Architecture

context: Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
qas: answers: text: Architectural
question: What is the latin word for architecture?

answers: text: architectura
question: What is the Latin word for architecture?

answers: text: Architecture
question: What do you call the planning and building of buildings?

answers: text: Architectural works
question: What structures can be viewed as both works of art and symbols of certain cultures?

answers: text: architectural achievements
question: Civilizations from the past cane often be identified by what surviving structures?

answers: text: Greek
question: In what language does the word "architecture" have its origins?

answers: text: ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder"
question: What two words is "architecture" a combination of?

answers: text: buildings and other physical structures
question: Architecture involves the creation of what?

answers: text: as works of art
question: Aside from symbolizing cultures, what else are architectural works thought of as?

answers: text: Historical civilizations
question: What can extant architectural works be used to identify?

context: The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:
qas: answers: text: De architectura
question: What is the oldest architecture plans that has survived?

answers: text: Roman architect Vitruvius
question: Who created the oldest surviving architecture plans?

answers: text: 1st century AD.
question: When did Vitruvius create these plans?

answers: text: firmness, commodity and delight.
question: What are the three principles every plan should consider?

answers: text: De architectura
question: What is the first known extant writing about architecture called?

answers: text: Vitruvius
question: Who was the author of  De architectura?

answers: text: architect
question: What was Vitruvius' profession?

answers: text: firmitas, utilitas, venustas
question: What were Vitruvius' three principles for a well made building?

answers: text: firmness, commodity and delight
question: What is the commonly seen English translation of the three principles?

context: According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.
qas: answers: text: 16th century
question: When were the styles of arts created?

answers: text: Vasari
question: Who wrote Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects?

answers: text: Italian, French, Spanish and English
question: By the 18th century which languages was Vasaris book translated in?

answers: text: architect
question: In Vitruvius's mind, whose responsibility was it to see the principles carried out?

answers: text: Leon Battista Alberti
question: Who wrote De Re Aedificatoria?

answers: text: proportion
question: What did Leon Battista Alberti consider most important for beauty?

answers: text: the Golden mean
question: What ideal proportion did Alberti promote?

answers: text: 16th
question: In what century did "style" as an artistic concept arise?

context: In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture."
qas: answers: text: Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin
question: Who wrote the book Contrasts?

answers: text: 1836
question: What year was Contrasts written in?

answers: text: Contrasts
question: What was the name of Pugin's book?

answers: text: 1836
question: In what year was Contrasts written?

answers: text: modern, industrial world
question: What world did Pugin dislike?

answers: text: Gothic
question: What type of architecture did Pugin consider truly Christian?

context: The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, and pleasure".
qas: answers: text: John Ruskin
question: Who wrote Seven Lamps of Architecture?

answers: text: John Ruskin
question: Who was the author of Seven Lamps of Architecture?

answers: text: art critic
question: What was Ruskin's career? 

answers: text: 1849
question: When was  Seven Lamps of Architecture published?

answers: text: to his mental health, power, and pleasure
question: What, according to Ruskin, should looking at architecture contribute to its viewer?

context: For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least.
qas: answers: text: not
question: Does Ruskin believe all buildings are works of architecture?

answers: text: the aesthetic
question: What was most significant in architecture according to Ruskin?

answers: text: it is in some way "adorned"
question: To be true architecture in Ruskin's opinion what should be done to a structure?

answers: text: string courses or rustication
question: What features at minimum did Ruskin insist on for a building to be considered functional?

context: On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".
qas: answers: text: 20th-century
question: What century was the architect Le Corbusier in?

answers: text: Le Corbusier
question: Who wrote on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction? 

answers: text: Architect
question: What was Le Corbusier 's profession?

answers: text: 20th-century
question: When did Le Corbusier live and write?

answers: text: heart
question: What part of him did Le Corbusier say proper architecture touched?

answers: text: I am happy
question: What state of emotion did Le Corbusier say architecture put him in?

context: While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.
qas: answers: text: Function
question: What term replaced Vitruvius' term "utility"?

answers: text: aesthetic, psychological and cultural
question: In addition to being practically useful what other aspects did a building need in order to be considered functional?

answers: text: Vitruvius
question: Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function replace?

answers: text: all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building
question: What aspects of a building were considered part of the larger concept of function?

answers: text: both popularity and skepticism
question: What were the reactions to the idea that function should come before other concerns?

context: Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
qas: answers: text: rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
question: What are some philosophies that modern architects use?

answers: text: philosophies
question: Rationalism and empiricism are examples of what?

answers: text: their approach to building design
question: Aside from the architects what did the philosophies influence?

answers: text: poststructuralism
question: Which philosophy followed structuralism?

context: In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting.
qas: answers: text: late 20th century
question: When was the conecept, Sustainable architecture used?

answers: text: sustainability
question: What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 20th century?

answers: text: environment
question: To what should a building be friendly?

answers: text: non-sustainable power sources
question: What sort of power sources should a building not overuse if the building is to be considered environmentally friendly?

context: Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
qas: answers: text: shelter, security, worship
question: What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be done?

answers: text: knowledge
question: Oral traditions allowed what to become formalized in human cultures?

answers: text: a craft
question: What was building considered?

answers: text: architecture
question: What was the most valued type of building craft called?

answers: text: building materials
question: Aside from skills, what is required in order to have the means for building?

context: It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
qas: answers: text: vernacular buildings
question: What type of buildings are are built mostly through out the world?

answers: text: a surplus in production
question: Why did the economy begin to expand?

answers: text: trial and error
question: Through what process is it thought that the first architectural achievements were made?

answers: text: vernacular
question: What is a popular type of architecture that still exists around the planet?

answers: text: rural
question: In what environment were many of the first human settlements?

answers: text: urbanization
question: What sort of an effect did a growing economy have on human settlements?

answers: text: rapidly
question: At what speed did urban settlements sometimes expand?

context: In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself.
qas: answers: text: Egypt and Mesopotamia
question: What civilizations used the divine and supernatural in their architecture?

answers: text: Egypt and Mesopotamia
question: What are two examples of past civilizations?

answers: text: the divine and the supernatural
question: To what did these civilizations have ties that to were shown off by their architecture?

answers: text: political power
question: What does architectural monumentality often represent?

context: Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.
qas: answers: text: Kao Gong Ji
question: Name one Asian architectural writer.

answers: text: China
question: What country produced the Kao Gong Ji?

answers: text: 7th–5th centuries BCE
question: When was the Kao Gong Ji written?

answers: text: Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra
question: What architectural writing came from Sri Lanka?

answers: text: Shilpa Shastras
question: India produced which early architectural text?

context: The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
qas: answers: text: pantheistic religion
question: What religion led to architectural changes in many Asian countries?

answers: text: Buddhist architecture
question: Which cultures architecture showed a lot of diversity?

answers: text: 3rd century BCE
question: When did Hindu temple architecture begin being produced?

answers: text: the macrocosm and the microcosm
question: What does Hindu temple architecture try to express?

answers: text: the Shastras
question: What is the source of the concepts in Hindu temple architecture?

answers: text: Buddhist
question: What type of architectural is especially known for its regional differences

answers: text: pantheistic religion
question: What kind of religious theology affected landscape related architecture in Asia?

context: Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.
qas: answers: text: European architecture
question: What cultures architecture inspired Islamic architecture to use pointed arch's?

answers: text: 7th century CE
question: When was Islamic architecture first seen?

answers: text: Byzantium
question: In addition to forms from the ancient Middle East, what other place's forms had an effect on Islamic architecture?

answers: text: religious and social needs
question: What other parts of the society's needs did architecture fill?

answers: text: pointed arch
question: What kind of arch design from Islamic architecture affected European architects?

context: The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.
qas: answers: text: abbeys and cathedrals.
question: What type of buildings were took the most effort to build?

answers: text: abbeys and cathedrals
question: What were the most important buildings of the time?

answers: text: clerics and tradesmen
question: What two groups spread knowledge of architecture in Europe?

answers: text: pan-European
question: What style is Gothic?

answers: text: Romanesque
question: What is another pan-European style?

answers: text: 900 CE onwards
question: When did the clerics and tradesmen start spreading architectural information?

context: In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference.
qas: answers: text: 1400
question: When was Renaissance Humanism developed?

answers: text: 1400 onwards
question: When did the Classical learning revival begin?

answers: text: Europe
question: What continent did this revival take place on?

answers: text: Renaissance
question: What was the name for the time period?

answers: text: role of the individual
question: What did Renaissance Humanism emphasize?

answers: text: artist, architect and engineer
question: What three vocations were not really considered separate from each other at that time?

context: Architecture has to do with planning and designing form, space and ambience to reflect functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology, and of light and shadow. Often, conflicting requirements must be resolved. The practice of Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures, including scheduling, cost estimation and construction administration. Documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and technical specifications, defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.
qas: answers: text: functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic
question: What sort of considerations does architectural design take into account? 

answers: text: form, space and ambience
question: In architecture what aspects are planned and designed?

answers: text: pragmatic aspects
question: Aside from planning and design what other types of aspects does architecture involve?

context: Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.'
qas: answers: text: Nunzia Rondanini
question: Who said that architecture was able extend beyond function?

answers: text: Through its aesthetic dimension
question: In what way did Nunzia Rondanini believe architecture moved past mere functionality?

answers: text: social life
question: What could, in Rondanini's opinion, architecture "stimulate and influence"?

answers: text: social development
question: What shouldn't architecture be assumed to promote, according to Rondanini?

answers: text: functional aspects
question: What does architecture share with other sciences?

context: To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality".
qas: answers: text: art for art's sake
question: What is a reactionary thing to limit formalism's meaning to?

answers: text: quest for perfection or originality
question: What sort of quest lacks purpose?

answers: text: form
question: What ends up being reduced in quality by this quest?

context: The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders.
qas: answers: text: civic ideals
question: From what ideals did Classical architecture emerge?

answers: text: new building types
question: These civic ideas allowed what to come into being?

answers: text: religious or empirical ones
question: What ideals were Greek and Roman Classical architecture not based on?

answers: text: Architectural "style"
question: What owes its development to the Classical orders?

context: Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious.
qas: answers: text: ancient time
question: When were architectural writings first made?

answers: text: specific formal prescriptions
question: Aside from general advice what did the texts contain?

answers: text: canons
question: What is another term for specific formal prescriptions?

answers: text: 1st-century BCE
question: When did Vitruvius write his canons?

answers: text: religious
question: What is a significant early architectural canonical type?

context: In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents.
qas: answers: text: guilds
question: What organizations were created by Medieval craftsmen?

answers: text: written contracts
question: What records of the guilds are still in existence?

answers: text: ecclesiastical buildings
question: What was the main thing the contracts were had to do with?

answers: text: Magister lathomorum
question: What is another term for master mason?

context: A revival of the Classical style in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering which affected the proportions and structure of buildings. At this stage, it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist.
qas: answers: text: proportions and structure
question: What aspects of buildings did science and engineering have an effect on?

answers: text: generalist
question: Who still could handle the structural calculations for designing at that time?

context: With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks.
qas: answers: text: architecture and engineering
question: What two fields began to grow apart?

answers: text: technical aspects of building design
question: What did architects often neglect in their pursuit of aesthetics?

answers: text: "gentleman architect"
question: What was a term for an architect who catered to the wealthy?

answers: text: context and feasibility
question: What did 19th century formal architectural training neglect?

answers: text: in the offices of other architects
question: Where did most architects learn their trade?

context: Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production.
qas: answers: text: mass production and consumption
question: What started with the Industrial Revolution?

answers: text: ornamented products
question: What became cheap enough for the middle class to buy?

answers: text: Aesthetics
question: As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the middle class?

context: Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals.
qas: answers: text: pattern books and architectural journals
question: What kind of books did housebuilders use?

answers: text: current architectural design
question: What type of design did these texts allow the builders to incorporate?

context: Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis—the apex—of art, craft, and technology.
qas: answers: text: 20th
question: At what century's start did revivalist fall into disfavor? 

answers: text: Modern Architecture
question: What new type of architecture was starting to come into being at this time?

answers: text: 1907
question: When did the Deutscher Werkbund get its start?

answers: text: to produce better quality machine made objects
question: What was the point of the Deutscher Werkbund?

answers: text: the Bauhaus school
question: In 1919 what school opened in Weimar, Germany?

context: When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms.
qas: answers: text: avant-garde movement
question: What kind of movement was modern architecture in the beginning?

answers: text: the middle and working classes
question: Who was the new movement meant to suit the needs of?

answers: text: the rapidly declining aristocratic order
question: Whose needs were no longer relevant to the new style?

answers: text: functionalist
question: What sort of details did the Modernists' want in their buildings?

answers: text: historical references and ornament
question: What details did Modernists' do away with?

context: Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed Organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater.
qas: answers: text: Frank Lloyd Wright
question: Who was instrumental in creating Organic architecture?

answers: text: Robie House and Fallingwater
question: What are two of Wright's designs?

answers: text: to promote harmony
question: What was Wright's intention regarding humans and nature?

context: Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution, including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-rise superstructures. By mid-century, Modernism had morphed into the International Style, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki.
qas: answers: text: the Industrial Revolution
question: What made it possible to design architecture through new means and methods?

answers: text: steel-frame construction
question: What new type of construction allowed the making of skyscrapers?

answers: text: International Style
question: What style came after Modernism?

answers: text: Twin Towers
question: What is an example of International Style?

answers: text: Minoru Yamasaki
question: Who designed the Twin Towers?

context: Many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after WWII, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, buildings with expressive sculptural facades made of unfinished concrete. But an even new younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and Brutalism for being too austere, standardized, monotone, and not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures.
qas: answers: text: decorative richness
question: What aspect of historical styles did a lot of architects find lacking in modernist styles?

answers: text: Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen
question: Who were three architects who influenced Brutalism?

answers: text: unfinished concrete
question: What material was used in Brutalist structures?

answers: text: postwar generation
question: Who disagreed with the aesthetic of Brutalism?

context: One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture, which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of postmodernism, others consider it to be a school in its own right and a later development of expressionist architecture.
qas: answers: text: the school of metaphoric architecture
question: What school was a response to Brutalism?

answers: text: biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture
question: What are two examples of metaphoric architecture?

answers: text: nature
question: What are biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture based after design wise?

answers: text: expressionist architecture
question: What type of architecture do some consider metaphoric architecture to be a development of?

context: Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism, with architects like Charles Moore in the USA, Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway, and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti in Italy, who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents. Postmodernism produced a style that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials, with the aesthetics of older pre-modern and non-modern styles, from high classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles. Robert Venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a "decorated shed" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside), and upheld it against modernist and brutalist "ducks" (buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms).
qas: answers: text: the late 1950s and 1960s
question: When was the start of the  architectural phenomenology movement?

answers: text: modernism
question: What was  architectural phenomenology reacting to?

answers: text: human experience
question: What were the architectural phenomenologists hoping to expand?

answers: text: Robert Venturi
question: Who called postmodern architecture a "decorated shed"?

answers: text: "ducks"
question: What term did Venturi use for brutalist and mondernist buildings?

context: Since the 1980s, as the complexity of buildings began to increase (in terms of structural systems, services, energy and technologies), the field of architecture became multi-disciplinary with specializations for each project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods. In addition, there has been an increased separation of the 'design' architect [Notes 1] from the 'project' architect who ensures that the project meets the required standards and deals with matters of liability.[Notes 2] The preparatory processes for the design of any large building have become increasingly complicated, and require preliminary studies of such matters as durability, sustainability, quality, money, and compliance with local laws. A large structure can no longer be the design of one person but must be the work of many. Modernism and Postmodernism have been criticised by some members of the architectural profession who feel that successful architecture is not a personal, philosophical, or aesthetic pursuit by individualists; rather it has to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to create liveable environments, with the design process being informed by studies of behavioral, environmental, and social sciences.
qas: answers: text: Since the 1980s
question: About when did architecture begin specializing?

answers: text: one person
question: Who can no longer design a large structure?

answers: text: Modernism and Postmodernism
question: What two architectural movements have come under criticism for their focus on individuality? 

context: Environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue, with profound effect on the architectural profession. Many developers, those who support the financing of buildings, have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost. Major examples of this can be found in Passive solar building design, greener roof designs, biodegradable materials, and more attention to a structure's energy usage. This major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment. Sustainability in architecture was pioneered by Frank Lloyd Wright, in the 1960s by Buckminster Fuller and in the 1970s by architects such as Ian McHarg and Sim Van der Ryn in the US and Brenda and Robert Vale in the UK and New Zealand. There has been an acceleration in the number of buildings which seek to meet green building sustainable design principles. Sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques. The U.S. Green Building Council's LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system has been instrumental in this.
qas: answers: text: Environmental sustainability
question: What issue has moved to the forefront in recent years?

answers: text: the environment
question: What do architecture schools look at more and more nowadays?

answers: text: Frank Lloyd Wright
question: Who was the first to design architecture environmentally?

answers: text: Buckminster Fuller
question: Who was known for focusing on the environment in the 1960s?

answers: text: The U.S. Green Building Council
question: What organization's rating system promotes sustainability?

context: Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction, that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design. This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture, as well as leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl.
qas: answers: text: New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture
question: What are three new movements that have a focus on sustainability?

answers: text: solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl.
question: What kinds of buildings and building developments are the new movements not in favor of?

answers: text: smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design
question: What are three things the new movements try to achieve?

answers: text: modernist and globally uniform architecture
question: What older architectural movements do the newer movements not go along with?