Grape

context: Grapes are a type of fruit that grow in clusters of 15 to 300, and can be crimson, black, dark blue, yellow, green, orange, and pink. "White" grapes are actually green in color, and are evolutionarily derived from the purple grape. Mutations in two regulatory genes of white grapes turn off production of anthocyanins, which are responsible for the color of purple grapes. Anthocyanins and other pigment chemicals of the larger family of polyphenols in purple grapes are responsible for the varying shades of purple in red wines. Grapes are typically an ellipsoid shape resembling a prolate spheroid.
qas: answers: text: green
question: What color are white grapes?

answers: text: anthocyanins
question: What gene makes grapes purple?

answers: text: prolate spheroid
question: What shape do grapes usually resemble?

answers: text: fruit
question: What type of food are grapes?

answers: text: 15 to 300
question: How many grapes are generally in a cluster?

context: The cultivation of the domesticated grape began 6,000–8,000 years ago in the Near East. Yeast, one of the earliest domesticated microorganisms, occurs naturally on the skins of grapes, leading to the innovation of alcoholic drinks such as wine. The earliest archeological evidence for a dominant position of wine-making in human culture dates from 8,000 years ago in Georgia. The oldest winery was found in Armenia, dating to around 4000 BC.[citation needed] By the 9th century AD the city of Shiraz was known to produce some of the finest wines in the Middle East. Thus it has been proposed that Syrah red wine is named after Shiraz, a city in Persia where the grape was used to make Shirazi wine.[citation needed] Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics record the cultivation of purple grapes,[citation needed] and history attests to the ancient Greeks, Phoenicians, and Romans growing purple grapes for both eating and wine production[citation needed]. The growing of grapes would later spread to other regions in Europe, as well as North Africa, and eventually in North America.
qas: answers: text: 6,000–8,000 years ago
question: How long ago were grapes first cultivated?

answers: text: Yeast
question: What microorganisms are naturally found on a grapes skin?

answers: text: Armenia
question: Where is the oldest know winery located?

answers: text: Shiraz
question: What city is Syrah red wine believed to have been named after?

answers: text: hieroglyphics
question: How do we know that wine was made in ancient Egypt?

context: Comparing diets among Western countries, researchers have discovered that although the French tend to eat higher levels of animal fat, the incidence of heart disease remains low in France. This phenomenon has been termed the French paradox, and is thought to occur from protective benefits of regularly consuming red wine. Apart from potential benefits of alcohol itself, including reduced platelet aggregation and vasodilation, polyphenols (e.g., resveratrol) mainly in the grape skin provide other suspected health benefits, such as:
qas: answers: text: animal fat
question: What do people in France eat more of that in most western countries?

answers: text: red wine
question: What kind of the wine is regularly consumed by the French?

answers: text: the French paradox
question: What is the phenomenon that shows that the French have less heart disease, even though they eat more animal fat?

answers: text: vasodilation
question: What is a potential health benefit from drinking alcohol?

context: Grape juice is obtained from crushing and blending grapes into a liquid. The juice is often sold in stores or fermented and made into wine, brandy, or vinegar. Grape juice that has been pasteurized, removing any naturally occurring yeast, will not ferment if kept sterile, and thus contains no alcohol. In the wine industry, grape juice that contains 7–23% of pulp, skins, stems and seeds is often referred to as "must". In North America, the most common grape juice is purple and made from Concord grapes, while white grape juice is commonly made from Niagara grapes, both of which are varieties of native American grapes, a different species from European wine grapes. In California, Sultana (known there as Thompson Seedless) grapes are sometimes diverted from the raisin or table market to produce white juice.
qas: answers: text: Grape juice
question: What juice is made when grapes are crushed and blended?

answers: text: fermented
question: What kind of grapes are made into vinegar?

answers: text: Concord grapes
question: What is the most common grape used to make juice in North America?

answers: text: Thompson Seedless
question: What are Sultana grapes known as in California?

answers: text: Niagara grapes
question: What types of grapes are commonly used to make white grape juice?

context: Red wine may offer health benefits more so than white because potentially beneficial compounds are present in grape skin, and only red wine is fermented with skins. The amount of fermentation time a wine spends in contact with grape skins is an important determinant of its resveratrol content. Ordinary non-muscadine red wine contains between 0.2 and 5.8 mg/L, depending on the grape variety, because it is fermented with the skins, allowing the wine to absorb the resveratrol. By contrast, a white wine contains lower phenolic contents because it is fermented after removal of skins.
qas: answers: text: red wine
question: What type of wine is fermented with grape skin?

answers: text: white wine
question: What type of wine is fermented after the grapes skin has been removed?

answers: text: resveratrol
question: What substance is absorbed by wine when grapes are fermented with their skins?

answers: text: Red wine
question: What type of wine is believed to have more health benefits?

context: Commercially cultivated grapes can usually be classified as either table or wine grapes, based on their intended method of consumption: eaten raw (table grapes) or used to make wine (wine grapes). While almost all of them belong to the same species, Vitis vinifera, table and wine grapes have significant differences, brought about through selective breeding. Table grape cultivars tend to have large, seedless fruit (see below) with relatively thin skin. Wine grapes are smaller, usually seeded, and have relatively thick skins (a desirable characteristic in winemaking, since much of the aroma in wine comes from the skin). Wine grapes also tend to be very sweet: they are harvested at the time when their juice is approximately 24% sugar by weight. By comparison, commercially produced "100% grape juice", made from table grapes, is usually around 15% sugar by weight.
qas: answers: text: table grapes
question: What are grapes that are eaten raw classified as?

answers: text: wine grapes
question: What are grapes that are used to make wine classified as?

answers: text: Vitis vinifera
question: What specie are table grapes and wine grapes?

answers: text: Table grape
question: What Classification of grapes are typically large and seedless?

answers: text: approximately 24%
question: What percentage of a wine grape is sugar when it is harvested?

context: In the Bible, grapes are first mentioned when Noah grows them on his farm (Genesis 9:20–21). Instructions concerning wine are given in the book of Proverbs and in the book of Isaiah, such as in Proverbs 20:1 and Isaiah 5:20–25. Deuteronomy 18:3–5,14:22–27,16:13–15 tell of the use of wine during Jewish feasts. Grapes were also significant to both the Greeks and Romans, and their god of agriculture, Dionysus, was linked to grapes and wine, being frequently portrayed with grape leaves on his head. Grapes are especially significant for Christians, who since the Early Church have used wine in their celebration of the Eucharist. Views on the significance of the wine vary between denominations. In Christian art, grapes often represent the blood of Christ, such as the grape leaves in Caravaggio’s John the Baptist.
qas: answers: text: Genesis 9:20–21
question: When are grapes first mentioned in the Bible?

answers: text: Dionysus
question: Who was the Greek and Roman god of agriculture?

answers: text: Christ
question: Whose blood do grapes usually represent in Christian art?

answers: text: Deuteronomy
question: Which book of the Bible talks about the use of wine during Jewish feasts?

answers: text: Noah
question: Who in the Bible first grew grapes on their farm?

context: There are several sources of the seedlessness trait, and essentially all commercial cultivators get it from one of three sources: Thompson Seedless, Russian Seedless, and Black Monukka, all being cultivars of Vitis vinifera. There are currently more than a dozen varieties of seedless grapes. Several, such as Einset Seedless, Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes, Reliance, and Venus, have been specifically cultivated for hardiness and quality in the relatively cold climates of northeastern United States and southern Ontario.
qas: answers: text: three
question: How many seedless grape sources are there for commercial cultivators? 

answers: text: more than a dozen
question: How many varieties of seedless grapes are there? 

answers: text: Vitis vinifera
question: What species of grape are grown by Thompson Seedless? 

answers: text: cold
question: What type of climate are Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes specifically cultivated for? 

answers: text: Vitis vinifera
question: What species of grape are grown by Black Monukka?

context: Anthocyanins tend to be the main polyphenolics in purple grapes whereas flavan-3-ols (i.e. catechins) are the more abundant phenolic in white varieties. Total phenolic content, a laboratory index of antioxidant strength, is higher in purple varieties due almost entirely to anthocyanin density in purple grape skin compared to absence of anthocyanins in white grape skin. It is these anthocyanins that are attracting the efforts of scientists to define their properties for human health. Phenolic content of grape skin varies with cultivar, soil composition, climate, geographic origin, and cultivation practices or exposure to diseases, such as fungal infections.
qas: answers: text: Anthocyanins
question: What are the most abundant polyphenolics in purple grapes?

answers: text: Total phenolic content
question: What is the laboratory index of antioxidant strength in grapes known as? 

answers: text: Phenolic content
question: What content of a grapes skin can be affected by soil composition, climate, and cultivation practices? 

answers: text: anthocyanins
question: Why causes antioxidant strength to be higher in purple grapes?

answers: text: flavan-3-ols
question: What is the main phenolic in white grapes?

context: The Catholic Church uses wine in the celebration of the Eucharist because it is part of the tradition passed down through the ages starting with Jesus Christ at the Last Supper, where Catholics believe the consecrated bread and wine literally become the body and blood of Jesus Christ, a dogma known as transubstantiation. Wine is used (not grape juice) both due to its strong Scriptural roots, and also to follow the tradition set by the early Christian Church. The Code of Canon Law of the Catholic Church (1983), Canon 924 says that the wine used must be natural, made from grapes of the vine, and not corrupt. In some circumstances, a priest may obtain special permission to use grape juice for the consecration, however this is extremely rare and typically requires sufficient impetus to warrant such a dispensation, such as personal health of the priest.
qas: answers: text: The Catholic Church
question: What church uses wine to celebrate the Eucharist?

answers: text: the Last Supper
question: When was Jesus Christ known to have used wine in celebration? 

answers: text: Canon 924
question: Where in the Code of Canon Law does it say that wine must be natural and not corrupt?

answers: text: grape juice
question: What may a priest use in place of wine for consecration for health reasons?

answers: text: transubstantiation
question: What is the Catholic dogma known as that believes that consecrated bread and wine from the Last Supper literally became the body and blood of Jesus Christ?