Red

context: Red is the color at the end of the spectrum of visible light next to orange and opposite violet. Red color has a predominant light wavelength of roughly 620–740 nanometres. Red is one of the additive primary colors of visible light, along with green and blue, which in Red Green Blue (RGB) color systems are combined to create all the colors on a computer monitor or television screen. Red is also one of the subtractive primary colors, along with yellow and blue, of the RYB color space and traditional color wheel used by painters and artists.
qas: answers: text: violet
question: Red is opposite what color of the spectrum?

answers: text: Green Blue
question: Which two colors besides red make up the RGB color system?

answers: text: orange
question: Which color is red next to on the spectrum of visible light?

answers: text: roughly 620–740
question: How many nanometres does red have?

answers: text: Red Green Blue
question: Which colors are combined to make all other colors? 

answers: text: visible light
question: What spectrum of light is red within?

answers: text: violet
question: Which color is opposite of red on the visible spectrum?

answers: text: 620–740 nanometres
question: On the spectrum of light, where is red found?

answers: text: orange
question: What color is beside red in the visible spectrum of light?

answers: text: subtractive primary colors
question: Red Yellow and Blue are what kind of colors?

context: In nature, the red color of blood comes from hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein found in the red blood cells of all vertebrates. The red color of the Grand Canyon and other geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre, both forms of iron oxide. It also causes the red color of the planet Mars. The red sky at sunset and sunrise is caused by an optical effect known as Rayleigh scattering, which, when the sun is low or below the horizon, increases the red-wavelength light that reaches the eye. The color of autumn leaves is caused by pigments called anthocyanins, which are produced towards the end of summer, when the green chlorophyll is no longer produced. One to two percent of the human population has red hair; the color is produced by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin.
qas: answers: text: hemoglobin
question: From where does the color red in blood come from?

answers: text: iron
question: What does hemoglobin contain?

answers: text: iron oxide
question: What causes the color of hematite and red ochre?

answers: text: Rayleigh scattering
question: Why does a sky turn red when the evening comes?

answers: text: anthocyanins
question: What pigment is responsible for the color of leaves in fall?

context: A red dye called Kermes was made beginning in the Neolithic Period by drying and then crushing the bodies of the females of a tiny scale insect in the genus Kermes, primarily Kermes vermilio. The insects live on the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees near the Mediterranean region. Jars of kermes have been found in a Neolithic cave-burial at Adaoutse, Bouches-du-Rhône. Kermes from oak trees was later used by Romans, who imported it from Spain. A different variety of dye was made from Porphyrophora hamelii (Armenian cochineal) scale insects that lived on the roots and stems of certain herbs. It was mentioned in texts as early as the 8th century BC, and it was used by the ancient Assyrians and Persians.
qas: answers: text: Neolithic Period
question: During what period did people use Kermes vermilio to make red dye?

answers: text: the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees
question: What does Kermes vermilio eat to survive?

answers: text: Spain
question: From where did Romans acquire Kermes?

answers: text: Neolithic cave-burial
question: What kind of bural was at Adaoutse, Bouches-du-Rhône?

answers: text: 8th century BC
question: What was the earliest known writing about dye from Aermenian cochineal?

context: Kermes is also mentioned in the Bible. In the Book of Exodus, God instructs Moses to have the Israelites bring him an offering including cloth "of blue, and purple, and scarlet." The term used for scarlet in the 4th century Latin Vulgate version of the Bible passage is coccumque bis tinctum, meaning "colored twice with coccus." Coccus, from the ancient Greek Kokkos, means a tiny grain and is the term that was used in ancient times for the Kermes vermilio insect used to make the Kermes dye. This was also the origin of the expression "dyed in the grain."
qas: answers: text: the Book of Exodus
question: In which book of the Bible did God reference gifts of Blue Purple and Scarlet?

answers: text: colored twice with coccus
question: What does coccumque bis tinctum translate to in english?

answers: text: Kokkos
question: In ancient greek, what is coccus referred to as?

answers: text: a tiny grain
question: What does Kokkos mean in english?

answers: text: 4th century
question: In what century did the latin vulgate bible use the term coccumque bis tinctum?

context: But, like many colors, it also had a negative association, with heat, destruction and evil. A prayer to god Isis said: "Oh Isis, protect me from all things evil and red." The ancient Egyptians began manufacturing pigments in about 4000 BC. Red ochre was widely used as a pigment for wall paintings, particularly as the skin color of men. An ivory painter's palette found inside the tomb of King Tutankhamun had small compartments with pigments of red ochre and five other colors. The Egyptians used the root of the rubia, or madder plant, to make a dye, later known as alizarin, and also used it to color white power to use as a pigment, which became known as madder lake, alizarin or alizarin crimson.
qas: answers: text: 4000 BC
question: When did Egyptians start to make red pigment?

answers: text: Red ochre
question: What pigment was used for male skin tone in ancient wall art?

answers: text: the rubia
question: What root did Egyptians use to source their red pigment alizarin?

answers: text: alizarin
question: What dye did the Egyptians make using the madder plant?

answers: text: ivory painter's palette
question: What type of palette was found in Tutankhamun's tomb?

context: In Ancient Rome, Tyrian purple was the color of the Emperor, but red had an important religious symbolism. Romans wore togas with red stripes on holidays, and the bride at a wedding wore a red shawl, called a flammeum. Red was used to color statues and the skin of gladiators. Red was also the color associated with army; Roman soldiers wore red tunics, and officers wore a cloak called a paludamentum which, depending upon the quality of the dye, could be crimson, scarlet or purple. In Roman mythology red is associated with the god of war, Mars. The vexilloid of the Roman Empire had a red background with the letters SPQR in gold. A Roman general receiving a triumph had his entire body painted red in honor of his achievement.
qas: answers: text: Tyrian purple
question: Which color was said to be the Emperor's color in ancient Rome?

answers: text: holidays
question: At what time were togas with red were worn by Romans?

answers: text: a red shawl
question: What is a flammeum?

answers: text: Red
question: What color was correlated with the Army in ancient Rome?

answers: text: triumph
question: After what event would a general of the Roman army be painted red?

context: The Romans liked bright colors, and many Roman villas were decorated with vivid red murals. The pigment used for many of the murals was called vermilion, and it came from the mineral cinnabar, a common ore of mercury. It was one of the finest reds of ancient times – the paintings have retained their brightness for more than twenty centuries. The source of cinnabar for the Romans was a group of mines near Almadén, southwest of Madrid, in Spain. Working in the mines was extremely dangerous, since mercury is highly toxic; the miners were slaves or prisoners, and being sent to the cinnabar mines was a virtual death sentence.
qas: answers: text: vermilion
question: What pigment was used to paint villas in ancient Rome?

answers: text: the mineral cinnabar
question: From where did vermilion originate?

answers: text: mercury
question: Cinnabar is an ore of what metal?

answers: text: Almadén, southwest of Madrid, in Spain
question: What mines did Romans use to acquire cinnabar?

answers: text: prisoners
question: Along with slaves, who was sent to work in cinnabar mines in Rome?

context: Red was the color of the banner of the Byzantine emperors. In Western Europe, Emperor Charlemagne painted his palace red as a very visible symbol of his authority, and wore red shoes at his coronation. Kings, princes and, beginning in 1295, Roman Catholic cardinals began to wear red costumes. When Abbe Suger rebuilt Saint Denis Basilica outside Paris in the early 12th century, he added stained glass windows colored blue cobalt glass and red glass tinted with copper. Together they flooded the basilica with a mystical light. Soon stained glass windows were being added to cathedrals all across France, England and Germany. In Medieval painting red was used to attract attention to the most important figures; both Christ and the Virgin Mary were commonly painted wearing red mantles.
qas: answers: text: Emperor Charlemagne
question: Which European emperor painted their palace red?

answers: text: 1295
question: In what year did cardinals in the Roman Catholic church start wearing red?

answers: text: 12th century
question: When was Saint Denis Basilica rebuilt?

answers: text: Abbe Suger
question: Who rebuilt the basilica of Saint Denis?

answers: text: Virgin Mary
question: Christ and which other Christian figure were often painted red in medieval painting?

context: Red clothing was a sign of status and wealth. It was worn not only by cardinals and princes, but also by merchants, artisans and townpeople, particularly on holidays or special occasions. Red dye for the clothing of ordinary people was made from the roots of the rubia tinctorum, the madder plant. This color leaned toward brick-red, and faded easily in the sun or during washing. The wealthy and aristocrats wore scarlet clothing dyed with kermes, or carmine, made from the carminic acid in tiny female scale insects, which lived on the leaves of oak trees in Eastern Europe and around the Mediterranean. The insects were gathered, dried, crushed, and boiled with different ingredients in a long and complicated process, which produced a brilliant scarlet.
qas: answers: text: wealth
question: What status did the wearing of red in medieval times represent?

answers: text: holidays
question: On what occasion would townspeople wear red?

answers: text: rubia tinctorum
question: What root was used for red clothing owned by commoners?

answers: text: during washing
question: Outside of sun exposure in what circumstance did pigment made from rubia tinctorum fade?

answers: text: the carminic acid in tiny female scale insects
question: What was carmine made from?

context: Red played an important role in Chinese philosophy. It was believed that the world was composed of five elements: metal, wood, water, fire and earth, and that each had a color. Red was associated with fire. Each Emperor chose the color that his fortune-tellers believed would bring the most prosperity and good fortune to his reign. During the Zhou, Han, Jin, Song and Ming Dynasties, red considered a noble color, and it was featured in all court ceremonies, from coronations to sacrificial offerings, and weddings.
qas: answers: text: five
question: How many elements did the Chinese philosophers think the world was made of?

answers: text: fire
question: What element was red associated with in Chinese philosophy?

answers: text: metal, wood, water
question: Outside of Fire and Earth, what three other elements did Chinese philosophers say the world was composed from?

answers: text: all court ceremonies
question: At the time of the Han dynasty where would one fine the color Red?

answers: text: Red
question: In the time of the Ming Dynasty one would find what color used during sacrificial offerings?

context: Red was also a badge of rank. During the Song dynasty (906–1279), officials of the top three ranks wore purple clothes; those of the fourth and fifth wore bright red; those of the sixth and seventh wore green; and the eighth and ninth wore blue. Red was the color worn by the royal guards of honor, and the color of the carriages of the imperial family. When the imperial family traveled, their servants and accompanying officials carried red and purple umbrellas. Of an official who had talent and ambition, it was said "he is so red he becomes purple."
qas: answers: text: 906–1279
question: During what years did the Song dynasty occur?

answers: text: three
question: Which number of ranks wore purple clothing in the Song dynasty?

answers: text: green
question: What color did sixth rank Song dynasty officials wear?

answers: text: eighth and ninth
question: What ranks in the Song dynasty wore blue?

context: Red was also featured in Chinese Imperial architecture. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, gates of palaces were usually painted red, and nobles often painted their entire mansion red. One of the most famous works of Chinese literature, A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin (1715–1763), was about the lives of noble women who passed their lives out of public sight within the walls of such mansions. In later dynasties red was reserved for the walls of temples and imperial residences. When the Manchu rulers of the Qing Dynasty conquered the Ming and took over the Forbidden City and Imperial Palace in Beijing, all the walls, gates, beams and pillars were painted in red and gold.
qas: answers: text: nobles
question: Who painted their mansions red during the Song and Tang dynasties?

answers: text: Cao Xueqin
question: who wrote A dream of Red Mansions?

answers: text: 1715–1763
question: During what years was Cao Xueqin alive?

answers: text: temples and imperial residences
question: In late Chinese dynasties red was used only on what kind of architecture?

answers: text: Qing Dynasty
question: Who painted the walls of the Forbidden city red after the fall of the Ming dynasty?

context: There were guilds of dyers who specialized in red in Venice and other large Europeans cities. The Rubia plant was used to make the most common dye; it produced an orange-red or brick red color used to dye the clothes of merchants and artisans. For the wealthy, the dye used was Kermes, made from a tiny scale insect which fed on the branches and leaves of the oak tree. For those with even more money there was Polish Cochineal; also known as Kermes vermilio or "Blood of Saint John", which was made from a related insect, the Margodes polonicus. It made a more vivid red than ordinary Kermes. The finest and most expensive variety of red made from insects was the "Kermes" of Armenia (Armenian cochineal, also known as Persian kirmiz), made by collecting and crushing Porphyophora hamelii, an insect which lived on the roots and stems of certain grasses. The pigment and dye merchants of Venice imported and sold all of these products and also manufactured their own color, called Venetian red, which was considered the most expensive and finest red in Europe. Its secret ingredient was arsenic, which brightened the color.
qas: answers: text: Rubia
question: What plant was used to make the most used red dye in Venice?

answers: text: the wealthy
question: Which group in Europe used Kermes dye?

answers: text: Polish Cochineal
question: The wealthiest in Europe used what red dye?

answers: text: Kermes vermilio
question: What dye was known as the Blood of Saint John?

answers: text: Margodes polonicus
question: The Blood of Saint John was made from an insect, which one?

context: But early in the 16th century, a brilliant new red appeared in Europe. When the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés and his soldiers conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519-1521, they discovered slowly that the Aztecs had another treasure beside silver and gold; they had the tiny cochineal, a parasitic scale insect which lived on cactus plants, which, when dried and crushed, made a magnificent red. The cochineal in Mexico was closely related to the Kermes varieties of Europe, but unlike European Kermes, it could be harvested several times a year, and it was ten times stronger than the Kermes of Poland. It worked particularly well on silk, satin and other luxury textiles. In 1523 Cortes sent the first shipment to Spain. Soon cochineal began to arrive in European ports aboard convoys of Spanish galleons.
qas: answers: text: Hernán Cortés
question: Which conquistador from Spain conquered the Aztec Empire?

answers: text: 16th
question: In what century did a new kind of red pigment arrive in Europe from the Aztec Empire?

answers: text: 1519-1521
question: During what years was the Aztec Empire conquered?

answers: text: 1523
question: In what year did Cortes send the first cochineal to Spain?

answers: text: several times a year
question: How often could the Mexican cochineal be harvested?

context: The painters of the early Renaissance used two traditional lake pigments, made from mixing dye with either chalk or alum, kermes lake, made from kermes insects, and madder lake, made from the rubia tinctorum plant. With the arrival of cochineal, they had a third, carmine, which made a very fine crimson, though it had a tendency to change color if not used carefully. It was used by almost all the great painters of the 15th and 16th centuries, including Rembrandt, Vermeer, Rubens, Anthony van Dyck, Diego Velázquez and Tintoretto. Later it was used by Thomas Gainsborough, Seurat and J.M.W. Turner.
qas: answers: text: carmine
question: What did Renaissance painters call the pigment made from cochineal?

answers: text: change color
question: What would to the carmine pigment if not used diligently?

answers: text: rubia tinctorum plant
question: What was madder lake made from?

answers: text: 15th
question: During what century did carmine start to see use?

answers: text: kermes insects
question: What was kermes lake made from?

context: During the French Revolution, Red became a symbol of liberty and personal freedom used by the Jacobins and other more radical parties. Many of them wore a red Phrygian cap, or liberty cap, modeled after the caps worn by freed slaves in Ancient Rome. During the height of the Reign of Terror, Women wearing red caps gathered around the guillotine to celebrate each execution. They were called the "Furies of the guillotine". The guillotines used during the Reign of Terror in 1792 and 1793 were painted red, or made of red wood. During the Reign of Terror a statue of a woman titled liberty, painted red, was placed in the square in front of the guillotine. After the end of the Reign of Terror, France went back to the blue, white and red tricolor, whose red was taken from the traditional color of Saint Denis, the Christian martyr and patron saint of Paris.
qas: answers: text: French Revolution
question: During which revolution was red a symbol of liberty?

answers: text: red Phrygian cap, or liberty cap
question: What kind of cap did the Jacobins wear?

answers: text: celebrate
question: Women with red caps crowded around guillotines during the Reign of Terror to do what?

answers: text: 1792 and 1793
question: During what years did the Reign of Terror take place?

answers: text: Christian martyr and patron saint of Paris
question: Who was Saint Denis?

context: As the Industrial Revolution spread across Europe, chemists and manufacturers sought new red dyes that could be used for large-scale manufacture of textiles. One popular color imported into Europe from Turkey and India in the 18th and early 19th century was Turkey red, known in France as rouge d'Adrinople. Beginning in the 1740s, this bright red color was used to dye or print cotton textiles in England, the Netherlands and France. Turkey red used madder as the colorant, but the process was longer and more complicated, involving multiple soaking of the fabrics in lye, olive oil, sheep's dung, and other ingredients. The fabric was more expensive but resulted in a fine bright and lasting red, similar to carmine, perfectly suited to cotton. The fabric was widely exported from Europe to Africa, the Middle East and America. In 19th century America, it was widely used in making the traditional patchwork quilt.
qas: answers: text: rouge d'Adrinople
question: What was Turkey red called in France?

answers: text: the 1740s
question: In what years did Turkey red begin to be used to dye cotton in England?

answers: text: carmine
question: What other pigment was Turkey red compared to?

answers: text: madder
question: What did turkey red get its color from?

answers: text: 19th
question: In what century did quilts in America commonly use Turkey red?

context: The 19th century also saw the use of red in art to create specific emotions, not just to imitate nature. It saw the systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other. These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh. Describing his painting, The Night Cafe, to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: "I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions. The hall is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center, and four lamps of lemon yellow, with rays of orange and green. Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most different reds and greens."
qas: answers: text: 19th
question: In which century did color theory begin to be systematically studied?

answers: text: Vincent van Gogh
question: Who painted the Night Cafe?

answers: text: 1888
question: In what year was The Night Cafe painted?

answers: text: Theo
question: What was the name of vincent van Gogh's brother?

answers: text: red and green reinforced each other
question: What occurred when red and green were put next to one another?

context: Matisse was also one of the first 20th-century artists to make color the central element of the painting, chosen to evoke emotions. "A certain blue penetrates your soul", he wrote. "A certain red affects your blood pressure." He also was familiar with the way that complementary colors, such as red and green, strengthened each other when they were placed next to each other. He wrote, "My choice of colors is not based on scientific theory; it is based on observation, upon feelings, upon the real nature of each experience ... I just try to find a color which corresponds to my feelings."
qas: answers: text: 20th
question: During which century did Matisse work?

answers: text: strengthened
question: Placing red and green next to each other causes their color to be what?

answers: text: red
question: What color did Matisse claim would impact ones blood pressure?

answers: text: blue
question: What color did Matisse say could penetate ones soul?

answers: text: the central element
question: What part in the paintings of Matisse did color play?

context: Rothko also began using the new synthetic pigments, but not always with happy results. In 1962 he donated to Harvard University a series of large murals of the Passion of Christ whose predominant colors were dark pink and deep crimson. He mixed mostly traditional colors to make the pink and crimson; synthetic ultramarine, cerulean blue, and titanium white, but he also used two new organic reds, Naphtol and Lithol. The Naphtol did well, but the Lithol slowly changed color when exposed to light. Within five years the deep pinks and reds had begun to turn light blue, and by 1979 the paintings were ruined and had to be taken down.
qas: answers: text: Harvard University
question: To whom did Rothko donate Passion of Christ murals?

answers: text: 1962
question: In what year did Rothko donate Passion of Christ murals?

answers: text: Naphtol and Lithol
question: What organic reds did Rothko use in the Passion of Christ murals?

answers: text: 1979
question: In what year had the Passion of Christ murals by Rothko end up ruined?

answers: text: ruined and had to be taken down
question: What was the result of the change in color in the Rothko Passion of the Christ murals?

context: Unlike vermilion or red ochre, made from minerals, red lake pigments are made by mixing organic dyes, made from insects or plants, with white chalk or alum. Red lac was made from the gum lac, the dark red resinous substance secreted by various scale insects, particularly the Laccifer lacca from India. Carmine lake was made from the cochineal insect from Central and South America, Kermes lake came from a different scale insect, kermes vermilio, which thrived on oak trees around the Mediterranean. Other red lakes were made from the rose madder plant and from the brazilwood tree.
qas: answers: text: minerals
question: What was red ochre composed of?

answers: text: mixing organic dyes
question: How were pigments like red lake created?

answers: text: insects or plants, with white chalk or alum
question: What was red lake composed of?

answers: text: the dark red resinous substance secreted by various scale insects
question: What was the source of color in Red lac?

answers: text: Red lac
question: The Laccifer lacca was crucial to making what pigment?

context: In modern color theory, also known as the RGB color model, red, green and blue are additive primary colors. Red, green and blue light combined together makes white light, and these three colors, combined in different mixtures, can produce nearly any other color. This is the principle that is used to make all of the colors on your computer screen and your television. For example, purple on a computer screen is made by a similar formula to used by Cennino Cennini in the Renaissance to make violet, but using additive colors and light instead of pigment: it is created by combining red and blue light at equal intensity on a black screen. Violet is made on a computer screen in a similar way, but with a greater amount of blue light and less red light.
qas: answers: text: red, green and blue
question: Which colors are part of the RGB model?

answers: text: white
question: What color light is created when one mixes red, green, and blue?

answers: text: additive primary colors
question: The RGB color model has three colors in it that are described as what kind of colors?

answers: text: the Renaissance
question: Which era did Cennino Cennini actively paint in?

answers: text: red and blue
question: What colors are used to create purple on a computer screen?

context: So that the maximum number of colors can be accurately reproduced on your computer screen, each color has been given a code number, or sRGB, which tells your computer the intensity of the red, green and blue components of that color. The intensity of each component is measured on a scale of zero to 255, which means the complete list includes 16,777,216 distinct colors and shades. The sRGB number of pure red, for example, is 255, 00, 00, which means the red component is at its maximum intensity, and there is no green or blue. The sRGB number for crimson is 220, 20, 60, which means that the red is slightly less intense and therefore darker, there is some green, which leans it toward orange; and there is a larger amount of blue,which makes it slightly blue-violet.
qas: answers: text: zero to 255,
question: Over what numerical scale is color measured on a computer screen?

answers: text: 16,777,216
question: What is the total number of possible sRGB colors?

answers: text: 255, 00, 00
question: What is the number used to indicate pure red in sRGB?

answers: text: 220, 20, 60
question: Crimson is identified by what sRGB number?

context: As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere to the eye, some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and airborne particles due to Rayleigh scattering, changing the final color of the beam that is seen. Colors with a shorter wavelength, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, and are removed from the light that finally reaches the eye. At sunrise and sunset, when the path of the sunlight through the atmosphere to the eye is longest, the blue and green components are removed almost completely, leaving the longer wavelength orange and red light. The remaining reddened sunlight can also be scattered by cloud droplets and other relatively large particles, which give the sky above the horizon its red glow.
qas: answers: text: Rayleigh
question: What type of scattering is responsible for the shift in the color of sunlight?

answers: text: scatter more strongly
question: What occurs to colors of short wavelengths in Rayleigh scattering?

answers: text: removed almost completely
question: What is the effect on blue and green light experiencing Rayleigh scattering during sunrise?

answers: text: longer
question: In comparison to blue and green, what would describe the wavelength of orange or red light?

context: Lasers emitting in the red region of the spectrum have been available since the invention of the ruby laser in 1960. In 1962 the red helium–neon laser was invented, and these two types of lasers were widely used in many scientific applications including holography, and in education. Red helium–neon lasers were used commercially in LaserDisc players. The use of red laser diodes became widespread with the commercial success of modern DVD players, which use a 660 nm laser diode technology. Today, red and red-orange laser diodes are widely available to the public in the form of extremely inexpensive laser pointers. Portable, high-powered versions are also available for various applications. More recently, 671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers have been introduced to the market for all-DPSS laser display systems, particle image velocimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and holography.
qas: answers: text: 1960
question: When was the first ruby laser invented?

answers: text: 1962
question: In what year did a red helium-neon laser come to be?

answers: text: Red helium–neon
question: What type of laser is used in a LaserDisc player?

answers: text: a 660 nm laser
question: What type of laser diode is used in a DVD player?

answers: text: 671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers
question: What type of laser is used in Raman spectroscopy?

context: During the summer growing season, phosphate is at a high level. It has a vital role in the breakdown of the sugars manufactured by chlorophyll. But in the fall, phosphate, along with the other chemicals and nutrients, moves out of the leaf into the stem of the plant. When this happens, the sugar-breakdown process changes, leading to the production of anthocyanin pigments. The brighter the light during this period, the greater the production of anthocyanins and the more brilliant the resulting color display. When the days of autumn are bright and cool, and the nights are chilly but not freezing, the brightest colorations usually develop.
qas: answers: text: the summer growing season
question: At which period of the year are phosphates high?

answers: text: phosphate
question: What causes sugar created by chlorophyll to breakdown?

answers: text: the stem of the plant
question: Where does phosphate within a leaf move in the fall?

answers: text: anthocyanin pigments
question: What is created in fall when phosphates retreat to the stems of plants?

answers: text: greater the production of anthocyanins
question: What occurs in bright light to leaves during fall?

context: Red hair varies from a deep burgundy through burnt orange to bright copper. It is characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin. The term redhead (originally redd hede) has been in use since at least 1510. Cultural reactions have varied from ridicule to admiration; many common stereotypes exist regarding redheads and they are often portrayed as fiery-tempered. (See red hair).
qas: answers: text: pheomelanin
question: What pigment accounts for the majority of color in red hair?

answers: text: the lips
question: There is another part of the face which gets its red color from the pigment pheomelanin, what is it?

answers: text: eumelanin
question: Aside from pheomelanin what color pigment contributes to red hair?

answers: text: 1510
question: In what year can the earliest used of redhead be traced to?

answers: text: fiery
question: What type of temper are people with red hair considered to have?

context: Red is associated with dominance in a number of animal species. For example, in mandrills, red coloration of the face is greatest in alpha males, increasingly less prominent in lower ranking subordinates, and directly correlated with levels of testosterone. Red can also affect the perception of dominance by others, leading to significant differences in mortality, reproductive success and parental investment between individuals displaying red and those not. In humans, wearing red has been linked with increased performance in competitions, including professional sport and multiplayer video games. Controlled tests have demonstrated that wearing red does not increase performance or levels of testosterone during exercise, so the effect is likely to be produced by perceived rather than actual performance. Judges of tae kwon do have been shown to favor competitors wearing red protective gear over blue, and, when asked, a significant majority of people say that red abstract shapes are more "dominant", "aggressive", and "likely to win a physical competition" than blue shapes. In contrast to its positive effect in physical competition and dominance behavior, exposure to red decreases performance in cognitive tasks and elicits aversion in psychological tests where subjects are placed in an "achievement" context (e.g. taking an IQ test).
qas: answers: text: the face
question: In alpha male mandrills what party of the body is most red according to their rank?

answers: text: increased performance
question: Wearing red is connected to what result in humans, in terms of sport?

answers: text: tae kwon do
question: In what sport have judges been shown to favor athletes wearing red?

answers: text: decreases performance
question: What is the effect of exposing a human to red when it comes to cognitive skills?

answers: text: testosterone
question: The amount of red in mandrill males is directly related to levels of what?

context: Surveys show that red is the color most associated with courage. In western countries red is a symbol of martyrs and sacrifice, particularly because of its association with blood. Beginning in the Middle Ages, the Pope and Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church wore red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs. The banner of the Christian soldiers in the First Crusade was a red cross on a white field, the St. George's Cross. According to Christian tradition, Saint George was a Roman soldier who was a member of the guards of the Emperor Diocletian, who refused to renounce his Christian faith and was martyred. The Saint George's Cross became the Flag of England in the 16th century, and now is part of the Union Flag of the United Kingdom, as well as the Flag of the Republic of Georgia.
qas: answers: text: courage
question: What trait do people most commonly link red with?

answers: text: to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs
question: Why did the Popes of the middle ages wear red?

answers: text: a red cross on a white field
question: What was depicted on the banners of Christians in the First crusade?

answers: text: St. George's Cross
question: What is the cross on the banners used during the First Crusade known as?

answers: text: a Roman soldier
question: Who was Saint George believed to be?

context: Saint Valentine, a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest who was martyred in about 296 AD, seems to have had no known connection with romantic love, but the day of his martyrdom on the Roman Catholic calendar, Saint Valentine's Day (February 14), became, in the 14th century, an occasion for lovers to send messages to each other. In recent years the celebration of Saint Valentine' s day has spread beyond Christian countries to Japan and China and other parts of the world. The celebration of Saint Valentine's Day is forbidden or strongly condemned in many Islamic countries, including Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Iran. In Saudi Arabia, in 2002 and 2011, religious police banned the sale of all Valentine's Day items, telling shop workers to remove any red items, as the day is considered a Christian holiday.
qas: answers: text: 296 AD
question: When was Saint Valentine martyred?

answers: text: a Roman Catholic Bishop or priest
question: Who was Saint Valentine?

answers: text: 14th
question: In which century did Saint Valentine's day become connected with lovers?

answers: text: Islamic
question: In what kind of countries is the celebration of Valentine's day forbidden?

answers: text: Saudi Arabia
question: Which nation forbade the sale of Valentine's Day products in 2002 and 2011?

context: Red is the color most commonly associated with joy and well being. It is the color of celebration and ceremony. A red carpet is often used to welcome distinguished guests. Red is also the traditional color of seats in opera houses and theaters. Scarlet academic gowns are worn by new Doctors of Philosophy at degree ceremonies at Oxford University and other schools. In China, it is considered the color of good fortune and prosperity, and it is the color traditionally worn by brides. In Christian countries, it is the color traditionally worn at Christmas by Santa Claus, because in the 4th century the historic Saint Nicholas was the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra, in modern-day Turkey, and bishops then dressed in red.
qas: answers: text: Scarlet
question: What color gowns are generally worn by recent Doctors of Philosophy at Oxford?

answers: text: good fortune and prosperity
question: What good traits is the color red associated with in China?

answers: text: 4th
question: In what century did Saint Nicholas become the influence for red being worn by Santa Claus?

answers: text: the Greek Christian Bishop of Myra
question: Who was Saint Nicholas?

answers: text: Turkey
question: In what nation is Myra?

context: Red is the traditional color of warning and danger. In the Middle Ages, a red flag announced that the defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it, and a red flag hoisted by a warship meant they would show no mercy to their enemy. In Britain, in the early days of motoring, motor cars had to follow a man with a red flag who would warn horse-drawn vehicles, before the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 abolished this law. In automobile races, the red flag is raised if there is danger to the drivers. In international football, a player who has made a serious violation of the rules is shown a red penalty card and ejected from the game.
qas: answers: text: defenders of a town or castle would fight to defend it
question: What did a red flag signal in the Middle Ages?

answers: text: they would show no mercy to their enemy
question: What was the importance of a red flag flown by a warship in the Middle Ages?

answers: text: the Locomotives on Highways Act 1896
question: Which British law forbade cars from following a bearer of a red flag as a warning to horse drawn vehicles?

answers: text: if there is danger to the drivers
question: Under what circimstance is a red flag flown in auto racing?

answers: text: a red penalty card
question: What is a football player shown before being ejected from a match?

context: Red is the international color of stop signs and stop lights on highways and intersections. It was standarized as the international color at the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968. It was chosen partly because red is the brightest color in daytime (next to orange), though it is less visible at twilight, when green is the most visible color. Red also stands out more clearly against a cool natural backdrop of blue sky, green trees or gray buildings. But it was mostly chosen as the color for stoplights and stop signs because of its universal association with danger and warning.
qas: answers: text: Vienna
question: In what city did the standardization of red as a color of stop lights occur?

answers: text: 1968
question: In what year did nations standardize on red as a color for stop lights?

answers: text: Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968
question: At what event did the color red become the standard color of stop lights?

answers: text: danger and warning
question: Red is the color of stoplights due to its universal affiliation with what?

answers: text: daytime
question: At what time is red at its brightest?

context: Red is used in modern fashion much as it was used in Medieval painting; to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person who is supposed to be the center of attention. People wearing red seem to be closer than those dressed in other colors, even if they are actually the same distance away. Monarchs, wives of Presidential candidates and other celebrities often wear red to be visible from a distance in a crowd. It is also commonly worn by lifeguards and others whose job requires them to be easily found.
qas: answers: text: to attract the eyes of the viewer to the person
question: In what way is red used in contemporary fashion?

answers: text: People wearing red seem to be closer
question: What is the main impact of people wearing red as it relates to the perception of distance?

answers: text: to be visible from a distance in a crowd
question: Why do monarchs sometimes wear red?

answers: text: easily found
question: Some professions require employees to wear red because it allows them to be what?

context: "So he carried me away in the spirit into the wilderness: and I saw a woman sit upon a scarlet coloured beast, full of names of blasphemy, having seven heads and ten horns. "And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet colour, and decked with gold and precious stones and pearls, having a golden cup in her hand full of abominations and filthiness of her fornication: "And upon her forehead was a name written a mystery: Babylon the Great, the Mother of Harlots and of all the abominations of the earth: And I saw the woman drunken with the blood of the saints, and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus.
qas: answers: text: seven heads
question: How many heads did the scarlet beast which a woman sat on have?

answers: text: ten
question: The horned scarlet beast that a woman sat on had how many horns?

answers: text: golden
question: What kind of cup did the woman on the scarlet horned beast have?

answers: text: a name
question: What was on the forehead of the woman on the scarlet horned beast?

answers: text: the blood of the martyrs of Jesus
question: Outside of the blood of the saints, on what did the woman on the scarlet horned beast become drunken?

context: In China, red (simplified Chinese: 红; traditional Chinese: 紅; pinyin: hóng) is the symbol of fire and the south (both south in general and Southern China specifically). It carries a largely positive connotation, being associated with courage, loyalty, honor, success, fortune, fertility, happiness, passion, and summer. In Chinese cultural traditions, red is associated with weddings (where brides traditionally wear red dresses) and red paper is frequently used to wrap gifts of money or other objects. Special red packets (simplified Chinese: 红包; traditional Chinese: 紅包; pinyin: hóng bāo in Mandarin or lai see in Cantonese) are specifically used during Chinese New Year celebrations for giving monetary gifts. On the more negative side, obituaries are traditionally written in red ink, and to write someone's name in red signals either cutting them out of one's life, or that they have died. Red is also associated with either the feminine or the masculine (yin and yang respectively), depending on the source. The Little Red Book, a collection of quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung, founding father of the People's Republic of China (PRC), was published in 1966 and widely distributed thereafter.
qas: answers: text: south
question: Which cardinal direction is signified by red in China?

answers: text: summer
question: What season is red identified with in China?

answers: text: Chinese New Year
question: Red paper is used to wrap gifts of money during what special celebration in China?

answers: text: Chairman Mao Tse-Tung
question: Who wrote the Little Red Book?

answers: text: 1966
question: In what year was the Little Red Book published?

context: In Central Africa, Ndembu warriors rub themselves with red paint during celebrations. Since their culture sees the color as a symbol of life and health, sick people are also painted with it. Like most Central African cultures, the Ndembu see red as ambivalent, better than black but not as good as white. In other parts of Africa, however, red is a color of mourning, representing death. Because red bears are associated with death in many parts of Africa, the Red Cross has changed its colors to green and white in parts of the continent.
qas: answers: text: Ndembu warriors
question: What central African warriors are said to cover themselves in red for celebrations?

answers: text: life and health
question: What does the Ndembu culture believe red symbolizes?

answers: text: white
question: What color do the Ndembu believe is better than red?

answers: text: green and white
question: What alternative colors does the Red Cross use in certain parts of Africa?

context: Major League Baseball is especially well known for red teams. The Cincinnati Red Stockings are the oldest professional baseball team, dating back to 1869. The franchise soon relocated to Boston and is now the Atlanta Braves, but its name survives as the origin for both the Cincinnati Reds and Boston Red Sox. During the 1950s when red was strongly associated with communism, the modern Cincinnati team was known as the "Redlegs" and the term was used on baseball cards. After the red scare faded, the team was known as the "Reds" again. The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim are also known for their color red, as are the St. Louis Cardinals, Arizona Diamondbacks, and the Philadelphia Phillies.
qas: answers: text: the Atlanta Braves
question: What team did the Cincinnati Red Stockings become?

answers: text: 1869
question: When did the Cincinnati Red Stockings come to be?

answers: text: communism
question: What political movment was red identified with in the 1950s?

answers: text: Redlegs
question: What name did the Cincinnati Red Stockings become known as for a time in the 1950s?

answers: text: Boston
question: Where did the Cincinnati Red Stockings move after leaving Cincinnati?

context: In association football, teams such as Manchester United, Bayern Munich, Liverpool, Arsenal, Toronto FC, and S.L. Benfica primarily wear red jerseys. Other teams that prominently feature red on their kits include A.C. Milan (nicknamed i rossoneri for their red and black shirts), AFC Ajax, Olympiacos, River Plate, Atlético Madrid, and Flamengo. A red penalty card is issued to a player who commits a serious infraction: the player is immediately disqualified from further play and his team must continue with one less player for the game's duration.
qas: answers: text: red
question: What color jersey does Bayern Munich wear?

answers: text: i rossoneri
question: What is the nickname given to A.C. Milan?

answers: text: a serious infraction
question: What has to occur for a player in association football to be shown a red penalty card?

answers: text: the player is immediately disqualified from further play
question: What occurs when a player in association football is shown a red penalty card?

answers: text: his team must continue with one less player for the game's duration
question: How is an association football team impacted when a player is shown a red penalty card?

context: Red is one of the most common colors used on national flags. The use of red has similar connotations from country to country: the blood, sacrifice, and courage of those who defended their country; the sun and the hope and warmth it brings; and the sacrifice of Christ's blood (in some historically Christian nations) are a few examples. Red is the color of the flags of several countries that once belonged to the former British Empire. The British flag bears the colors red, white, and blue; it includes the cross of Saint George, patron saint of England, and the saltire of Saint Patrick, patron saint of Ireland, both of which are red on white. The flag of the United States bears the colors of Britain, the colors of the French tricolore include red as part of the old Paris coat of arms, and other countries' flags, such as those of Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji, carry a small inset of the British flag in memory of their ties to that country. Many former colonies of Spain, such as Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Peru, and Venezuela, also feature red-one of the colors of the Spanish flag-on their own banners. Red flags are also used to symbolize storms, bad water conditions, and many other dangers. Navy flags are often red and yellow. Red is prominently featured in the flag of the United States Marine Corps.
qas: answers: text: Christ's blood
question: In Christian nations what does the color red often become associated with?

answers: text: the cross of Saint George
question: What cross is on the British flag?

answers: text: patron saint of England
question: As it relates to England, who is Saint George?

answers: text: the United States Marine Corps
question: Which US armed force uses red as the main color of its flag?

answers: text: bad water conditions
question: In terms of a beach, why might one see a red flag?

context: Red, blue, and white are also the Pan-Slavic colors adopted by the Slavic solidarity movement of the late nineteenth century. Initially these were the colors of the Russian flag; as the Slavic movement grew, they were adopted by other Slavic peoples including Slovaks, Slovenes, and Serbs. The flags of the Czech Republic and Poland use red for historic heraldic reasons (see Coat of arms of Poland and Coat of arms of the Czech Republic) & not due to Pan-Slavic connotations. In 2004 Georgia adopted a new white flag, which consists of four small and one big red cross in the middle touching all four sides.
qas: answers: text: the late nineteenth century
question: When did the Slavic solidarity movement choose red blue and white as their colors?

answers: text: 2004
question: In what year did the nation of George get a new national flag?

answers: text: one big red cross
question: What is in the middle of the Georgian flag?

answers: text: four
question: How many small crosses are on the Georgian flag?

answers: text: the colors of the Russian flag
question: What were the Pan-Slavic colors originally?

context: Red, white, and black were the colors of the German Empire from 1870 to 1918, and as such they came to be associated with German nationalism. In the 1920s they were adopted as the colors of the Nazi flag. In Mein Kampf, Hitler explained that they were "revered colors expressive of our homage to the glorious past." The red part of the flag was also chosen to attract attention - Hitler wrote: "the new flag ... should prove effective as a large poster" because "in hundreds of thousands of cases a really striking emblem may be the first cause of awakening interest in a movement." The red also symbolized the social program of the Nazis, aimed at German workers. Several designs by a number of different authors were considered, but the one adopted in the end was Hitler's personal design.
qas: answers: text: 1870 to 1918
question: During what time period did the German Empire use the colors red white and black?

answers: text: German nationalism
question: What did red white and black become associated with in Germany?

answers: text: Hitler's personal design
question: Whose design was the Nazi flag?

answers: text: 1920s
question: In what era did red white and black become part of the Nazi flag?

answers: text: attract attention
question: Red was chosen as part of the Nazi flag to do what?

context: The red flag appeared as a political symbol during the French Revolution, after the fall of Bastille. A law adopted by the new government on October 20, 1789 authorized the Garde Nationale to raise the red flag in the event of a riot, to signal that the Garde would imminently intervene. During a demonstration on the Champs de Mars on July 17, 1791, the Garde Nationale fired on the crowd, killed up to fifty people. The government was denounced by the more radical revolutionaries. In the words of his famous hymn, the Marseillaise, Rouget de Lisle wrote: "Against us they have raised the bloody flag of tyranny!" (Contre nous de la tyrannie, l'entendard sanglant est leve). Beginning in 1790, the most radical revolutionaries adopted the red flag themselves, to symbolize the blood of those killed in the demonstrations, and to call for the repression of those they considered counter-revolutionary.
qas: answers: text: Bastille
question: After the demise of what was the red flag linked to the French Revolution?

answers: text: October 20, 1789
question: On what date was the Garde Nationale empowered to hoist a red flag to signal their intervention in a riot?

answers: text: July 17, 1791
question: On what date did the Garde Nationale kill as many as fifty people on Champs de Mars?

answers: text: Rouget de Lisle
question: Who wrote the words "Against us they have raised the bloody flag of tyranny?"

answers: text: 1790
question: In what year did the most ardent revolutionaries in France adopt a red flag to symbolize the blood of their fallen comrades?

context: Karl Marx published the Communist Manifesto in February 1848, with little attention. However, a few days later the French Revolution of 1848 broke out, which replaced the monarchy of Louis Philippe with the Second French Republic. In June 1848, Paris workers, disenchanted with the new government, built barricades and raised red flags. The new government called in the French Army to put down the uprising, the first of many such confrontations between the army and the new worker's movements in Europe.
qas: answers: text: February 1848
question: When was the Communist Manifesto first created?

answers: text: Karl Marx
question: Who wrote the Communist Manifesto?

answers: text: Louis Philippe
question: The French Revolution resulted in the fall of which monarch?

answers: text: June 1848
question: When did the 19th century workers of Paris construct barricades and hoist red flags to protest their new government?

answers: text: the French Army
question: Who was tasked with stopping the late 19th century worker uprisings in France?

context: In 1870, following the stunning defeat of the French Army by the Germans in the Franco-Prussian War, French workers and socialist revolutionaries seized Paris and created the Paris Commune. The Commune lasted for two months before it was crushed by the French Army, with much bloodshed. The original red banners of the Commune became icons of the socialist revolution; in 1921 members of the French Communist Party came to Moscow and presented the new Soviet government with one of the original Commune banners; it was placed (and is still in place) in the tomb of Vladimir Lenin, next to his open coffin.
qas: answers: text: the French Army
question: Who was defeated in the Franco-Prussian war?

answers: text: the Paris Commune
question: After Paris was seized as a result of the Franco-Prussian war, what did revolutionaries and workers create?

answers: text: two months
question: For how long did the Paris Commune exist?

answers: text: Vladimir Lenin
question: Next to whom was a a Paris Commune banner placed?

answers: text: 1921
question: In what year did people of the French Communist party go to Moscow to give the Soviet government a Paris Commune banner?

context: In the United States, political commentators often refer to the "red states", which traditionally vote for Republican candidates in presidential elections, and "blue states", which vote for the Democratic candidate. This convention is relatively recent: before the 2000 presidential election, media outlets assigned red and blue to both parties, sometimes alternating the allocation for each election. Fixed usage was established during the 39-day recount following the 2000 election, when the media began to discuss the contest in terms of "red states" versus "blue states".
qas: answers: text: 39
question: How many days did the recount after the 2000 US election last for?

answers: text: vote for Republican candidates in presidential elections
question: In the USA red states are known to do what, in terms of politics?

answers: text: 2000
question: In what year did the concept of red and blue states become relatively fixed?

answers: text: blue states
question: In the United States states that vote for Democratic presidential candidates are known as what?

context: The Communist Party of China, founded in 1920, adopted the red flag and hammer and sickle emblem of the Soviet Union, which became the national symbols when the Party took power in China in 1949. Under Party leader Mao Zedong, the Party anthem became "The East Is Red", and Mao Zedong himself was sometimes referred to as a "red sun". During the Cultural Revolution in China, Party ideology was enforced by the Red Guards, and the sayings of Mao Zedong were published as a small red book in hundreds of millions of copies. Today the Communist Party of China claims to be the largest political party in the world, with eighty million members.
qas: answers: text: 1920
question: In what year was the Community Party of China created?

answers: text: 1949
question: The Community Party of China gained power in China, what year did it happen?

answers: text: Mao Zedong
question: Who was the Party leader of the Communist Party of China when it took power?

answers: text: the Party anthem
question: In terms of the Communist Party of China, what is "The East is Red?"

answers: text: eighty million members
question: How many members does the contemporary Communist Part of China have?

context: After the Communist Party of China took power in 1949, the flag of China became a red flag with a large star symbolizing the Communist Party, and smaller stars symbolizing workers, peasants, the urban middle class and rural middle class. The flag of the Communist Party of China became a red banner with a hammer and sickle, similar to that on the Soviet flag. In the 1950s and 1960s, other Communist regimes such as Vietnam and Laos also adopted red flags. Some Communist countries, such as Cuba, chose to keep their old flags; and other countries used red flags which had nothing to do with Communism or socialism; the red flag of Nepal, for instance, represents the national flower.
qas: answers: text: the Communist Party
question: What did the biggest star on the flag of China in 1949 represent?

answers: text: the national flower
question: What does the red color in the Nepalese flag represent?

answers: text: red
question: In the mid 20th century the flag of Laos was primarily what color?

answers: text: the Communist Party of China
question: Which group gained power in China in 1949?

answers: text: 1949
question: In what year during the 20th century did the Chinese flag become red?