Tuberculosis

context: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections do not have symptoms, known as latent tuberculosis. About 10% of latent infections progress to active disease which, if left untreated, kills about half of those infected. The classic symptoms of active TB are a chronic cough with blood-containing sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. The historical term "consumption" came about due to the weight loss. Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms.
qas: answers: text: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
question: What bacterium causes tuberculosis infection?

answers: text: lungs
question: What primary body part is affected by tuberculosis?

answers: text: 10%
question: Roughly, what percentage of latent tuberculosis infections result in active tuberculosis?

answers: text: fever
question: Along with cough, weight loss, and night sweats, what's the fourth classic symptom of the disease?

answers: text: consumption
question: What name has been used to refer to tuberculosis because of associated weight loss?

context: One-third of the world's population is thought to be infected with TB. New infections occur in about 1% of the population each year. In 2014, there were 9.6 million cases of active TB which resulted in 1.5 million deaths. More than 95% of deaths occurred in developing countries. The number of new cases each year has decreased since 2000. About 80% of people in many Asian and African countries test positive while 5–10% of people in the United States population tests positive by the tuberculin test. Tuberculosis has been present in humans since ancient times.
qas: answers: text: One-third
question: How much of the entire population of the planet is estimated to be carrying tuberculosis?

answers: text: 9.6 million
question: How many cases of tuberculosis were active over the course of 2014?

answers: text: 1.5 million
question: In 2014, how many people died from TB?

answers: text: developing countries
question: Does the majority of fatalities from TB occur in developing countries or industrialized nations?

answers: text: decreased
question: Has TB infection increased or decreased worldwide since the start of the 21st century?

context: If a tuberculosis infection does become active, it most commonly involves the lungs (in about 90% of cases). Symptoms may include chest pain and a prolonged cough producing sputum. About 25% of people may not have any symptoms (i.e. they remain "asymptomatic"). Occasionally, people may cough up blood in small amounts, and in very rare cases, the infection may erode into the pulmonary artery or a Rasmussen's aneurysm, resulting in massive bleeding. Tuberculosis may become a chronic illness and cause extensive scarring in the upper lobes of the lungs. The upper lung lobes are more frequently affected by tuberculosis than the lower ones. The reason for this difference is not clear. It may be due either to better air flow, or to poor lymph drainage within the upper lungs.
qas: answers: text: upper lung lobes
question: Which lobes of the lungs are more often affected by TB?

answers: text: massive bleeding
question: What symptom will result if TB infection causes a Rasmussen's aneurysm?

answers: text: 25%
question: What percentage of tuberculosis infections don't ever manifest in symptoms of the disease?

answers: text: scarring
question: If TB becomes chronic, what lasting effect might it have on the lung's upper lobes?

answers: text: 90%
question: Approximately what percentage of active TB cases affect the lungs?

context: In 15–20% of active cases, the infection spreads outside the lungs, causing other kinds of TB. These are collectively denoted as "extrapulmonary tuberculosis". Extrapulmonary TB occurs more commonly in immunosuppressed persons and young children. In those with HIV, this occurs in more than 50% of cases. Notable extrapulmonary infection sites include the pleura (in tuberculous pleurisy), the central nervous system (in tuberculous meningitis), the lymphatic system (in scrofula of the neck), the genitourinary system (in urogenital tuberculosis), and the bones and joints (in Pott disease of the spine), among others. When it spreads to the bones, it is also known as "osseous tuberculosis", a form of osteomyelitis. Sometimes, bursting of a tubercular abscess through skin results in tuberculous ulcer. An ulcer originating from nearby infected lymph nodes is painless, slowly enlarging and has an appearance of "wash leather". A potentially more serious, widespread form of TB is called "disseminated tuberculosis", also known as miliary tuberculosis. Miliary TB makes up about 10% of extrapulmonary cases.
qas: answers: text: extrapulmonary tuberculosis
question: What's the medical term for TB when it spreads from the lungs to other parts of the body?

answers: text: 50%
question: At least what percentage of HIV-positive patients who contract TB will experience extrapulmonary infection?

answers: text: miliary tuberculosis
question: What's the other name for "disseminated tuberculosis"?

answers: text: young children
question: Along with people with diminished immune function, like HIV patients, what group of people is more likely to develop extrapulmonary TB?

answers: text: tuberculous meningitis
question: If TB infection spreads to the central nervous system, what is it called?

context: The main cause of TB is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a small, aerobic, nonmotile bacillus. The high lipid content of this pathogen accounts for many of its unique clinical characteristics. It divides every 16 to 20 hours, which is an extremely slow rate compared with other bacteria, which usually divide in less than an hour. Mycobacteria have an outer membrane lipid bilayer. If a Gram stain is performed, MTB either stains very weakly "Gram-positive" or does not retain dye as a result of the high lipid and mycolic acid content of its cell wall. MTB can withstand weak disinfectants and survive in a dry state for weeks. In nature, the bacterium can grow only within the cells of a host organism, but M. tuberculosis can be cultured in the laboratory.
qas: answers: text: lipid
question: The uniqueness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is due to its high level of what type of molecule?

answers: text: slow
question: Is the division rate of the TB bacterium fast or slow relative to other bacteria?

answers: text: a host organism
question: In nature, what "helper" does the MTB bacterium require to grow?

answers: text: 16 to 20 hours
question: How long is the period between division of MTB cells?

answers: text: less than an hour
question: How much time does it take most bacteria to divide?

context: Using histological stains on expectorated samples from phlegm (also called "sputum"), scientists can identify MTB under a microscope. Since MTB retains certain stains even after being treated with acidic solution, it is classified as an acid-fast bacillus. The most common acid-fast staining techniques are the Ziehl–Neelsen stain and the Kinyoun stain, which dye acid-fast bacilli a bright red that stands out against a blue background. Auramine-rhodamine staining and fluorescence microscopy are also used.
qas: answers: text: phlegm
question: What's another word for "sputum"?

answers: text: Ziehl–Neelsen stain
question: One of the two standard acid-fast staining techniques is the Kinyoun stain; what's the other?

answers: text: bright red
question: What color will acid-fast bacilli become when stained?

answers: text: acid-fast
question: What's the term for bacillus that can be exposed to acidic solutions without losing their stains?

answers: text: fluorescence
question: If a scientist didn't want to use an acid-fast staining technique, what type of microscopy could they use instead?

context: The M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) includes four other TB-causing mycobacteria: M. bovis, M. africanum, M. canetti, and M. microti. M. africanum is not widespread, but it is a significant cause of tuberculosis in parts of Africa. M. bovis was once a common cause of tuberculosis, but the introduction of pasteurized milk has almost completely eliminated this as a public health problem in developed countries. M. canetti is rare and seems to be limited to the Horn of Africa, although a few cases have been seen in African emigrants. M. microti is also rare and is seen almost only in immunodeficient people, although its prevalence may be significantly underestimated.
qas: answers: text: M. bovis
question: Which mycobacterium that causes TB can often be found in unpasteurized milk?

answers: text: M. canetti
question: Which one of the tuberculosis mycobacteria is associated with the Horn of Africa?

answers: text: M. microti
question: Which of the four TB-causing bacteria do scientists think might be more common than we know?

answers: text: M. africanum
question: What bacterium has the name of the country it affects most in its name?

context: People with prolonged, frequent, or close contact with people with TB are at particularly high risk of becoming infected, with an estimated 22% infection rate. A person with active but untreated tuberculosis may infect 10–15 (or more) other people per year. Transmission should occur from only people with active TB – those with latent infection are not thought to be contagious. The probability of transmission from one person to another depends upon several factors, including the number of infectious droplets expelled by the carrier, the effectiveness of ventilation, the duration of exposure, the virulence of the M. tuberculosis strain, the level of immunity in the uninfected person, and others. The cascade of person-to-person spread can be circumvented by segregating those with active ("overt") TB and putting them on anti-TB drug regimens. After about two weeks of effective treatment, subjects with nonresistant active infections generally do not remain contagious to others. If someone does become infected, it typically takes three to four weeks before the newly infected person becomes infectious enough to transmit the disease to others.
qas: answers: text: 22%
question: If you're around someone with active TB, what's the chance you'll contract it expressed as a percentage?

answers: text: 10–15
question: Left untreated, about how many people could contract tuberculosis from an active TB patient in a year?

answers: text: two weeks
question: About how long will a TB patient receiving effective treatment stay contagious?

answers: text: three to four weeks
question: If you contracted tuberculosis today, what's the estimated gestation period before you could spread the infection to others?

answers: text: overt
question: What term is interchangeable with "active" when talking about tuberculosis infection?

context: TB infection begins when the mycobacteria reach the pulmonary alveoli, where they invade and replicate within endosomes of alveolar macrophages. Macrophages identify the bacterium as foreign and attempt to eliminate it by phagocytosis. During this process, the bacterium is enveloped by the macrophage and stored temporarily in a membrane-bound vesicle called a phagosome. The phagosome then combines with a lysosome to create a phagolysosome. In the phagolysosome, the cell attempts to use reactive oxygen species and acid to kill the bacterium. However, M. tuberculosis has a thick, waxy mycolic acid capsule that protects it from these toxic substances. M. tuberculosis is able to reproduce inside the macrophage and will eventually kill the immune cell.
qas: answers: text: pulmonary alveoli
question: What specific part of the lungs marks the start of tuberculosis infection?

answers: text: phagocytosis
question: What's the process by which macrophages try to get rid of the TB bacterium?

answers: text: a phagolysosome
question: What do you get when you combine a lysosome and a phagosome?

answers: text: mycolic acid capsule
question: What does the M. tuberculosis bacterium have that protects it from being affected by toxins?

answers: text: phagosome
question: What vesicle is the temporary holding room for the M. tuberculosis bacterium during phagocytosis?

context: The primary site of infection in the lungs, known as the "Ghon focus", is generally located in either the upper part of the lower lobe, or the lower part of the upper lobe. Tuberculosis of the lungs may also occur via infection from the blood stream. This is known as a Simon focus and is typically found in the top of the lung. This hematogenous transmission can also spread infection to more distant sites, such as peripheral lymph nodes, the kidneys, the brain, and the bones. All parts of the body can be affected by the disease, though for unknown reasons it rarely affects the heart, skeletal muscles, pancreas, or thyroid.
qas: answers: text: Ghon focus
question: What two-word phrase is used for the main part of the lungs infected by TB?

answers: text: Simon focus
question: If the lungs are infected by TB via bloodstream, what's the type of focus?

answers: text: the top
question: In what general area of the lungs is SImon focus usually located?

answers: text: hematogenous
question: What is the term that describes a blood-borne infection, like TB when it travels through the blood to the kidneys or brain?

answers: text: pancreas
question: Four areas of the body are usually safe from TB infection, including skeletal muscles, heart, and thyroid; what's the fourth?

context: Tuberculosis is classified as one of the granulomatous inflammatory diseases. Macrophages, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and fibroblasts aggregate to form granulomas, with lymphocytes surrounding the infected macrophages. When other macrophages attack the infected macrophage, they fuse together to form a giant multinucleated cell in the alveolar lumen. The granuloma may prevent dissemination of the mycobacteria and provide a local environment for interaction of cells of the immune system. However, more recent evidence suggests that the bacteria use the granulomas to avoid destruction by the host's immune system. Macrophages and dendritic cells in the granulomas are unable to present antigen to lymphocytes; thus the immune response is suppressed. Bacteria inside the granuloma can become dormant, resulting in latent infection. Another feature of the granulomas is the development of abnormal cell death (necrosis) in the center of tubercles. To the naked eye, this has the texture of soft, white cheese and is termed caseous necrosis.
qas: answers: text: granulomatous inflammatory
question: What specific type of disease is TB?

answers: text: lymphocytes
question: What type of cells gather around infected macrophages in a person infected with TB?

answers: text: multinucleated
question: What type of cell forms when macrophages clump together trying to kill off the TB infection?

answers: text: immune response
question: What natural defensive response is hindered by cells in granulomas that can't send antigen to lymphocytes?

answers: text: necrosis
question: What's the technical term for abnormal cell death?

context: In many people, the infection waxes and wanes. Tissue destruction and necrosis are often balanced by healing and fibrosis. Affected tissue is replaced by scarring and cavities filled with caseous necrotic material. During active disease, some of these cavities are joined to the air passages bronchi and this material can be coughed up. It contains living bacteria, so can spread the infection. Treatment with appropriate antibiotics kills bacteria and allows healing to take place. Upon cure, affected areas are eventually replaced by scar tissue.
qas: answers: text: scarring
question: What process replaces tissue damaged by TB?

answers: text: caseous necrotic material
question: What material can sometimes be expelled by coughing if the cavities it's stored in connect to bronchi?

answers: text: antibiotics
question: What type of bacteria-attacking medicine will treat tuberculosis?

answers: text: living
question: Are the bacteria in caseous necrotic material living or dead?

context: Diagnosing active tuberculosis based only on signs and symptoms is difficult, as is diagnosing the disease in those who are immunosuppressed. A diagnosis of TB should, however, be considered in those with signs of lung disease or constitutional symptoms lasting longer than two weeks. A chest X-ray and multiple sputum cultures for acid-fast bacilli are typically part of the initial evaluation. Interferon-γ release assays and tuberculin skin tests are of little use in the developing world. IGRA have similar limitations in those with HIV.
qas: answers: text: difficult
question: Is active TB difficult or easy to diagnose by patients' symptoms alone?

answers: text: two weeks
question: If a patient has some symptoms associated with TB, after what time period should tuberculosis be diagnostically considered?

answers: text: chest
question: What part of the body would be X-rayed to check for TB?

answers: text: acid-fast bacilli
question: What sign of TB infection would a lab be looking for in a sputum culture?

answers: text: tuberculin skin tests
question: Along with interferon-y release essays, what other tests aren't useful in TB diagnosis in developing countries?

context: The Mantoux tuberculin skin test is often used to screen people at high risk for TB. Those who have been previously immunized may have a false-positive test result. The test may be falsely negative in those with sarcoidosis, Hodgkin's lymphoma, malnutrition, and most notably, active tuberculosis. Interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs), on a blood sample, are recommended in those who are positive to the Mantoux test. These are not affected by immunization or most environmental mycobacteria, so they generate fewer false-positive results. However, they are affected by M. szulgai, M. marinum, and M. kansasii. IGRAs may increase sensitivity when used in addition to the skin test, but may be less sensitive than the skin test when used alone.
qas: answers: text: false-positive
question: What result might someone who has received a TB vaccination get from the Mantoux test?

answers: text: blood
question: What liquid would you need from a patient to perform IGRAs?

answers: text: increase
question: In combination with skin tests, are IGRAs associated with an increase or decrease in sensitivity?

answers: text: IGRAs
question: Which test has fewer false positives: IGRAs or the Mantoux skin test?

answers: text: Interferon gamma release assays
question: What does "IGRAs" stand for?

context: It is the most widely used vaccine worldwide, with more than 90% of all children being vaccinated. The immunity it induces decreases after about ten years. As tuberculosis is uncommon in most of Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, BCG is administered only to those people at high risk. Part of the reasoning against the use of the vaccine is that it makes the tuberculin skin test falsely positive, reducing the test's use in screening. A number of new vaccines are currently in development.
qas: answers: text: ten years
question: For about how long does full immunity from the TB vaccine last?

answers: text: 90%
question: What percentage of kids in the whole world get the BCG vaccine?

answers: text: uncommon
question: Is TB common or uncommon in the United States?

answers: text: the United Kingdom
question: In addition to the U.S. and Canada, what European country sees very few tuberculosis infections?

answers: text: high risk
question: What segment of the population gets the TB vaccine in countries like Canada with a very low incidence of infection?

context: The World Health Organization declared TB a "global health emergency" in 1993, and in 2006, the Stop TB Partnership developed a Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis that aims to save 14 million lives between its launch and 2015. A number of targets they have set are not likely to be achieved by 2015, mostly due to the increase in HIV-associated tuberculosis and the emergence of multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis. A tuberculosis classification system developed by the American Thoracic Society is used primarily in public health programs.
qas: answers: text: Stop TB Partnership
question: What group heads up the Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis?

answers: text: 1993
question: In what year did the WHO say tuberculosis was a "global health emergency"?

answers: text: 14 million
question: How many lives did the Stop TB Partnership vow to save in the nine years between its start and 2015?

answers: text: HIV-associated tuberculosis
question: Drug-resistant TB is one of the barriers to success of the Stop TB Partnership's initiative; what's the other other?

answers: text: American Thoracic Society
question: What organization created a system to classify various types of TB?

context: Treatment of TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Effective TB treatment is difficult, due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall, which hinders the entry of drugs and makes many antibiotics ineffective. The two antibiotics most commonly used are isoniazid and rifampicin, and treatments can be prolonged, taking several months. Latent TB treatment usually employs a single antibiotic, while active TB disease is best treated with combinations of several antibiotics to reduce the risk of the bacteria developing antibiotic resistance. People with latent infections are also treated to prevent them from progressing to active TB disease later in life. Directly observed therapy, i.e., having a health care provider watch the person take their medications, is recommended by the WHO in an effort to reduce the number of people not appropriately taking antibiotics. The evidence to support this practice over people simply taking their medications independently is poor. Methods to remind people of the importance of treatment do, however, appear effective.
qas: answers: text: wall
question: What part of the mycobacterial cell makes tuberculosis more difficult to treat?

answers: text: rifampicin
question: Isoniazid is one of the two most popular drugs for TB treatment; what's the other one?

answers: text: antibiotic resistance
question: What complication does the use of combinations of antibiotics for active TB prevent?

answers: text: Directly observed therapy
question: What's the three-word name for the method where a health care worker watches their patient take their medication?

answers: text: WHO
question: What organization recommends directly observed therapy to make sure people take their antibiotics correctly?

context: Primary resistance occurs when a person becomes infected with a resistant strain of TB. A person with fully susceptible MTB may develop secondary (acquired) resistance during therapy because of inadequate treatment, not taking the prescribed regimen appropriately (lack of compliance), or using low-quality medication. Drug-resistant TB is a serious public health issue in many developing countries, as its treatment is longer and requires more expensive drugs. MDR-TB is defined as resistance to the two most effective first-line TB drugs: rifampicin and isoniazid. Extensively drug-resistant TB is also resistant to three or more of the six classes of second-line drugs. Totally drug-resistant TB is resistant to all currently used drugs. It was first observed in 2003 in Italy, but not widely reported until 2012, and has also been found in Iran and India. Bedaquiline is tentatively supported for use in multiple drug-resistant TB.
qas: answers: text: MDR-TB
question: If a person has TB that's resistant to rifampicin and isoniazid, which type of the disease do they have?

answers: text: three
question: What's the minimum number of second-line medication classes your TB would have to resist to make it count as "extensively drug-resistant"?

answers: text: Italy
question: In what country was the first case of totally drug-resistant tuberculosis?

answers: text: Bedaquiline
question: What's the only antibiotic that might be effective against totally drug-resistant TB?

answers: text: Iran
question: Cases of totally drug-resistant TB have been found in what country in addition to Italy and India?

context: The risk of reactivation increases with immunosuppression, such as that caused by infection with HIV. In people coinfected with M. tuberculosis and HIV, the risk of reactivation increases to 10% per year. Studies using DNA fingerprinting of M. tuberculosis strains have shown reinfection contributes more substantially to recurrent TB than previously thought, with estimates that it might account for more than 50% of reactivated cases in areas where TB is common. The chance of death from a case of tuberculosis is about 4% as of 2008, down from 8% in 1995.
qas: answers: text: reactivation
question: As immunosuppression goes up in tuberculosis cases, what risk rises with it? 

answers: text: HIV
question: What disease has a similar relationship as TB does between reactivation and immunosuppression?

answers: text: 8%
question: If you'd been diagnosed with tuberculosis in 1995, how great a chance would you have faced of dying from it?

answers: text: 2008
question: In what year did the risk of dying from TB reach half what it was in 1995?

answers: text: reinfection
question: New studies have found that half of reactivation cases of tuberculosis might actually be due to what other "re-" word?

context: Roughly one-third of the world's population has been infected with M. tuberculosis, with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year. However, most infections with M. tuberculosis do not cause TB disease, and 90–95% of infections remain asymptomatic. In 2012, an estimated 8.6 million chronic cases were active. In 2010, 8.8 million new cases of TB were diagnosed, and 1.20–1.45 million deaths occurred, most of these occurring in developing countries. Of these 1.45 million deaths, about 0.35 million occur in those also infected with HIV.
qas: answers: text: one-third
question: At any given time, about how much of all the people in the world has M. tuberculosis?

answers: text: 8.6 million
question: Approximately how many active TB cases were there in 2012?

answers: text: 8.8 million
question: How many patients were diagnosed with tuberculosis in 2010?

answers: text: 0.35 million
question: About how many people died in 2010 carrying both HIV and TB?

answers: text: 1%
question: What percentage of the world's total population gets infected with tuberculosis every year?

context: Tuberculosis is the second-most common cause of death from infectious disease (after those due to HIV/AIDS). The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005, while new cases have decreased since 2002. China has achieved particularly dramatic progress, with about an 80% reduction in its TB mortality rate between 1990 and 2010. The number of new cases has declined by 17% between 2004–2014. Tuberculosis is more common in developing countries; about 80% of the population in many Asian and African countries test positive in tuberculin tests, while only 5–10% of the US population test positive. Hopes of totally controlling the disease have been dramatically dampened because of a number of factors, including the difficulty of developing an effective vaccine, the expensive and time-consuming diagnostic process, the necessity of many months of treatment, the increase in HIV-associated tuberculosis, and the emergence of drug-resistant cases in the 1980s.
qas: answers: text: HIV/AIDS
question: What infectious disease causes more deaths than tuberculosis?

answers: text: 2002
question: When did new cases of TB infection start going down?

answers: text: China
question: What country has had the most success reducing the TB mortality rate?

answers: text: 1980s
question: In what decade did some strains of drug-resistant TB start showing up?

answers: text: 80%
question: How much did China reduce its rate of death from TB in the 20 years leading up to 2010?

context: In 2007, the country with the highest estimated incidence rate of TB was Swaziland, with 1,200 cases per 100,000 people. India had the largest total incidence, with an estimated 2.0 million new cases. In developed countries, tuberculosis is less common and is found mainly in urban areas. Rates per 100,000 people in different areas of the world were: globally 178, Africa 332, the Americas 36, Eastern Mediterranean 173, Europe 63, Southeast Asia 278, and Western Pacific 139 in 2010. In Canada and Australia, tuberculosis is many times more common among the aboriginal peoples, especially in remote areas. In the United States Native Americans have a fivefold greater mortality from TB, and racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 84% of all reported TB cases.
qas: answers: text: 1,200
question: Out of every 100,000 people in Swaziland in 2007, how many were infected with tuberculosis?

answers: text: India
question: What country had a record-setting 2 million new cases of TB in 2007?

answers: text: aboriginal
question: What people in Australia and Canada have a much higher risk of TB infection than other residents?

answers: text: Native Americans
question: What indigenous people in the U.S. are five times more likely to die from TB?

answers: text: 84%
question: What percentage of TB cases in America are diagnosed in minority groups?

context: Tuberculosis has been present in humans since antiquity. The earliest unambiguous detection of M. tuberculosis involves evidence of the disease in the remains of bison in Wyoming dated to around 17,000 years ago. However, whether tuberculosis originated in bovines, then was transferred to humans, or whether it diverged from a common ancestor, is currently unclear. A comparison of the genes of M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) in humans to MTBC in animals suggests humans did not acquire MTBC from animals during animal domestication, as was previously believed. Both strains of the tuberculosis bacteria share a common ancestor, which could have infected humans as early as the Neolithic Revolution.
qas: answers: text: bison
question: What animal was found with 17,000-year-old damage from tuberculosis?

answers: text: M. tuberculosis complex
question: What does MTBC stand for?

answers: text: Neolithic Revolution
question: During what time period do some scientist believe the first human could have contracted TB from an ancestor they shared with animals?

answers: text: Wyoming
question: In which U.S. state was the oldest definitive evidence of TB found?

context: The bacillus causing tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis, was identified and described on 24 March 1882 by Robert Koch. He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1905 for this discovery. Koch did not believe the bovine (cattle) and human tuberculosis diseases were similar, which delayed the recognition of infected milk as a source of infection. Later, the risk of transmission from this source was dramatically reduced by the invention of the pasteurization process. Koch announced a glycerine extract of the tubercle bacilli as a "remedy" for tuberculosis in 1890, calling it "tuberculin". While it was not effective, it was later successfully adapted as a screening test for the presence of pre-symptomatic tuberculosis. The World Tuberculosis Day was established on 24 March for this reason.
qas: answers: text: Robert Koch
question: Who discovered M. tuberculosis?

answers: text: 1905
question: What year was Koch awarded a Nobel Prize?

answers: text: milk
question: Koch's conviction that human and bovine strains of TB were unrelated meant more people were exposed by drinking what?

answers: text: tuberculin
question: What did Koch call the ineffective treatment for TB he came up with in 1890?

answers: text: World Tuberculosis Day
question: What event is celebrated on March 24th to recognize the test for latent TB?

context: Tuberculosis caused the most widespread public concern in the 19th and early 20th centuries as an endemic disease of the urban poor. In 1815, one in four deaths in England was due to "consumption". By 1918, one in six deaths in France was still caused by TB. After TB was determined to be contagious, in the 1880s, it was put on a notifiable disease list in Britain; campaigns were started to stop people from spitting in public places, and the infected poor were "encouraged" to enter sanatoria that resembled prisons (the sanatoria for the middle and upper classes offered excellent care and constant medical attention). Whatever the (purported) benefits of the "fresh air" and labor in the sanatoria, even under the best conditions, 50% of those who entered died within five years (circa 1916).
qas: answers: text: consumption
question: What was tuberculosis called in 19th-century England?

answers: text: one
question: How many deaths out of every six in France during 1918 were attributed to tuberculosis?

answers: text: 1880s
question: In what decade was TB's communicability finally realized?

answers: text: spitting
question: What did Britain try to get people to stop doing to reduce the spread of TB in public?

answers: text: sanatoria
question: What were the "treatment" facilities for poor people with TB in the early 1900s called?

context: In Europe, rates of tuberculosis began to rise in the early 1600s to a peak level in the 1800s, when it caused nearly 25% of all deaths. By the 1950s, mortality had decreased nearly 90%. Improvements in public health began significantly reducing rates of tuberculosis even before the arrival of streptomycin and other antibiotics, although the disease remained a significant threat to public health such that when the Medical Research Council was formed in Britain in 1913, its initial focus was tuberculosis research.
qas: answers: text: 1800s
question: When did the incidence of TB in Europe reach its highest point?

answers: text: 25%
question: When tuberculosis was at its worst in Europe, what percentage of deaths was TB-related?

answers: text: Medical Research Council
question: What British health organization made tuberculosis its top priority at its start?

answers: text: 1913
question: What year was the Medical Research Council created?

answers: text: 90%
question: About how much had the death rate from TB been reduced in Europe by the midpoint of the 20th century?

context: Slow progress has led to frustration, expressed by executive director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria – Mark Dybul: "we have the tools to end TB as a pandemic and public health threat on the planet, but we are not doing it." Several international organizations are pushing for more transparency in treatment, and more countries are implementing mandatory reporting of cases to the government, although adherence is often sketchy. Commercial treatment-providers may at times overprescribe second-line drugs as well as supplementary treatment, promoting demands for further regulations. The government of Brazil provides universal TB-care, which reduces this problem. Conversely, falling rates of TB-infection may not relate to the number of programs directed at reducing infection rates, but may be tied to increased level of education, income and health of the population. Costs of the disease, as calculated by the World Bank in 2009 may exceed 150 billion USD per year in "high burden" countries. Lack of progress eradicating the disease may also be due to lack of patient follow-up – as among the 250M rural migrants in China.
qas: answers: text: Mark Dybul
question: What member of leadership at the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria called TB a "pandemic"?

answers: text: Brazil
question: What country covers treatment for tuberculosis for its citizens?

answers: text: World Bank
question: What organization said some countries might be spending as much as $150 billion each year on TB?

answers: text: rural migrants
question: What population segment in China struggles to get follow-up care for TB infection?

answers: text: regulations
question: What do some people think we need more of to prevent for-profit providers of TB treatment from over-prescribing?

context: One way to decrease stigma may be through the promotion of "TB clubs", where those infected may share experiences and offer support, or through counseling. Some studies have shown TB education programs to be effective in decreasing stigma, and may thus be effective in increasing treatment adherence. Despite this, studies on relationship between reduced stigma and mortality are lacking as of 2010, and similar efforts to decrease stigma surrounding AIDS have been minimally effective. Some have claimed the stigma to be worse than the disease, and healthcare providers may unintentionally reinforce stigma, as those with TB are often perceived as difficult or otherwise undesirable. A greater understanding of the social and cultural dimensions of tuberculosis may also help with stigma reduction.
qas: answers: text: TB clubs
question: What groups might help tuberculosis patients share with and support each other?

answers: text: increasing treatment adherence
question: Education about TB seems to decrease the stigma of the disease and lead to what other positive effect?

answers: text: the stigma
question: What do some people say is even worse than the effects of tuberculosis itself?

answers: text: healthcare providers
question: What group of people can add to the TB stigma by treating patients as troublesome or unwanted?

answers: text: 2010
question: As recently as what year were there no studies on how TB mortality is connected to stigma?

context: The BCG vaccine has limitations, and research to develop new TB vaccines is ongoing. A number of potential candidates are currently in phase I and II clinical trials. Two main approaches are being used to attempt to improve the efficacy of available vaccines. One approach involves adding a subunit vaccine to BCG, while the other strategy is attempting to create new and better live vaccines. MVA85A, an example of a subunit vaccine, currently in trials in South Africa, is based on a genetically modified vaccinia virus. Vaccines are hoped to play a significant role in treatment of both latent and active disease.
qas: answers: text: BCG
question: What vaccine are researchers trying to improve on?

answers: text: I and II
question: What phase of clinical trials have some new vaccine options reached?

answers: text: subunit vaccine
question: What does one option propose adding to the existing BCG vaccine? 

answers: text: MVA85A
question: What's the name of the subunit vaccine being studied in South Africa?

answers: text: vaccinia
question: What genetically modified virus was used to develop MVA85A?

context: To encourage further discovery, researchers and policymakers are promoting new economic models of vaccine development, including prizes, tax incentives, and advance market commitments. A number of groups, including the Stop TB Partnership, the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, and the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, are involved with research. Among these, the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation received a gift of more than $280 million (US) from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to develop and license an improved vaccine against tuberculosis for use in high burden countries.
qas: answers: text: Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation
question: What organization did the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation donate $280 million to?

answers: text: prizes
question: Policymakers believe tax incentives, market commitments, and what third incentive will speed up vaccine development?

answers: text: South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative
question: What group with the initials SATVI is researching TB vaccines?

answers: text: Stop TB Partnership
question: What nonprofit tuberculosis research foundation has a verb in its name?

context: A number of medications are being studied for multi drug resistant tuberculosis including: bedaquiline and delamanid. Bedaquiline received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in late 2012. The safety and effectiveness of these new agents are still uncertain, because they are based on the results of a relatively small studies. However, existing data suggest that patients taking bedaquiline in addition to standard TB therapy are five times more likely to die than those without the new drug, which has resulted in medical journal articles raising health policy questions about why the FDA approved the drug and whether financial ties to the company making bedaquiline influenced physicians' support for its use 
qas: answers: text: Bedaquiline
question: What drug in the running to treat multi drug resistant TB has already gotten FDA approval?

answers: text: 2012
question: What year did the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approve bedaquiline?

answers: text: five times
question: Despite FDA approval, how much more likely to die are patients who take bedaquiline in addition to the standard TB regimen?

answers: text: physicians
question: Opposition to the use of bedaquiline think what providers were influenced by a connection with the drug company?

answers: text: medical journal
question: What type of publication has put out articles questioning bedaquiline's safety?