High-definition_television

context: The term high definition once described a series of television systems originating from August 1936; however, these systems were only high definition when compared to earlier systems that were based on mechanical systems with as few as 30 lines of resolution. The ongoing competition between companies and nations to create true "HDTV" spanned the entire 20th century, as each new system became more HD than the last.In the beginning of the 21st century, this race has continued with 4k, 5k and current 8K systems.
qas: answers: text: 1936
question: The term "high definition" originally described televisions systems from what year?

answers: text: mechanical systems with as few as 30 lines of resolution
question: Earlier television systems were based on what?

answers: text: 20th
question: During which entire century were companies and nations trying to achieve true HDTV?

answers: text: 21st
question: In what century were 4k, 5k, and 8k systems introduced?

answers: text: 8K
question: What is the most current HDTV system development?

context: The British high-definition TV service started trials in August 1936 and a regular service on 2 November 1936 using both the (mechanical) Baird 240 line sequential scan (later to be inaccurately rechristened 'progressive') and the (electronic) Marconi-EMI 405 line interlaced systems. The Baird system was discontinued in February 1937. In 1938 France followed with their own 441-line system, variants of which were also used by a number of other countries. The US NTSC 525-line system joined in 1941. In 1949 France introduced an even higher-resolution standard at 819 lines, a system that should have been high definition even by today's standards, but was monochrome only and the technical limitations of the time prevented it from achieving the definition of which it should have been capable. All of these systems used interlacing and a 4:3 aspect ratio except the 240-line system which was progressive (actually described at the time by the technically correct term "sequential") and the 405-line system which started as 5:4 and later changed to 4:3. The 405-line system adopted the (at that time) revolutionary idea of interlaced scanning to overcome the flicker problem of the 240-line with its 25 Hz frame rate. The 240-line system could have doubled its frame rate but this would have meant that the transmitted signal would have doubled in bandwidth, an unacceptable option as the video baseband bandwidth was required to be not more than 3 MHz.
qas: answers: text: The British high-definition TV service
question: Who started trials in August 1936?

answers: text: February 1937
question: When was the Baird system discontinued?

answers: text: France
question: Which country developed the 441-line system?

answers: text: the technical limitations of the time
question: What prevented France's 819-line system from achieving the definition it was capable of?

answers: text: 405-line system
question: Which system used interlaced scanning to correct the flicker problem of the 240-line?

context: Colour broadcasts started at similarly higher resolutions, first with the US NTSC color system in 1953, which was compatible with the earlier monochrome systems and therefore had the same 525 lines of resolution. European standards did not follow until the 1960s, when the PAL and SECAM color systems were added to the monochrome 625 line broadcasts.
qas: answers: text: 1953,
question: What year did color broadcasts start in the US?

answers: text: 525
question: How many lines of resolution did the US NTSC color system have in 1953?

answers: text: 1960s
question: When did Europe begin color broadcasts?

answers: text: Europe
question: The PAL and SECAM were color systems where?

answers: text: 625
question: How many lines of resolution were the European monochrome broadcasts?

context: The Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai (NHK, the Japan Broadcasting Corporation) began conducting research to "unlock the fundamental mechanism of video and sound interactions with the five human senses" in 1964, after the Tokyo Olympics. NHK set out to create an HDTV system that ended up scoring much higher in subjective tests than NTSC's previously dubbed "HDTV". This new system, NHK Color, created in 1972, included 1125 lines, a 5:3 aspect ratio and 60 Hz refresh rate. The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE), headed by Charles Ginsburg, became the testing and study authority for HDTV technology in the international theater. SMPTE would test HDTV systems from different companies from every conceivable perspective, but the problem of combining the different formats plagued the technology for many years.
qas: answers: text: Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai
question: What is the Japan Broadcasting Corporation called?

answers: text: Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai
question: What does NHK stand for in Japan?

answers: text: 1972
question: What year was NHK Color created?

answers: text: 5:3
question: What was the aspect ratio of the NHK Color?

answers: text: The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE)
question: What organization became the authority on testing and studying international HDTV technology? 

context: There were four major HDTV systems tested by SMPTE in the late 1970s, and in 1979 an SMPTE study group released A Study of High Definition Television Systems:
qas: answers: text: four
question: How many major HDTV systems were tested by SMPTE in the late 70's?

answers: text: SMPTE
question: Who tested the four major HDTV systems in the late 1970's?

answers: text: an SMPTE study group
question: Who released A Study of High Definition Television Systems?

answers: text: 1979
question: In what year was A Study of High Definition Television Systems released?

answers: text: A Study of High Definition Television Systems
question: What was released by an SMPTE study group in 1979?

context: Since the formal adoption of digital video broadcasting's (DVB) widescreen HDTV transmission modes in the early 2000s; the 525-line NTSC (and PAL-M) systems, as well as the European 625-line PAL and SECAM systems, are now regarded as standard definition television systems.
qas: answers: text: digital video broadcasting
question: What does DVB stand for?

answers: text: early 2000s
question: When was widescreen HDTV transmission modes formally adopted?

answers: text: SECAM systems
question: In addition to the 625-line PAL system, what European system is considered a standard definition television system?

answers: text: PAL-M
question: In addition to the NTSC system, what 525-line system is considered a standard definition television system?

answers: text: standard definition television systems
question: 525 and 625-line systems are now considered what?

context: In 1949, France started its transmissions with an 819 lines system (with 737 active lines). The system was monochrome only, and was used only on VHF for the first French TV channel. It was discontinued in 1983.
qas: answers: text: 1949
question: In what year did France start transmissions using and 819 line system?

answers: text: France
question: What country started transmissions using and 819 line system in 1949?

answers: text: an 819 lines system
question: What did France start transmissions with in 1949?

answers: text: monochrome only
question: Was France's 819 line system in color?

answers: text: 1983
question: When was France's 819 line system discontinued?

context: In 1958, the Soviet Union developed Тransformator (Russian: Трансформатор, meaning Transformer), the first high-resolution (definition) television system capable of producing an image composed of 1,125 lines of resolution aimed at providing teleconferencing for military command. It was a research project and the system was never deployed by either the military or consumer broadcasting.
qas: answers: text: a research project
question: In the end what was the Soviet Union's Transformator system used for?

answers: text: 1958
question: When did the Soviet Union develop Transformator?

answers: text: the Soviet Union
question: Who developed Transformator in 1958?

answers: text: 1,125
question: How many lines of resolution could an image using the Transformator system have?

answers: text: providing teleconferencing for military command
question: What was the goal of the Transformator system?

context: In 1979, the Japanese state broadcaster NHK first developed consumer high-definition television with a 5:3 display aspect ratio. The system, known as Hi-Vision or MUSE after its Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding for encoding the signal, required about twice the bandwidth of the existing NTSC system but provided about four times the resolution (1080i/1125 lines). Satellite test broadcasts started in 1989, with regular testing starting in 1991 and regular broadcasting of BS-9ch commencing on November 25, 1994, which featured commercial and NHK programming.
qas: answers: text: 1979
question: In what year did NHK first develop consumer HD television with a 5:3 aspect ratio?

answers: text: the Japanese state broadcaster NHK
question: Who first developed consumer HD television with a 5:3 aspect ratio?

answers: text: 1989
question: When did satellite test broadcasts of Hi-Vision start?

answers: text: November 25, 1994
question: When did regular broadcasting of BS-9ch start?

answers: text: 1991
question: When did regular testing of Hi-Vision start?

context: In 1981, the MUSE system was demonstrated for the first time in the United States, using the same 5:3 aspect ratio as the Japanese system. Upon visiting a demonstration of MUSE in Washington, US President Ronald Reagan was impressed and officially declared it "a matter of national interest" to introduce HDTV to the US.
qas: answers: text: 1981
question: When was the MUSE system demonstrated in the US first?

answers: text: 5:3
question: What aspect ratio did the MUSE system use when demonstrated in 1981?

answers: text: President Ronald Reagan
question: Which president declared it "a matter of national interest" to introduce HDTV to the US?

answers: text: MUSE
question: Which system was demonstrated in the US for the first time in 1981?

answers: text: MUSE
question: Which system was demonstrated in Washington to President Ronald Reagan?

context: Several systems were proposed as the new standard for the US, including the Japanese MUSE system, but all were rejected by the FCC because of their higher bandwidth requirements. At this time, the number of television channels was growing rapidly and bandwidth was already a problem. A new standard had to be more efficient, needing less bandwidth for HDTV than the existing NTSC.
qas: answers: text: their higher bandwidth requirements
question: Why did the FCC reject systems such as MUSE?

answers: text: television channels
question: What was increasing and consuming a lot of bandwidth?

answers: text: the FCC
question: Who rejected systems such as MUSE as the new standard for the US?

answers: text: had to be more efficient, needing less bandwidth
question: What was one of the requirements for a new standard system in the US?

answers: text: NTSC
question: What was the existing system at the time?

context: The limited standardization of analog HDTV in the 1990s did not lead to global HDTV adoption as technical and economic constraints at the time did not permit HDTV to use bandwidths greater than normal television.
qas: answers: text: technical and economic
question: What constraints kept HDTV from being widely adopted in the 90's?

answers: text: use bandwidths greater than normal television
question: What was HDTV not permitted to do in the 90's?

context: Early HDTV commercial experiments, such as NHK's MUSE, required over four times the bandwidth of a standard-definition broadcast. Despite efforts made to reduce analog HDTV to about twice the bandwidth of SDTV, these television formats were still distributable only by satellite.
qas: answers: text: over four times
question: How much more bandwith was required from early HDTV commercial experiments than an SD broadcast?

answers: text: about twice
question: Efforts were made to reduce analog HDTV to how much of the bandwith of SDTV?

answers: text: by satellite
question: Despite the reduced bandwith, HDTV format still had to be distributed how?

answers: text: Early HDTV commercial experiments
question: What kind of experiments required over four times the bandwith of a SDTV broadcast?

context: In addition, recording and reproducing an HDTV signal was a significant technical challenge in the early years of HDTV (Sony HDVS). Japan remained the only country with successful public broadcasting of analog HDTV, with seven broadcasters sharing a single channel.
qas: answers: text: seven
question: How many broadcasters did Japan have sharing a single channel?

answers: text: Japan
question: Which country had successful public analog HDTV broadcasting?

answers: text: recording and reproducing an HDTV signal
question: What was particularly challenging in the early years of HDTV?

answers: text: the only country with successful public broadcasting of analog HDTV
question: What accomplishment in early HDTV did Japan have?

context: Since 1972, International Telecommunication Union's radio telecommunications sector (ITU-R) had been working on creating a global recommendation for Analog HDTV. These recommendations, however, did not fit in the broadcasting bands which could reach home users. The standardization of MPEG-1 in 1993 also led to the acceptance of recommendations ITU-R BT.709. In anticipation of these standards the Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) organisation was formed, an alliance of broadcasters, consumer electronics manufacturers and regulatory bodies. The DVB develops and agrees upon specifications which are formally standardised by ETSI.
qas: answers: text: International Telecommunication Union's radio telecommunications sector
question: What does ITU-R stand for?

answers: text: Digital Video Broadcasting
question: What does DVB stand for?

answers: text: an alliance of broadcasters, consumer electronics manufacturers and regulatory bodies
question: What is the DVB?

answers: text: develops and agrees upon specifications
question: What is the DVB's role?

answers: text: ETSI
question: Who standardizes HDTV specifications?

context: DVB created first the standard for DVB-S digital satellite TV, DVB-C digital cable TV and DVB-T digital terrestrial TV. These broadcasting systems can be used for both SDTV and HDTV. In the US the Grand Alliance proposed ATSC as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV. Both ATSC and DVB were based on the MPEG-2 standard, although DVB systems may also be used to transmit video using the newer and more efficient H.264/MPEG-4 AVC compression standards. Common for all DVB standards is the use of highly efficient modulation techniques for further reducing bandwidth, and foremost for reducing receiver-hardware and antenna requirements.
qas: answers: text: ATSC
question: What did the Grand Alliance propose as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV?

answers: text: MPEG-2
question: Which standard were ATSC and DVB based on?

answers: text: DVB
question: Who created the standard for DVB-2, DVB-C, and DVB-T?

answers: text: the Grand Alliance
question: Who proposed ATSC as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV?

context: In 1983, the International Telecommunication Union's radio telecommunications sector (ITU-R) set up a working party (IWP11/6) with the aim of setting a single international HDTV standard. One of the thornier issues concerned a suitable frame/field refresh rate, the world already having split into two camps, 25/50 Hz and 30/60 Hz, largely due to the differences in mains frequency. The IWP11/6 working party considered many views and throughout the 1980s served to encourage development in a number of video digital processing areas, not least conversion between the two main frame/field rates using motion vectors, which led to further developments in other areas. While a comprehensive HDTV standard was not in the end established, agreement on the aspect ratio was achieved.
qas: answers: text: 1983
question: When did ITU-R start trying to work towards setting a single international HDTV standard?

answers: text: setting a single international HDTV standard
question: What did ITU-R start trying to do in 1983?

answers: text: a suitable frame/field refresh rate
question: What was one of the issues with setting a single HDTV standard?

answers: text: motion vectors
question: What was used as a conversion between the two main frame/field rates?

answers: text: two
question: How many frame/field rates were primarily being used in 1983?

context: Initially the existing 5:3 aspect ratio had been the main candidate but, due to the influence of widescreen cinema, the aspect ratio 16:9 (1.78) eventually emerged as being a reasonable compromise between 5:3 (1.67) and the common 1.85 widescreen cinema format. An aspect ratio of 16:9 was duly agreed upon at the first meeting of the IWP11/6 working party at the BBC's Research and Development establishment in Kingswood Warren. The resulting ITU-R Recommendation ITU-R BT.709-2 ("Rec. 709") includes the 16:9 aspect ratio, a specified colorimetry, and the scan modes 1080i (1,080 actively interlaced lines of resolution) and 1080p (1,080 progressively scanned lines). The British Freeview HD trials used MBAFF, which contains both progressive and interlaced content in the same encoding.
qas: answers: text: 16:9
question: What aspect ratio was agreed upon due to the influence of widescreen cinema?

answers: text: the IWP11/6 working party
question: Who agreed upon the 16:9 aspect ratio?

answers: text: widescreen cinema
question: What was a leading factor in the 16:9 aspect ratio being chosen?

answers: text: MBAFF
question: Which encoding contains both progressive and interlaced content?

answers: text: 5:3
question: Which aspect ratio was the early favorite?

context: It also includes the alternative 1440×1152 HDMAC scan format. (According to some reports, a mooted 750-line (720p) format (720 progressively scanned lines) was viewed by some at the ITU as an enhanced television format rather than a true HDTV format, and so was not included, although 1920×1080i and 1280×720p systems for a range of frame and field rates were defined by several US SMPTE standards.)
qas: answers: text: 1440×1152 HDMAC
question: What scan format is also included in MBAFF?

answers: text: a mooted 750-line
question: What was viewed by some as enhanced television format and not true HDTV format?

answers: text: an enhanced television format
question: A mooted 750-line was seen by some at the ITU as what?

answers: text: US SMPTE standards
question: What were 1920x1080i and 1280x720p defined by?

context: HDTV technology was introduced in the United States in the late 1980s and made official in 1993 by the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance, a group of television, electronic equipment, communications companies consisting of AT&T Bell Labs, General Instrument, Philips, Sarnoff, Thomson, Zenith and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Field testing of HDTV at 199 sites in the United States was completed August 14, 1994. The first public HDTV broadcast in the United States occurred on July 23, 1996 when the Raleigh, North Carolina television station WRAL-HD began broadcasting from the existing tower of WRAL-TV southeast of Raleigh, winning a race to be first with the HD Model Station in Washington, D.C., which began broadcasting July 31, 1996 with the callsign WHD-TV, based out of the facilities of NBC owned and operated station WRC-TV. The American Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) HDTV system had its public launch on October 29, 1998, during the live coverage of astronaut John Glenn's return mission to space on board the Space Shuttle Discovery. The signal was transmitted coast-to-coast, and was seen by the public in science centers, and other public theaters specially equipped to receive and display the broadcast.
qas: answers: text: late 1980s
question: When was HDTV introduced in the US?

answers: text: the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance
question: Who made HDTV official in 1993?

answers: text: the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance
question: AT&T, Philips, Zenith, and MIT, among others, made up what group in the 90's?

answers: text: July 23, 1996
question: When did the first public HDTV broadcast happen in the US?

answers: text: Advanced Television Systems Committee
question: What does ATSC stand for?

context: The first HDTV transmissions in Europe, albeit not direct-to-home, began in 1990, when the Italian broadcaster RAI used the HD-MAC and MUSE HDTV technologies to broadcast the 1990 FIFA World Cup. The matches were shown in 8 cinemas in Italy and 2 in Spain. The connection with Spain was made via the Olympus satellite link from Rome to Barcelona and then with a fiber optic connection from Barcelona to Madrid. After some HDTV transmissions in Europe the standard was abandoned in the mid-1990s.
qas: answers: text: 1990
question: When did the first HDTV transmissions happen in Europe?

answers: text: FIFA World Cup
question: What event was the first HDTV broadcast in Europe?

answers: text: mid-1990s
question: When did Europe abandon standard transmission?

answers: text: 8 cinemas in Italy and 2 in Spain
question: Where was the FIFA World Cup able to be watched in HDTV?

context: The first regular broadcasts started on January 1, 2004 when the Belgian company Euro1080 launched the HD1 channel with the traditional Vienna New Year's Concert. Test transmissions had been active since the IBC exhibition in September 2003, but the New Year's Day broadcast marked the official launch of the HD1 channel, and the official start of direct-to-home HDTV in Europe.
qas: answers: text: January 1, 2004
question: When did regular broadcasts start in Europe?

answers: text: Vienna New Year's Concert
question: What event was first broadcasted on January 1, 2004?

answers: text: HD1
question: The New Year's Day broadcast officially launched which channel?

answers: text: September 2003
question: When did test transmissions of HDTV begin in Europe?

answers: text: Euro1080
question: Which European company launched HD1?

context: Euro1080, a division of the former and now bankrupt Belgian TV services company Alfacam, broadcast HDTV channels to break the pan-European stalemate of "no HD broadcasts mean no HD TVs bought means no HD broadcasts ..." and kick-start HDTV interest in Europe. The HD1 channel was initially free-to-air and mainly comprised sporting, dramatic, musical and other cultural events broadcast with a multi-lingual soundtrack on a rolling schedule of 4 or 5 hours per day.
qas: answers: text: Alfacam
question: Euro1080 was a division of what former company?

answers: text: "no HD broadcasts mean no HD TVs bought means no HD broadcasts ..."
question: What "chicken or the egg" stalemate prompted Euro1080 to broadcast HDTV channels?

answers: text: HDTV interest in Europe
question: What was Euro1080 hoping to kick-start by broadcasting HDTV channels?

answers: text: free-to-air
question: How much did viewers have to pay for the HD1 channel?

answers: text: a multi-lingual soundtrack on a rolling schedule
question: What was on HD1 for 4 or 5 hours per day?

context: These first European HDTV broadcasts used the 1080i format with MPEG-2 compression on a DVB-S signal from SES's Astra 1H satellite. Euro1080 transmissions later changed to MPEG-4/AVC compression on a DVB-S2 signal in line with subsequent broadcast channels in Europe.
qas: answers: text: 1080i format
question: What format did the first European HDTV broadcast use?

answers: text: MPEG-2
question: What compression did the first European HDTV broadcast use?

answers: text: DVB-S
question: What signal did the first European HDTV broadcast use?

answers: text: MPEG-4/AVC
question: What compression did Euro1080 later change to?

answers: text: DVB-S2
question: What signal did Euro1080 later change to?

context: Despite delays in some countries, the number of European HD channels and viewers has risen steadily since the first HDTV broadcasts, with SES's annual Satellite Monitor market survey for 2010 reporting more than 200 commercial channels broadcasting in HD from Astra satellites, 185 million HD capable TVs sold in Europe (£60 million in 2010 alone), and 20 million households (27% of all European digital satellite TV homes) watching HD satellite broadcasts (16 million via Astra satellites).
qas: answers: text: 185 million
question: According to the 2010 Satellite Monitor market survey, how many HD capable TV's were sold in Europe?

answers: text: 20 million
question: According to the 2010 Satellite Monitor market survey, how many European households were watching HD broadcasts? 

answers: text: £60 million
question: How many pounds were spent in Europe on HD capable TVs in 2010?

answers: text: 27%
question: What percentage of European digital satellite TV homes were watching HD broadcasts in 2010?

answers: text: risen steadily
question: The number of European HD channels and viewers has done what since the first HDTV broadcasts?

context: In December 2009 the United Kingdom became the first European country to deploy high definition content using the new DVB-T2 transmission standard, as specified in the Digital TV Group (DTG) D-book, on digital terrestrial television.
qas: answers: text: the United Kingdom
question: Which European country first deployed HD content using the new DVB-T2 standard?

answers: text: December 2009
question: When did the UK deploy HD content using the new DVB-T2 transmission standard?

answers: text: DVB-T2
question: What transmission standard did the UK start using in December 2009?

answers: text: Digital TV Group
question: What does DTG stand for?

context: The Freeview HD service currently contains 10 HD channels (as of December 2013[update]) and was rolled out region by region across the UK in accordance with the digital switchover process, finally being completed in October 2012. However, Freeview HD is not the first HDTV service over digital terrestrial television in Europe;
qas: answers: text: 10
question: How many HD channels did the Freeview HD service contain as of December 2013?

answers: text: October 2012
question: When was the digital switchover process completed in the UK?

answers: text: Freeview HD
question: Which service contains 10 HD channels and finished its roll out in October 2012?

answers: text: region by region
question: How was the Freeview HD service rolled out in the UK?

context: If all three parameters are used, they are specified in the following form: [frame size][scanning system][frame or field rate] or [frame size]/[frame or field rate][scanning system].[citation needed] Often, frame size or frame rate can be dropped if its value is implied from context. In this case, the remaining numeric parameter is specified first, followed by the scanning system.
qas: answers: text: [frame size][scanning system][frame or field rate]
question: What are the three HDTV parameters?

answers: text: frame size or frame rate
question: Which two parameters can be dropped if its value is implied from context?

answers: text: if its value is implied from context
question: When can the frame size or frame rate parameter specification be dropped?

answers: text: the scanning system
question: When a parameter is dropped, the remaining numeric parameter is specified first, followed by what?

context: For example, 1920×1080p25 identifies progressive scanning format with 25 frames per second, each frame being 1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high. The 1080i25 or 1080i50 notation identifies interlaced scanning format with 25 frames (50 fields) per second, each frame being 1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high. The 1080i30 or 1080i60 notation identifies interlaced scanning format with 30 frames (60 fields) per second, each frame being 1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high. The 720p60 notation identifies progressive scanning format with 60 frames per second, each frame being 720 pixels high; 1,280 pixels horizontally are implied.
qas: answers: text: 1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high
question: What size is each 1920x1080p25 frame?

answers: text: 25
question: The 1920x1080p25 notion identifies progressive scanning format with how many frames per second?

answers: text: 25
question: The 1080i25 or 1080i50 notion identifies interlaced scanning format with how many frames per second?

answers: text: 30
question: The 1080i30 or 1080i60 notion identifies interlaced scanning format with how many frames per second?

answers: text: 60
question: The 720p60 notion identifies progressive scanning format with how many frames per second?

context: 50 Hz systems support three scanning rates: 50i, 25p and 50p. 60 Hz systems support a much wider set of frame rates: 59.94i, 60i, 23.976p, 24p, 29.97p, 30p, 59.94p and 60p. In the days of standard definition television, the fractional rates were often rounded up to whole numbers, e.g. 23.976p was often called 24p, or 59.94i was often called 60i. 60 Hz high definition television supports both fractional and slightly different integer rates, therefore strict usage of notation is required to avoid ambiguity. Nevertheless, 29.97i/59.94i is almost universally called 60i, likewise 23.976p is called 24p.
qas: answers: text: 50i, 25p and 50p
question: What three scanning rates do 50 Hz systems support?

answers: text: 60 Hz
question: Which system suports 59.94i, 60i, 23.976p, 24p, 29.97p, 30p, 59.94p, and 60p

answers: text: whole numbers
question: SD television fractional rates were often rounded to what?

answers: text: ambiguity
question: Strict notation is required with HD fractional rates to avoid what?

context: For the commercial naming of a product, the frame rate is often dropped and is implied from context (e.g., a 1080i television set). A frame rate can also be specified without a resolution. For example, 24p means 24 progressive scan frames per second, and 50i means 25 interlaced frames per second.
qas: answers: text: the frame rate
question: What is usually dropped for the commercial naming of an HDTV product?

answers: text: 24 progressive scan frames per second
question: What does 24p mean?

answers: text: 25 interlaced frames per second
question: What does 50i mean?

answers: text: a resolution
question: When naming a commercial HDTV product, a frame rate can be specified without what?

context: There is no single standard for HDTV color support. Colors are typically broadcast using a (10-bits per channel) YUV color space but, depending on the underlying image generating technologies of the receiver, are then subsequently converted to a RGB color space using standardized algorithms. When transmitted directly through the Internet, the colors are typically pre-converted to 8-bit RGB channels for additional storage savings with the assumption that it will only be viewed only on a (sRGB) computer screen. As an added benefit to the original broadcasters, the losses of the pre-conversion essentially make these files unsuitable for professional TV re-broadcasting.
qas: answers: text: no
question: Is there a single standard for HDTV color support?

answers: text: YUV
question: Before being converted to RGB, colors are ususally broadcasted using what color space?

answers: text: a RGB color space
question: Colors are typically broadcast using YUV and then converted to what?

answers: text: 8-bit RGB channels
question: When transmitted over the internet, colors are typically to what?

answers: text: it will only be viewed only on a (sRGB) computer screen
question: What assumption is made with colors being transmitted over the internet?

context: At a minimum, HDTV has twice the linear resolution of standard-definition television (SDTV), thus showing greater detail than either analog television or regular DVD. The technical standards for broadcasting HDTV also handle the 16:9 aspect ratio images without using letterboxing or anamorphic stretching, thus increasing the effective image resolution.
qas: answers: text: twice
question: At least how many times more linear resolution does HDTV have over SDTV?

answers: text: letterboxing or anamorphic stretching
question: HDTV increases the effective image resolution by not using what?

answers: text: standard-definition television
question: What does SDTV stand for?

answers: text: 16:9
question: HDTV handles what aspect ratio without using letterboxing or anamorphic stretching?

context: A very high resolution source may require more bandwidth than available in order to be transmitted without loss of fidelity. The lossy compression that is used in all digital HDTV storage and transmission systems will distort the received picture, when compared to the uncompressed source.
qas: answers: text: fidelity
question: If more bandwith is required than is available, a very high resolution source my not be able to transmitted without loss of what?

answers: text: distort the received picture
question: The compression used in all HDTV storage and transmission systems will do what if resolution is too high?

answers: text: bandwidth
question: A very high resolution source may require more of what?

context: The optimum format for a broadcast depends upon the type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics. For best fidelity to the source the transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate should match those of the source.
qas: answers: text: the type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics
question: A broadcasts optimum format depends on what two things?

answers: text: transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate
question: For best fidelity to the source, what three things should match the source? 

answers: text: those of the source
question: For best fidelity to the source, the transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate should match what? 

answers: text: The optimum format for a broadcast
question: The type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics determine what?

context: PAL, SECAM and NTSC frame rates technically apply only to analogue standard definition television, not to digital or high definition broadcasts. However, with the roll out of digital broadcasting, and later HDTV broadcasting, countries retained their heritage systems. HDTV in former PAL and SECAM countries operates at a frame rate of 25/50 Hz, while HDTV in former NTSC countries operates at 30/60 Hz.
qas: answers: text: analogue standard
question: PAL, SECAM, and NTSC frame rates apply to what definition televisions?

answers: text: digital or high definition
question: PAL, SECAM, and NTSC frame rates do not apply to what broadcasts?

answers: text: 25/50 Hz
question: In former PAL and SECAM countries, what frame rate does HDTV operate at?

answers: text: 30/60 Hz
question: In former NTSC countries, what frame rate does HDTV operate at?

context: Standard 35mm photographic film used for cinema projection has a much higher image resolution than HDTV systems, and is exposed and projected at a rate of 24 frames per second (frame/s). To be shown on standard television, in PAL-system countries, cinema film is scanned at the TV rate of 25 frame/s, causing a speedup of 4.1 percent, which is generally considered acceptable. In NTSC-system countries, the TV scan rate of 30 frame/s would cause a perceptible speedup if the same were attempted, and the necessary correction is performed by a technique called 3:2 Pulldown: Over each successive pair of film frames, one is held for three video fields (1/20 of a second) and the next is held for two video fields (1/30 of a second), giving a total time for the two frames of 1/12 of a second and thus achieving the correct average film frame rate.
qas: answers: text: 24 frames per second
question: At what rate is standard 35mm photographic film exposed and projected?

answers: text: 25 frame/s
question: To be shown on SDTV in PAL-system countries, at what rate is cinema film scanned?

answers: text: 3:2 Pulldown
question: The technique in which with successive pair of film frames, one is held for three video fields, and the next is held for two, is called what?

answers: text: 1/12 of a second
question: The 3:2 Pulldown techniques gives what total time for two frames?

answers: text: the correct average film frame rate
question: What is achieved by the 3:2 Pulldown technique producing a total time of 1/12 of a second for two frames?

context: Non-cinematic HDTV video recordings intended for broadcast are typically recorded either in 720p or 1080i format as determined by the broadcaster. 720p is commonly used for Internet distribution of high-definition video, because most computer monitors operate in progressive-scan mode. 720p also imposes less strenuous storage and decoding requirements compared to both 1080i and 1080p. 1080p/24, 1080i/30, 1080i/25, and 720p/30 is most often used on Blu-ray Disc.
qas: answers: text: 720p or 1080i
question: What two formats are typically used to recorde non-cinematic HDTV video intended for broadcast?

answers: text: 720p
question: Which format is typically used for internet distribution of HD video?

answers: text: progressive-scan
question: Most computer monitors operate in what mode?

answers: text: Blu-ray
question: 1080i, 1080p, and 720p are often used on what kind of disc. 

context: In the US, residents in the line of sight of television station broadcast antennas can receive free, over the air programming with a television set with an ATSC tuner (most sets sold since 2009 have this). This is achieved with a TV aerial, just as it has been since the 1940s except now the major network signals are broadcast in high definition (ABC, Fox, and Ion Television broadcast at 720p resolution; CBS, My Network TV, NBC, PBS, and The CW at 1080i). As their digital signals more efficiently use the broadcast channel, many broadcasters are adding multiple channels to their signals. Laws about antennas were updated before the change to digital terrestrial broadcasts. These new laws prohibit home owners' associations and city government from banning the installation of antennas.
qas: answers: text: ATSC
question: In the US, what kind of tuner is needed for residents to receive free, over the air programming?

answers: text: the change to digital terrestrial broadcasts
question: Laws regarding antennas were upated before what?

answers: text: home owners' associations and city government
question: Who do these laws prohibit from banning the installation of antennas?

answers: text: the installation of antennas
question: Laws about antennas keep home owners' associations and city government from banning what?

answers: text: 2009
question: Most television sets sold since what year have an ATSC tuner?

context: Additionally, cable-ready TV sets can display HD content without using an external box. They have a QAM tuner built-in and/or a card slot for inserting a CableCARD.
qas: answers: text: an external box
question: HD content can be displayed by cable-ready TVs without using what?

answers: text: HD content
question: Without using an external box, cable-ready TVs can display what?

answers: text: a QAM tuner built-in and/or a card slot for inserting a CableCARD
question: What features allow the cable-ready TVs to display HD content without an external box?

answers: text: QAM
question: What kind of built-in tuner will allow a cable-ready TV to display HD content without an external box?

answers: text: CableCARD
question: What kind of card will allow a cable-ready TV to display HD content without an external box?

context: High-definition image sources include terrestrial broadcast, direct broadcast satellite, digital cable, IPTV (including GoogleTV Roku boxes and AppleTV or built into "Smart Televisions"), Blu-ray video disc (BD), and internet downloads.
qas: answers: text: IPTV
question: Roku and AppleTV are examples of what?

answers: text: High-definition image sources
question: Internet downloads, Blu-ray videos, and Apple TV are examples of what?

answers: text: High-definition image sources
question: Terrestrial broadcast and direct broadcast satellite are examples of what?

answers: text: High-definition image sources
question: Digital cable and Roku are examples of what?

context: Sony's PlayStation 3 has extensive HD compatibility because of its built in Blu-ray disc based player, so does Microsoft's Xbox 360 with the addition of Netflix and Windows Media Center HTPC streaming capabilities, and the Zune marketplace where users can rent or purchase digital HD content. Recently, Nintendo released a next generation high definition gaming platform, The Wii U, which includes TV remote control features in addition to IPTV streaming features like Netflix. The HD capabilities of the consoles has influenced some developers to port games from past consoles onto the PS3, Xbox 360 and Wii U, often with remastered or upscaled graphics.
qas: answers: text: because of its built in Blu-ray disc based player
question: Why does the PlayStation 3 have extensive HD compatibility?

answers: text: Netflix and Windows Media Center HTPC streaming capabilities, and the Zune marketplace
question: In addition to having a Blu-ray player the Xbox 360 also features what?

answers: text: The Wii U
question: What high definition gaming platform did Nintendo recently release?

answers: text: port games from past consoles onto the PS3, Xbox 360 and Wii U, often with remastered or upscaled graphics
question: The HD capabilities of modern gaming systems has inspired developers to do what?

context: HDTV can be recorded to D-VHS (Digital-VHS or Data-VHS), W-VHS (analog only), to an HDTV-capable digital video recorder (for example DirecTV's high-definition Digital video recorder, Sky HD's set-top box, Dish Network's VIP 622 or VIP 722 high-definition Digital video recorder receivers, or TiVo's Series 3 or HD recorders), or an HDTV-ready HTPC. Some cable boxes are capable of receiving or recording two or more broadcasts at a time in HDTV format, and HDTV programming, some included in the monthly cable service subscription price, some for an additional fee, can be played back with the cable company's on-demand feature.
qas: answers: text: an HDTV-capable digital video recorder
question: Sky HD's set-top box, TiVo's Series 3, and Dish Network's VIP 622 are examples of what?

answers: text: receiving or recording two or more broadcasts at a time in HDTV format
question: Some cable boxes are capable of doing what?

answers: text: analog only
question: What restriction does W-VHS recordings have?

answers: text: Digital-VHS or Data-VHS
question: What does D-VHS stand for?

context: The massive amount of data storage required to archive uncompressed streams meant that inexpensive uncompressed storage options were not available to the consumer. In 2008, the Hauppauge 1212 Personal Video Recorder was introduced. This device accepts HD content through component video inputs and stores the content in MPEG-2 format in a .ts file or in a Blu-ray compatible format .m2ts file on the hard drive or DVD burner of a computer connected to the PVR through a USB 2.0 interface. More recent systems are able to record a broadcast high definition program in its 'as broadcast' format or transcode to a format more compatible with Blu-ray.
qas: answers: text: 2008
question: When was the Hauppauge 1212 Personal Video Recorder introduced?

answers: text: in MPEG-2 format in a .ts file or in a Blu-ray compatible format .m2ts file
question: How does the Personal Video Recorder store content?

answers: text: 'as broadcast' format or transcode to a format more compatible with Blu-ray
question: Recent systems can record a broadcast HD program in what format?

answers: text: the Hauppauge 1212 Personal Video Recorder
question: What uncompressed storage option was introduced in 2008?

context: Analog tape recorders with bandwidth capable of recording analog HD signals, such as W-VHS recorders, are no longer produced for the consumer market and are both expensive and scarce in the secondary market.
qas: answers: text: analog HD
question: W-VHS recorders are capable of recording what kinds of signals?

answers: text: Analog tape
question: What kind of recorder is no longer produced for the consumer market?

answers: text: expensive and scarce
question: In the secondary market, analog tape recorders are considered what?

context: In the United States, as part of the FCC's plug and play agreement, cable companies are required to provide customers who rent HD set-top boxes with a set-top box with "functional" FireWire (IEEE 1394) on request. None of the direct broadcast satellite providers have offered this feature on any of their supported boxes, but some cable TV companies have. As of July 2004[update], boxes are not included in the FCC mandate. This content is protected by encryption known as 5C. This encryption can prevent duplication of content or simply limit the number of copies permitted, thus effectively denying most if not all fair use of the content.
qas: answers: text: a set-top box with "functional" FireWire (IEEE 1394) on request
question: Prior to 2004, what were US cable companies required to provide customers who rent HD set-top boxes?

answers: text: July 2004
question: When were boxes with "functional" FireWire no longer included in the FCC mandate?

answers: text: 5C
question: Content is now protected by what encryption?

answers: text: duplication of content or simply limit the number of copies permitted
question: What can 5c encryption prevent?