Myocardial_infarction

context: Myocardial infarction (MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow stops to a part of the heart causing damage to the heart muscle. The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw. Often it is in the center or left side of the chest and lasts for more than a few minutes. The discomfort may occasionally feel like heartburn. Other symptoms may include shortness of breath, nausea, feeling faint, a cold sweat, or feeling tired. About 30% of people have atypical symptoms, with women more likely than men to present atypically. Among those over 75 years old, about 5% have had an MI with little or no history of symptoms. An MI may cause heart failure, an irregular heartbeat, or cardiac arrest.
qas: answers: text: Myocardial infarction
question: What does MI stand for?

answers: text: 30%
question: WHat percentage of people suffer from atypical symptoms?

answers: text: chest pain or discomfort
question: What is the most common symptom of MI?

answers: text: more than a few minutes
question: How long can the pain of MI last?

answers: text: heartburn
question: What can the discomfort of MI feel like?

context: Most MIs occur due to coronary artery disease. Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet, and excessive alcohol intake, among others. The mechanism of an MI often involves the complete blockage of a coronary artery caused by a rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque. MIs are less commonly caused by coronary artery spasms, which may be due to cocaine, significant emotional stress, and extreme cold, among others. A number of tests are useful to help with diagnosis, including electrocardiograms (ECGs), blood tests, and coronary angiography. An ECG may confirm an ST elevation MI if ST elevation is present. Commonly used blood tests include troponin and less often creatine kinase MB.
qas: answers: text: ST elevation
question: What can ECG confirm?

answers: text: troponin
question: What type of blood tests are used?

answers: text: coronary artery disease
question: How do most MIs come about?

answers: text: complete blockage of a coronary artery
question: What is the main mechanism for MI?

answers: text: electrocardiograms (ECGs), blood tests, and coronary angiography
question: Name one test used to recognize MI?

context: Aspirin is an appropriate immediate treatment for a suspected MI. Nitroglycerin or opioids may be used to help with chest pain; however, they do not improve overall outcomes. Supplemental oxygen should be used in those with low oxygen levels or shortness of breath. In ST elevation MIs treatments which attempt to restore blood flow to the heart are typically recommended and include angioplasty, where the arteries are pushed open, or thrombolysis, where the blockage is removed using medications. People who have a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) are often managed with the blood thinner heparin, with the additional use angioplasty in those at high risk. In people with blockages of multiple coronary arteries and diabetes, bypass surgery (CABG) may be recommended rather than angioplasty. After an MI, lifestyle modifications, along with long term treatment with aspirin, beta blockers, and statins, are typically recommended.
qas: answers: text: Aspirin
question: What can be used for immediate treatment for MI?

answers: text: chest pain
question: Nitroglycerin can be used to help what?

answers: text: non-ST elevation myocardial infarction
question: WHat does NSTEMI stand for?

answers: text: blockages of multiple coronary arteries and diabetes
question: When is bypass surgery recommended?

answers: text: Supplemental oxygen
question: What should be used for individuals with shortness of breath?

context: The onset of symptoms in myocardial infarction (MI) is usually gradual, over several minutes, and rarely instantaneous. Chest pain is the most common symptom of acute MI and is often described as a sensation of tightness, pressure, or squeezing. Chest pain due to ischemia (a lack of blood and hence oxygen supply) of the heart muscle is termed angina pectoris. Pain radiates most often to the left arm, but may also radiate to the lower jaw, neck, right arm, back, and upper abdomen, where it may mimic heartburn. Levine's sign, in which a person localizes the chest pain by clenching their fists over their sternum, has classically been thought to be predictive of cardiac chest pain, although a prospective observational study showed it had a poor positive predictive value.
qas: answers: text: Chest pain
question: What is the most common symptom of MI?

answers: text: a lack of blood
question: What does ischemia refer too?

answers: text: left arm
question: What does the pain usually stem from with MI?

answers: text: clenching their fists over their sternum
question: What is a tell tale sign of someone experiencing a cardiac chest pain?

context: Shortness of breath occurs when the damage to the heart limits the output of the left ventricle, causing left ventricular failure and consequent pulmonary edema. Other symptoms include diaphoresis (an excessive form of sweating), weakness, light-headedness, nausea, vomiting, and palpitations. These symptoms are likely induced by a massive surge of catecholamines from the sympathetic nervous system, which occurs in response to pain and the blood flow abnormalities that result from dysfunction of the heart muscle. Loss of consciousness (due to inadequate blood flow to the brain and cardiogenic shock) and sudden death (frequently due to the development of ventricular fibrillation) can occur in MIs.
qas: answers: text: heart limits the output of the left ventricle
question: When might an individual experience shortness of breath?

answers: text: excessive form of sweating
question: What does diaphoresis refer to?

answers: text: inadequate blood flow to the brain
question: What might cause an individual to lose consciousness from MI?