Avicenna

context: Ibn Sina created an extensive corpus of works during what is commonly known as the Islamic Golden Age, in which the translations of Greco-Roman, Persian, and Indian texts were studied extensively. Greco-Roman (Mid- and Neo-Platonic, and Aristotelian) texts translated by the Kindi school were commented, redacted and developed substantially by Islamic intellectuals, who also built upon Persian and Indian mathematical systems, astronomy, algebra, trigonometry and medicine. The Samanid dynasty in the eastern part of Persia, Greater Khorasan and Central Asia as well as the Buyid dynasty in the western part of Persia and Iraq provided a thriving atmosphere for scholarly and cultural development. Under the Samanids, Bukhara rivaled Baghdad as a cultural capital of the Islamic world.
qas: answers: text: the Islamic Golden Age
question: What was the term used to describe the age in which Ibn Sina created a big body of work?

answers: text: Persian
question: What is one example of the type of translations done in the Islamic Golden Age?

answers: text: the Kindi school
question: What school translated Greco-Roman texts during the Islamic Golden Age?

answers: text: the Buyid dynasty
question: What was one dynasty that provided a great atmosphere for cultural development?

answers: text: Baghdad
question: What city was known as a cultural capital of the Islamic world?

context: The study of the Quran and the Hadith thrived in such a scholarly atmosphere. Philosophy, Fiqh and theology (kalaam) were further developed, most noticeably by Avicenna and his opponents. Al-Razi and Al-Farabi had provided methodology and knowledge in medicine and philosophy. Avicenna had access to the great libraries of Balkh, Khwarezm, Gorgan, Rey, Isfahan and Hamadan. Various texts (such as the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar) show that he debated philosophical points with the greatest scholars of the time. Aruzi Samarqandi describes how before Avicenna left Khwarezm he had met Al-Biruni (a famous scientist and astronomer), Abu Nasr Iraqi (a renowned mathematician), Abu Sahl Masihi (a respected philosopher) and Abu al-Khayr Khammar (a great physician).
qas: answers: text: theology
question: What was one subject that Avicenna further developed?

answers: text: Al-Farabi
question: Who is another philosopher during this Islamic Golden Age?

answers: text: Hamadan
question: What is the name of one library that Avicenna had access to?

answers: text: Al-Biruni
question: Who was the famous astronomer that Avicenna met before he left Khwarezm?

answers: text: the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar
question: What text was proof that Avicenna debated philosophy with some of the greatest scholars of the time?

context: Avicenna was born c. 980 in Afšana, a village near Bukhara (in present-day Uzbekistan), the capital of the Samanids, a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan. His mother, named Setareh, was from Bukhara; his father, Abdullah, was a respected Ismaili scholar from Balkh, an important town of the Samanid Empire, in what is today Balkh Province, Afghanistan, although this is not universally agreed upon. His father worked in the government of Samanid in the village Kharmasain, a Sunni regional power. After five years, his younger brother, Mahmoud, was born. Avicenna first began to learn the Quran and literature in such a way that when he was ten years old he had essentially learned all of them.
qas: answers: text: Uzbekistan
question: What present-day country was Avicenna born in?

answers: text: Bukhara
question: What Samanid dynasty capital was Avicenna born near?

answers: text: Afghanistan
question: What present-day country is Avicenna's father thought to have come from?

answers: text: Setareh
question: What was Avicenna's mother's name?

answers: text: ten
question: By what age had Avicenna learned the entire Quran?

context: A number of theories have been proposed regarding Avicenna's madhab (school of thought within Islamic jurisprudence). Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī (d. 1169) considered Avicenna to be a follower of the Brethren of Purity. On the other hand, Dimitri Gutas along with Aisha Khan and Jules J. Janssens demonstrated that Avicenna was a Sunni Hanafi. However, the 14th cenutry Shia faqih Nurullah Shushtari according to Seyyed Hossein Nasr, maintained that he was most likely a Twelver Shia. Conversely, Sharaf Khorasani, citing a rejection of an invitation of the Sunni Governor Sultan Mahmoud Ghazanavi by Avicenna to his court, believes that Avicenna was an Ismaili. Similar disagreements exist on the background of Avicenna's family, whereas some writers considered them Sunni, some more recent writers contested that they were Shia.
qas: answers: text: the Brethren of Purity
question: What secret society was Avicenna considered to be a follower of?

answers: text: Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī
question: Who thought that Avicenna was a Brethren of Purity follower?

answers: text: Sunni
question: What Islamic denomination was Avicenna thought to be a member of?

answers: text: Nurullah Shushtari
question: Who thought Avicenna was a Shia?

answers: text: Jules J. Janssens
question: What was the name of one man who thought Avicenna was Sunni?

context: According to his autobiography, Avicenna had memorised the entire Quran by the age of 10. He learned Indian arithmetic from an Indian greengrocer,ءMahmoud Massahi and he began to learn more from a wandering scholar who gained a livelihood by curing the sick and teaching the young. He also studied Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) under the Sunni Hanafi scholar Ismail al-Zahid. Avicenna was taught some extent of philosophy books such as Introduction (Isagoge)'s Porphyry (philosopher), Euclid's Elements, Ptolemy's Almagest by an unpopular philosopher, Abu Abdullah Nateli, who claimed philosophizing.
qas: answers: text: Quran
question: What had Avicenna memorized by the age of 10?

answers: text: ءMahmoud Massahi
question: Who did Avicenna learn Indian arithmetic from?

answers: text: Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence)
question: What did Avicenna learn from the Sunni scholar Ismail al-Zahid?

answers: text: Euclid's Elements
question: What was one philosophy book that Avicenna was taught from?

answers: text: Abu Abdullah Nateli
question: What unpopular philosopher's text did Avicenna learn from?

context: As a teenager, he was greatly troubled by the Metaphysics of Aristotle, which he could not understand until he read al-Farabi's commentary on the work. For the next year and a half, he studied philosophy, in which he encountered greater obstacles. In such moments of baffled inquiry, he would leave his books, perform the requisite ablutions, then go to the mosque, and continue in prayer till light broke on his difficulties. Deep into the night, he would continue his studies, and even in his dreams problems would pursue him and work out their solution. Forty times, it is said, he read through the Metaphysics of Aristotle, till the words were imprinted on his memory; but their meaning was hopelessly obscure, until one day they found illumination, from the little commentary by Farabi, which he bought at a bookstall for the small sum of three dirhams. So great was his joy at the discovery, made with the help of a work from which he had expected only mystery, that he hastened to return thanks to God, and bestowed alms upon the poor.
qas: answers: text: the Metaphysics of Aristotle
question: What text could Avicenna not understand?

answers: text: al-Farabi's commentary
question: What helped Avicenna understand the Metaphysics of Aristotle?

answers: text: year and a half
question: How long did Avicenna study philosophy?

answers: text: Forty times
question: How many times did Avicenna read through the Metaphysics of Aristotle?

answers: text: three dirhams
question: How much did Avicenna pay for the book that helped him understand the Aristotle text?

context: He turned to medicine at 16, and not only learned medical theory, but also by gratuitous attendance of the sick had, according to his own account, discovered new methods of treatment. The teenager achieved full status as a qualified physician at age 18, and found that "Medicine is no hard and thorny science, like mathematics and metaphysics, so I soon made great progress; I became an excellent doctor and began to treat patients, using approved remedies." The youthful physician's fame spread quickly, and he treated many patients without asking for payment.
qas: answers: text: 16
question: At what age did Avicenna turn to away from philosophy?

answers: text: medicine
question: What subject did Avicenna start studying at 16?

answers: text: 18
question: Avicenna became a qualified physician at what age?

answers: text: mathematics
question: Avicenna found medicine to be much easier than what subject?

context: Ibn Sina's first appointment was that of physician to the emir, Nuh II, who owed him his recovery from a dangerous illness (997). Ibn Sina's chief reward for this service was access to the royal library of the Samanids, well-known patrons of scholarship and scholars. When the library was destroyed by fire not long after, the enemies of Ibn Sina accused him of burning it, in order for ever to conceal the sources of his knowledge. Meanwhile, he assisted his father in his financial labors, but still found time to write some of his earliest works.
qas: answers: text: the emir, Nuh II
question: Who was Ibn Sina's first appontment?

answers: text: access to the royal library of the Samanids
question: What did Ibn Sina receive as payment for helping the emir?

answers: text: to conceal the sources of his knowledge
question: Why did some accuse Ibn Sina of burning down the royal library?

answers: text: his father
question: Who did Ibn Sina assist in his financial labors?

answers: text: 997
question: What year did the emir Null II recover from his illness?

context: When Ibn Sina was 22 years old, he lost his father. The Samanid dynasty came to its end in December 1004. Ibn Sina seems to have declined the offers of Mahmud of Ghazni, and proceeded westwards to Urgench in modern Turkmenistan, where the vizier, regarded as a friend of scholars, gave him a small monthly stipend. The pay was small, however, so Ibn Sina wandered from place to place through the districts of Nishapur and Merv to the borders of Khorasan, seeking an opening for his talents. Qabus, the generous ruler of Tabaristan, himself a poet and a scholar, with whom Ibn Sina had expected to find asylum, was on about that date (1012) starved to death by his troops who had revolted. Ibn Sina himself was at this time stricken by a severe illness. Finally, at Gorgan, near the Caspian Sea, Ibn Sina met with a friend, who bought a dwelling near his own house in which Ibn Sina lectured on logic and astronomy. Several of Ibn Sina's treatises were written for this patron; and the commencement of his Canon of Medicine also dates from his stay in Hyrcania.
qas: answers: text: 22
question: At what age did Avicenna lose his father?

answers: text: The Samanid dynasty
question: What dynasty ended in December 1004?

answers: text: Turkmenistan
question: What modern country did Ibn Sina travel to after the end of the Samanid dynasty?

answers: text: Nishapur
question: What is one district that Ibn Sina traveled through in search of more work?

answers: text: Mahmud of Ghazni
question: Who did Ibn Sina turn down in order to travel westwards after the Samanid dynasty ended?

context: Ibn Sina subsequently settled at Rey, in the vicinity of modern Tehran, the home town of Rhazes; where Majd Addaula, a son of the last Buwayhid emir, was nominal ruler under the regency of his mother (Seyyedeh Khatun). About thirty of Ibn Sina's shorter works are said to have been composed in Rey. Constant feuds which raged between the regent and her second son, Shams al-Daula, however, compelled the scholar to quit the place. After a brief sojourn at Qazvin he passed southwards to Hamadãn where Shams al-Daula, another Buwayhid emir, had established himself. At first, Ibn Sina entered into the service of a high-born lady; but the emir, hearing of his arrival, called him in as medical attendant, and sent him back with presents to his dwelling. Ibn Sina was even raised to the office of vizier. The emir decreed that he should be banished from the country. Ibn Sina, however, remained hidden for forty days in sheikh Ahmed Fadhel's house, until a fresh attack of illness induced the emir to restore him to his post. Even during this perturbed time, Ibn Sina persevered with his studies and teaching. Every evening, extracts from his great works, the Canon and the Sanatio, were dictated and explained to his pupils. On the death of the emir, Ibn Sina ceased to be vizier and hid himself in the house of an apothecary, where, with intense assiduity, he continued the composition of his works.
qas: answers: text: Rey
question: What city did Ibn Sina settle in?

answers: text: Tehran
question: What modern city of today was Rey in the vicinity of?

answers: text: thirty
question: How many of Ibn Sina's shorter works were said to have been created in Rey?

answers: text: Hamadãn
question: Ibn Sina left Rey and moved southwards to what city?

answers: text: office of vizier
question: What office did Ibn Sina receive in Hamadan?

context: Meanwhile, he had written to Abu Ya'far, the prefect of the dynamic city of Isfahan, offering his services. The new emir of Hamadan, hearing of this correspondence and discovering where Ibn Sina was hiding, incarcerated him in a fortress. War meanwhile continued between the rulers of Isfahan and Hamadãn; in 1024 the former captured Hamadan and its towns, expelling the Tajik mercenaries. When the storm had passed, Ibn Sina returned with the emir to Hamadan, and carried on his literary labors. Later, however, accompanied by his brother, a favorite pupil, and two slaves, Ibn Sina escaped from the city in the dress of a Sufi ascetic. After a perilous journey, they reached Isfahan, receiving an honorable welcome from the prince.
qas: answers: text: city of Isfahan
question: Where did Ibn Sina hope to flee to after Hamadan?

answers: text: Isfahan and Hamadãn
question: What two cities were at war during this time?

answers: text: 1024
question: What year did Isfahan gain victory over Hamadan?

answers: text: the Tajik
question: What mercenaries were expelled after Isfahan's victory over Hamadan?

answers: text: in the dress of a Sufi ascetic
question: How did Ibn Sina escape from Hamadan?

context: Ibn Sīnā wrote extensively on early Islamic philosophy, especially the subjects logic, ethics, and metaphysics, including treatises named Logic and Metaphysics. Most of his works were written in Arabic – then the language of science in the Middle East – and some in Persian. Of linguistic significance even to this day are a few books that he wrote in nearly pure Persian language (particularly the Danishnamah-yi 'Ala', Philosophy for Ala' ad-Dawla'). Ibn Sīnā's commentaries on Aristotle often criticized the philosopher,[citation needed] encouraging a lively debate in the spirit of ijtihad.
qas: answers: text: Arabic
question: In what language was most of Ibn Sina's works written in?

answers: text: ethics
question: What is one subject that Ibn SIna specialized in?

answers: text: Persian
question: Ibn Sina also wrote some of his works in what other language?

answers: text: Aristotle
question: What famous philosopher did Ibn Sina criticize heavily?

answers: text: Metaphysics
question: What is one of the subjects of a treatise by Ibn Sina?

context: His Book of Healing became available in Europe in partial Latin translation some fifty years after its composition, under the title Sufficientia, and some authors have identified a "Latin Avicennism" as flourishing for some time, paralleling the more influential Latin Averroism, but suppressed by the Parisian decrees of 1210 and 1215. Avicenna's psychology and theory of knowledge influenced William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris and Albertus Magnus, while his metaphysics had an impact on the thought of Thomas Aquinas.
qas: answers: text: Latin
question: Ibn Sina's Book of Healing was partially available in what language?

answers: text: fifty
question: How many years did it take for Ibn Sina's Book of Healing to be available in Latin?

answers: text: Europe
question: On what continent was the Book of Healing finally available fifty years after its composition?

answers: text: Sufficientia
question: What was the title of Ibn Sina's Book of Healing?

answers: text: Thomas Aquinas
question: Who did Avicenna's metaphysics works have an influence on?

context: Early Islamic philosophy and Islamic metaphysics, imbued as it is with Islamic theology, distinguishes more clearly than Aristotelianism between essence and existence. Whereas existence is the domain of the contingent and the accidental, essence endures within a being beyond the accidental. The philosophy of Ibn Sīnā, particularly that part relating to metaphysics, owes much to al-Farabi. The search for a definitive Islamic philosophy separate from Occasionalism can be seen in what is left of his work.
qas: answers: text: essence and existence
question: What does Islamic philosophy more clearly explain than Aristotelianism?

answers: text: al-Farabi
question: Who does Ibn Sina's philosophy owe much to?

answers: text: Islamic theology
question: What is early Islamic metaphysics imbued with?

context: Following al-Farabi's lead, Avicenna initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of being, in which he distinguished between essence (Mahiat) and existence (Wujud). He argued that the fact of existence can not be inferred from or accounted for by the essence of existing things, and that form and matter by themselves cannot interact and originate the movement of the universe or the progressive actualization of existing things. Existence must, therefore, be due to an agent-cause that necessitates, imparts, gives, or adds existence to an essence. To do so, the cause must be an existing thing and coexist with its effect.
qas: answers: text: the question of being
question: What did Avicenna start an inquiry into?

answers: text: essence (Mahiat) and existence (Wujud)
question: What two points did he write about?

answers: text: al-Farabi
question: Who also began an inquiry into the question of being?

answers: text: Wujud
question: What is the Arabic term for existence?

answers: text: essence
question: Mahiat is Arabic for what?

context: Avicenna's consideration of the essence-attributes question may be elucidated in terms of his ontological analysis of the modalities of being; namely impossibility, contingency, and necessity. Avicenna argued that the impossible being is that which cannot exist, while the contingent in itself (mumkin bi-dhatihi) has the potentiality to be or not to be without entailing a contradiction. When actualized, the contingent becomes a 'necessary existent due to what is other than itself' (wajib al-wujud bi-ghayrihi). Thus, contingency-in-itself is potential beingness that could eventually be actualized by an external cause other than itself. The metaphysical structures of necessity and contingency are different. Necessary being due to itself (wajib al-wujud bi-dhatihi) is true in itself, while the contingent being is 'false in itself' and 'true due to something else other than itself'. The necessary is the source of its own being without borrowed existence. It is what always exists.
qas: answers: text: necessity
question: What is one modality of being that Avicenna analyzed?

answers: text: contingency-in-itself
question: According to Avicenna, what could eventually be actualized by an external cause?

answers: text: the source of its own being without borrowed existence
question: What is the necessary according to Avicenna?

answers: text: The necessary
question: According to Avicenna, what always exists?

answers: text: false in itself
question: If necessary being is true in itself, what is contingent?

context: The Necessary exists 'due-to-Its-Self', and has no quiddity/essence (mahiyya) other than existence (wujud). Furthermore, It is 'One' (wahid ahad) since there cannot be more than one 'Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself' without differentia (fasl) to distinguish them from each other. Yet, to require differentia entails that they exist 'due-to-themselves' as well as 'due to what is other than themselves'; and this is contradictory. However, if no differentia distinguishes them from each other, then there is no sense in which these 'Existents' are not one and the same. Avicenna adds that the 'Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself' has no genus (jins), nor a definition (hadd), nor a counterpart (nadd), nor an opposite (did), and is detached (bari) from matter (madda), quality (kayf), quantity (kam), place (ayn), situation (wad), and time (waqt).
qas: answers: text: Its-Self
question: The necessary exists due to what?

answers: text: a definition
question: What is something that the necessary does not have?

answers: text: wad
question: What is the Arabic for situation?

answers: text: time
question: What is one thing that the Necessary is detached from?

context: Avicenna was a devout Muslim and sought to reconcile rational philosophy with Islamic theology. His aim was to prove the existence of God and His creation of the world scientifically and through reason and logic. Avicenna's views on Islamic theology (and philosophy) were enormously influential, forming part of the core of the curriculum at Islamic religious schools until the 19th century. Avicenna wrote a number of short treatises dealing with Islamic theology. These included treatises on the prophets (whom he viewed as "inspired philosophers"), and also on various scientific and philosophical interpretations of the Quran, such as how Quranic cosmology corresponds to his own philosophical system. In general these treatises linked his philosophical writings to Islamic religious ideas; for example, the body's afterlife.
qas: answers: text: Muslim
question: What religion was Avicenna?

answers: text: rational philosophy
question: What did Avicenna want to reconcile with Islamic theology?

answers: text: prove the existence of God
question: What did Avicenna hope to do through his work?

answers: text: 19th century
question: Up until what century was Avicenna's work highly influential?

answers: text: the prophets
question: Who did Avicenna view as inspired philosophers?

context: There are occasional brief hints and allusions in his longer works however that Avicenna considered philosophy as the only sensible way to distinguish real prophecy from illusion. He did not state this more clearly because of the political implications of such a theory, if prophecy could be questioned, and also because most of the time he was writing shorter works which concentrated on explaining his theories on philosophy and theology clearly, without digressing to consider epistemological matters which could only be properly considered by other philosophers.
qas: answers: text: philosophy
question: What did Avicenna consider to be the only way to distinguish real philosophy from illusion?

answers: text: the political implications of such a theory
question: What did Avicenna fear about stating his theories on philosophy more clearly?

answers: text: epistemological matters
question: What did Avicenna not consider when explaining his theories on philosophy?

context: Later interpretations of Avicenna's philosophy split into three different schools; those (such as al-Tusi) who continued to apply his philosophy as a system to interpret later political events and scientific advances; those (such as al-Razi) who considered Avicenna's theological works in isolation from his wider philosophical concerns; and those (such as al-Ghazali) who selectively used parts of his philosophy to support their own attempts to gain greater spiritual insights through a variety of mystical means. It was the theological interpretation championed by those such as al-Razi which eventually came to predominate in the madrasahs.
qas: answers: text: al-Razi
question: Which interpretation of Avicenna's work was more taught in Islamic schools?

answers: text: three
question: Interpretations of Avicenna's work split into how many different schools?

answers: text: al-Ghazali
question: Who used only parts of Avicenna's works to support their own great spiritual insights?

answers: text: al-Tusi
question: Who used Avicenna's work to help understand future political events?

answers: text: madrasahs
question: What are Islamic schools also known as?

context: While he was imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan, Avicenna wrote his famous "Floating Man" – literally falling man – thought experiment to demonstrate human self-awareness and the substantiality and immateriality of the soul. Avicenna believed his "Floating Man" thought experiment demonstrated that the soul is a substance, and claimed humans cannot doubt their own consciousness, even in a situation that prevents all sensory data input. The thought experiment told its readers to imagine themselves created all at once while suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations, which includes no sensory contact with even their own bodies. He argued that, in this scenario, one would still have self-consciousness. Because it is conceivable that a person, suspended in air while cut off from sense experience, would still be capable of determining his own existence, the thought experiment points to the conclusions that the soul is a perfection, independent of the body, and an immaterial substance. The conceivability of this "Floating Man" indicates that the soul is perceived intellectually, which entails the soul's separateness from the body. Avicenna referred to the living human intelligence, particularly the active intellect, which he believed to be the hypostasis by which God communicates truth to the human mind and imparts order and intelligibility to nature. Following is an English translation of the argument:
qas: answers: text: the castle of Fardajan
question: Where was Avicenna once imprisoned?

answers: text: "Floating Man"
question: What did Avicenna write while he was imprisoned?

answers: text: a substance
question: What was the soul according to Avicenna?

answers: text: intellectually
question: How is the soul perceived according to Avicenna's work "Floating Man"?

answers: text: suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations
question: How did Avicenna want man to think of themselves as?

context: However, Avicenna posited the brain as the place where reason interacts with sensation. Sensation prepares the soul to receive rational concepts from the universal Agent Intellect. The first knowledge of the flying person would be "I am," affirming his or her essence. That essence could not be the body, obviously, as the flying person has no sensation. Thus, the knowledge that "I am" is the core of a human being: the soul exists and is self-aware. Avicenna thus concluded that the idea of the self is not logically dependent on any physical thing, and that the soul should not be seen in relative terms, but as a primary given, a substance. The body is unnecessary; in relation to it, the soul is its perfection. In itself, the soul is an immaterial substance.
qas: answers: text: the brain
question: Where did reason interact with sensation according to Avicenna?

answers: text: Intellect
question: What is the universal agent?

answers: text: the knowledge that "I am"
question: In Avicenna's work "Floating Man", what is the core of a human being?

answers: text: the soul
question: What is the body's perfection?

answers: text: the body
question: In Avicenna's "Floating Man", what could the essence of a person not be?

context: In the Al-Burhan (On Demonstration) section of The Book of Healing, Avicenna discussed the philosophy of science and described an early scientific method of inquiry. He discusses Aristotle's Posterior Analytics and significantly diverged from it on several points. Avicenna discussed the issue of a proper methodology for scientific inquiry and the question of "How does one acquire the first principles of a science?" He asked how a scientist would arrive at "the initial axioms or hypotheses of a deductive science without inferring them from some more basic premises?" He explains that the ideal situation is when one grasps that a "relation holds between the terms, which would allow for absolute, universal certainty." Avicenna then adds two further methods for arriving at the first principles: the ancient Aristotelian method of induction (istiqra), and the method of examination and experimentation (tajriba). Avicenna criticized Aristotelian induction, arguing that "it does not lead to the absolute, universal, and certain premises that it purports to provide." In its place, he develops a "method of experimentation as a means for scientific inquiry."
qas: answers: text: Aristotle
question: What philosopher did Avicenna discuss in his The Book of Healing text?

answers: text: Posterior Analytics
question: What work of Aristotle's does Avicenna focus on?

answers: text: Aristotelian induction
question: What method did Avicenna criticize as not leading to absolute certainty?

context: An early formal system of temporal logic was studied by Avicenna. Although he did not develop a real theory of temporal propositions, he did study the relationship between temporalis and the implication. Avicenna's work was further developed by Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī and became the dominant system of Islamic logic until modern times. Avicennian logic also influenced several early European logicians such as Albertus Magnus and William of Ockham. Avicenna endorsed the law of noncontradiction proposed by Aristotle, that a fact could not be both true and false at the same time and in the same sense of the terminology used. He stated, "Anyone who denies the law of noncontradiction should be beaten and burned until he admits that to be beaten is not the same as not to be beaten, and to be burned is not the same as not to be burned."
qas: answers: text: temporal logic
question: What was a subject that Avicenna studied, but did not develop a theory on?

answers: text: Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī
question: Who expanded on Avicenna's work in temporal logic?

answers: text: Avicennian logic
question: What became the dominant system of Islamic logic?

answers: text: Albertus Magnus
question: What European logician was greatly influenced by Avicenna?

answers: text: Aristotle
question: Whose law of noncontradiction did Avicenna endorse?

context: Avicenna's legacy in classical psychology is primarily embodied in the Kitab al-nafs parts of his Kitab al-shifa (The Book of Healing) and Kitab al-najat (The Book of Deliverance). These were known in Latin under the title De Anima (treatises "on the soul").[dubious – discuss] Notably, Avicenna develops what is called the "flying man" argument in the Psychology of The Cure I.1.7 as defense of the argument that the soul is without quantitative extension, which has an affinity with Descartes's cogito argument (or what phenomenology designates as a form of an "epoche").
qas: answers: text: Kitab al-shifa
question: What is Avicenna's Book of Healing referred to in Arabic?

answers: text: classical psychology
question: What subject is seen throughout Avicenna's Book of Healing?

answers: text: quantitative extension
question: In an argument by Avicenna, the soul is without what?

answers: text: Descartes
question: Whose argument is similar to Avicenna's that the soul is without quantitative extension?

answers: text: De Anima
question: What is the Latin for Avicenna's psychology parts in his Book of Healing?

context: Avicenna's psychology requires that connection between the body and soul be strong enough to ensure the soul's individuation, but weak enough to allow for its immortality. Avicenna grounds his psychology on physiology, which means his account of the soul is one that deals almost entirely with the natural science of the body and its abilities of perception. Thus, the philosopher's connection between the soul and body is explained almost entirely by his understanding of perception; in this way, bodily perception interrelates with the immaterial human intellect. In sense perception, the perceiver senses the form of the object; first, by perceiving features of the object by our external senses. This sensory information is supplied to the internal senses, which merge all the pieces into a whole, unified conscious experience. This process of perception and abstraction is the nexus of the soul and body, for the material body may only perceive material objects, while the immaterial soul may only receive the immaterial, universal forms. The way the soul and body interact in the final abstraction of the universal from the concrete particular is the key to their relationship and interaction, which takes place in the physical body.
qas: answers: text: physiology
question: What does Avicenna ground his psychology on?

answers: text: strong enough
question: According to Avicenna, the body and soul must be what in order to ensure the soul's individuation?

answers: text: his understanding of perception
question: How does Avicenna  explain the connection between body and soul?

answers: text: external senses
question: How does man first perceive features of an object?

answers: text: the physical body
question: The body and soul's interaction takes place where?

context: Avicenna's astronomical writings had some influence on later writers, although in general his work could be considered less developed than Alhazen or Al-Biruni. One important feature of his writing is that he considers mathematical astronomy as a separate discipline to astrology. He criticized Aristotle's view of the stars receiving their light from the Sun, stating that the stars are self-luminous, and believed that the planets are also self-luminous. He claimed to have observed Venus as a spot on the Sun. This is possible, as there was a transit on May 24, 1032, but Avicenna did not give the date of his observation, and modern scholars have questioned whether he could have observed the transit from his location at that time; he may have mistaken a sunspot for Venus. He used his transit observation to help establish that Venus was, at least sometimes, below the Sun in Ptolemaic cosmology, i.e. the sphere of Venus comes before the sphere of the Sun when moving out from the Earth in the prevailing geocentric model.
qas: answers: text: Al-Biruni
question: What Muslim astronomer did Avicenna influence?

answers: text: mathematical astronomy
question: What subject did Avicenna consider to be a separate discipline from astrology?

answers: text: Aristotle
question: What philosopher thought the stars received their light from the sun?

answers: text: Venus
question: What planet did Aristotle think was a spot on the sun?

answers: text: below the Sun
question: Where did Avicenna think Venus was in relation to the sun?

context: Liber Aboali Abincine de Anima in arte Alchemiae was the most influential, having influenced later medieval chemists and alchemists such as Vincent of Beauvais. However Anawati argues (following Ruska) that the de Anima is a fake by a Spanish author. Similarly the Declaratio is believed not to be actually by Avicenna. The third work (The Book of Minerals) is agreed to be Avicenna's writing, adapted from the Kitab al-Shifa (Book of the Remedy). Ibn Sina classified minerals into stones, fusible substances, sulfurs, and salts, building on the ideas of Aristotle and Jabir. The epistola de Re recta is somewhat less sceptical of alchemy; Anawati argues that it is by Avicenna, but written earlier in his career when he had not yet firmly decided that transmutation was impossible.
qas: answers: text: Liber Aboali Abincine de Anima in arte Alchemiae
question: What work by Avicenna is thought to be a fake?

answers: text: the Declaratio
question: What is another work of Avicenna that is said to not be his creation?

answers: text: The Book of Minerals
question: What is definitely seen as being written by Avicenna?

answers: text: Book of the Remedy
question: What is the kitab al-Shifa?

answers: text: minerals
question: What did Ibn Sina classify into stones?

context: George Sarton, the author of The History of Science, described Ibn Sīnā as "one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history" and called him "the most famous scientist of Islam and one of the most famous of all races, places, and times." He was one of the Islamic world's leading writers in the field of medicine. Along with Rhazes, Abulcasis, Ibn al-Nafis, and al-Ibadi, Ibn Sīnā is considered an important compiler of early Muslim medicine. He is remembered in the Western history of medicine as a major historical figure who made important contributions to medicine and the European Renaissance. His medical texts were unusual in that where controversy existed between Galen and Aristotle's views on medical matters (such as anatomy), he preferred to side with Aristotle, where necessary updating Aristotle's position to take into account post-Aristotelian advances in anatomical knowledge. Aristotle's dominant intellectual influence among medieval European scholars meant that Avicenna's linking of Galen's medical writings with Aristotle's philosophical writings in the Canon of Medicine (along with its comprehensive and logical organisation of knowledge) significantly increased Avicenna's importance in medieval Europe in comparison to other Islamic writers on medicine. His influence following translation of the Canon was such that from the early fourteenth to the mid-sixteenth centuries he was ranked with Hippocrates and Galen as one of the acknowledged authorities, princeps medicorum ("prince of physicians").
qas: answers: text: George Sarton
question: Who said that Ibn Sina was one of the greatest thinkers?

answers: text: The History of Science
question: What did George Sarton write?

answers: text: Islam
question: Ibn Sina was described as the most famous scientist in what religion?

answers: text: Abulcasis
question: Who is another leading Islamic figure in medicine?

answers: text: early fourteenth to the mid-sixteenth centuries
question: During what centuries was Ibn Sina ranked among such medical greats as Hippocrates?

context: In modern Iran, he is considered a national icon, and is often regarded as one of the greatest Persians to have ever lived. A monument was erected outside the Bukhara museum[year needed]. The Avicenna Mausoleum and Museum in Hamadan was built in 1952. Bu-Ali Sina University in Hamadan (Iran), Avicenna Research Institute in Tehran (Iran), the ibn Sīnā Tajik State Medical University in Dushanbe, Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences at Aligarh, India, Avicenna School in Karachi and Avicenna Medical College in Lahore, Pakistan Ibne Sina Balkh Medical School in his native province of Balkh in Afghanistan, Ibni Sina Faculty Of Medicine of Ankara University Ankara, Turkey and Ibn Sina Integrated School in Marawi City (Philippines) are all named in his honour. His portrait hangs in the Hall of the Avicenna Faculty of Medicine in the University of Paris. There is also a crater on the Moon named Avicenna and a plant genus Avicennia.
qas: answers: text: Iran
question: In what modern country is Avicenna considered an icon?

answers: text: the Bukhara museum
question: Where is a monument located that honors Avicenna?

answers: text: the University of Paris
question: In what European school does Avicenna's portrait hang in their hall of medicine?

answers: text: Hamadan
question: Where is the Avicenna Mausoleum and Museum located?

answers: text: Avicennia
question: What plant genus is named after Avicenna?

context: In 1980, the Soviet Union, which then ruled his birthplace Bukhara, celebrated the thousandth anniversary of Avicenna's birth by circulating various commemorative stamps with artistic illustrations, and by erecting a bust of Avicenna based on anthropological research by Soviet scholars.[citation needed] Near his birthplace in Qishlak Afshona, some 25 km (16 mi) north of Bukhara, a training college for medical staff has been named for him.[year needed] On the grounds is a museum dedicated to his life, times and work.[citation needed]
qas: answers: text: the Soviet Union
question: What superpower in 1980 created a stamp in honor of Avicenna?

answers: text: Bukhara
question: What was Avicenna's birthplace?

answers: text: 16
question: A medical staff training college named in his honor is how many miles away from his birthplace?

answers: text: thousand
question: In 1980, how many years had it been since Avicenna's birth?

answers: text: a bust
question: Besides stamps, what did the Soviet Union also create in Avicenna's honor?

context: In March 2008, it was announced that Avicenna's name would be used for new Directories of education institutions for health care professionals, worldwide. The Avicenna Directories will list universities and schools where doctors, public health practitioners, pharmacists and others, are educated. The project team stated "Why Avicenna? Avicenna ... was ... noted for his synthesis of knowledge from both east and west. He has had a lasting influence on the development of medicine and health sciences. The use of Avicenna's name symbolises the worldwide partnership that is needed for the promotion of health services of high quality."
qas: answers: text: March 2008
question: When was it announced that Avicenna would have medical directories named after him?

answers: text: where doctors, public health practitioners, pharmacists and others, are educated
question: What does the Avicenna Directories contain?

answers: text: his synthesis of knowledge from both east and west
question: What was Avicenna known for?

answers: text: worldwide partnership
question: What is Avicenna's name needed for?

context: The soviet film "Youth of Genius" (1982), filmed and studios Uzbekfilm and Tajikfilm, dedicated to children and youth years Avicenna. The film's director Elyor Ishmuhamedov. Romantic and stormy, performed works, danger and irresistible thirst of knowledge was the youth of Al-Husayn ibn Abdallah ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Sina, which will be known around the world under the name of Avicenna – a great physician, scientist and educator X-XI centuries. The film is set in the ancient city of Bukhara at the turn of the millennium. In Louis L'Amour's 1985 historical novel The Walking Drum, Kerbouchard studies and discusses Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine. In his book The Physician (1988) Noah Gordon tells the story of a young English medical apprentice who disguises himself as a Jew to travel from England to Persia and learn from Avicenna, the great master of his time. The novel was adapted into a feature film, The Physician, in 2013. Avicenna was played by Ben Kingsley.
qas: answers: text: Youth of Genius
question: What movie was made about Avicenna's younger years?

context: Ibn Sīnā wrote at least one treatise on alchemy, but several others have been falsely attributed to him. His Logic, Metaphysics, Physics, and De Caelo, are treatises giving a synoptic view of Aristotelian doctrine, though Metaphysics demonstrates a significant departure from the brand of Neoplatonism known as Aristotelianism in Ibn Sīnā's world; Arabic philosophers[who?][year needed] have hinted at the idea that Ibn Sīnā was attempting to "re-Aristotelianise" Muslim philosophy in its entirety, unlike his predecessors, who accepted the conflation of Platonic, Aristotelian, Neo- and Middle-Platonic works transmitted into the Muslim world.
qas: answers: text: alchemy
question: What is a rare discipline that Avicenna worked on?

answers: text: Physics
question: On what subject is one of Avicenna's treatise based on?

answers: text: Aristotelian doctrine
question: What doctrine is some of Avicenna's works based around?

answers: text: "re-Aristotelianise" Muslim philosophy
question: According to some, what was Ibn Sina trying to do regarding his works?

context: The Logic and Metaphysics have been extensively reprinted, the latter, e.g., at Venice in 1493, 1495, and 1546. Some of his shorter essays on medicine, logic, etc., take a poetical form (the poem on logic was published by Schmoelders in 1836).[citation needed] Two encyclopaedic treatises, dealing with philosophy, are often mentioned. The larger, Al-Shifa' (Sanatio), exists nearly complete in manuscript in the Bodleian Library and elsewhere; part of it on the De Anima appeared at Pavia (1490) as the Liber Sextus Naturalium, and the long account of Ibn Sina's philosophy given by Muhammad al-Shahrastani seems to be mainly an analysis, and in many places a reproduction, of the Al-Shifa'. A shorter form of the work is known as the An-najat (Liberatio). The Latin editions of part of these works have been modified by the corrections which the monastic editors confess that they applied. There is also a حكمت مشرقيه (hikmat-al-mashriqqiyya, in Latin Philosophia Orientalis), mentioned by Roger Bacon, the majority of which is lost in antiquity, which according to Averroes was pantheistic in tone.
qas: answers: text: Schmoelders
question: Who published Avicenna's poem on logic?

answers: text: Al-Shifa'
question: What is the name of Avicenna's larger encyclopedic treatise? 

answers: text: the Bodleian Library
question: Where is Avicenna's Al-Shifa manuscript located?

answers: text: the An-najat
question: What is the shorter form of Al-Shifa called?

answers: text: Logic and Metaphysics
question: What two subjects of Avicenna's have been reprinted extensively?