Sexual_orientation

context: Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation, but they believe that it is caused by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences. They favor biologically-based theories, which point to genetic factors, the early uterine environment, both, or the inclusion of genetic and social factors. There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role when it comes to sexual orientation. Research over several decades has demonstrated that sexual orientation ranges along a continuum, from exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex.
qas: answers: text: genetic, hormonal, and environmental
question: What three factors do scientists believe are the cause of sexual orientation?

answers: text: biologically-based
question: What is the favored influence as to the cause of sexual orientation?

answers: text: no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role
question: IS there evidence that parenting and/or childhood play a role in determining sexual orientation?

answers: text: exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex.
question: What is the observed continuum for sexual orientation?

answers: text: Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation
question: Do scientists know the cause of sexual orientation?

answers: text: genetic, hormonal, and environmental
question: What three factors do scientists believe are the cause of sexual orientation?

answers: text: There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role when it comes to sexual orientation
question: Do scientists believe that parenting and/or childhood play a role in sexual orientation?

answers: text: exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex.
question: What are the two extremes of the continuum of sexual orientation?

answers: text: Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation
question: Has science research figured out the cause of sexual orientation preferences?

answers: text: biologically-based theories
question: What type of theories are favored by scientists studying sexual orientation?

answers: text: Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation
question: Do scientist's know what can cause somebodys sexual orientation?

answers: text: they believe that it is caused by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences.
question: What can scientifically be considered the main factors in somebodys sexual orientation?

answers: text: There is no substantive evidence which suggests parenting or early childhood experiences play a role when it comes to sexual orientation.
question: What cannot be considered a factor in sexual orientation due to the lack of evidence?

answers: text: has demonstrated that sexual orientation ranges along a continuum, from exclusive attraction to the opposite sex to exclusive attraction to the same sex.
question: What has the research that has been done already show about sexual orientation show?

answers: text: They favor biologically-based theories, which point to genetic factors, the early uterine environment, both, or the inclusion of genetic and social factors
question: Which ideas do scientist lean towards causing sexual orientation?

context: Sexual identity and sexual behavior are closely related to sexual orientation, but they are distinguished, with sexual identity referring to an individual's conception of themselves, behavior referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual, and orientation referring to "fantasies, attachments and longings." Individuals may or may not express their sexual orientation in their behaviors. People who have a homosexual sexual orientation that does not align with their sexual identity are sometimes referred to as 'closeted'. The term may, however, reflect a certain cultural context and particular stage of transition in societies which are gradually dealing with integrating sexual minorities. In studies related to sexual orientation, when dealing with the degree to which a person's sexual attractions, behaviors and identity match, scientists usually use the terms concordance or discordance. Thus, a woman who is attracted to other women, but calls herself heterosexual and only has sexual relations with men, can be said to experience discordance between her sexual orientation (homosexual or lesbian) and her sexual identity and behaviors (heterosexual).
qas: answers: text: individual's conception of themselves
question: What is sexual identity defined as?

answers: text: actual sexual acts performed by the individual
question: What is sexual behavior defined as?

answers: text: People who have a homosexual sexual orientation that does not align with their sexual identity
question: What does the term closeted mean?

answers: text: concordance or discordance
question: What are the terms related to the degree to which a person's sexual attractions, behavior and identity match?

answers: text: fantasies, attachments and longings
question: What is sexual orientation defined as?

answers: text: sexual identity referring to an individual's conception of themselves, behavior referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual
question: What are the differences in sexual identity and sexual behaviour? 

answers: text: Individuals may or may not express their sexual orientation in their behaviors.
question: Does a person have to show their sexual oreintation in their personal acts?

answers: text: closeted
question: What is a term that can be used for someone who does not show their homosexuality openly? 

answers: text: discordance
question: What word is used when somebodys sexual orientation, behaviors, and idenity do not match?

answers: text: concordance
question: Which word is used when somebodys sexual orientation, behaviors, and idenity match?

context: Gay and lesbian people can have sexual relationships with someone of the opposite sex for a variety of reasons, including the desire for a perceived traditional family and concerns of discrimination and religious ostracism. While some LGBT people hide their respective orientations from their spouses, others develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages. Coming out of the closet to oneself, a spouse of the opposite sex, and children can present challenges that are not faced by gay and lesbian people who are not married to people of the opposite sex or do not have children.
qas: answers: text: desire for a perceived traditional family
question: What is one reason that a homosexual would engage in heterosexual behavior?

answers: text: concerns of discrimination
question: What is one reason that a homosexual would engage in heterosexual behavior?

answers: text: religious ostracism
question: What is one reason that a homosexual would engage in heterosexual behavior?

answers: text: develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages
question: What is a possible scenario that can occur when a closeted homosexual is in a heterosexual relationship?

answers: text: hide their respective orientations from their spouses
question: What is a possible scenario that can occur when a closeted homosexual is in a heterosexual relationship?

answers: text: desire for a perceived traditional family and concerns of discrimination and religious ostracism
question: What are some things that can cause a homosexual person to be with the opposite sex?

answers: text: others develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages
question: Can a homosexual person still grow their sexual identiries while with the opposit sex? 

answers: text: Coming out of the closet to oneself, a spouse of the opposite sex, and children
question: What kind of hardships can a homosexual face when admitting their ssexuality while in a heterosexual marriage?

answers: text: some LGBT people hide their respective orientations from their spouses
question: Can a homosexual person hide their true idenitys?

context: No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation and virtually all of them have adopted policy statements cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation. These include the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association, National Association of Social Workers in the USA, the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and the Australian Psychological Society.
qas: answers: text: have adopted policy statements
question: How does the mental health profession approach efforts to change sexual orientation?

answers: text: cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation
question: What do these policy statements suggest? 

answers: text: American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association
question: What are some of the organizations that have released policy statements?

answers: text: National Association of Social Workers in the USA, the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and the Australian Psychological Society.
question: What are some of the organizations that have released policy statements?

answers: text: No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation
question: Are their any mental health proffesionals that have programs to change sexual orientation?

answers: text: cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation.
question: What policy statement has almost all proffesionals applied to their practices?

answers: text: the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association,
question: What are some professional associations that do not offer changing sexual orientation programs?

context: From at least the late nineteenth century in Europe, there was speculation that the range of human sexual response looked more like a continuum than two or three discrete categories. Berlin sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld published a scheme in 1896 that measured the strength of an individual's sexual desire on two independent 10-point scales, A (homosexual) and B (heterosexual). A heterosexual individual may be A0, B5; a homosexual individual may be A5, B0; an asexual would be A0, B0; and someone with an intense attraction to both sexes would be A9, B9.
qas: answers: text: Magnus Hirschfeld
question: Who was the sexologist that published a scheme in 1896?

answers: text: measured the strength of an individual's sexual desire
question: What did the published scheme attempt to do?

answers: text: on two independent 10-point scales
question: How did the scheme measure desire?

answers: text: A (homosexual) and B (heterosexual)
question: What were the two scales defined as?

answers: text: 10-point
question: How many points were on each scale?

answers: text: From at least the late nineteenth century
question: When did the questioning of human sexual responses begin?

answers: text: Magnus Hirschfeld
question: Who created the ten point scale on a persons sexuals desire?

answers: text: 1896
question: What year did Magnus Hirschfeld create the ten point scale on a persons sexual desire. 

answers: text: a homosexual individual may be A5, B0
question: On Magnus's ten point scale what would a homosexual person be considered?

answers: text: an asexual would be A0, B0
question: On the ten point scale what would an asexual person be considered as?

context: A third concern with the Kinsey scale is that it inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale, making one a tradeoff of the other. Research in the 1970s on masculinity and femininity found that concepts of masculinity and femininity are more appropriately measured as independent concepts on a separate scale rather than as a single continuum, with each end representing opposite extremes. When compared on the same scale, they act as tradeoffs such, whereby to be more feminine one had to be less masculine and vice versa. However, if they are considered as separate dimensions one can be simultaneously very masculine and very feminine. Similarly, considering heterosexuality and homosexuality on separate scales would allow one to be both very heterosexual and very homosexual or not very much of either. When they are measured independently, the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined, rather than the balance between heterosexual and homosexual as determined using the Kinsey Scale.
qas: answers: text: it inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality
question: What was a concern of the Kinsey scale?

answers: text: as independent concepts on a separate scale
question: How are masculinity and femininity more appropriately measured?

answers: text: they act as tradeoffs such, whereby to be more feminine one had to be less masculine and vice versa
question: What happens if the concepts are measured on the same scale?

answers: text: the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined, rather than the balance between heterosexual and homosexual
question: What is the advantage of measuring these elements separately?

answers: text: inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale
question: What is considered to be a problem with the Kinsey scale?

answers: text: more appropriately measured as independent concepts on a separate scale rather than as a single continuum
question: What did the research performed in the 1970s show about masculinity and feminity?

answers: text: would allow one to be both very heterosexual and very homosexual or not very much of either.
question: What would be possible if homesexuality and heterosexuality where measured on different scales?

answers: text: the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined,
question: What is another benefit of measuring sexuality on two scaless verses just the Kinsey scale?

context: Research focusing on sexual orientation uses scales of assessment to identify who belongs in which sexual population group. It is assumed that these scales will be able to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation. However, it is difficult to determine an individual's sexual orientation through scales of assessment, due to ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation. Generally, there are three components of sexual orientation used in assessment. Their definitions and examples of how they may be assessed are as follows:
qas: answers: text: scales of assessment
question: How does research identify sexual population groups?

answers: text: to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation
question: What is the understanding of the scales used?

answers: text: due to ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation
question: Why might the scales fail?

answers: text: three components
question: How many components are used in assessment?

answers: text: scales of assessment
question: What does the research on sexual orientation use to determine who belongs in which sexual populaiton group?

answers: text: assumed that these scales will be able to reliably identify and categorize people by their sexual orientation.
question: What is the general idea regading these scales that are used?

answers: text: ambiguity regarding the definition of sexual orientation
question: What can cause problems with these scales that are used?

answers: text: there are three components of sexual orientation
question: How many components are used in an assessment?

context: Depending on which component of sexual orientation is being assessed and referenced, different conclusions can be drawn about the prevalence rate of homosexuality which has real world consequences. Knowing how much of the population is made up of homosexual individuals influences how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies. For example, if homosexual individuals constitute only 1% of the general population they are politically easier to ignore or than if they are known to be a constituency that surpasses most ethnic and ad minority groups. If the number is relatively minor then it is difficult to argue for community based same sex programs and services, mass media inclusion of gay role models, or Gay/Straight Alliances in schools. For this reason, in the 1970s Bruce Voeller, the chair of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force perpetuated a common myth that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10% for the whole population by averaging a 13% number for men and a 7% number for women. Voeller generalized this finding and used it as part of the modern gay rights movement to convince politicians and the public that "we [gays and lesbians] are everywhere".
qas: answers: text: that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10% for the whole population
question: What myth did Bruce Voeller perpetuate in the 70's?

answers: text: averaging a 13% number for men and a 7% number for women
question: What were the calculations of this myth?

answers: text: we [gays and lesbians] are everywhere
question: What message did Voeller deliver using this myth?

answers: text: influences how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies
question: What comes along with defining how much of the population is homosexual?

answers: text: how this population may be seen or treated by the public and government bodies
question: What does knowing the sexual population influence?

answers: text: Bruce Voeller
question: Who was the cahir of the national gay and lesbian task force in the 1970s?

answers: text: used it as part of the modern gay rights movement to convince politicians and the public that "we [gays and lesbians] are everywhere".
question: What did Bruce Voeller do with his findings?

answers: text: that the prevalence of homosexuality is 10% for the whole population by averaging a 13% number for men and a 7% number for women
question: What myth did Bruce Voeller preserve in the 1970s?

context: Another study on men and women's patterns of sexual arousal confirmed that men and women have different patterns of arousal, independent of their sexual orientations. The study found that women's genitals become aroused to both human and nonhuman stimuli from movies showing humans of both genders having sex (heterosexual and homosexual) and from videos showing non-human primates (bonobos) having sex. Men did not show any sexual arousal to non-human visual stimuli, their arousal patterns being in line with their specific sexual interest (women for heterosexual men and men for homosexual men).
qas: answers: text: men and women have different patterns of arousal
question: Do men and women's patterns of arousal differ?

answers: text: independent of their sexual orientations
question: Are the patterns related to orientation?

answers: text: both human and nonhuman stimuli
question: What types of stimuli were found to arouse women?

answers: text: to non-human visual stimuli
question: What stimuli did men show no arousal towards?

answers: text: their specific sexual interest
question: Men's arousal patterns were found to be with?

answers: text: confirmed that men and women have different patterns of arousal, independent of their sexual orientations
question: What did a study on men and womens sexual arousal show?

answers: text: become aroused to both human and nonhuman stimuli from movies showing humans of both genders having sex (heterosexual and homosexual
question: Did women in the studys become aroused to heterosexual stimulation?

answers: text: x. Men did not show any sexual arousal to non-human visual stimuli,
question: Did men have any arousal from non human videos containing sex?

answers: text: , their arousal patterns being in line with their specific sexual interest (women for heterosexual men and men for homosexual men).
question: Did mens arousal relate to the sexual interests?

context: Androphilia and gynephilia (or gynecophilia) are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual attraction, as an alternative to a homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization. They are used for identifying a subject's object of attraction without attributing a sex assignment or gender identity to the subject. Related terms such as pansexual and polysexual do not make any such assignations to the subject. People may also use terms such as queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual, or personalized identities such as byke or biphilic.
qas: answers: text: Androphilia and gynephilia
question: What science terms are used to describe sexual attraction?

answers: text: to a homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization
question: These terms are an alternative to what conceptualization?

answers: text: a sex assignment or gender identity
question: What are these terms not attributing to the subject/person being described?

answers: text: pansexual and polysexual
question: What are other terms that do not make similar assignments?

answers: text: queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual
question: What are other terms used in the same vein as pansexual?

answers: text: Androphilia and gynephilia (or gynecophilia
question: Which terms are used in describing sexual desires?

answers: text: homosexual and heterosexual
question: What are two other words for androphilia and gynephlia?

answers: text: identifying a subject's object of attraction without attributing a sex assignment or gender identity to the subject
question: What are the terms androphilia and gynephial use for?

answers: text: queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual, or personalized identities such as byke or biphilic.
question: What are other common words that people may use for homosexual and heterosexual people?

context: Translation is a major obstacle when comparing different cultures. Many English terms lack equivalents in other languages, while concepts and words from other languages fail to be reflected in the English language. Translation and vocabulary obstacles are not limited to the English language. Language can force individuals to identify with a label that may or may not accurately reflect their true sexual orientation. Language can also be used to signal sexual orientation to others. The meaning of words referencing categories of sexual orientation are negotiated in the mass media in relation to social organization. New words may be brought into use to describe new terms or better describe complex interpretations of sexual orientation. Other words may pick up new layers or meaning. For example, the heterosexual Spanish terms marido and mujer for "husband" and "wife", respectively, have recently been replaced in Spain by the gender-neutral terms cónyuges or consortes meaning "spouses".
qas: answers: text: Translation
question: What tends to be a major obstacle when comparing cultures?

answers: text: Language
question: What can force individuals to identify with a label that may not reflect true orientation?

answers: text: mass media
question: Where are the meanings of words negotiated?

answers: text: New words
question: What can be brought into play to describe interpretations of sexual orientation?

answers: text: Translation
question: What is a major hurdle when studying different cultures?

answers: text: English terms lack equivalents in other languages, while concepts and words from other languages fail to be reflected in the English language.
question: Why does translation cause such issues among different cultures?

answers: text: can force individuals to identify with a label that may or may not accurately reflect their true sexual orientation
question: What problems can arise due to translation issues?

answers: text: Language
question: What can be used to signal sexual idenitys to others?

context: The earliest writers on sexual orientation usually understood it to be intrinsically linked to the subject's own sex. For example, it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa. This understanding was shared by most of the significant theorists of sexual orientation from the mid nineteenth to early twentieth century, such as Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud, as well as many gender-variant homosexual people themselves. However, this understanding of homosexuality as sexual inversion was disputed at the time, and, through the second half of the twentieth century, gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation. Transgender and cisgender people may be attracted to men, women, or both, although the prevalence of different sexual orientations is quite different in these two populations. An individual homosexual, heterosexual or bisexual person may be masculine, feminine, or androgynous, and in addition, many members and supporters of lesbian and gay communities now see the "gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual" as negative stereotypes. Nevertheless, studies by J. Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker found a majority of the gay men and lesbians sampled reporting various degrees of gender-nonconformity during their childhood years.
qas: answers: text: the subject's own sex
question: Early writers linked orientation to what concept?

answers: text: Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud,
question: What theorists agreed with this concept?

answers: text: gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation
question: What two things became to be seen as distinct from one another?

answers: text: gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual
question: What negative stereotypes have emerged from this understanding?

answers: text: gender-nonconformity
question: What did a majority of gay men and women experience in their childhood?

answers: text: phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation
question: What did gender idenity become to be seen as?

answers: text: "gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual"
question: What can be considered to be bad stereotypes to gay communities?

answers: text: Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker
question: Who performed the studies that found most homosexual people having different degrees of gender issues?

answers: text: it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa.
question: What was thought of early lesbians and gay men?

answers: text: during their childhood years.
question: In these studies when was the gender-noncomformity experienced?

context: In the United States, non-Caucasian LGBT individuals may find themselves in a double minority, where they are neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group. Many people experience racism in the dominant LGBT community where racial stereotypes merge with gender stereotypes, such that Asian-American LGBTs are viewed as more passive and feminine, while African-American LGBTs are viewed as more masculine and aggressive. There are a number of culturally specific support networks for LGBT individuals active in the United States. For example, "Ô-Môi" for Vietnamese American queer females.
qas: answers: text: non-Caucasian LGBT
question: Who is finding themselves in a double minority in the US?

answers: text: Asian-American LGBTs are viewed as more passive and feminine
question: What is an example of a stereotype found in this double minority?

answers: text: neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group
question: What do the non-Caucasian LGBT experience?

answers: text: Ô-Môi" for Vietnamese American queer females.
question: What is an example of a culturally specific support network?

answers: text: in a double minority,
question: Where can lgbt people who are not white find themselves in the united states?

answers: text: they are neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group
question: What does it mean for the LGBT people who are in a double monority?

answers: text: racism
question: What do many people in the dominant LGBT community face?

answers: text: racial stereotypes merge with gender stereotypes
question: Why is racism so bad in the non white LGBT community?

answers: text: Ô-Môi
question: What is the name of the Vietnamese American support network for the LGBT community?

context: Some research suggests that "[f]or some [people] the focus of sexual interest will shift at various points through the life span..." "There... [was, as of 1995,] essentially no research on the longitudinal stability of sexual orientation over the adult life span... It [was]... still an unanswered question whether... [the] measure [of 'the complex components of sexual orientation as differentiated from other aspects of sexual identity at one point in time'] will predict future behavior or orientation. Certainly, it is... not a good predictor of past behavior and self-identity, given the developmental process common to most gay men and lesbians (i.e., denial of homosexual interests and heterosexual experimentation prior to the coming-out process)." Some studies report that "[a number of] lesbian women, and some heterosexual women as well, perceive choice as an important element in their sexual orientations."
qas: answers: text: Some research suggests that "[f]or some [people] the focus of sexual interest will shift at various points through the life span
question: Can a persons sexual interest change over different times in their life?

answers: text: longitudinal stability of sexual orientation over the adult life span.
question: Until 1995 what had no studies done concerning sexual orientation?

answers: text: . [the] measure [of 'the complex components of sexual orientation as differentiated from other aspects of sexual identity at one point in time']
question: What can possibly predict the future orientation a persons sexual idenity?

answers: text: choice
question: What do some lesbian woman see as important part of the sexual orientation?

context: In 2012, the Pan American Health Organization (the North and South American branch of the World Health Organization) released a statement cautioning against services that purport to "cure" people with non-heterosexual sexual orientations as they lack medical justification and represent a serious threat to the health and well-being of affected people, and noted that the global scientific and professional consensus is that homosexuality is a normal and natural variation of human sexuality and cannot be regarded as a pathological condition. The Pan American Health Organization further called on governments, academic institutions, professional associations and the media to expose these practices and to promote respect for diversity. The World Health Organization affiliate further noted that gay minors have sometimes been forced to attend these "therapies" involuntarily, being deprived of their liberty and sometimes kept in isolation for several months, and that these findings were reported by several United Nations bodies. Additionally, the Pan American Health Organization recommended that such malpractices be denounced and subject to sanctions and penalties under national legislation, as they constitute a violation of the ethical principles of health care and violate human rights that are protected by international and regional agreements.
qas: answers: text: 2012,
question: When did part of the world health organization release a statement about curing homosexuals?

answers: text: they lack medical justification and represent a serious threat to the health and well-being of affected people,
question: Why did the Pan American Health Organization release this statement?

answers: text: pathological condition
question: What condition do they state cannot be linked to homosexuality?

answers: text: violation of the ethical principles of health care and violate human rights that are protected by international and regional agreements.
question: What did the Pan American Health organization say these treatments violated?

answers: text: that such malpractices be denounced and subject to sanctions and penalties under national legislation,
question: What did the Pan American Health Organization reccomend for those who used treatment to stop homosexuality?

context: The Kinsey scale provides a classification of sexual orientation based on the relative amounts of heterosexual and homosexual experience or psychic response in one's history at a given time. The classification scheme works such that individuals in the same category show the same balance between the heterosexual and homosexual elements in their histories. The position on the scale is based on the relation of heterosexuality to homosexuality in one's history, rather than the actual amount of overt experience or psychic response. An individual can be assigned a position on the scale in accordance with the following definitions of the points of the scale:
qas: answers: text: sexual orientation based on the relative amounts of heterosexual and homosexual experience or psychic response in one's history at a given time.
question: What does the Kinsey scale provide a classification for?

answers: text: such that individuals in the same category show the same balance between the heterosexual and homosexual elements in their histories
question: How does the classifiacation scheme work on the Kinsey scale?

answers: text: relation of heterosexuality to homosexuality in one's history
question: What is the position on the Kinsey scale based on?

answers: text: the actual amount of overt experience or psychic response
question: What positions does the KInsey scale not use?

context: The Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation (SASO) was developed to address the major concerns with the Kinsey Scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid and as such, measures sexual orientation on a continuum, considers various dimensions of sexual orientation, and considers homosexuality and heterosexuality separately. Rather than providing a final solution to the question of how to best measure sexual orientation, the SASO is meant to provoke discussion and debate about measurements of sexual orientation.
qas: answers: text: Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation
question: What does SASO stand for?

answers: text: to address the major concerns with the Kinsey Scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid
question: Why was SASO created?

answers: text: measures sexual orientation on a continuum, considers various dimensions of sexual orientation, and considers homosexuality and heterosexuality separately
question: What did SASO find wrong with the KInsey scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid?

answers: text: providing a final solution to the question of how to best measure sexual orientation
question: What is one of SASO's main goals?

answers: text: measurements of sexual orientation.
question: What is SASO causing discussion and debate about?

context: As there is no research indicating which of the three components is essential in defining sexual orientation, all three are used independently and provide different conclusions regarding sexual orientation. Savin Williams (2006) discusses this issue and notes that by basing findings regarding sexual orientation on a single component, researchers may not actually capture the intended population. For example, if homosexual is defined by same sex behavior, gay virgins are omitted, heterosexuals engaging in same sex behavior for other reasons than preferred sexual arousal are miscounted, and those with same sex attraction who only have opposite-sex relations are excluded. Because of the limited populations that each component captures, consumers of research should be cautious in generalizing these findings.
qas: answers: text: all three are used independently and provide different conclusions regarding sexual orientation
question: How are the three component used to determine sexual orientation?

answers: text: (2006)
question: When did Savin WIlliams talk about the issues with these components?

answers: text: basing findings regarding sexual orientation on a single component, researchers may not actually capture the intended population
question: What issues to Savin address during this talk?

answers: text: Because of the limited populations that each component captures
question: Why does basing sexual orientation on one component cause problems?

answers: text: should be cautious in generalizing these findings.
question: How should consumers of the research approach these findings?

context: More recently, scientists have started to focus on measuring changes in brain activity related to sexual arousal, by using brain-scanning techniques. A study on how heterosexual and homosexual men's brains react to seeing pictures of naked men and women has found that both hetero- and homosexual men react positively to seeing their preferred sex, using the same brain regions. The only significant group difference between these orientations was found in the amygdala, a brain region known to be involved in regulating fear.
qas: answers: text: measuring changes in brain activity related to sexual arousal
question: What have scientists started spending the most time on?

answers: text: by using brain-scanning techniques
question: How do scientiest measure brain activity?

answers: text: positively
question: How did both gay and straight men react to pictures of both naked men and women?

answers: text: The only significant group difference between these orientations was found in the amygdala,
question: What was the only difference in the study between gay and straight men?

answers: text: known to be involved in regulating fear.
question: What does the amygdala region of the brain do?

context: Perceived sexual orientation may affect how a person is treated. For instance, in the United States, the FBI reported that 15.6% of hate crimes reported to police in 2004 were "because of a sexual-orientation bias". Under the UK Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003, as explained by Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service, "workers or job applicants must not be treated less favourably because of their sexual orientation, their perceived sexual orientation or because they associate with someone of a particular sexual orientation".
qas: answers: text: Perceived sexual orientation
question: What can affect how a person is treated?

answers: text: 15.6%
question: What percent of hate crimes did the FBI relate to sexual orientation bias?

answers: text: 2003,
question: When was the UK emloyment eequality (sexual orientation) regulations law take effect?

answers: text: workers or job applicants must not be treated less favourably because of their sexual orientation
question: Under this law what does this state that is required by employers?

context: Most definitions of sexual orientation include a psychological component, such as the direction of an individual's erotic desires, or a behavioral component, which focuses on the sex of the individual's sexual partner/s. Some people prefer simply to follow an individual's self-definition or identity. Scientific and professional understanding is that "the core attractions that form the basis for adult sexual orientation typically emerge between middle childhood and early adolescence". Sexual orientation differs from sexual identity in that it encompasses relationships with others, while sexual identity is a concept of self.
qas: answers: text: psychological component, such as the direction of an individual's erotic desires, or a behavioral component
question: What do the majority of defintions surronding sexual orientation include?

answers: text: focuses on the sex of the individual's sexual partner/s.
question: What does a behaviorial component focus on when defining sexual orientation?

answers: text: an individual's self-definition
question: What do other people use to determine a persons sexual idenity?

answers: text: typically emerge between middle childhood and early adolescence
question: When do scientists and professions agree that sexual orientation shows in a person?

answers: text: sexual identity in that it encompasses relationships with others, while sexual identity is a concept of self.
question: What is the difference between sexual idenity and sexual orientation?

context: In the oft-cited and oft-criticized Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953), by Alfred C. Kinsey et al., people were asked to rate themselves on a scale from completely heterosexual to completely homosexual. Kinsey reported that when the individuals' behavior as well as their identity are analyzed, most people appeared to be at least somewhat bisexual — i.e., most people have some attraction to either sex, although usually one sex is preferred. According to Kinsey, only a minority (5–10%) can be considered fully heterosexual or homosexual.[citation needed] Conversely, only an even smaller minority can be considered fully bisexual (with an equal attraction to both sexes). Kinsey's methods have been criticized as flawed, particularly with regard to the randomness of his sample population, which included prison inmates, male prostitutes and those who willingly participated in discussion of previously taboo sexual topics. Nevertheless, Paul Gebhard, subsequent director of the Kinsey Institute for Sex Research, reexamined the data in the Kinsey Reports and concluded that removing the prison inmates and prostitutes barely affected the results.
qas: answers: text: In the oft-cited and oft-criticized Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953
question: Which two studies where created by Alfred C. KInsey?

answers: text: people were asked to rate themselves on a scale from completely heterosexual to completely homosexual.
question: What where people asked to do in these research studies?

answers: text: that when the individuals' behavior as well as their identity are analyzed, most people appeared to be at least somewhat bisexual
question: What did KInsey find during these studies ?

answers: text: (5–10%
question: In Kinseys mind what percentage of people are considered to be fully heterosexual or homosexual?

answers: text: the randomness of his sample population,
question: Why do people say KInseys work is not correct?

context: Innate bisexuality is an idea introduced by Sigmund Freud. According to this theory, all humans are born bisexual in a very broad sense of the term, that of incorporating general aspects of both sexes. In Freud's view, this was true anatomically and therefore also psychologically, with sexual attraction to both sexes being one part of this psychological bisexuality. Freud believed that in the course of sexual development the masculine side would normally become dominant in men and the feminine side in women, but that as adults everyone still has desires derived from both the masculine and the feminine sides of their natures. Freud did not claim that everyone is bisexual in the sense of feeling the same level of sexual attraction to both genders.
qas: answers: text: Innate bisexuality
question: What idea did Sigmund Freud bring to the table?

answers: text: all humans are born bisexual
question: What does Sigmunds idea theorize?

answers: text: this was true anatomically and therefore also psychologically, with sexual attraction to both sexes being one part of this psychological bisexuality
question: Why did SIgmund believe all humans are born bisexual?

answers: text: both the masculine and the feminine sides of their natures
question: What does Sigmund believe we all as adults desire?

answers: text: that everyone is bisexual in the sense of feeling the same level of sexual attraction to both genders
question: Even though Sigmund believed all people where born bisexual what did he not believe to be true?

context: These categories are aspects of the more nuanced nature of sexual identity and terminology. For example, people may use other labels, such as pansexual or polysexual, or none at all. According to the American Psychological Association, sexual orientation "also refers to a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions". Androphilia and gynephilia are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual orientation as an alternative to a gender binary conceptualization. Androphilia describes sexual attraction to masculinity; gynephilia describes the sexual attraction to femininity. The term sexual preference largely overlaps with sexual orientation, but is generally distinguished in psychological research. A person who identifies as bisexual, for example, may sexually prefer one sex over the other. Sexual preference may also suggest a degree of voluntary choice, whereas the scientific consensus is that sexual orientation is not a choice.
qas: answers: text: pansexual or polysexual,
question: Whar words may people use for sexual idenity?

answers: text: a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions
question: What does the American Pyschological Association say sexual orientation refers to?

answers: text: Androphilia and gynephilia
question: What terms does behavorial science use instead of using gender binary conceptualization?

answers: text: sexual attraction to masculinity
question: What is androphilia used to describe?

answers: text: the sexual attraction to femininity
question: What is gynephilia used to describe?

context: The American Psychological Association states that "[s]exual orientation refers to an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes" and that "[t]his range of behaviors and attractions has been described in various cultures and nations throughout the world. Many cultures use identity labels to describe people who express these attractions. In the United States, the most frequent labels are lesbians (women attracted to women), gay men (men attracted to men), and bisexual people (men or women attracted to both sexes). However, some people may use different labels or none at all". They additionally state that sexual orientation "is distinct from other components of sex and gender, including biological sex (the anatomical, physiological, and genetic characteristics associated with being male or female), gender identity (the psychological sense of being male or female), and social gender role (the cultural norms that define feminine and masculine behavior)". According to psychologists, sexual orientation also refers to a person’s choice of sexual partners, who may be homosexual, heterosexual, or bisexual.
qas: answers: text: an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes
question: What does the American Physocological Association say that sexual orientation refers to?

answers: text: identity labels
question: What do a lot of cultures use to describe homosexual people?

answers: text: lesbians (women attracted to women), gay men (men attracted to men), and bisexual people (men or women attracted to both sexes).
question: What are the most used labels in America to describe homosexuals?

answers: text: a person’s choice of sexual partners
question: What do psychologists says sexual orientation can also mean?

context: The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH), which describes itself as a "professional, scientific organization that offers hope to those who struggle with unwanted homosexuality," disagrees with the mainstream mental health community's position on conversion therapy, both on its effectiveness and by describing sexual orientation not as a binary immutable quality, or as a disease, but as a continuum of intensities of sexual attractions and emotional affect. The American Psychological Association and the Royal College of Psychiatrists expressed concerns that the positions espoused by NARTH are not supported by the science and create an environment in which prejudice and discrimination can flourish.
qas: answers: text: The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality
question: What does NARTH stand for?

answers: text: a "professional, scientific organization that offers hope to those who struggle with unwanted homosexuality,
question: What does NARTH consider itself to be?

answers: text: the mainstream mental health community's position on conversion therapy
question: What does NARTH disagree with?

answers: text: its effectiveness and by describing sexual orientation not as a binary immutable quality
question: What does NARTH state is wrong with the mainstream mental healths stand on conversion therapy?

answers: text: that the positions espoused by NARTH are not supported by the science and create an environment in which prejudice and discrimination can flourish
question: What concerns did both the American Psychological Association and the Royal College of PSychiatrist have with NARTH?

context: Using androphilia and gynephilia can avoid confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people. Psychiatrist Anil Aggrawal explains that androphilia, along with gynephilia, "is needed to overcome immense difficulties in characterizing the sexual orientation of trans men and trans women. For instance, it is difficult to decide whether a trans man erotically attracted to males is a heterosexual female or a homosexual male; or a trans woman erotically attracted to females is a heterosexual male or a lesbian female. Any attempt to classify them may not only cause confusion but arouse offense among the affected subjects. In such cases, while defining sexual attraction, it is best to focus on the object of their attraction rather than on the sex or gender of the subject." Sexologist Milton Diamond writes, "The terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual are better used as adjectives, not nouns, and are better applied to behaviors, not people. This usage is particularly advantageous when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals. These newer terms also do not carry the social weight of the former ones."
qas: answers: text: confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people
question: What do the terms andophilia and gynephilia help prevent?

answers: text: the affected s
question: Why does psychiatrist Anil Aggrawal say androphilia and gynephilia are needed terms?

answers: text: confusion
question: What can attempting to label members of the LGBT community cause?

answers: text: are better used as adjectives, not nouns, and are better applied to behaviors, not people.
question: What does MIlton Diamond say about the terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual?

answers: text: when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals
question: What advantages do the terms androphilia and gynephilia have?

context: The Kinsey scale has been praised for dismissing the dichotomous classification of sexual orientation and allowing for a new perspective on human sexuality. However, the scale has been criticized because it is still not a true continuum. Despite seven categories being able to provide a more accurate description of sexual orientation than a dichotomous scale it is still difficult to determine which category individuals should be assigned to. In a major study comparing sexual response in homosexual males and females, Masters and Johnson discuss the difficulty of assigning the Kinsey ratings to participants. Particularly, they found it difficult to determine the relative amount heterosexual and homosexual experience and response in a person's history when using the scale. They report finding it difficult to assign ratings 2-4 for individuals with a large number of heterosexual and homosexual experiences. When, there is a lot of heterosexual and homosexual experiences in one's history it becomes difficult for that individual to be fully objective in assessing the relative amount of each.
qas: answers: text: dismissing the dichotomous classification of sexual orientation and allowing for a new perspective on human sexuality.
question: What has the KInsey scaled been praised for?

answers: text: because it is still not a true continuum
question: What has the Kinsey scale been critisized for?

answers: text: seven
question: How many categories are used in the KInsey scale?

answers: text: to determine the relative amount heterosexual and homosexual experience and response in a person's history when using the scale
question: In a study by Masters and Johnson what did the find difficult about KIneys ratings?

answers: text: a large number of heterosexual and homosexual experiences
question: What in somebodys past caused problems for the Kinsey scale?

context: The SASO consists of 12 questions. Six of these questions assess sexual attraction, four assess sexual behavior, and two assess sexual orientation identity. For each question on the scale that measures homosexuality there is a corresponding question that measures heterosexuality giving six matching pairs of questions. Taken all together, the six pairs of questions and responses provide a profile of an individual's sexual orientation. However, results can be further simplified into four summaries that look specifically at responses that correspond to either homosexuality, heterosexuality, bisexuality or asexuality.
qas: answers: text: 12
question: How many questions does the SASO contain?

answers: text: sexual attraction
question: What do six of the questions asses?

answers: text: four assess sexual behavior, and two assess sexual orientation identity
question: What do the other six questions asses?

answers: text: heterosexuality
question: What questions corresponds to the homosexual ones?

answers: text: into four summaries that look specifically at responses that correspond to either homosexuality, heterosexuality, bisexuality or asexuality.
question: How are the results simplified when using the SASO?

context: The exact causes for the development of a particular sexual orientation have yet to be established. To date, a lot of research has been conducted to determine the influence of genetics, hormonal action, development dynamics, social and cultural influences—which has led many to think that biology and environment factors play a complex role in forming it. It was once thought that homosexuality was the result of faulty psychological development, resulting from childhood experiences and troubled relationships, including childhood sexual abuse. It has been found that this was based on prejudice and misinformation.
qas: answers: text: The exact causes for the development of a particular sexual orientation have yet to be established
question: Has the cause for sexual orientation been found yet?

answers: text: that biology and environment factors play a complex role in forming it
question: What has the research that has been conducted for the influence of genetics made many people think?

answers: text: the result of faulty psychological development
question: What was once thought to cause homosexuality?

answers: text: this was based on prejudice and misinformation.
question: What was found out about the theory of faulty psychological development being the cause for homosexuality?

context: One of the uses for scales that assess sexual orientation is determining what the prevalence of different sexual orientations are within a population. Depending on subject's age, culture and sex, the prevalence rates of homosexuality vary depending on which component of sexual orientation is being assessed: sexual attraction, sexual behavior, or sexual identity. Assessing sexual attraction will yield the greatest prevalence of homosexuality in a population whereby the proportion of individuals indicating they are same sex attracted is two to three times greater than the proportion reporting same sex behavior or identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. Furthermore, reports of same sex behavior usually exceed those of gay, lesbian, or bisexual identification. The following chart demonstrates how widely the prevalence of homosexuality can vary depending on what age, location and component of sexual orientation is being assessed:
qas: answers: text: determining what the prevalence of different sexual orientations are within a population
question: What can the scales for sexual orientation be used for?

answers: text: which component of sexual orientation is being assessed
question: What will cause the amount of homosexuality to vary?

answers: text: Assessing sexual attraction will yield the greatest prevalence of homosexuality in a population
question: Out of sexual attraction, sexual behovior, and sexual identity which will show more accurately the amount of homosexuals in a population?

context: As female fetuses have two X chromosomes and male ones a XY pair, the chromosome Y is the responsible for producing male differentiation on the defect female development. The differentiation process is driven by androgen hormones, mainly testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The newly formed testicles in the fetus are responsible for the secretion of androgens, that will cooperate in driving the sexual differentiation of the developing fetus, included its brain. This results in sexual differences between males and females. This fact has led some scientists to test in various ways the result of modifying androgen exposure levels in mammals during fetus and early life.
qas: answers: text: chromosome Y
question: Which chromosome is responsible for produlcing male differentiation on defect female development?

answers: text: androgen hormones,
question: What is the differentiation process driven by?

answers: text: secretion of androgens, that will cooperate in driving the sexual differentiation of the developing fetus, included its brain
question: What results in sexual differences in males and females?

answers: text: the result of modifying androgen exposure levels in mammals during fetus and early life
question: What have scientist began to test due to the fact that adrogen results in sexual differences?

context: One of the earliest sexual orientation classification schemes was proposed in the 1860s by Karl Heinrich Ulrichs in a series of pamphlets he published privately. The classification scheme, which was meant only to describe males, separated them into three basic categories: dionings, urnings and uranodionings. An urning can be further categorized by degree of effeminacy. These categories directly correspond with the categories of sexual orientation used today: heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual. In the series of pamphlets, Ulrichs outlined a set of questions to determine if a man was an urning. The definitions of each category of Ulrichs' classification scheme are as follows:
qas: answers: text: Karl Heinrich Ulrichs
question: Who created on of the earliest sexual classification schemes?

answers: text: in the 1860s
question: When did Karl Heinrich Ulrichs develop this classification scheme?

answers: text: meant only to describe males
question: Was his classification scheme meant for males or females?

answers: text: dionings, urnings and uranodionings
question: What three categories are used in Ulrichs scheme?

answers: text: the categories of sexual orientation used today:
question: What did these three categories correspond with?

context: Weinrich et al. (1993) and Weinberg et al. (1994) criticized the scale for lumping individuals who are different based on different dimensions of sexuality into the same categories. When applying the scale, Kinsey considered two dimensions of sexual orientation: overt sexual experience and psychosexual reactions. Valuable information was lost by collapsing the two values into one final score. A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience. It would have been quite simple for Kinsey to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information. Furthermore, there are more than two dimensions of sexuality to be considered. Beyond behavior and reactions, one could also assess attraction, identification, lifestyle etc. This is addressed by the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid.
qas: answers: text: lumping individuals who are different based on different dimensions of sexuality into the same categories.
question: What did both Weinrich and Weinberg critisize the KInsey scale for?

answers: text: collapsing the two values into one final score
question: What caused valuable information to be lost while using the KInsey scale?

answers: text: A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience
question: Why was collapsing the two values into one score a problem?

answers: text: to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information
question: How could Kinsey have avoided losing this crucial information?

answers: text: one could also assess attraction, identification, lifestyle
question: Besides behavior and reactions what else could have been used in the KInsey scale?

context: Of all the questions on the scale, Sell considered those assessing sexual attraction to be the most important as sexual attraction is a better reflection of the concept of sexual orientation which he defined as "extent of sexual attractions toward members of the other, same, both sexes or neither" than either sexual identity or sexual behavior. Identity and behavior are measured as supplemental information because they are both closely tied to sexual attraction and sexual orientation. Major criticisms of the SASO have not been established, but a concern is that the reliability and validity remains largely unexamined.
qas: answers: text: those assessing sexual attraction
question: What questions did Sell consider the most important on the KInsey scale?

answers: text: sexual attraction is a better reflection of the concept of sexual orientation
question: Why did Sell consider the questions regarding sexual attraction the most important?

answers: text: extent of sexual attractions toward members of the other, same, both sexes or neither
question: Rather than define sexual orientation as sexual idenity or behavior what did Sell define it as?

answers: text: the reliability and validity remains largely unexamined.
question: What is a huge concern for SASO?

context: The variance in prevalence rates is reflected in people's inconsistent responses to the different components of sexual orientation within a study and the instability of their responses over time. Laumann et al., (1994) found that among U.S. adults 20% of those who would be considered homosexual on one component of orientation were homosexual on the other two dimensions and 70% responded in a way that was consistent with homosexuality on only one of the three dimensions. Furthermore, sexuality is fluid such that one's sexual orientation is not necessarily stable or consistent over time but is subject to change throughout life. Diamond (2003) found that over 7 years 2/3 of the women changed their sexual identity at least once, with many reporting that the label was not adequate in capturing the diversity of their sexual or romantic feelings. Furthermore, women who relinquished bisexual and lesbian identification did not relinquish same sex sexuality and acknowledged the possibility for future same sex attractions and/or behaviour. One woman stated "I'm mainly straight but I'm one of those people who, if the right circumstance came along, would change my viewpoint". Therefore, individuals classified as homosexual in one study might not be identified the same way in another depending on which components are assessed and when the assessment is made making it difficult to pin point who is homosexual and who is not and what the overall prevalence within a population may be.
qas: answers: text: people's inconsistent responses to the different components of sexual orientation within a study and the instability of their responses over time
question: What reflects the prevalence rates varying?

answers: text: such that one's sexual orientation is not necessarily stable or consistent over time but is subject to change throughout life.
question: What does it mean when someones sexualiity is fluid?

answers: text: over 7 years 2/3 of the women changed their sexual identity at least once,
question: What did Diamond find about the women?

answers: text: the possibility for future same sex attractions and/or behaviour
question: What did women acknowledge who considered themselves as lesbian or bisexual?

answers: text: individuals classified as homosexual in one study might not be identified the same way in another depending on which components are assessed
question: What makes it difficult to determine if someone is homosexual or not?

context: Because sexual orientation is complex and multi-dimensional, some academics and researchers, especially in queer studies, have argued that it is a historical and social construction. In 1976, philosopher and historian Michel Foucault argued in The History of Sexuality that homosexuality as an identity did not exist in the eighteenth century; that people instead spoke of "sodomy," which referred to sexual acts. Sodomy was a crime that was often ignored, but sometimes punished severely (see sodomy law). He wrote, "'Sexuality' is an invention of the modern state, the industrial revolution, and capitalism."
qas: answers: text: Because sexual orientation is complex and multi-dimensional
question: Why do researches in homosexual studies argued that it is a social and historical constuction?

answers: text: Michel Foucault
question: Which philosopher argued homosexuality did not exist as an idenity in the eighteenth century?

answers: text: 1976
question: In what year did Michel Foucalt publish The History Of Sexuality?

answers: text: 'Sexuality
question: What did he state was an invention of the modern state?

answers: text: Sodomy
question: What was a crime in the eighteenth century that could cause severe punishment but was mostly ignored?

context: Some researchers who study sexual orientation argue that the concept may not apply similarly to men and women. A study of sexual arousal patterns found that women, when viewing erotic films which show female-female, male-male and male-female sexual activity (oral sex or penetration), have patterns of arousal which do not match their declared sexual orientations as well as men's. That is, heterosexual and lesbian women's sexual arousal to erotic films do not differ significantly by the genders of the participants (male or female) or by the type of sexual activity (heterosexual or homosexual). On the contrary, men's sexual arousal patterns tend to be more in line with their stated orientations, with heterosexual men showing more penis arousal to female-female sexual activity and less arousal to female-male and male-male sexual stimuli, and homosexual and bisexual men being more aroused by films depicting male-male intercourse and less aroused by other stimuli.
qas: answers: text: the concept may not apply similarly to men and women
question: What do some researchers argue about the idea of sexual orientation?

answers: text: female-female, male-male and male-female sexual activity (oral sex or penetration), have patterns of arousal which do not match
question: What have studies found about women and their believed sexual orientations?

answers: text: men's sexual arousal patterns tend to be more in line with their stated orientations,
question: What did the studies reveal about men and their declared sexual preference?

context: Research suggests that sexual orientation is independent of cultural and other social influences, but that open identification of one's sexual orientation may be hindered by homophobic/hetereosexist settings. Social systems such as religion, language and ethnic traditions can have a powerful impact on realization of sexual orientation. Influences of culture may complicate the process of measuring sexual orientation. The majority of empirical and clinical research on LGBT populations are done with largely white, middle-class, well-educated samples, however there are pockets of research that document various other cultural groups, although these are frequently limited in diversity of gender and sexual orientation of the subjects. Integration of sexual orientation with sociocultural identity may be a challenge for LGBT individuals. Individuals may or may not consider their sexual orientation to define their sexual identity, as they may experience various degrees of fluidity of sexuality, or may simply identify more strongly with another aspect of their identity such as family role. American culture puts a great emphasis on individual attributes, and views the self as unchangeable and constant. In contrast, East Asian cultures put a great emphasis on a person's social role within social hierarchies, and view the self as fluid and malleable. These differing cultural perspectives have many implications on cognitions of the self, including perception of sexual orientation.
qas: answers: text: is independent of cultural and other social influences
question: What does research show about sexual orientation?

answers: text: homophobic/hetereosexist settings.
question: What can being openly gay be hindered by?

answers: text: white, middle-class, well-educated
question: What group of the LGBT community are the most researched?

answers: text: religion, language and ethnic traditions
question: What social systems can greatly influence someone realization of their sexual preference?

answers: text: individual attributes, and views the self as unchangeable and constant.
question: What does the american culture put a large emphasis on?

context: Some other cultures do not recognize a homosexual/heterosexual/bisexual distinction. It is common to distinguish a person's sexuality according to their sexual role (active/passive; insertive/penetrated). In this distinction, the passive role is typically associated with femininity and/or inferiority, while the active role is typically associated with masculinity and/or superiority. For example, an investigation of a small Brazilian fishing village revealed three sexual categories for men: men who have sex only with men (consistently in a passive role), men who have sex only with women, and men who have sex with women and men (consistently in an active role). While men who consistently occupied the passive role were recognized as a distinct group by locals, men who have sex with only women, and men who have sex with women and men, were not differentiated. Little is known about same-sex attracted females, or sexual behavior between females in these cultures.
qas: answers: text: according to their sexual role (active/passive; insertive/penetrated)
question: What is a common way to determine a persons sexuality?

answers: text: femininity and/or inferiority
question: When deteerming sexual preference this way what is the passive role associated with?

answers: text: masculinity and/or superiority
question: When determining sexual preference this way what is the active role associated with?

answers: text: Little
question: How much is known about lesbians and bisexual women in these cultures?

context: Though researchers generally believe that sexual orientation is not determined by any one factor but by a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences, with biological factors involving a complex interplay of genetic factors and the early uterine environment, they favor biological models for the cause. They believe that sexual orientation is not a choice, and some of them believe that it is established at conception. That is, individuals do not choose to be homosexual, heterosexual, bisexual, or asexual. While current scientific investigation usually seeks to find biological explanations for the adoption of a particular sexual orientation, there are yet no replicated scientific studies supporting any specific biological etiology for sexual orientation. However, scientific studies have found a number of statistical biological differences between gay people and heterosexuals, which may result from the same underlying cause as sexual orientation itself.
qas: answers: text: a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences
question: What do researchers generally believe causes sexual orientation?

answers: text: a complex interplay of genetic factors and the early uterine environment, they favor biological models for the cause
question: What biological factors do they believe plays a complicated part in sexual orientation?

answers: text: not a choice, and some of them believe that it is established at conception.
question: What do they believe about sexual orientation?

answers: text: statistical biological differences between gay people and heterosexuals
question: What differences hace scientist found in certain studies?

answers: text: the same underlying cause as sexual orientation itself
question: What can these results be caused from?

context: Sexual orientation is argued as a concept that evolved in the industrialized West, and there is a controversy as to the universality of its application in other societies or cultures. Non-westernized concepts of male sexuality differ essentially from the way sexuality is seen and classified under the Western system of sexual orientation.[unreliable source?] The validity of the notion of sexual orientation as defined in the West, as a biological phenomenon rather than a social construction specific to a region and period, has also been questioned within the industrialized Western society).
qas: answers: text: a concept that evolved in the industrialized West
question: What concept is sexual orientation argued as?

answers: text: the universality of its application in other societies or cultures
question: What is causing contreversy as to the concept of sexual orientation?

answers: text: as a biological phenomenon rather than a social construction specific to a region and period
question: What is the notion of sexual orientation in west defined as?

context: Some researchers, such as Bruce Bagemihl, have criticized the labels "heterosexual" and "homosexual" as confusing and degrading. Bagemihl writes, "...the point of reference for 'heterosexual' or 'homosexual' orientation in this nomenclature is solely the individual's genetic sex prior to reassignment (see for example, Blanchard et al. 1987, Coleman and Bockting, 1988, Blanchard, 1989). These labels thereby ignore the individual's personal sense of gender identity taking precedence over biological sex, rather than the other way around." Bagemihl goes on to take issue with the way this terminology makes it easy to claim transsexuals are really homosexual males seeking to escape from stigma.
qas: answers: text: confusing and degrading
question: What does Bruce criticize the labels heterosexual and homsexual as?

answers: text: . These labels thereby ignore the individual's personal sense of gender identity taking precedence over biological sex, rather than the other way around
question: What does Bruce Bagemilh write about the labels homosexual and heterosexual terms?

answers: text: it easy to claim transsexuals are really homosexual males seeking to escape from stigma.
question: What does Bagemihl say a major issue with this terminology is?

context: Often, sexual orientation and sexual orientation identity are not distinguished, which can impact accurately assessing sexual identity and whether or not sexual orientation is able to change; sexual orientation identity can change throughout an individual's life, and may or may not align with biological sex, sexual behavior or actual sexual orientation. While the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and American Psychiatric Association state that sexual orientation is innate, continuous or fixed throughout their lives for some people, but is fluid or changes over time for others, the American Psychological Association distinguishes between sexual orientation (an innate attraction) and sexual orientation identity (which may change at any point in a person's life).
qas: answers: text: sexual orientation and sexual orientation identity are not distinguished
question: What can impact accurately assesing sexual identity?

answers: text: sexual orientation is innate, continuous or fixed throughout their lives for some people, but is fluid or changes over time for others,
question: What does the Centre For Addiction and Mental heal along with the American Psychiatric association state about sexual orientation?

answers: text: sexual orientation (an innate attraction) and sexual orientation identity (which may change at any point in a person's life).
question: What does the American Psychological Assocation distinguish between?

context: Known as the fraternal birth order (FBO) effect, this theory has been backed up by strong evidence of its prenatal origin, although no evidence thus far has linked it to an exact prenatal mechanism. However, research suggests that this may be of immunological origin, caused by a maternal immune reaction against a substance crucial to male fetal development during pregnancy, which becomes increasingly likely after every male gestation. As a result of this immune effect, alterations in later-born males' prenatal development have been thought to occur. This process, known as the maternal immunization hypothesis (MIH), would begin when cells from a male fetus enter the mother's circulation during pregnancy or while giving birth. These Y-linked proteins would not be recognized in the mother's immune system because she is female, causing her to develop antibodies which would travel through the placental barrier into the fetal compartment. From here, the anti-male bodies would then cross the blood/brain barrier (BBB) of the developing fetal brain, altering sex-dimorphic brain structures relative to sexual orientation, causing the exposed son to be more attracted to men over women.
qas: answers: text: fraternal birth order
question: What does the FBO effect stand for?

answers: text: prenatal origin, although no evidence thus far has linked it to an exact prenatal mechanism
question: What does this theory entail?

answers: text: this may be of immunological origin, caused by a maternal immune reaction against a substance crucial to male fetal development during pregnancy,
question: What does research show about the FBO effect?

answers: text: maternal immunization hypothesis
question: What does MIH stand for?

answers: text: blood/brain barrier
question: What does BBB stand for?

context: The Kinsey scale, also called the Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale, was first published in Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) by Alfred Kinsey, Wardell Pomeroy, and Clyde Martin and also featured in Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953). The scale was developed to combat the assumption at the time that people are either heterosexual or homosexual and that these two types represent antitheses in the sexual world. Recognizing that a large portion of population is not completely heterosexual or homosexual and people can experience both heterosexual and homosexual behavior and psychic responses, Kinsey et al., stated:
qas: answers: text: Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale
question: What other name does the KInsey scale go by?

answers: text: 1948
question: When was the KInsey scale first published?

answers: text: to combat the assumption at the time that people are either heterosexual or homosexual
question: Why was the KInsey scale developed?

answers: text: Recognizing that a large portion of population is not completely heterosexual or homosexual and people can experience both heterosexual and homosexual behavior
question: What did KInsey state as his reasoning for the scale?

answers: text: Wardell Pomeroy, and Clyde Martin
question: Who else was featured in The sexual behavior of the human male?

context: In response to the criticism of the Kinsey scale only measuring two dimensions of sexual orientation, Fritz Klein developed the Klein sexual orientation grid (KSOG), a multidimensional scale for describing sexual orientation. Introduced in Klein's book The Bisexual Option, the KSOG uses a 7-point scale to assess seven different dimensions of sexuality at three different points in an individual's life: past (from early adolescence up to one year ago), present (within the last 12 months), and ideal (what would you choose if it were completely your choice).
qas: answers: text: Klein sexual orientation grid
question: What does KSOG stand for?

answers: text: Fritz Klein
question: Who invented the KSOG?

answers: text: response to the criticism of the Kinsey scale only measuring two dimensions of sexual orientation
question: Why did pritz klein come up with the KSOG?

answers: text: a 7-point scale
question: What kind of scale does the KSOG use?

answers: text: past (from early adolescence up to one year ago), present (within the last 12 months), and ideal (what would you choose if it were completely your choice).
question: What three points in life does the KSOG evaluate?

context: Though sexual attraction, behavior, and identity are all components of sexual orientation, if a person defined by one of these dimensions were congruent with those defined by another dimension it would not matter which was used in assessing orientation, but this is not the case. There is "little coherent relationship between the amount and mix of homosexual and heterosexual behavior in a person's biography and that person's choice to label himself or herself as bisexual, homosexual, or heterosexual". Individuals typically experience diverse attractions and behaviors that may reflect curiosity, experimentation, social pressure and is not necessarily indicative of an underlying sexual orientation. For example, a woman may have fantasies or thoughts about sex with other women but never act on these thoughts and only have sex with opposite gender partners. If sexual orientation was being assessed based on one's sexual attraction then this individual would be considered homosexual, but her behavior indicates heterosexuality.
qas: answers: text: sexual orientation
question: What are sexual attraction. behavior, and idenity components of?

answers: text: diverse attractions and behaviors that may reflect curiosity, experimentation, social pressure
question: What do individuals typically experience?

answers: text: the amount and mix of homosexual and heterosexual behavior in a person's biography and that person's choice to label himself
question: What is there little coherent relationships between?

context: In the paper "Who's Gay? Does It Matter?", Ritch Savin-Williams proposes two different approaches to assessing sexual orientation until well positioned and psychometrically sound and tested definitions are developed that would allow research to reliably identify the prevalence, causes, and consequences of homosexuality. He first suggests that greater priority should be given to sexual arousal and attraction over behaviour and identity because it is less prone to self- and other-deception, social conditions and variable meanings. To measure attraction and arousal he proposed that biological measures should be developed and used. There are numerous biological/physiological measures that exist that can measure sexual orientation such as sexual arousal, brain scans, eye tracking, body odour preference, and anatomical variations such as digit-length ratio and right or left handedness. Secondly, Savin-Williams suggests that researchers should forsake the general notion of sexual orientation altogether and assess only those components that are relevant for the research question being investigated. For example:
qas: answers: text: Ritch Savin-Williams
question: Who wrote the paper "Whos Gay? Does It Matter?

answers: text: suggests that greater priority should be given to sexual arousal and attraction
question: What does RItch SAvin-Williams propose in this paper?

answers: text: that biological measures should be developed and used.
question: What did he propose to measure attraction?

answers: text: researchers should forsake the general notion of sexual orientation altogether
question: What else does Savin-Williams suggest?

answers: text: assess only those components that are relevant for the research question being investigated
question: What components does he believe shoud be used in studies?

context: These studies suggest that men and women are different in terms of sexual arousal patterns and that this is also reflected in how their genitals react to sexual stimuli of both genders or even to non-human stimuli. Sexual orientation has many dimensions (attractions, behavior, identity), of which sexual arousal is the only product of sexual attractions which can be measured at present with some degree of physical precision. Thus, the fact that women are aroused by seeing non-human primates having sex does not mean that women's sexual orientation includes this type of sexual interest. Some researchers argue that women's sexual orientation depends less on their patterns of sexual arousal than men's and that other components of sexual orientation (like emotional attachment) must be taken into account when describing women's sexual orientations. In contrast, men's sexual orientations tend to be primarily focused on the physical component of attractions and, thus, their sexual feelings are more exclusively oriented according to sex.
qas: answers: text: that men and women are different in terms of sexual arousal patterns
question: What do these studies suggest?

answers: text: in how their genitals react to sexual stimuli of both genders or even to non-human stimuli.
question: How is this reflected in the studies?

answers: text: attractions, behavior, identity
question: What are some dimensions of sexual orientation?

answers: text: physical component of attractions
question: What do mens sexual orientations tend be focused on?

answers: text: emotional attachment
question: What do researches believe must be taken into account for women in these studies?

context: One person may presume knowledge of another person's sexual orientation based upon perceived characteristics, such as appearance, clothing, tone of voice, and accompaniment by and behavior with other people. The attempt to detect sexual orientation in social situations is known as gaydar; some studies have found that guesses based on face photos perform better than chance. 2015 research suggests that "gaydar" is an alternate label for using LGBT stereotypes to infer orientation, and that face-shape is not an accurate indication of orientation.
qas: answers: text: perceived characteristics, such as appearance, clothing, tone of voice, and accompaniment by and behavior with other people
question: What can make a person believe they know someone elses sexual orientation?

answers: text: gaydar
question: What is a term for someone who tries to determine someones sexuality?

answers: text: that guesses based on face photos perform better than chance
question: What have somes studies show when researching how someone uses "gaydar"?

answers: text: using LGBT stereotypes to infer orientation
question: What did research in 2015 suggest was an alternate label for gaydar?

answers: text: not an accurate indication of orientation.
question: What did this research also show about face-shape?

context: Estimates for the percentage of the population that are bisexual vary widely, at least in part due to differing definitions of bisexuality. Some studies only consider a person bisexual if they are nearly equally attracted to both sexes, and others consider a person bisexual if they are at all attracted to the same sex (for otherwise mostly heterosexual persons) or to the opposite sex (for otherwise mostly homosexual persons). A small percentage of people are not sexually attracted to anyone (asexuality). A study in 2004 placed the prevalence of asexuality at 1%.
qas: answers: text: due to differing definitions of bisexuality.
question: What is part of the reason for the varying estimates of the bisexual population?

answers: text: if they are nearly equally attracted to both sexes,
question: What is one way a study can view bisexuality?

answers: text: they are at all attracted to the same sex (for otherwise mostly heterosexual persons) or to the opposite sex (for otherwise mostly homosexual persons)
question: What is another way studies can view bisexuality?

answers: text: 1%.
question: What is the percentage of asexuals?

context: Some historians and researchers argue that the emotional and affectionate activities associated with sexual-orientation terms such as "gay" and "heterosexual" change significantly over time and across cultural boundaries. For example, in many English-speaking nations, it is assumed that same-sex kissing, particularly between men, is a sign of homosexuality, whereas various types of same-sex kissing are common expressions of friendship in other nations. Also, many modern and historic cultures have formal ceremonies expressing long-term commitment between same-sex friends, even though homosexuality itself is taboo within the cultures.
qas: answers: text: activities associated with sexual-orientation terms such as "gay" and "heterosexual" change significantly over time and across cultural boundaries.
question: What do historians and researches argue about concerning the emotional and affectionate activities?

answers: text: is a sign of homosexuality
question: What can be assumed in english speaking nations when two men kiss?

answers: text: expressing long-term commitment between same-sex friends
question: What do some cultures have formal ceremonies for?