synthesis. Copper(I) acetylide is highly shock-sensitive but is an intermediate in reactions such as the Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling and the Sonogashira coupling. Conjugate addition to enones and carbocupration of alkynes can also be achieved with organocopper compounds. Copper(I) forms a variety of weak complexes with alkenes and carbon monoxide, especially in the presence of amine ligands.
qas: answers: text: organocopper compounds
question: What are compounds that have a carbon-copper bond called?

answers: text: copper(I) oxide
question: What does organocopper compounds reactions toward oxygen form?

answers: text: Gilman reagent
question: What is produced when copper compounds are treated with organolithium reagents?

answers: text: alkyl halides
question: Coupling products can be made by substituting Gilman reagent with what?

answers: text: Copper(I) acetylide
question: Which form of copper is shock sensitive?

context: The uses of copper in art were not limited to currency: it was used by Renaissance sculptors, in photographic technology known as the daguerreotype, and the Statue of Liberty. Copper plating and copper sheathing for ships' hulls was widespread; the ships of Christopher Columbus were among the earliest to have this feature. The Norddeutsche Affinerie in Hamburg was the first modern electroplating plant starting its production in 1876. The German scientist Gottfried Osann invented powder metallurgy in 1830 while determining the metal's atomic mass; around then it was discovered that the amount and type of alloying element (e.g., tin) to copper would affect bell tones. Flash smelting was developed by Outokumpu in Finland and first applied at Harjavalta in 1949; the energy-efficient process accounts for 50% of the world's primary copper production.
qas: answers: text: Renaissance sculptors
question: Who used copper to produce art?

answers: text: daguerreotype
question: What is the photographic technology that uses copper called?

answers: text: Statue of Liberty
question: What famous NY city landmark is made from copper?

answers: text: Christopher Columbus
question: What famous explorers ships was one of the first to have it's hulls made of copper?

answers: text: 1830
question: When did The Norddeutsche Affinerie electroplating plant first begin production?

context: Copper's greater conductivity versus other metals enhances the electrical energy efficiency of motors. This is important because motors and motor-driven systems account for 43%-46% of all global electricity consumption and 69% of all electricity used by industry. Increasing the mass and cross section of copper in a coil increases the electrical energy efficiency of the motor. Copper motor rotors, a new technology designed for motor applications where energy savings are prime design objectives, are enabling general-purpose induction motors to meet and exceed National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) premium efficiency standards.
qas: answers: text: conductivity
question: What property of copper increases the efficiency of electrical motors?

answers: text: 43%-46%
question: What percentage of electrical consumption does motor systems use globally?

answers: text: 69%
question: What percentage of electrical consumption does motor systems use in industry?

answers: text: National Electrical Manufacturers Association
question: What does the acronym NEMA stand for?

answers: text: efficiency standards
question: By using copper motor rotor technology it is allowing industry to exceed what standards?

context: Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas fluorescens can both mobilize solid copper, as a cyanide compound. The ericoid mycorrhizal fungi associated with Calluna, Erica and Vaccinium can grow in copper metalliferous soils. The ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus luteus protects young pine trees from copper toxicity. A sample of the fungus Aspergillus niger was found growing from gold mining solution; and was found to contain cyano metal complexes; such as gold, silver, copper iron and zinc. The fungus also plays a role in the solubilization of heavy metal sulfides.
qas: answers: text: Chromobacterium violaceum
question: Name a compond that can mobilize sold copper?

answers: text: ericoid mycorrhizal fungi
question: What fungi can grow in copper metalliferous soils?

answers: text: Suillus luteus
question: What fungus protects pine trees from copper toxicity? 

answers: text: Aspergillus niger
question: What fungus grows from gold mining solution?

answers: text: fungus Aspergillus
question: What fungus helps to soften heavy metal sulfides?

context: Copper-alloy touch surfaces have natural intrinsic properties to destroy a wide range of microorganisms (e.g., E. coli O157:H7, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus, Clostridium difficile, influenza A virus, adenovirus, and fungi). Some 355 copper alloys were proven to kill more than 99.9% of disease-causing bacteria within just two hours when cleaned regularly. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has approved the registrations of these copper alloys as "antimicrobial materials with public health benefits," which allows manufacturers to legally make claims as to the positive public health benefits of products made with registered antimicrobial copper alloys. In addition, the EPA has approved a long list of antimicrobial copper products made from these alloys, such as bedrails, handrails, over-bed tables, sinks, faucets, door knobs, toilet hardware, computer keyboards, health club equipment, shopping cart handles, etc. (for a comprehensive list of products, see: Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces#Approved products). Copper doorknobs are used by hospitals to reduce the transfer of disease, and Legionnaires' disease is suppressed by copper tubing in plumbing systems. Antimicrobial copper alloy products are now being installed in healthcare facilities in the U.K., Ireland, Japan, Korea, France, Denmark, and Brazil[citation needed] and in the subway transit system in Santiago, Chile, where copper-zinc alloy handrails will be installed in some 30 stations between 2011–2014.
qas: answers: text: antimicrobial
question: What is an intrinsic property of copper-alloy touch surfaces?

answers: text: 99.9%
question: 355 copper alloys have been proven to kill what percentage of bacteria?

answers: text: Environmental Protection Agency
question: What does the acronym EPA stand for?

answers: text: 355
question: How many copper alloys has the EPA approved as antimicrobial materials?

answers: text: Legionnaires' disease
question: What disease do hospitals hope to prevent by installing copper doornobs?

context: Copper compounds in liquid form are used as a wood preservative, particularly in treating original portion of structures during restoration of damage due to dry rot. Together with zinc, copper wires may be placed over non-conductive roofing materials to discourage the growth of moss.[citation needed] Textile fibers use copper to create antimicrobial protective fabrics, as do ceramic glazes, stained glass and musical instruments. Electroplating commonly uses copper as a base for other metals such as nickel.
qas: answers: text: wood preservative
question: What are copper compounds in liquid form used for?

answers: text: moss
question: What does copper wires along with zinc on roofs help to prevent?

answers: text: antimicrobial protective fabrics
question: What function does copper serve when used in textile fibers?

answers: text: as a base
question: How is copper used with nickel?

answers: text: Copper compounds
question: What is used to treat structures for dry rot?

context: Copper has been in use at least 10,000 years, but more than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900, and more than half was extracted in only the last 24 years. As with many natural resources, the total amount of copper on Earth is vast (around 1014 tons just in the top kilometer of Earth's crust, or about 5 million years' worth at the current rate of extraction). However, only a tiny fraction of these reserves is economically viable, given present-day prices and technologies. Various estimates of existing copper reserves available for mining vary from 25 years to 60 years, depending on core assumptions such as the growth rate. Recycling is a major source of copper in the modern world. Because of these and other factors, the future of copper production and supply is the subject of much debate, including the concept of peak copper, analogous to peak oil.
qas: answers: text: at least 10,000 years
question: How long has copper been in use?

answers: text: 95%
question: What percentage of copper has been extracted since 1900?

answers: text: more than half
question: How much of mined cooper has been extracted in the last 24 years?

answers: text: 1014 tons
question: How much copper is estimated to exsist on earth?

answers: text: Recycling
question: What is a major source of cooper in modern times?

context: The cultural role of copper has been important, particularly in currency. Romans in the 6th through 3rd centuries BC used copper lumps as money. At first, the copper itself was valued, but gradually the shape and look of the copper became more important. Julius Caesar had his own coins made from brass, while Octavianus Augustus Caesar's coins were made from Cu-Pb-Sn alloys. With an estimated annual output of around 15,000 t, Roman copper mining and smelting activities reached a scale unsurpassed until the time of the Industrial Revolution; the provinces most intensely mined were those of Hispania, Cyprus and in Central Europe.
qas: answers: text: copper lumps
question: What did Romans use as money in the 6th through 3rd centuriesBC?

answers: text: the shape and look
question: What became more important than the copper value for Roman coins?

answers: text: Julius Caesar
question: Who had his own coins produced out of brass?

answers: text: 15,000 t
question: During the 6th through 3rd centuries BC how much copper was mined in Rome?

answers: text: Cu-Pb-Sn alloys
question: Cctavianus Augustus Caesar had his coins made out of what alloys?

context: The major applications of copper are in electrical wires (60%), roofing and plumbing (20%) and industrial machinery (15%). Copper is mostly used as a pure metal, but when a higher hardness is required it is combined with other elements to make an alloy (5% of total use) such as brass and bronze. A small part of copper supply is used in production of compounds for nutritional supplements and fungicides in agriculture. Machining of copper is possible, although it is usually necessary to use an alloy for intricate parts to get good machinability characteristics.
qas: answers: text: 60%
question: What percentage of copper is used in electrical wires?

answers: text: 20%
question: What percentage of copper is used in roofing and plumbing?

answers: text: 15%
question: What percentage of copper is used in industrial machinery?

answers: text: hardness
question: What property does combining copper with brass or bronze create?

answers: text: brass
question: What is a metal that copper is combined with to create a greater hardness?

context: The softness of copper partly explains its high electrical conductivity (59.6×106 S/m) and thus also high thermal conductivity, which are the second highest (to silver) among pure metals at room temperature. This is because the resistivity to electron transport in metals at room temperature mostly originates from scattering of electrons on thermal vibrations of the lattice, which are relatively weak for a soft metal. The maximum permissible current density of copper in open air is approximately 3.1×106 A/m2 of cross-sectional area, above which it begins to heat excessively. As with other metals, if copper is placed against another metal, galvanic corrosion will occur.
qas: answers: text: The softness
question: What is the explanation for copper's capacity for electrical conductivity?

answers: text: silver
question: What metal has a higher thermal conductivity than copper?

answers: text: 3.1×106 A/m2
question: What is the maximum premissible current density in open air of copper?

answers: text: corrosion
question: What occurs when copper is placed touching another metal?

answers: text: it begins to heat excessively
question: What happens to copper if an electrical current gets too high?

context: Most copper is mined or extracted as copper sulfides from large open pit mines in porphyry copper deposits that contain 0.4 to 1.0% copper. Examples include Chuquicamata in Chile, Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah, United States and El Chino Mine in New Mexico, United States. According to the British Geological Survey, in 2005, Chile was the top mine producer of copper with at least one-third world share followed by the United States, Indonesia and Peru. Copper can also be recovered through the in-situ leach process. Several sites in the state of Arizona are considered prime candidates for this method. The amount of copper in use is increasing and the quantity available is barely sufficient to allow all countries to reach developed world levels of usage.
qas: answers: text: copper sulfides
question: In what form is copper extracted?

answers: text: open pit mines
question: From what types of mines is copper extracted?

answers: text: 0.4 to 1.0% copper
question: What percentage of copper do the deposits have that are extracted?

answers: text: Chile
question: What country was the top producer of copper in 2005?

answers: text: in-situ leach process
question: What is the name of the process being considered in Arizona that allows copper to be recovered?

context: Like aluminium, copper is 100% recyclable without any loss of quality, regardless of whether it is in a raw state or contained in a manufactured product. In volume, copper is the third most recycled metal after iron and aluminium. It is estimated that 80% of the copper ever mined is still in use today. According to the International Resource Panel's Metal Stocks in Society report, the global per capita stock of copper in use in society is 35–55 kg. Much of this is in more-developed countries (140–300 kg per capita) rather than less-developed countries (30–40 kg per capita).
qas: answers: text: 100%
question: What percent of copper is recyclable?

answers: text: 80%
question: What percentage of copper that has been mined is still being used today?

answers: text: aluminium
question: What other metal besides copper is 100% recyclable?

answers: text: aluminium
question: Name a metal that is recycled more often than copper?

answers: text: 35–55 kg
question: What is the amount of copper in use, per capita, globally?

context: The metal's distinctive natural green patina has long been coveted by architects and designers. The final patina is a particularly durable layer that is highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion, thereby protecting the underlying metal against further weathering. It can be a mixture of carbonate and sulfate compounds in various amounts, depending upon environmental conditions such as sulfur-containing acid rain. Architectural copper and its alloys can also be 'finished' to embark a particular look, feel, and/or color. Finishes include mechanical surface treatments, chemical coloring, and coatings.
qas: answers: text: green
question: What pigment color is natural to copper?

answers: text: highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion
question: What property does the final patina on cooper have?

answers: text: carbonate and sulfate
question: What mixture of compounds is the final patina?

answers: text: environmental
question: What conditions effect the mixture of carbonate and sulfate in copper?

answers: text: finished
question: What can be done to copper to give it a certain look?

context: Gram quantities of various copper salts have been taken in suicide attempts and produced acute copper toxicity in humans, possibly due to redox cycling and the generation of reactive oxygen species that damage DNA. Corresponding amounts of copper salts (30 mg/kg) are toxic in animals. A minimum dietary value for healthy growth in rabbits has been reported to be at least 3 ppm in the diet. However, higher concentrations of copper (100 ppm, 200 ppm, or 500 ppm) in the diet of rabbits may favorably influence feed conversion efficiency, growth rates, and carcass dressing percentages.
qas: answers: text: suicide attempts
question: What are copper salts sometimes used for?

answers: text: copper toxicity
question: When ingested in large amounts what does copper salts produce in humans?

answers: text: 3 ppm
question: What is the minimum amount of copper rabbits should have in their diet?

answers: text: growth rates
question: What is a major benefit to rabbits having a higher concentration of copper in their diet?

answers: text: 30 mg/kg
question: What amount of copper salt is toxic in animals?

context: Britain's first use of brass occurred around the 3rd–2nd century BC. In North America, copper mining began with marginal workings by Native Americans. Native copper is known to have been extracted from sites on Isle Royale with primitive stone tools between 800 and 1600. Copper metallurgy was flourishing in South America, particularly in Peru around 1000 AD; it proceeded at a much slower rate on other continents. Copper burial ornamentals from the 15th century have been uncovered, but the metal's commercial production did not start until the early 20th century.
qas: answers: text: 3rd–2nd century BC
question: When did Britain first use brass?

answers: text: Native Americans
question: Who were the first copper miners in North America?

answers: text: Isle Royale
question: Where was native copper extracted with primitive tools between 800 and 1600?

answers: text: Peru
question: What country had a strong copper production in 1000 AD

answers: text: early 20th century
question: When did commercial production of copper begin?

context: There are 29 isotopes of copper. 63Cu and 65Cu are stable, with 63Cu comprising approximately 69% of naturally occurring copper; they both have a spin of 3⁄2. The other isotopes are radioactive, with the most stable being 67Cu with a half-life of 61.83 hours. Seven metastable isotopes have been characterized, with 68mCu the longest-lived with a half-life of 3.8 minutes. Isotopes with a mass number above 64 decay by β−, whereas those with a mass number below 64 decay by β+. 64Cu, which has a half-life of 12.7 hours, decays both ways.
qas: answers: text: 29
question: How many isotopes are there of copper?

answers: text: 63Cu and 65Cu
question: What are the two stable isotopes of cooper?

answers: text: 63Cu
question: Which isotope makes up about 69% of natural copper?

answers: text: 3.8 minutes
question: What is the half life of the copper isotope 68mCu?

answers: text: 61.83 hours
question: What is the half life of the copper isotope 67Cu?

context: The alloy of copper and nickel, called cupronickel, is used in low-denomination coins, often for the outer cladding. The US 5-cent coin called a nickel consists of 75% copper and 25% nickel and has a homogeneous composition. The alloy consisting of 90% copper and 10% nickel is remarkable for its resistance to corrosion and is used in various parts that are exposed to seawater. Alloys of copper with aluminium (about 7%) have a pleasant golden color and are used in decorations. Some lead-free solders consist of tin alloyed with a small proportion of copper and other metals.
qas: answers: text: cupronickel
question: What is the alloy of copper and nickel called?

answers: text: low-denomination coins
question: what is the alloy of copper and nickel used for?

answers: text: 75% copper and 25% nickel
question: What is the metal composition of a US nickel?

answers: text: resistance to corrosion
question: What extraordinary property does the alloy made up of 90% copper and 10% nickel possess?

answers: text: golden
question: What color is created when the alloys of copper and aluminium are combined?

context: Polyols, compounds containing more than one alcohol functional group, generally interact with cupric salts. For example, copper salts are used to test for reducing sugars. Specifically, using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution the presence of the sugar is signaled by a color change from blue Cu(II) to reddish copper(I) oxide. Schweizer's reagent and related complexes with ethylenediamine and other amines dissolve cellulose. Amino acids form very stable chelate complexes with copper(II). Many wet-chemical tests for copper ions exist, one involving potassium ferrocyanide, which gives a brown precipitate with copper(II) salts.
qas: answers: text: Polyols
question: What is the name of the componds that has more than one alcohol functional group?

answers: text: reducing sugars
question: What are copper salts used to test?

answers: text: color change
question: How is the presence of sugar shown by using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution?

answers: text: reddish
question: What color does the copper salts turn to using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution if sugar is present?

answers: text: cellulose
question: What does Schweizer's reagent dissolve?

context: Alloying copper with tin to make bronze was first practiced about 4000 years after the discovery of copper smelting, and about 2000 years after "natural bronze" had come into general use[citation needed]. Bronze artifacts from the Vinča culture date to 4500 BC. Sumerian and Egyptian artifacts of copper and bronze alloys date to 3000 BC. The Bronze Age began in Southeastern Europe around 3700–3300 BC, in Northwestern Europe about 2500 BC. It ended with the beginning of the Iron Age, 2000–1000 BC in the Near East, 600 BC in Northern Europe. The transition between the Neolithic period and the Bronze Age was formerly termed the Chalcolithic period (copper-stone), with copper tools being used with stone tools. This term has gradually fallen out of favor because in some parts of the world the Chalcolithic and Neolithic are coterminous at both ends. Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, is of much more recent origin. It was known to the Greeks, but became a significant supplement to bronze during the Roman Empire.
qas: answers: text: Alloying copper with tin to make bronze
question: What started about 4000 years after copper smelting was discovered?

answers: text: 4500 BC
question: What are the first datings of Bronze artifacts from the Vinca culture?

answers: text: 3700–3300 BC
question: When did the Bronze Age began in Southeastern Europe?

answers: text: Chalcolithic
question: What was the transition between the Neolithic period and the bronze age called?

answers: text: Brass
question: What is an alloy of copper and zinc?

context: Copper is an essential trace element in plants and animals, but not some microorganisms. The human body contains copper at a level of about 1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass. Stated differently, the RDA for copper in normal healthy adults is quoted as 0.97 mg/day and as 3.0 mg/day. Copper is absorbed in the gut, then transported to the liver bound to albumin. After processing in the liver, copper is distributed to other tissues in a second phase. Copper transport here involves the protein ceruloplasmin, which carries the majority of copper in blood. Ceruloplasmin also carries copper that is excreted in milk, and is particularly well-absorbed as a copper source. Copper in the body normally undergoes enterohepatic circulation (about 5 mg a day, vs. about 1 mg per day absorbed in the diet and excreted from the body), and the body is able to excrete some excess copper, if needed, via bile, which carries some copper out of the liver that is not then reabsorbed by the intestine.
qas: answers: text: 1.4 to 2.1 mg per kg of body mass
question: What is the level of copper in the human body?

answers: text: in the gut
question: How is copper absorbed in humans?

answers: text: albumin
question: What is copper bound with when it is sent to the liver?

answers: text: Ceruloplasmin
question: What protein carries the majority of copper in blood?

answers: text: via bile
question: How can the body get rid of excess copper?

context: The concentration of copper in ores averages only 0.6%, and most commercial ores are sulfides, especially chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and to a lesser extent chalcocite (Cu2S). These minerals are concentrated from crushed ores to the level of 10–15% copper by froth flotation or bioleaching. Heating this material with silica in flash smelting removes much of the iron as slag. The process exploits the greater ease of converting iron sulfides into its oxides, which in turn react with the silica to form the silicate slag, which floats on top of the heated mass. The resulting copper matte consisting of Cu2S is then roasted to convert all sulfides into oxides:
qas: answers: text: 0.6%
question: What is the average concentration of copper in ores?

answers: text: sulfides
question: What are most commercial ores?

answers: text: floats on top
question: What happens to the silicate slag  during the flash smelting process?

answers: text: iron
question: What does heating copper ore materials with silica remove?

answers: text: oxides
question: What do the sulfides convert to after the copper matte is roasted?

context: Together with caesium and gold (both yellow), and osmium (bluish), copper is one of only four elemental metals with a natural color other than gray or silver. Pure copper is orange-red and acquires a reddish tarnish when exposed to air. The characteristic color of copper results from the electronic transitions between the filled 3d and half-empty 4s atomic shells – the energy difference between these shells is such that it corresponds to orange light. The same mechanism accounts for the yellow color of gold and caesium.
qas: answers: text: four
question: How many metals have a natural color that isn't gray?

answers: text: orange-red
question: What color is pure copper?

answers: text: reddish tarnish
question: What does copper aquire when exposed to air?

answers: text: orange light
question: The energy difference between filled 3d and half-empty 4s atomic shells corresponds to what color of light?

answers: text: yellow
question: What color is the metal caesium?

context: Copper has been used since ancient times as a durable, corrosion resistant, and weatherproof architectural material. Roofs, flashings, rain gutters, downspouts, domes, spires, vaults, and doors have been made from copper for hundreds or thousands of years. Copper's architectural use has been expanded in modern times to include interior and exterior wall cladding, building expansion joints, radio frequency shielding, and antimicrobial indoor products, such as attractive handrails, bathroom fixtures, and counter tops. Some of copper's other important benefits as an architectural material include its low thermal movement, light weight, lightning protection, and its recyclability.
qas: answers: text: architectural material
question: What has copper been used for since ancient times?

answers: text: antimicrobial indoor products
question: In recent times what is one interior use copper been expanded to include?

answers: text: low thermal movement
question: What is an important benefit to using copper as an architectural material?

answers: text: hundreds or thousands of years
question: How long has copper been used in building construction?

answers: text: antimicrobial
question: What is the benefit to using copper for things such as counter tops and hand rails?