History_of_India

context: The history of India includes the prehistoric settlements and societies in the Indian subcontinent; the blending of the Indus Valley Civilization and Indo-Aryan culture into the Vedic Civilization; the development of Hinduism as a synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions; the rise of the Śramaṇa movement; the decline of Śrauta sacrifices and the birth of the initiatory traditions of Jainism, Buddhism, Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism; the onset of a succession of powerful dynasties and empires for more than two millennia throughout various geographic areas of the subcontinent, including the growth of Muslim dynasties during the Medieval period intertwined with Hindu powers; the advent of European traders resulting in the establishment of the British rule; and the subsequent independence movement that led to the Partition of India and the creation of the Republic of India.
qas: answers: text: Indian subcontinent
question: In what geographic area was the country of India established?

answers: text: Vedic Civilization
question: What did the joining of the Indus Valley and Indo-Aryan cultures produce?

answers: text: Indian cultures and traditions
question: Of what is Hinduism a combination?

answers: text: two millennia
question: How long was the succession of powerful dynasties in the Indian subcontinent?

answers: text: independence movement
question: What movement lead to the founding of the Republic of India?

context: Evidence of Anatomically modern humans in the Indian subcontinent is recorded as long as 75,000 years ago, or with earlier hominids including Homo erectus from about 500,000 years ago. The Indus Valley Civilization which spread and flourished in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent from c. 3200 to 1300 BCE, was the first major civilization in South Asia. A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture developed in the Mature Harappan period, from 2600 to 1900 BCE. This civilization collapsed at the start of the second millennium BCE and was later followed by the Iron Age Vedic Civilization, which extended over much of the Indo-Gangetic plain and which witnessed the rise of major polities known as the Mahajanapadas. In one of these kingdoms, Magadha, Mahavira and Gautama Buddha propagated their Shramanic philosophies during the fifth and sixth century BCE.
qas: answers: text: 75,000 years
question: For how long have modern humans lived on the Indian subcontinent?

answers: text: 500,000 years ago
question: How long ago did earlier hominids live on the Indian subcontinent?

answers: text: c. 3200 to 1300 BCE
question: When did the Indus Valley Civilization thrive on the Indian subcontinent?

answers: text: Indus Valley Civilization
question: What was the first major civilization in South Asia?

answers: text: 2600 to 1900 BCE
question: What was the span of the Mature Harappan period?

context: Most of the subcontinent was conquered by the Maurya Empire during the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. From the 3rd century BC onwards Prakrit and Pali literature in the north and the Sangam literature in southern India started to flourish. Wootz steel originated in south India in the 3rd century BC and was exported to foreign countries. Various parts of India were ruled by numerous dynasties for the next 1,500 years, among which the Gupta Empire stands out. This period, witnessing a Hindu religious and intellectual resurgence, is known as the classical or "Golden Age of India". During this period, aspects of Indian civilization, administration, culture, and religion (Hinduism and Buddhism) spread to much of Asia, while kingdoms in southern India had maritime business links with the Roman Empire from around 77 CE. Indian cultural influence spread over many parts of Southeast Asia which led to the establishment of Indianized kingdoms in Southeast Asia (Greater India).
qas: answers: text: Maurya Empire
question: What empire conquered most of the subcontinent in the 3rd and 4th centuries BC?

answers: text: Prakrit and Pali
question: After the 3rd century BC, what style of literature grew in northern area of the subcontinent?

answers: text: Wootz steel
question: What form of metal was developed and  exported from southern India?

answers: text: Golden Age of India
question: What was the period following 3rd century BC and extending 1500 years called?

answers: text: Gupta
question: What was the foremost dynasty of the the Golden Age period? 

context: The most significant event between the 7th and 11th century was the Tripartite struggle centered on Kannauj that lasted for more than two centuries between the Pala Empire, Rashtrakuta Empire, and Gurjara Pratihara Empire. Southern India was ruled by the Chalukya, Chola, Pallava, Chera, Pandyan, and Western Chalukya Empires. The seventh century also saw the advent of Islam as a political power, though as a fringe, in the western part of the subcontinent, in modern-day Pakistan. The Chola dynasty conquered southern India and successfully invaded parts of Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Bengal in the 11th century. The early medieval period Indian mathematics influenced the development of mathematics and astronomy in the Arab world and the Hindu numerals were introduced.
qas: answers: text: 7th and 11th
question: Between what centuries was the Tripartite struggle focused on Kannauj?

answers: text: two centuries
question: How long did the Tripartite struggle last?

answers: text: seventh century
question: When did Islam begin to become a political power in India?

answers: text: Chola dynasty
question: What dynasty conquered southern India and parts of southeast Asia?

answers: text: Hindu numerals
question: What facet of Indian mathematics was introduced into the Arab areas in the early Medieval period?

context: Muslim rule started in parts of north India in the 13th century when the Delhi Sultanate was founded in 1206 CE by the Central Asian Turks. The Delhi Sultanate ruled the major part of northern India in the early 14th century, but declined in the late 14th century when several powerful Hindu states such as the Vijayanagara Empire, Gajapati Kingdom, Ahom Kingdom, as well as Rajput dynasties and states, such as Mewar dynasty, emerged. The 15th century saw the emergence of Sikhism. In the 16th century, Mughals came from Central Asia and gradually covered most of India. The Mughal Empire suffered a gradual decline in the early 18th century, which provided opportunities for the Maratha Empire, Sikh Empire and Mysore Kingdom to exercise control over large areas of the subcontinent.
qas: answers: text: Central Asian Turks
question: What group founded the Delhi Sultanate in the 13th century?

answers: text: late 14th century
question: When did the Delhi Sultanate decline in its rule of northern India?

answers: text: Sikhism
question: What belief system began in the 15th century?

answers: text: Mughal Empire
question: What empire covered most of India in the 16th century?

answers: text: early 18th century
question: During what century did the Mughal empire decline?

context: From the late 18th century to the mid-19th century, large areas of India were annexed by the British East India Company of British Empire. Dissatisfaction with Company rule led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, after which the British provinces of India were directly administered by the British Crown and witnessed a period of both rapid development of infrastructure and economic stagnation. During the first half of the 20th century, a nationwide struggle for independence was launched with the leading party involved being the Indian National Congress which was later joined by other organizations. The subcontinent gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, after the British provinces were partitioned into the dominions of India and Pakistan and the princely states all acceded to one of the new states.
qas: answers: text: British East India Company
question: What company annexed large areas of India in the 18th and 19th centuries?

answers: text: Indian Rebellion
question: What effect did Company rule in India produce in 1857?

answers: text: British Crown
question: After the Rebellion who administered the British provinces of India?

answers: text: infrastructure
question: The rapid development of what did British rule cause in India?

answers: text: Indian National Congress
question: What party was the leader in the Indian independence movement of the 20th century?

context: Romila Thapar notes that the division into Hindu-Muslim-British periods of Indian history gives too much weight to "ruling dynasties and foreign invasions", neglecting the social-economic history which often showed a strong continuity. The division into Ancient-Medieval-Modern periods overlooks the fact that the Muslim conquests occurred gradually during which time many things came and went off, while the south was never completely conquered. According to Thapar, a periodisation could also be based on "significant social and economic changes", which are not strictly related to a change of ruling powers.[note 1]
qas: answers: text: Romila Thapar
question: Who remarked Indian history is too devoted to the ranking of dynasties and invasions?

answers: text: social-economic
question: What type of history period is often neglected in Indian histories?

answers: text: strong continuity
question: What facet of social and economic conditions are displayed by Indian history?

answers: text: Muslim conquests
question: What type of conquests were gradual in nature?

answers: text: south
question: What part of India was never completely conquered?

context: Isolated remains of Homo erectus in Hathnora in the Narmada Valley in central India indicate that India might have been inhabited since at least the Middle Pleistocene era, somewhere between 500,000 and 200,000 years ago. Tools crafted by proto-humans that have been dated back two million years have been discovered in the northwestern part of the subcontinent. The ancient history of the region includes some of South Asia's oldest settlements and some of its major civilisations. The earliest archaeological site in the subcontinent is the palaeolithic hominid site in the Soan River valley. Soanian sites are found in the Sivalik region across what are now India, Pakistan, and Nepal.
qas: answers: text: Middle Pleistocene
question: By what era was India inhabited by humans of some form?

answers: text: Homo erectus
question: What type of remains were found in the Narmada Valley?

answers: text: two million years
question: From how long ago do tools date in India?

answers: text: Soan River valley
question: Where in the subcontinent is the oldest archaeological site?

answers: text: palaeolithic hominid
question: What type of resident lived at the site in Soan River Valley?

context: The Mesolithic period in the Indian subcontinent was followed by the Neolithic period, when more extensive settlement of the subcontinent occurred after the end of the last Ice Age approximately 12,000 years ago. The first confirmed semipermanent settlements appeared 9,000 years ago in the Bhimbetka rock shelters in modern Madhya Pradesh, India. Early Neolithic culture in South Asia is represented by the Bhirrana findings (7500 BCE) in Haryana, India & Mehrgarh findings (7000–9000 BCE) in Balochistan, Pakistan.
qas: answers: text: Neolithic
question: What geologic period came after the Mesolithic period in India?

answers: text: extensive settlement
question: What happened in India during the Neolithic period?

answers: text: 12,000 years
question: How long ago did the last ice age happen in India?

answers: text: 9,000 years ago
question: When did settlements appear in Madhya Pradesh?

answers: text: 7000–9000 BCE
question: During what time span were there findings of habitation in India and Pakistan?

context: The Mature Indus civilisation flourished from about 2600 to 1900 BCE, marking the beginning of urban civilisation on the subcontinent. The civilisation included urban centres such as Dholavira, Kalibangan, Ropar, Rakhigarhi, and Lothal in modern-day India, as well as Harappa, Ganeriwala, and Mohenjo-daro in modern-day Pakistan. The civilisation is noted for its cities built of brick, roadside drainage system, and multistoreyed houses and is thought to have had some kind of municipal organization.
qas: answers: text: 2600 to 1900 BCE
question: When did the Mature Indus Civilization thrive? 

answers: text: urban
question: What stage of civilization did the Mature Indus represent?

answers: text: municipal
question: What kind of organization did the Mature Indus have?

answers: text: brick
question: Of what were the early cities of the Mature Indus civilization built?

answers: text: multistoreyed
question: How high were the buildings in the Mature Indus ?

context: The Vedic period is named after the Indo-Aryan culture of north-west India, although other parts of India had a distinct cultural identity during this period. The Vedic culture is described in the texts of Vedas, still sacred to Hindus, which were orally composed in Vedic Sanskrit. The Vedas are some of the oldest extant texts in India. The Vedic period, lasting from about 1750 to 500 BCE, and contributed the foundations of several cultural aspects of Indian subcontinent. In terms of culture, many regions of the subcontinent transitioned from the Chalcolithic to the Iron Age in this period.
qas: answers: text: Indo-Aryan
question: For what culture is the Vedic period named?

answers: text: north-west India
question: Where was the Indo-Aryan culture located?

answers: text: Vedic Sanskrit
question: In what language did  the Vedic culture speak?

answers: text: The Vedas
question: What sacred texts are some of the oldest in India?

answers: text: 1750 to 500 BCE
question: What was the duration of the Vedic culture?

context: At the end of the Rigvedic period, the Aryan society began to expand from the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, into the western Ganges plain. It became increasingly agricultural and was socially organised around the hierarchy of the four varnas, or social classes. This social structure was characterized both by syncretising with the native cultures of northern India, but also eventually by the excluding of indigenous peoples by labelling their occupations impure. During this period, many of the previous small tribal units and chiefdoms began to coalesce into monarchical, state-level polities.
qas: answers: text: Rigvedic period
question: When did the Aryan culture begin its expansion?

answers: text: western Ganges plain
question: Into what area did the Aryan culture expand?

answers: text: varnas
question: What were the Aryan social classes called?

answers: text: occupations
question: What did the Aryans label as impure in the indigenous peoples in order to exclude them from certain social classes?

answers: text: small tribal units
question: What groupings formed up into larger monarchical groups?

context: The Kuru kingdom was the first state-level society of the Vedic period, corresponding to the beginning of the Iron Age in northwestern India, around 1200 – 800 BCE, as well as with the composition of the Atharvaveda (the first Indian text to mention iron, as śyāma ayas, literally "black metal"). The Kuru state organized the Vedic hymns into collections, and developed the orthodox srauta ritual to uphold the social order. When the Kuru kingdom declined, the center of Vedic culture shifted to their eastern neighbours, the Panchala kingdom. The archaeological Painted Grey Ware culture, which flourished in the Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh regions of northern India from about 1100 to 600 BCE, is believed to correspond to the Kuru and Panchala kingdoms.
qas: answers: text: Kuru kingdom
question: What was the first state size society in the Vedic period?

answers: text: 1200 – 800 BCE
question: What is the dating of the Kuru kingdom?

answers: text: Iron Age
question: At the beginning of what age are the dates of the Kuru kingdom?

answers: text: Atharvaveda
question: What is the first Indian text to mention iron?

answers: text: Panchala
question: When the Kuru kingdom declined, to what kingdom did Vedic culture go?

context: In addition to the Vedas, the principal texts of Hinduism, the core themes of the Sanskrit epics Ramayana and Mahabharata are said to have their ultimate origins during this period. The Mahabharata remains, today, the longest single poem in the world. Historians formerly postulated an "epic age" as the milieu of these two epic poems, but now recognize that the texts (which are both familiar with each other) went through multiple stages of development over centuries. For instance, the Mahabharata may have been based on a small-scale conflict (possibly about 1000 BCE) which was eventually "transformed into a gigantic epic war by bards and poets". There is no conclusive proof from archaeology as to whether the specific events of the Mahabharat have any historical basis. The existing texts of these epics are believed to belong to the post-Vedic age, between c. 400 BCE and 400 CE. Some even attempted to date the events using methods of archaeoastronomy which have produced, depending on which passages are chosen and how they are interpreted, estimated dates ranging up to mid 2nd millennium BCE.
qas: answers: text: Vedas
question: What were the principle texts of Hinduism?

answers: text: Sanskrit
question: In what language were the Vedas ?

answers: text: Ramayana and Mahabharata
question: What were the core epics of the Vedas?

answers: text: Mahabharata
question: Which Vedic text is the longest single poem on Earth?

answers: text: small-scale conflict
question: On what type of clash is the Mahabharata thought to have been based?

context: During the time between 800 and 200 BCE the Shramana-movement formed, from which originated Jainism and Buddhism. In the same period the first Upanishads were written. After 500 BCE, the so-called "Second urbanization" started, with new urban settlements arising at the Ganges plain, especially the Central Ganges plain. The Central Ganges Plain, where Magadha gained prominence, forming the base of the Mauryan Empire, was a distinct cultural area, with new states arising after 500 BC[web 1] during the so-called "Second urbanization".[note 3] It was influenced by the Vedic culture, but differed markedly from the Kuru-Panchala region. It "was the area of the earliest known cultivation of rice in South Asia and by 1800 BC was the location of an advanced neolithic population associated with the sites of Chirand and Chechar". In this region the Shramanic movements flourished, and Jainism and Buddhism originated.
qas: answers: text: Shramana-movement
question: What philosophical movement appeared during 800-200 BCE?

answers: text: Jainism and Buddhism
question: What was the origins of the Shramana movement?

answers: text: between 800 and 200 BCE
question: During what time were the first Upanishads written?

answers: text: Second urbanization
question: What period started after 500 BCE?

answers: text: Central Ganges Plain
question: Where was the central location of the Muayan Empire?

context: In the later Vedic Age, a number of small kingdoms or city states had covered the subcontinent, many mentioned in Vedic, early Buddhist and Jaina literature as far back as 500 BCE. sixteen monarchies and "republics" known as the Mahajanapadas—Kashi, Kosala, Anga, Magadha, Vajji (or Vriji), Malla, Chedi, Vatsa (or Vamsa), Kuru, Panchala, Matsya (or Machcha), Shurasena, Assaka, Avanti, Gandhara, and Kamboja—stretched across the Indo-Gangetic Plain from modern-day Afghanistan to Bengal and Maharashtra. This period saw the second major rise of urbanism in India after the Indus Valley Civilisation.
qas: answers: text: later Vedic Age
question: By what age had many small states covered the subcontinent?

answers: text: sixteen monarchies
question: How many small states covered the Ganges Plain of India?

answers: text: Mahajanapadas
question: What were the sixteen kingdoms called?

answers: text: urbanism
question: What second period did the rise of the small kingdoms show?

answers: text: Indus Valley Civilisation
question: What was the first major urbanization in India?

context: Many smaller clans mentioned within early literature seem to have been present across the rest of the subcontinent. Some of these kings were hereditary; other states elected their rulers. Early "republics" such as the Vajji (or Vriji) confederation centered in the city of Vaishali, existed as early as the 6th century BCE and persisted in some areas until the 4th century CE. The educated speech at that time was Sanskrit, while the languages of the general population of northern India are referred to as Prakrits. Many of the sixteen kingdoms had coalesced to four major ones by 500/400 BCE, by the time of Gautama Buddha. These four were Vatsa, Avanti, Kosala, and Magadha. The Life of Gautam Budhha was mainly associated with these four kingdoms.
qas: answers: text: Vaishali
question: Where was the Vajji confederation located?

answers: text: 6th century BCE
question: How early did the small republic states exist in India?

answers: text: 4th century CE
question: Until what century did the republic states endure in India?

answers: text: Sanskrit
question: In what language did the educated Indian speak?

answers: text: Prakrits
question: What was the general population's common language ?

context: The 7th and 6th centuries BC witnessed the composition of the earliest Upanishads. Upanishads form the theoretical basis of classical Hinduism and are known as Vedanta (conclusion of the Vedas). The older Upanishads launched attacks of increasing intensity on the ritual. Anyone who worships a divinity other than the Self is called a domestic animal of the gods in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. The Mundaka launches the most scathing attack on the ritual by comparing those who value sacrifice with an unsafe boat that is endlessly overtaken by old age and death.
qas: answers: text: 7th and 6th centuries BC
question: When were the earliest Upanishads composed?

answers: text: Hinduism
question: Of what philosophical system do the Upanishads form the basis?

answers: text: Vedanta
question: What are the Upanishads called in Hinduism?

answers: text: ritual
question: What part of the Hinduism belief system did the Upanishads attack?

answers: text: Self
question: What worship system is central to Hinduism?

context: Increasing urbanisation of India in 7th and 6th centuries BCE led to the rise of new ascetic or shramana movements which challenged the orthodoxy of rituals. Mahavira (c. 549–477 BC), proponent of Jainism, and Buddha (c. 563-483), founder of Buddhism were the most prominent icons of this movement. Shramana gave rise to the concept of the cycle of birth and death, the concept of samsara, and the concept of liberation. Buddha found a Middle Way that ameliorated the extreme asceticism found in the Sramana religions.
qas: answers: text: orthodoxy of rituals
question: What did the shramana movements challenge?

answers: text: Mahavira
question: Who was the founder of Jainism?

answers: text: Buddha
question: What prominent icon founded Buddhism? 

answers: text: Middle Way
question: What path did Buddha find to soothe the strictness of Sramana religions?

answers: text: Shramana
question: What belief system taught the idea of samsara?

context: Magadha (Sanskrit: मगध) formed one of the sixteen Mahā-Janapadas (Sanskrit: "Great Countries") or kingdoms in ancient India. The core of the kingdom was the area of Bihar south of the Ganges; its first capital was Rajagriha (modern Rajgir) then Pataliputra (modern Patna). Magadha expanded to include most of Bihar and Bengal with the conquest of Licchavi and Anga respectively, followed by much of eastern Uttar Pradesh and Orissa. The ancient kingdom of Magadha is heavily mentioned in Jain and Buddhist texts. It is also mentioned in the Ramayana, Mahabharata, Puranas. A state of Magadha, possibly a tribal kingdom, is recorded in Vedic texts much earlier in time than 600 BC. Magadha Empire had great rulers like Bimbisara and Ajatshatru.
qas: answers: text: Mahā-Janapadas
question: Of what was Magadha one of sixteen?

answers: text: Great Countries
question: How does the Sanskrit translate Maha-Janapadas?

answers: text: Bihar
question: Where was the center of Magadha?

answers: text: Vedic texts
question: Where were there early records of the Magadha kingdom?

answers: text: 600 BC.
question: What time do the texts locating Magadha kingdom predate?

context: The earliest reference to the Magadha people occurs in the Atharva-Veda where they are found listed along with the Angas, Gandharis, and Mujavats. Magadha played an important role in the development of Jainism and Buddhism, and two of India's greatest empires, the Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire, originated from Magadha. These empires saw advancements in ancient India's science, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy and were considered the Indian "Golden Age". The Magadha kingdom included republican communities such as the community of Rajakumara. Villages had their own assemblies under their local chiefs called Gramakas. Their administrations were divided into executive, judicial, and military functions.
qas: answers: text: Atharva-Veda
question: Where is the earliest mention of Magadha people?

answers: text: Jainism and Buddhism
question: In the development of which religions did Magadha participate?

answers: text: Magadha
question: Where was the location origin of the Maurya and Gupta empires?

answers: text: Golden Age
question: Due to advances in science and culture, what are the Magadha region empires considered to represent?

answers: text: Gramakas
question: What were local villages' assemblies called in the Magadha kingdoms?

context: In 530 BC Cyrus the Great, King of the Persian Achaemenid Empire crossed the Hindu-Kush mountains to seek tribute from the tribes of Kamboja, Gandhara and the trans-India region (modern Afghanistan and Pakistan). By 520 BC, during the reign of Darius I of Persia, much of the northwestern subcontinent (present-day eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan) came under the rule of the Persian Achaemenid Empire, as part of the far easternmost territories. The area remained under Persian control for two centuries. During this time India supplied mercenaries to the Persian army then fighting in Greece.
qas: answers: text: Cyrus the Great
question: What Persian king wanted tribute from the tribes of northern India?

answers: text: Persian Achaemenid Empire
question: By 520 BC what empire ruled the northwestern Indian subcontinent?

answers: text: Darius I of Persia
question: What king ruled Persia in 520 BC?

answers: text: two centuries
question: How long did the Persian empire control the northern India subcontinent?

answers: text: mercenaries
question: What did India supply to the Persian war efforts against Greece?

context: By 326 BC, Alexander the Great had conquered Asia Minor and the Achaemenid Empire and had reached the northwest frontiers of the Indian subcontinent. There he defeated King Porus in the Battle of the Hydaspes (near modern-day Jhelum, Pakistan) and conquered much of the Punjab. Alexander's march east put him in confrontation with the Nanda Empire of Magadha and the Gangaridai of Bengal. His army, exhausted and frightened by the prospect of facing larger Indian armies at the Ganges River, mutinied at the Hyphasis (modern Beas River) and refused to march further East. Alexander, after the meeting with his officer, Coenus, and learning about the might of Nanda Empire, was convinced that it was better to return.
qas: answers: text: 326 BC
question: When did Alexander the Great reach India?

answers: text: King Porus
question: Who did Alexander defeat in the area now Pakistan?

answers: text: Battle of the Hydaspes
question: At what battle did Alexander beat King Porus?

answers: text: Hyphasis
question: Where did Alexander's army finally mutiny?

answers: text: Nanda Empire
question: The strength of what empire's army pushed Alexander to retreat?

context: The Maurya Empire (322–185 BCE) was the first empire to unify India into one state, and was the largest on the Indian subcontinent. At its greatest extent, the Mauryan Empire stretched to the north up to the natural boundaries of the Himalayas and to the east into what is now Assam. To the west, it reached beyond modern Pakistan, to the Hindu Kush mountains in what is now Afghanistan. The empire was established by Chandragupta Maurya in Magadha (in modern Bihar) when he overthrew the Nanda Dynasty. Chandragupta's son Bindusara succeeded to the throne around 297 BC. By the time he died in c. 272 BC, a large part of the subcontinent was under Mauryan suzerainty. However, the region of Kalinga (around modern day Odisha) remained outside Mauryan control, perhaps interfering with their trade with the south.
qas: answers: text: Maurya Empire
question: What was the first empire to unify India?

answers: text: 322–185 BCE
question: What was the time span of the Mauryan Empire?

answers: text: Chandragupta Maurya
question: Who formed the Maurya Empire in Magadha?

answers: text: Nanda Dynasty
question: What dynasty did Chandragupta Maurya defeat?

answers: text: 297 BC
question: In what year did Chandraguta's son come to the throne?

context: The Arthashastra and the Edicts of Ashoka are the primary written records of the Mauryan times. Archaeologically, this period falls into the era of Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW). The Mauryan Empire was based on a modern and efficient economy and society. However, the sale of merchandise was closely regulated by the government. Although there was no banking in the Mauryan society, usury was customary. A significant amount of written records on slavery are found, suggesting a prevalence thereof. During this period, a high quality steel called Wootz steel was developed in south India and was later exported to China and Arabia.
qas: answers: text: Arthashastra and the Edicts of Ashoka
question: What are the basic written records of the Mauryans?

answers: text: Northern Black Polished Ware
question: What is the archaeological period of the Mauryan Empire?

answers: text: Wootz steel
question: What metal was developed in south India during the time of the Mauryan Empire?

answers: text: China and Arabia
question: To where was wootz steel exported?

answers: text: government
question: What organization closely monitored business dealings in the Mauryan Empire? 

context: During the Sangam period Tamil literateure flourished from the 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE. During this period the 3 Tamil Dynasties Chera dynasty, Chola dynasty and the Pandyan Dynasty ruled parts of southern India. The Sangam literature deals with the history, politics, wars and culture of the Tamil people of this period. The scholars of the Sangam period rose from among the common people who sought the patronage of the Tamil Kings but who mainly wrote about the common people and their concerns. Unlike Sanskrit writers who were mostly Brahmins, Sangam writers came from diverse classes and social backgrounds and were mostly non-Brahmins. They belonged to different faiths and professions like farmers, artisans, merchants, monks, priests and even princes and quite few of them were even women.
qas: answers: text: Sangam period
question: During what period did Tamil literature thrive?

answers: text: 3
question: How many Tamil dynasties ruled during the Sangam period?

answers: text: 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE
question: What was the extent of the Sangam period?

answers: text: southern India
question: In what part of India did the Tamil dynasties rule?

answers: text: non-Brahmins
question: How were Tamil writers different from earlier Sanskrit writers?

context: The Śātavāhana Empire was a royal Indian dynasty based from Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh as well as Junnar (Pune) and Prathisthan (Paithan) in Maharashtra. The territory of the empire covered much of India from 230 BCE onward. Sātavāhanas started out as feudatories to the Mauryan dynasty, but declared independence with its decline. They are known for their patronage of Hinduism and Buddhism which resulted in Buddhist monuments from Ellora (a UNESCO World Heritage Site) to Amaravati. The Sātavāhanas were one of the first Indian states to issue coins struck with their rulers embossed. They formed a cultural bridge and played a vital role in trade as well as the transfer of ideas and culture to and from the Indo-Gangetic Plain to the southern tip of India. They had to compete with the Shunga Empire and then the Kanva dynasty of Magadha to establish their rule. Later, they played a crucial role to protect a huge part of India against foreign invaders like the Sakas, Yavanas and Pahlavas. In particular their struggles with the Western Kshatrapas went on for a long time. The notable rulers of the Satavahana Dynasty Gautamiputra Satakarni and Sri Yajna Sātakarni were able to defeat the foreign invaders like the Western Kshatrapas and to stop their expansion. In the 3rd century CE the empire was split into smaller states.
qas: answers: text: Śātavāhana Empire
question: What empire covered most of India from 230 BCE?

answers: text: Hinduism and Buddhism
question: Of what were the Satavahanas patrons?

answers: text: coins
question: What did the Satavahanas issue embossed with their king's head?

answers: text: 3rd century CE
question: When was the Satavahana Empire divided into smaller states?

answers: text: foreign invaders
question: From what did the Satavahana Empire protect much of India?

context: The Shunga Empire or Shunga Empire was an ancient Indian dynasty from Magadha that controlled vast areas of the Indian subcontinent from around 187 to 78 BCE. The dynasty was established by Pushyamitra Shunga, after the fall of the Maurya Empire. Its capital was Pataliputra, but later emperors such as Bhagabhadra also held court at Besnagar, modern Vidisha in Eastern Malwa. Pushyamitra Shunga ruled for 36 years and was succeeded by his son Agnimitra. There were ten Shunga rulers. The empire is noted for its numerous wars with both foreign and indigenous powers. They fought battles with the Kalingas, Satavahanas, the Indo-Greeks, and possibly the Panchalas and Mathuras. Art, education, philosophy, and other forms of learning flowered during this period including small terracotta images, larger stone sculptures, and architectural monuments such as the Stupa at Bharhut, and the renowned Great Stupa at Sanchi. The Shunga rulers helped to establish the tradition of royal sponsorship of learning and art. The script used by the empire was a variant of Brahmi and was used to write the Sanskrit language. The Shunga Empire played an imperative role in patronizing Indian culture at a time when some of the most important developments in Hindu thought were taking place.
qas: answers: text: 187 to 78 BCE
question: What was the time span of the Shunga Empire?

answers: text: Pushyamitra Shunga
question: Who founded the Shuga empire after the fall of the Maurya empire?

answers: text: 36 years
question: How long did Pushyamitra Shunga rule?

answers: text: Brahmi
question: What script variant was used to write the Sanskrit language?

answers: text: sponsorship of learning and art
question: What tradition did Shunga rulers help begin?

context: During the reign of Khārabēḷa, the Chedi dynasty of Kaḷinga ascended to eminence and restored the lost power and glory of Kaḷinga, which had been subdued since the devastating war with Ashoka. Kaḷingan military might was reinstated by Khārabēḷa: under Khārabēḷa's generalship, the Kaḷinga state had a formidable maritime reach with trade routes linking it to the then-Simhala (Sri Lanka), Burma (Myanmar), Siam (Thailand), Vietnam, Kamboja (Cambodia), Malaysia, Borneo, Bali, Samudra (Sumatra) and Jabadwipa (Java). Khārabēḷa led many successful campaigns against the states of Magadha, Anga, Satavahanas till the southern most regions of Pandyan Empire (modern Tamil Nadu).
qas: answers: text: Khārabēḷa
question: What Kalingan ruler brought the Chedi dynasty back into power?

answers: text: Ashoka
question: What power had previously defeated the Kalingans? 

answers: text: maritime
question: In what arena was Kalinga a formidable power?

answers: text: trade routes
question: What maritime advantage did the Kalingans have?

answers: text: Khārabēḷa
question: What militaristic leader restored might to the Kalinga empire?

context: The Kushan Empire expanded out of what is now Afghanistan into the northwest of the subcontinent under the leadership of their first emperor, Kujula Kadphises, about the middle of the 1st century CE. They came of an Indo-European language speaking Central Asian tribe called the Yuezhi, a branch of which was known as the Kushans. By the time of his grandson, Kanishka, they had conquered most of northern India, at least as far as Saketa and Pataliputra, in the middle Ganges Valley, and probably as far as the Bay of Bengal.
qas: answers: text: Afghanistan
question: From what area did the Kushan Empire come?

answers: text: Kujula Kadphises
question: Who was the first ruler of the Kushan empire?

answers: text: 1st century CE
question: In the middle o what century did the Kushan empire begin?

answers: text: Indo-European
question: What was the language base of the Kushans?

answers: text: northern India
question: What had the Kushans conquered much of by the time of Kanishka

context: Classical India refers to the period when much of the Indian subcontinent was reunited under the Gupta Empire (c. 320–550 CE). This period has been called the Golden Age of India and was marked by extensive achievements in science, technology, engineering, art, dialectic, literature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy that crystallized the elements of what is generally known as Hindu culture. The Hindu-Arabic numerals, a positional numeral system, originated in India and was later transmitted to the West through the Arabs. Early Hindu numerals had only nine symbols, until 600 to 800 CE, when a symbol for zero was developed for the numeral system. The peace and prosperity created under leadership of Guptas enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavors in India.
qas: answers: text: Classical India
question: By what is India under the Gupta Empire referered?

answers: text: c. 320–550 CE
question: What was the time span of the Gupta Empire?

answers: text: Golden Age of India
question: What is the period of the Gupta Empire called?

answers: text: Hindu culture
question: What philosophy  formed at the time of the Gupta Empire?

answers: text: Hindu-Arabic
question: What numeral system originated in India?

context: The high points of this cultural creativity are magnificent architecture, sculpture, and painting. The Gupta period produced scholars such as Kalidasa, Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Vishnu Sharma, and Vatsyayana who made great advancements in many academic fields. The Gupta period marked a watershed of Indian culture: the Guptas performed Vedic sacrifices to legitimize their rule, but they also patronized Buddhism, which continued to provide an alternative to Brahmanical orthodoxy. The military exploits of the first three rulers – Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Chandragupta II - brought much of India under their leadership. Science and political administration reached new heights during the Gupta era. Strong trade ties also made the region an important cultural centre and established it as a base that would influence nearby kingdoms and regions in Burma, Sri Lanka, Maritime Southeast Asia, and Indochina. For these reasons, historian Dr.Barnett remarked:
qas: answers: text: Indian culture
question: What did the Guptas promote in their reigns?

answers: text: Buddhism
question: Besides the Vedic practices, what other religion did the Guptas patronize?

answers: text: first three rulers
question: What Guptas brought much of India under Gupta rule?

answers: text: Strong trade ties
question: What business activity made the Gupta Empire prominent in India?

answers: text: nearby kingdoms
question: What did the Gupta Empires trade ties influence?

context: Kadamba (345 – 525 CE) was an ancient royal dynasty of Karnataka, India that ruled northern Karnataka and the Konkan from Banavasi in present-day Uttara Kannada district. At the peak of their power under King Kakushtavarma, the Kadambas of Banavasi ruled large parts of modern Karnataka state. The dynasty was founded by Mayurasharma in 345 CE which at later times showed the potential of developing into imperial proportions, an indication to which is provided by the titles and epithets assumed by its rulers. King Mayurasharma defeated the armies of Pallavas of Kanchi possibly with help of some native tribes. The Kadamba fame reached its peak during the rule of Kakusthavarma, a notable ruler with whom even the kings of Gupta Dynasty of northern India cultivated marital alliances. The Kadambas were contemporaries of the Western Ganga Dynasty and together they formed the earliest native kingdoms to rule the land with absolute autonomy. The dynasty later continued to rule as a feudatory of larger Kannada empires, the Chalukya and the Rashtrakuta empires, for over five hundred years during which time they branched into minor dynasties known as the Kadambas of Goa, Kadambas of Halasi and Kadambas of Hangal.
qas: answers: text: 345 – 525 CE
question: During what time did Kadamba rule northern Karnataka?

answers: text: Karnataka, India
question: Where did the Kadamba dynasty originate?

answers: text: King Kakushtavarma
question: What ruler ruled at the peak of Kadamba power?

answers: text: Mayurasharma
question: Who founded the Kamdamba dynasty?

answers: text: Gupta Dynasty
question: What dynasty made military alliances with the Kamdamba?

context: The Hephthalites (or Ephthalites), also known as the White Huns, were a nomadic confederation in Central Asia during the late antiquity period. The White Huns established themselves in modern-day Afghanistan by the first half of the 5th century. Led by the Hun military leader Toramana, they overran the northern region of Pakistan and North India. Toramana's son Mihirakula, a Saivite Hindu, moved up to near Pataliputra to the east and Gwalior to the central India. Hiuen Tsiang narrates Mihirakula's merciless persecution of Buddhists and destruction of monasteries, though the description is disputed as far as the authenticity is concerned. The Huns were defeated by the Indian kings Yasodharman of Malwa and Narasimhagupta in the 6th century. Some of them were driven out of India and others were assimilated in the Indian society.
qas: answers: text: nomadic confederation
question: What type of trib were the Hephthalites?

answers: text: Central Asia
question: Where did the White Huns roam?

answers: text: Afghanistan
question: In what country did the White Huns settle?

answers: text: Pakistan and North India
question: What lands did the White Huns take in the 5th century? 

context: After the downfall of the prior Gupta Empire in the middle of the 6th century, North India reverted to small republics and small monarchical states ruled by Gupta rulers. Harsha was a convert to Buddhism. He united the small republics from Punjab to central India, and their representatives crowned Harsha king at an assembly in April 606 giving him the title of Maharaja when he was merely 16 years old. Harsha belonged to Kanojia. He brought all of northern India under his control. The peace and prosperity that prevailed made his court a center of cosmopolitanism, attracting scholars, artists and religious visitors from far and wide. The Chinese traveler Xuan Zang visited the court of Harsha and wrote a very favorable account of him, praising his justice and generosity.
qas: answers: text: middle of the 6th century
question: In which century did the Gupta Empire fall?

answers: text: small
question: To what type of states did the former Gupta Empire revert?

answers: text: Maharaja
question: After uniting the area, what title was Harsha given?

answers: text: April 606
question: When was Harsha crowned by the states he united?

answers: text: Buddhism
question: To what religion had Harsha been converted?

context: From the fifth century to the thirteenth, Śrauta sacrifices declined, and initiatory traditions of Buddhism, Jainism or more commonly Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism expanded in royal courts. This period produced some of India's finest art, considered the epitome of classical development, and the development of the main spiritual and philosophical systems which continued to be in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. Emperor Harsha of Kannauj succeeded in reuniting northern India during his reign in the 7th century, after the collapse of the Gupta dynasty. His empire collapsed after his death.
qas: answers: text: Śrauta sacrifices
question: What declined from the 5th to the 13th centuries

answers: text: Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism
question: What philosophical traditions developed during the period of the 5th to the 13th centuries?

answers: text: 7th century
question: In what century was Harsha's rule? 

answers: text: collapsed
question: What happened to Harsha's empire after his death?

answers: text: northern India
question: What area did Harsha unite during his reign?

context: Ronald Inden writes that by the 8th century CE symbols of Hindu gods "replaced the Buddha at the imperial centre and pinnacle of the cosmo-political system, the image or symbol of the Hindu god comes to be housed in a monumental temple and given increasingly elaborate imperial-style puja worship". Although Buddhism did not disappear from India for several centuries after the eighth, royal proclivities for the cults of Vishnu and Shiva weakened Buddhism's position within the sociopolitical context and helped make possible its decline.
qas: answers: text: Vishnu and Shiva
question: What cults weakened Buddhism in India?

answers: text: Hindu gods
question: What replaced Buddha in ruling centers?

answers: text: monumental
question: What kind of temples were built for Hindu Gods?

answers: text: elaborate
question: What was the style of worship of Hindu Gods?

answers: text: eighth
question: By what dentury did Buddhism disappear form much of India?

context: From the 8th to the 10th century, three dynasties contested for control of northern India: the Gurjara Pratiharas of Malwa, the Palas of Bengal, and the Rashtrakutas of the Deccan. The Sena dynasty would later assume control of the Pala Empire, and the Gurjara Pratiharas fragmented into various states. These were the first of the Rajput states. The first recorded Rajput kingdoms emerged in Rajasthan in the 6th century, and small Rajput dynasties later ruled much of northern India. One Gurjar Rajput of the Chauhan clan, Prithvi Raj Chauhan, was known for bloody conflicts against the advancing Turkic sultanates. The Chola empire emerged as a major power during the reign of Raja Raja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I who successfully invaded parts of Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka in the 11th century. Lalitaditya Muktapida (r. 724 CE–760 CE) was an emperor of the Kashmiri Karkoṭa dynasty, which exercised influence in northwestern India from 625 CE until 1003, and was followed by Lohara dynasty. He is known primarily for his successful battles against the Muslim and Tibetan advances into Kashmiri-dominated regions. Kalhana in his Rajatarangini credits king Lalitaditya with leading an aggressive military campaign in Northern India and Central Asia. He broke into the Uttarapatha and defeated the rebellious tribes of the Kambojas, Tukharas (Turks in Turkmenistan and Tocharians in Badakhshan), Bhautas (Tibetans in Baltistan and Tibet) and Daradas (Dards). His campaign then led him to subjugate the kingdoms of Pragjyotisha, Strirajya and the Uttarakurus. The Shahi dynasty ruled portions of eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, and Kashmir from the mid-7th century to the early 11th century.
qas: answers: text: three
question: How many dynasties fought for control from the 8th to the 10th century?

answers: text: 6th century
question: When did the first Rajput kingdoms emerge in India?

answers: text: Prithvi Raj Chauhan
question: What Rajput ruler was known for his conflicts with the Turkic sultanates?

answers: text: 11th century
question: In what century did the Chola Empire emerge?

answers: text: Lalitaditya Muktapida
question: Who was emperor of the Kashmiri  Karkota dynasty?

context: The Chalukya Empire (Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು [tʃaːɭukjə]) was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th centuries. During this period, they ruled as three related yet individual dynasties. The earliest dynasty, known as the "Badami Chalukyas", ruled from Vatapi (modern Badami) from the middle of the 6th century. The Badami Chalukyas began to assert their independence at the decline of the Kadamba kingdom of Banavasi and rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of Pulakeshin II. The rule of the Chalukyas marks an important milestone in the history of South India and a golden age in the history of Karnataka. The political atmosphere in South India shifted from smaller kingdoms to large empires with the ascendancy of Badami Chalukyas. A Southern India-based kingdom took control and consolidated the entire region between the Kaveri and the Narmada rivers. The rise of this empire saw the birth of efficient administration, overseas trade and commerce and the development of new style of architecture called "Chalukyan architecture". The Chalukya dynasty ruled parts of southern and central India from Badami in Karnataka between 550 and 750, and then again from Kalyani between 970 and 1190.
qas: answers: text: 6th and the 12th centuries
question: When did the Chalukya Empire rule?

answers: text: southern and central
question: What portion of India did the Chalukya Empire rule?

answers: text: Chalukyan architecture
question: What style of architecture developed during the Chaluka reigns? 

answers: text: 550 and 750
question: When did the Chalukyans rule from Badami?

answers: text: 970 and 1190
question: When was the second reign of Chalukyans?

context: Founded by Dantidurga around 753, the Rashtrakuta Empire ruled from its capital at Manyakheta for almost two centuries. At its peak, the Rashtrakutas ruled from the Ganges River and Yamuna River doab in the north to Cape Comorin in the south, a fruitful time of political expansion, architectural achievements and famous literary contributions.[citation needed] The early kings of this dynasty were Hindu but the later kings were strongly influenced by Jainism. Govinda III and Amoghavarsha were the most famous of the long line of able administrators produced by the dynasty. Amoghavarsha, who ruled for 64 years, was also an author and wrote Kavirajamarga, the earliest known Kannada work on poetics. Architecture reached a milestone in the Dravidian style, the finest example of which is seen in the Kailasanath Temple at Ellora. Other important contributions are the sculptures of Elephanta Caves in modern Maharashtra as well as the Kashivishvanatha temple and the Jain Narayana temple at Pattadakal in modern Karnataka, all of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The Arab traveler Suleiman described the Rashtrakuta Empire as one of the four great Empires of the world. The Rashtrakuta period marked the beginning of the golden age of southern Indian mathematics. The great south Indian mathematician Mahāvīra (mathematician) lived in the Rashtrakuta Empire and his text had a huge impact on the medieval south Indian mathematicians who lived after him. The Rashtrakuta rulers also patronised men of letters, who wrote in a variety of languages from Sanskrit to the Apabhraṃśas.
qas: answers: text: 753
question: When was the Rastrakuta Empire started?

answers: text: Manyakheta
question: In what location was the capital of the Rashtrakuta Empire?

answers: text: Hindu
question: What was the faith of the early rulers of the Rastrakuta Empire?

answers: text: Jainism
question: By what were the later kings of the Rastrakuta Empire influenced?

answers: text: Amoghavarsha
question: What Rastrakuta king ruler for 64 years?

context: The Pala Empire (Bengali: পাল সাম্রাজ্য Pal Samrajyô) flourished during the Classical period of India, and may be dated during 750–1174 CE. Founded by Gopala I, it was ruled by a Buddhist dynasty from Bengal in the eastern region of the Indian subcontinent. Though the Palas were followers of the Mahayana and Tantric schools of Buddhism, they also patronised Shaivism and Vaishnavism. The morpheme Pala, meaning "protector", was used as an ending for the names of all the Pala monarchs. The empire reached its peak under Dharmapala and Devapala. Dharmapala is believed to have conquered Kanauj and extended his sway up to the farthest limits of India in the northwest. The Pala Empire can be considered as the golden era of Bengal in many ways. Dharmapala founded the Vikramashila and revived Nalanda, considered one of the first great universities in recorded history. Nalanda reached its height under the patronage of the Pala Empire. The Palas also built many viharas. They maintained close cultural and commercial ties with countries of Southeast Asia and Tibet. Sea trade added greatly to the prosperity of the Pala kingdom. The Arab merchant Suleiman notes the enormity of the Pala army in his memoirs.
qas: answers: text: 750–1174 CE
question: During what span of time did the Pala Empire thrive?

answers: text: Buddhist
question: What style of belief system did the Pala Empire favor?

answers: text: golden era of Bengal
question: What is the term used to describe the Pala Empire?

answers: text: Nalanda
question: What educational center reached it height during the Pala rule?

answers: text: Gopala I
question: What ruler founded the Pala dynasty?

context: Medieval Cholas rose to prominence during the middle of the 9th century C.E. and established the greatest empire South India had seen. They successfully united the South India under their rule and through their naval strength extended their influence in the Southeast Asian countries such as Srivijaya. Under Rajaraja Chola I and his successors Rajendra Chola I, Rajadhiraja Chola, Virarajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I the dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in South Asia and South-East Asia. Rajendra Chola I's navies went even further, occupying the sea coasts from Burma to Vietnam, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Lakshadweep (Laccadive) islands, Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula in Southeast Asia and the Pegu islands. The power of the new empire was proclaimed to the eastern world by the expedition to the Ganges which Rajendra Chola I undertook and by the occupation of cities of the maritime empire of Srivijaya in Southeast Asia, as well as by the repeated embassies to China. They dominated the political affairs of Sri Lanka for over two centuries through repeated invasions and occupation. They also had continuing trade contacts with the Arabs in the west and with the Chinese empire in the east. Rajaraja Chola I and his equally distinguished son Rajendra Chola I gave political unity to the whole of Southern India and established the Chola Empire as a respected sea power. Under the Cholas, the South India reached new heights of excellence in art, religion and literature. In all of these spheres, the Chola period marked the culmination of movements that had begun in an earlier age under the Pallavas. Monumental architecture in the form of majestic temples and sculpture in stone and bronze reached a finesse never before achieved in India.
qas: answers: text: South India
question: What area did the Cholas unite in the 9th century?

answers: text: military, economic and cultural
question: What kind of power did the Chola dynasty become in south India?

answers: text: whole of Southern India
question: In what area did the Chola Empire establish political unity?

answers: text: Monumental
question: In what type of architecture did the Cholas excel? 

answers: text: sea power
question: From their contacts and conquests in surrounding sea areas, what did this establish the Chola empire as? 

context: The Western Chalukya Empire (Kannada:ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ) ruled most of the western Deccan, South India, between the 10th and 12th centuries. Vast areas between the Narmada River in the north and Kaveri River in the south came under Chalukya control. During this period the other major ruling families of the Deccan, the Hoysalas, the Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri, the Kakatiya dynasty and the Southern Kalachuri, were subordinates of the Western Chalukyas and gained their independence only when the power of the Chalukya waned during the later half of the 12th century. The Western Chalukyas developed an architectural style known today as a transitional style, an architectural link between the style of the early Chalukya dynasty and that of the later Hoysala empire. Most of its monuments are in the districts bordering the Tungabhadra River in central Karnataka. Well known examples are the Kasivisvesvara Temple at Lakkundi, the Mallikarjuna Temple at Kuruvatti, the Kallesvara Temple at Bagali and the Mahadeva Temple at Itagi. This was an important period in the development of fine arts in Southern India, especially in literature as the Western Chalukya kings encouraged writers in the native language of Kannada, and Sanskrit like the philosopher and statesman Basava and the great mathematician Bhāskara II.
qas: answers: text: 10th and 12th
question: During waht centuries did the Western Chalukya rule?

answers: text: transitional
question: What was the architectural style of the Chalukyas?

answers: text: central Karnataka
question: Where did the Chalukyas build most of their monuments?

answers: text: native language
question: What did the Chalukya kings encourage writers to use?

answers: text: Sanskrit
question: Besides the language of Kannada, what other old language was used during the western Chalukya dynasty?

context: The early Islamic literature indicates that the conquest of India was one of the very early ambitions of the Muslims, though it was recognized as a particularly difficult one. After conquering Persia, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate incorporated parts of what are now Afghanistan and Pakistan around 720. The book Chach Nama chronicles the Chacha Dynasty's period, following the demise of the Rai Dynasty and the ascent of Chach of Alor to the throne, down to the Arab conquest by Muhammad bin Qasim in the early 8th century AD, by defeating the last Hindu monarch of Sindh, Raja Dahir.
qas: answers: text: Muslims
question: What group wanted to conquer India from earliest times?

answers: text: Arab Umayyad Caliphate
question: What empire took over parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan in 720?

answers: text: Raja Dahir
question: Who was the final Hindu monarch of Sindh?

answers: text: Muhammad bin Qasim
question: What Arab leader completed the early ambitions of Arabs by conquering parts of northern India?

answers: text: difficult
question: How did the early Muslims view the possibility of conquering India? 

context: In 712, Arab Muslim general Muhammad bin Qasim conquered most of the Indus region in modern-day Pakistan for the Umayyad Empire, incorporating it as the "As-Sindh" province with its capital at Al-Mansurah, 72 km (45 mi) north of modern Hyderabad in Sindh, Pakistan. After several incursions, the Hindu kings east of Indus defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Rajasthan, halting their expansion and containing them at Sindh in Pakistan. The south Indian Chalukya empire under Vikramaditya II, Nagabhata I of the Pratihara dynasty and Bappa Rawal of the Guhilot dynasty repulsed the Arab invaders in the early 8th century.
qas: answers: text: 712
question: In what year did Muslim general Muhammad bin Qasim take over most of the Indus area?

answers: text: Hindu kings
question: Who eventually defeated the Arabs at Rajasthan?

answers: text: Sindh in Pakistan
question: In what area did the Indian Kings contain the Arabs?

answers: text: early 8th century
question: When was the Arab invasion repulsed?

answers: text: Al-Mansurah
question: Where did the Arabs establish as the capital of the newly conquered territory?

context: Several Islamic kingdoms (sultanates) under both foreign and, newly converted, Rajput rulers were established across the north western subcontinent (Afghanistan and Pakistan) over a period of a few centuries. From the 10th century, Sindh was ruled by the Rajput Soomra dynasty, and later, in the mid-13th century by the Rajput Samma dynasty. Additionally, Muslim trading communities flourished throughout coastal south India, particularly on the western coast where Muslim traders arrived in small numbers, mainly from the Arabian peninsula. This marked the introduction of a third Abrahamic Middle Eastern religion, following Judaism and Christianity, often in puritanical form. Mahmud of Ghazni in the early 11th century raided mainly the north-western parts of the Indian sub-continent 17 times, but he did not seek to establish "permanent dominion" in those areas.
qas: answers: text: Afghanistan and Pakistan
question: In what areas of India were Islamic kingdoms formed over a period of centuries?

answers: text: trading communities
question: What Muslim endeavors thrived on the coastal areas of south India? 

answers: text: western coast
question: Which south Indian coast was favored by Muslim traders?

answers: text: Arabian peninsula
question: From where did the Arab traders come in order to trade on the west coast of India?

answers: text: Judaism and Christianity
question: Besides the newly introduced Islamic religion, what other Abrahamic religions were practiced in India?

context: The Kabul Shahi dynasties ruled the Kabul Valley and Gandhara (modern-day Pakistan and Afghanistan) from the decline of the Kushan Empire in the 3rd century to the early 9th century. The Shahis are generally split up into two eras: the Buddhist Shahis and the Hindu Shahis, with the change-over thought to have occurred sometime around 870. The kingdom was known as the Kabul Shahan or Ratbelshahan from 565-670, when the capitals were located in Kapisa and Kabul, and later Udabhandapura, also known as Hund for its new capital.
qas: answers: text: 9th century
question: Until what century did the Kabul Shahi dynasties rule the Kabul Valley?

answers: text: Kushan
question: The decline of what empire allowed the rule of the Kabul Shahi empire?

answers: text: two
question: How many eras are the Shahis divided into?

answers: text: 870
question: When did the Shahis switch from Buddhist to Hindu?

answers: text: Kabul Shahan
question: What was the kingdom of the Shahis called?

context: The Hindu Shahis under Jayapala, is known for his struggles in defending his kingdom against the Ghaznavids in the modern-day eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan region. Jayapala saw a danger in the consolidation of the Ghaznavids and invaded their capital city of Ghazni both in the reign of Sebuktigin and in that of his son Mahmud, which initiated the Muslim Ghaznavid and Hindu Shahi struggles. Sebuk Tigin, however, defeated him, and he was forced to pay an indemnity. Jayapala defaulted on the payment and took to the battlefield once more. Jayapala however, lost control of the entire region between the Kabul Valley and Indus River.
qas: answers: text: consolidation of the Ghaznavids
question: In what id Jayapala see a danger to his dynasty?

answers: text: Ghazni
question: What city did Jayapala invade at least twice?

answers: text: Sebuk Tigin
question: Who defeated Jayapala and required an indemnity payment?

answers: text: Kabul Valley and Indus River
question: What part of the area did Jayapala lose?

answers: text: defaulted
question: What was Jayapala's response to the indemnity payment?

context: However, the army was hopeless in battle against the western forces, particularly against the young Mahmud of Ghazni. In the year 1001, soon after Sultan Mahmud came to power and was occupied with the Qarakhanids north of the Hindu Kush, Jaipal attacked Ghazni once more and upon suffering yet another defeat by the powerful Ghaznavid forces, near present-day Peshawar. After the Battle of Peshawar, he committed suicide because his subjects thought he had brought disaster and disgrace to the Shahi dynasty.
qas: answers: text: 1001
question: In what year was Jaipal again soundly defeated by the Muslims?

answers: text: Battle of Peshawar
question: Where was the location of the Shahi defeat by the Muslims?

answers: text: committed suicide
question: What was Jaipal action after his last defeat?

answers: text: Shahi dynasty
question: Upon what did Jaipal's subjects think he brought disaster?

answers: text: Mahmud of Ghazni
question: Who was the ruler of Ghazni?

context: Like other settled, agrarian societies in history, those in the Indian subcontinent have been attacked by nomadic tribes throughout its long history. In evaluating the impact of Islam on the sub-continent, one must note that the northwestern sub-continent was a frequent target of tribes raiding from Central Asia. In that sense, the Muslim intrusions and later Muslim invasions were not dissimilar to those of the earlier invasions during the 1st millennium. What does however, make the Muslim intrusions and later Muslim invasions different is that unlike the preceding invaders who assimilated into the prevalent social system, the successful Muslim conquerors retained their Islamic identity and created new legal and administrative systems that challenged and usually in many cases superseded the existing systems of social conduct and ethics, even influencing the non-Muslim rivals and common masses to a large extent, though non-Muslim population was left to their own laws and customs. They also introduced new cultural codes that in some ways were very different from the existing cultural codes. This led to the rise of a new Indian culture which was mixed in nature, though different from both the ancient Indian culture and later westernized modern Indian culture. At the same time it must be noted that overwhelming majority of Muslims in India are Indian natives converted to Islam. This factor also played an important role in the synthesis of cultures.
qas: answers: text: Central Asia
question: From where did raiders come to attack the agrarian Indians?

answers: text: Muslim intrusions
question: After a history of raiding groups, what is not remarkable in the history of the subcontinent?

answers: text: assimilated
question: Before the Muslim invasions, what did previous invaders do in the local cultures?

answers: text: Islamic identity
question: What did the Muslim invaders staunchly keep after invading?

answers: text: mixed
question: What type of new Indian culture was formed from this mixture of cultures?

context: The subsequent Slave dynasty of Delhi managed to conquer large areas of northern India, while the Khilji dynasty conquered most of central India but were ultimately unsuccessful in conquering and uniting the subcontinent. The Sultanate ushered in a period of Indian cultural renaissance. The resulting "Indo-Muslim" fusion of cultures left lasting syncretic monuments in architecture, music, literature, religion, and clothing. It is surmised that the language of Urdu (literally meaning "horde" or "camp" in various Turkic dialects) was born during the Delhi Sultanate period as a result of the intermingling of the local speakers of Sanskritic Prakrits with immigrants speaking Persian, Turkic, and Arabic under the Muslim rulers. The Delhi Sultanate is the only Indo-Islamic empire to enthrone one of the few female rulers in India, Razia Sultana (1236–1240).
qas: answers: text: Slave dynasty of Delhi
question: What conquered large areas of northern India?

answers: text: Khilji dynasty
question: What dynasty captured most of central India?

answers: text: Urdu
question: What language was created during the Delhi Sultanate? 

answers: text: Razia Sultana
question: Who was the only female sultana to be enthroned in a Indo-Islamic empire?

answers: text: Indo-Muslim
question: By what is the fusion of Islamic and Indian cultures called?

context: A Turco-Mongol conqueror in Central Asia, Timur (Tamerlane), attacked the reigning Sultan Nasir-u Din Mehmud of the Tughlaq Dynasty in the north Indian city of Delhi. The Sultan's army was defeated on 17 December 1398. Timur entered Delhi and the city was sacked, destroyed, and left in ruins, after Timur's army had killed and plundered for three days and nights. He ordered the whole city to be sacked except for the sayyids, scholars, and the "other Muslims" (artists); 100,000 war prisoners were put to death in one day. The Sultanate suffered significantly from the sacking of Delhi revived briefly under the Lodi Dynasty, but it was a shadow of the former.
qas: answers: text: Timur
question: What Turko-Mongol attacked and defeated the Sultan of Tughlaq dynasty?

answers: text: 17 December 1398
question: On what date did Timur beat the Delhi Sultan?

answers: text: in ruins
question: In what shape did Timur leave the city of Delhi?

answers: text: 100,000
question: How many prisoners of war were executed in the sack of Delhi?

answers: text: sayyids
question: What were exempted from death by Timur when ordering Delhi sacked?

context: The Empire was established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty. The empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts by the southern powers to ward off Islamic invasions by the end of the 13th century. The empire is named after its capital city of Vijayanagara, whose ruins surround present day Hampi, now a World Heritage Site in Karnataka, India. The empire's legacy includes many monuments spread over South India, the best known of which is the group at Hampi. The previous temple building traditions in South India came together in the Vijayanagara Architecture style. The mingling of all faiths and vernaculars inspired architectural innovation of Hindu temple construction, first in the Deccan and later in the Dravidian idioms using the local granite. South Indian mathematics flourished under the protection of the Vijayanagara Empire in Kerala. The south Indian mathematician Madhava of Sangamagrama founded the famous Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics in the 14th century which produced a lot of great south Indian mathematicians like Parameshvara, Nilakantha Somayaji and Jyeṣṭhadeva in medieval south India. Efficient administration and vigorous overseas trade brought new technologies such as water management systems for irrigation. The empire's patronage enabled fine arts and literature to reach new heights in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit, while Carnatic music evolved into its current form. The Vijayanagara Empire created an epoch in South Indian history that transcended regionalism by promoting Hinduism as a unifying factor. The empire reached its peak during the rule of Sri Krishnadevaraya when Vijayanagara armies were consistently victorious. The empire annexed areas formerly under the Sultanates in the northern Deccan and the territories in the eastern Deccan, including Kalinga, while simultaneously maintaining control over all its subordinates in the south. Many important monuments were either completed or commissioned during the time of Krishna Deva Raya. Vijayanagara went into decline after the defeat in the Battle of Talikota (1565).
qas: answers: text: 1336
question: In what year was Sangama Dynasty formed?

answers: text: Hampi
question: At what location are the best known monuments in the south of India?

answers: text: Madhava of Sangamagrama
question: What mathematician founded the Kerala school of astronomy? 

answers: text: 14th century
question: When was the Kerala school established?

answers: text: Hinduism
question: What did the Vijayanagara Empire promote to unify Indian culture?

context: For two and a half centuries from the mid 13th, the politics in the Northern India was dominated by the Delhi Sultanate and in the Southern India by the Vijayanagar Empire which originated as a political heir of the erstwhile Hoysala Empire and Pandyan Empire. However, there were other regional powers present as well. In the North, the Rajputs were a dominant force in the Western and Central India. Their power reached to the zenith under Rana Sanga during whose time Rajput armies were constantly victorious against the Sultanate army. In the South, the Bahmani Sultanate was the chief rival of the Vijaynagara and gave Vijayanagara tough days many a times. In the early 16th century Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara Empire defeated the last remnant of Bahmani Sultanate power after which the Bahmani Sultanate collapsed. It was established either by a Brahman convert or patronized by a Brahman and form that source it got the name Bahmani. In the early 16th century, it collapsed and got split into five small Deccan sultanates. In the East, the Gajapati Kingdom remained a strong regional power to reckon with, so was the Ahom Kingdom in the North-east for six centuries.
qas: answers: text: Delhi Sultanate
question: From the mid 13th century, what dominated politics in northern India?

answers: text: Vijayanagar Empire
question: What empire dominated in the south of India in the 13th century?

answers: text: Rajputs
question: What group dominated in western and central India at the start of the 13th century?

answers: text: six centuries
question: Gajapati Kingdom was powerful in the east for how many centuries?

answers: text: Vijayanagara Empire
question: What empire beat the last Bahmani Sultanate?

context: Ahom Kingdom (1228–1826) was a kingdom and tribe which rose to prominence in present-day Assam early in the thirteenth century. They ruled much of Assam from the 13th century until the establishment of British rule in 1838. The Ahoms brought with them a tribal religion and a language of their own, however they later merged with the Hindu religion. From thirteenth till seventeenth century, repeated attempts were made by the Muslim rulers of Delhi to invade and subdue Ahoms, however the Ahoms managed to maintain their independence and ruled themselves for nearly 600 years.
qas: answers: text: Ahom Kingdom
question: What kingdom came to power in Assam?

answers: text: 1228–1826
question: What was the span of time fro the Ahom Kingdom?

answers: text: British rule
question: What event caused the end of Ahom rule in Assam?

answers: text: Hindu
question: With what religion did the Ahom merge?

answers: text: Muslim rulers of Delhi
question: What group repeatedly tried and failed to conquer the Ahom?

context: In 1526, Babur, a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modern day Uzbekistan), swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal Empire, which at its zenith covered modern day Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. However, his son Humayun was defeated by the Afghan warrior Sher Shah Suri in the year 1540, and Humayun was forced to retreat to Kabul. After Sher Shah's death, his son Islam Shah Suri and the Hindu emperor Hemu Vikramaditya, who had won 22 battles against Afghan rebels and forces of Akbar, from Punjab to Bengal and had established a secular rule in North India from Delhi till 1556 after winning Battle of Delhi. Akbar's forces defeated and killed Hemu in the Second Battle of Panipat on 6 November 1556.
qas: answers: text: Mughal Empire
question: What empire did Babur found in northern India?

answers: text: Sher Shah Suri
question: Who defeated Babur's son in 1540?

answers: text: Afghan
question: Of what nationality was Sher Shah Suri?

answers: text: Second Battle of Panipat
question: At what place did Akbar's army defeat Hemu in 1556?

answers: text: Khyber Pass
question: By what route did Babur enter India?

context: Akbar's son, Jahangir more or less followed father's policy. The Mughal dynasty ruled most of the Indian subcontinent by 1600. The reign of Shah Jahan was the golden age of Mughal architecture. He erected several large monuments, the most famous of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra, as well as the Moti Masjid, Agra, the Red Fort, the Jama Masjid, Delhi, and the Lahore Fort. The Mughal Empire reached the zenith of its territorial expanse during the reign of Aurangzeb and also started its terminal decline in his reign due to Maratha military resurgence under Shivaji. Historian Sir. J.N. Sarkar wrote, "All seemed to have been gained by Aurangzeb now, but in reality all was lost." The same was echoed by Vincent Smith: "The Deccan proved to be the graveyard not only of Aurangzeb's body but also of his empire".
qas: answers: text: 1600
question: By what date did the Mughal dynasty rule most of India?

answers: text: Taj Mahal
question: What famous monument did Shah Jahan build at Agra?

answers: text: Mughal architecture
question: What reached it height during the reign of Shah Jehan?

answers: text: Maratha military resurgence
question: What actions caused the decline of the Mughal Empire?

answers: text: Aurangzeb
question: During whose reign did the Mughal Empire reach its greatest expanse?

context: The empire went into decline thereafter. The Mughals suffered several blows due to invasions from Marathas and Afghans. During the decline of the Mughal Empire, several smaller states rose to fill the power vacuum and themselves were contributing factors to the decline. In 1737, the Maratha general Bajirao of the Maratha Empire invaded and plundered Delhi. Under the general Amir Khan Umrao Al Udat, the Mughal Emperor sent 8,000 troops to drive away the 5,000 Maratha cavalry soldiers. Baji Rao, however, easily routed the novice Mughal general and the rest of the imperial Mughal army fled. In 1737, in the final defeat of Mughal Empire, the commander-in-chief of the Mughal Army, Nizam-ul-mulk, was routed at Bhopal by the Maratha army. This essentially brought an end to the Mughal Empire. In 1739, Nader Shah, emperor of Iran, defeated the Mughal army at the Battle of Karnal. After this victory, Nader captured and sacked Delhi, carrying away many treasures, including the Peacock Throne. The Mughal dynasty was reduced to puppet rulers by 1757. The remnants of the Mughal dynasty were finally defeated during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also called the 1857 War of Independence, and the remains of the empire were formally taken over by the British while the Government of India Act 1858 let the British Crown assume direct control of India in the form of the new British Raj.
qas: answers: text: Marathas and Afghans
question: What groups invaded and damaged the Mughals?

answers: text: Maratha general Bajirao
question: Who attacked and plundered Delhi in 1737?

answers: text: Nizam-ul-mulk
question: Who was the final Commander-in-chief of the Mughal army?

answers: text: Bhopal
question: What was the site of the final battle for the Mughals?

answers: text: 1857 War of Independence
question: What was the Indian Rebellion of 1857 also called?

context: The Mughals were perhaps the richest single dynasty to have ever existed. During the Mughal era, the dominant political forces consisted of the Mughal Empire and its tributaries and, later on, the rising successor states – including the Maratha Empire – which fought an increasingly weak Mughal dynasty. The Mughals, while often employing brutal tactics to subjugate their empire, had a policy of integration with Indian culture, which is what made them successful where the short-lived Sultanates of Delhi had failed. This period marked vast social change in the subcontinent as the Hindu majority were ruled over by the Mughal emperors, most of whom showed religious tolerance, liberally patronising Hindu culture. The famous emperor Akbar, who was the grandson of Babar, tried to establish a good relationship with the Hindus. However, later emperors such as Aurangazeb tried to establish complete Muslim dominance, and as a result several historical temples were destroyed during this period and taxes imposed on non-Muslims. Akbar declared "Amari" or non-killing of animals in the holy days of Jainism. He rolled back the jizya tax for non-Muslims. The Mughal emperors married local royalty, allied themselves with local maharajas, and attempted to fuse their Turko-Persian culture with ancient Indian styles, creating a unique Indo-Saracenic architecture. It was the erosion of this tradition coupled with increased brutality and centralization that played a large part in the dynasty's downfall after Aurangzeb, who unlike previous emperors, imposed relatively non-pluralistic policies on the general population, which often inflamed the majority Hindu population.
qas: answers: text: The Mughals
question: What was the richest of all the dynasties?

answers: text: integration with Indian culture
question: What policy made the Mughals a successful dynasty? 

answers: text: emperor Akbar
question: Which Mughal ruler tried to form a good relationship with non-Muslims?

answers: text: Aurangazeb
question: Which Mughal ruler tried to establish complete dominance over the Hindu populace?

answers: text: ancient Indian
question: With what styles did Mughal Rulers merge their Tuko-Persian culture?

context: The post-Mughal era was dominated by the rise of the Maratha suzerainty as other small regional states (mostly late Mughal tributary states) emerged, and also by the increasing activities of European powers. There is no doubt that the single most important power to emerge in the long twilight of the Mughal dynasty was the Maratha confederacy. The Maratha kingdom was founded and consolidated by Chatrapati Shivaji, a Maratha aristocrat of the Bhonsle clan who was determined to establish Hindavi Swarajya. Sir J.N. Sarkar described Shivaji as "the last great constructive genius and nation builder that the Hindu race has produced". However, the credit for making the Marathas formidable power nationally goes to Peshwa Bajirao I. Historian K.K. Datta wrote about Bajirao I:
qas: answers: text: Maratha suzerainty
question: The rise of what dynasty followed the era of the Mughals?

answers: text: Maratha confederacy
question: What founding was of importance in the  decline of the Mughals?

answers: text: Chatrapati Shivaji
question: Who consolidated the Maratha kingdom?

answers: text: great constructive genius
question: What did J.N. Sarkar say of Shivaji's nation building?

answers: text: Peshwa Bajirao I
question: Who made the Marathas a strong power?

context: By the early 18th century, the Maratha Kingdom had transformed itself into the Maratha Empire under the rule of the Peshwas (prime ministers). In 1737, the Marathas defeated a Mughal army in their capital, Delhi itself in Battle of Delhi (1737). The Marathas continued their military campaigns against Mughals, Nizam, Nawab of Bengal and Durrani Empire to further extend their boundaries. Gordon explained how the Maratha systematically took control over new regions. They would start with annual raids, followed by collecting ransom from villages and towns while the declining Mughal Empire retained nominal control and finally taking over the region. He explained it with the example of Malwa region. Marathas built an efficient system of public administration known for its attention to detail. It succeeded in raising revenue in districts that recovered from years of raids, up to levels previously enjoyed by the Mughals. For example, the cornerstone of the Maratha rule in Malwa rested on the 60 or so local tax collectors who advanced the Maratha ruler Peshwa a portion of their district revenues at interest. By 1760, the domain of the Marathas stretched across practically the entire subcontinent. The north-western expansion of the Marathas was stopped after the Third Battle of Panipat (1761). However, the Maratha authority in the north was re-established within a decade under Peshwa Madhavrao I. The defeat of Marathas by British in third Anglo-Maratha Wars brought end to the empire by 1820. The last peshwa, Baji Rao II, was defeated by the British in the Third Anglo-Maratha War. With the defeat of the Marathas, no native power represented any significant threat for the British afterwards.
qas: answers: text: early 18th century
question: By when had the Maratha kingdom become an empire?

answers: text: Peshwas
question: Who ruled the Maratha Empire?

answers: text: prime ministers
question: What were Peshwas?

answers: text: 1760
question: By what year had the Maratha Empire covered most of the subcontinent?

answers: text: British
question: In the end, what empire defeated the Maratha Empire?

context: The Punjabi kingdom, ruled by members of the Sikh religion, was a political entity that governed the region of modern-day Punjab. The empire, based around the Punjab region, existed from 1799 to 1849. It was forged, on the foundations of the Khalsa, under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780–1839) from an array of autonomous Punjabi Misls. He consolidated many parts of northern India into a kingdom. He primarily used his highly disciplined Sikh army that he trained and equipped to be the equal of a European force. Ranjit Singh proved himself to be a master strategist and selected well qualified generals for his army. In stages, he added the central Punjab, the provinces of Multan and Kashmir, the Peshawar Valley, and the Derajat to his kingdom. This came in the face of the powerful British East India Company. At its peak, in the 19th century, the empire extended from the Khyber Pass in the west, to Kashmir in the north, to Sindh in the south, running along Sutlej river to Himachal in the east. This was among the last areas of the subcontinent to be conquered by the British. The first Anglo-Sikh war and second Anglo-Sikh war marked the downfall of the Sikh Empire.
qas: answers: text: Sikh religion
question: Followers what religion were the rulers of the Punjabi Kingdom?

answers: text: 1799 to 1849
question: What was the time span of the Punjabi Kingdom?

answers: text: Maharaja Ranjit Singh
question: Who was the leader of the Punjabis? 

answers: text: Sikh army
question: On what was the disciplined force Singh relied? 

answers: text: British
question: Who finally was able to conquer the Sikh Empire?

context: There were several other kingdoms which ruled over parts of India in the later medieval period prior to the British occupation. However, most of them were bound to pay regular tribute to the Marathas. The rule of Wodeyar dynasty which established the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India in around 1400 CE by was interrupted by Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan in the later half of the 18th century. Under their rule, Mysore fought a series of wars sometimes against the combined forces of the British and Marathas, but mostly against the British, with Mysore receiving some aid or promise of aid from the French.
qas: answers: text: Marathas
question: To what Kingdom did many small kingdoms pay tribute?

answers: text: Wodeyar
question: What kingdom was founded in Mysore in 1400 CE?

answers: text: British and Marathas
question: What groups was Mysore fighting in the later half of the 18th century?

answers: text: the French
question: What country promised aid to Mysore to fight the British?

answers: text: Hyder Ali
question: Who took over rule of Mysore in the 18th century?

context: The next to arrive were the Dutch, with their main base in Ceylon. The British—who set up a trading post in the west coast port of Surat in 1619—and the French. The internal conflicts among Indian kingdoms gave opportunities to the European traders to gradually establish political influence and appropriate lands. Although these continental European powers controlled various coastal regions of southern and eastern India during the ensuing century, they eventually lost all their territories in India to the British islanders, with the exception of the French outposts of Pondichéry and Chandernagore, the Dutch port of Travancore, and the Portuguese colonies of Goa, Daman and Diu.[citation needed]
qas: answers: text: Ceylon
question: In what country was the trading base for the Dutch?

answers: text: port of Surat
question: Where did the British initially establish a trading base?

answers: text: French
question: What was the third European country to establish trading with India?

answers: text: internal conflicts
question: What actions by the Indian kingdoms gave the European traders the opportunity to acquire lands and influence?

answers: text: British
question: To whom did the foreigners lose most of their acquired lands?

context: The Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah, the de facto ruler of the Bengal province, opposed British attempts to use these permits. This led to the Battle of Plassey on 23 June 1757, in which the Bengal Army of the East India Company, led by Robert Clive, defeated the French-supported Nawab's forces. This was the first real political foothold with territorial implications that the British acquired in India. Clive was appointed by the company as its first 'Governor of Bengal' in 1757. This was combined with British victories over the French at Madras, Wandiwash and Pondichéry that, along with wider British successes during the Seven Years' War, reduced French influence in India. The British East India Company extended its control over the whole of Bengal. After the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the company acquired the rights of administration in Bengal from de jure Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II; this marked the beginning of its formal rule, which within the next century engulfed most of India. The East India Company monopolized the trade of Bengal. They introduced a land taxation system called the Permanent Settlement which introduced a feudal-like structure in Bengal, often with zamindars set in place.
qas: answers: text: Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah
question: What ruler opposed the British use of permits and ended up at war?

answers: text: East India Company
question: What British company was heavily involved in the defeat of the Nawab's forces?

answers: text: Robert Clive
question: Who did the East India Company appoint as Governor of Bengal?

answers: text: feudal
question: What type of land taxation system did the East India Company instigate in Bengal?

answers: text: monopolized
question: How did the East India Company handle trade in Bengal?

context: As a result of the three Carnatic Wars, the British East India Company gained exclusive control over the entire Carnatic region of India. The Company soon expanded its territories around its bases in Bombay and Madras; the Anglo-Mysore Wars (1766–1799) and later the Anglo-Maratha Wars (1772–1818) led to control of the vast regions of India. Ahom Kingdom of North-east India first fell to Burmese invasion and then to British after Treaty of Yandabo in 1826. Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, and Kashmir were annexed after the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849; however, Kashmir was immediately sold under the Treaty of Amritsar to the Dogra Dynasty of Jammu and thereby became a princely state. The border dispute between Nepal and British India, which sharpened after 1801, had caused the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814–16 and brought the defeated Gurkhas under British influence. In 1854, Berar was annexed, and the state of Oudh was added two years later.
qas: answers: text: Carnatic
question: What whole region did the East India company get control over after the Carnatic Wars?

answers: text: 1766–1799
question: During what time were the Anglo-Mysore Wars?

answers: text: 1772–1818
question: When were the Anglo-Maratha Wars fought?

answers: text: Dogra Dynasty of Jammu
question: To what dynasty was Kashmir sold in 1849?

answers: text: princely state
question: After the sale of Kashmir, what did the area become?

context: The Indian rebellion of 1857 was a large-scale rebellion by soldiers employed by the British East India in northern and central India against the Company's rule. The rebels were disorganized, had differing goals, and were poorly equipped, led, and trained, and had no outside support or funding. They were brutally suppressed and the British government took control of the Company and eliminated many of the grievances that caused it. The government also was determined to keep full control so that no rebellion of such size would ever happen again.
qas: answers: text: Company's rule
question: What did the soldiers rebel against in the Indian Rebellion of 1857?

answers: text: brutally suppressed
question: What happened to the rebels of the Rebellion?

answers: text: British government
question: What force took control of the company and the situation?

answers: text: full control
question: What did the British government intend to keep in regards to India?

answers: text: grievances
question: What did the British government remove that had caused the Rebellion?

context: In the aftermath, all power was transferred from the East India Company to the British Crown, which began to administer most of India as a number of provinces. The Crown controlled the Company's lands directly and had considerable indirect influence over the rest of India, which consisted of the Princely states ruled by local royal families. There were officially 565 princely states in 1947, but only 21 had actual state governments, and only three were large (Mysore, Hyderabad and Kashmir). They were absorbed into the independent nation in 1947–48.
qas: answers: text: British Crown
question: To what entity was all the power of the East India Company transferred?

answers: text: provinces
question: How did Britain govern the vast area of India?

answers: text: Company's lands
question: Over what did Britain have direct control?

answers: text: indirect influence
question: What kind of influence did the British Crown have over the rest of India that was not under Company rule?

answers: text: 565
question: How many princely states were there in India in 1947?

context: After 1857, the colonial government strengthened and expanded its infrastructure via the court system, legal procedures, and statutes. The Indian Penal Code came into being. In education, Thomas Babington Macaulay had made schooling a priority for the Raj in his famous minute of February 1835 and succeeded in implementing the use of English as the medium of instruction. By 1890 some 60,000 Indians had matriculated. The Indian economy grew at about 1% per year from 1880 to 1920, and the population also grew at 1%. However, from 1910s Indian private industry began to grow significantly. India built a modern railway system in the late 19th century which was the fourth largest in the world. The British Raj invested heavily in infrastructure, including canals and irrigation systems in addition to railways, telegraphy, roads and ports. However, historians have been bitterly divided on issues of economic history, with the Nationalist school arguing that India was poorer at the end of British rule than at the beginning and that impoverishment occurred because of the British.
qas: answers: text: infrastructure
question: What did the Colonial government expand by legal means?

answers: text: Indian Penal Code
question: What new law was created?

answers: text: Thomas Babington Macaulay
question: Who insisted that schooling be a priority in India?

answers: text: late 19th century
question: When did India build the forth largest rail system in the world?

answers: text: infrastructure
question: In what feature of management did the British invest heavily?

context: In 1905, Lord Curzon split the large province of Bengal into a largely Hindu western half and "Eastern Bengal and Assam", a largely Muslim eastern half. The British goal was said to be for efficient administration but the people of Bengal were outraged at the apparent "divide and rule" strategy. It also marked the beginning of the organized anti-colonial movement. When the Liberal party in Britain came to power in 1906, he was removed. Bengal was reunified in 1911. The new Viceroy Gilbert Minto and the new Secretary of State for India John Morley consulted with Congress leaders on political reforms. The Morley-Minto reforms of 1909 provided for Indian membership of the provincial executive councils as well as the Viceroy's executive council. The Imperial Legislative Council was enlarged from 25 to 60 members and separate communal representation for Muslims was established in a dramatic step towards representative and responsible government. Several socio-religious organizations came into being at that time. Muslims set up the All India Muslim League in 1906. It was not a mass party but was designed to protect the interests of the aristocratic Muslims. It was internally divided by conflicting loyalties to Islam, the British, and India, and by distrust of Hindus. The Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) sought to represent Hindu interests though the later always claimed it to be a "cultural" organization. Sikhs founded the Shiromani Akali Dal in 1920. However, the largest and oldest political party Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, is perceived to have attempted to keep a distance from the socio-religious movements and identity politics.
qas: answers: text: Lord Curzon
question: What administer divided the province of Bengal in half?

answers: text: Hindu
question: What was the majority of the population of the western half of Bengal?

answers: text: Muslim
question: What was the religion of the western half of Bengal?

answers: text: anti-colonial
question: What movement did the division of Bengal start?

answers: text: Indian National Congress
question: What was the biggest and oldest political party in India?

context: The Bengali Renaissance refers to a social reform movement during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the Bengal region of India during the period of British rule dominated by English educated Bengali Hindus. The Bengal Renaissance can be said to have started with Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772–1833) and ended with Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941), although many stalwarts thereafter continued to embody particular aspects of the unique intellectual and creative output of the region. Nineteenth century Bengal was a unique blend of religious and social reformers, scholars, literary giants, journalists, patriotic orators, and scientists, all merging to form the image of a renaissance, and marked the transition from the 'medieval' to the 'modern'.
qas: answers: text: Bengali Renaissance
question: What was the social reform movement centered in Bengal in the 19th to early 20th century?

answers: text: English educated Bengali Hindus
question: What group lead the Bengali Renaissance?

answers: text: Raja Ram Mohan Roy
question: With whom did the Renaissance movement begin?

answers: text: Rabindranath Tagore
question: With whom was it said the the movement ended?

answers: text: medieval' to the 'modern
question: From what did the Renaissance Movement mark the change?

context: During this period, Bengal witnessed an intellectual awakening that is in some way similar to the Renaissance in Europe during the 16th century, although Europeans of that age were not confronted with the challenge and influence of alien colonialism. This movement questioned existing orthodoxies, particularly with respect to women, marriage, the dowry system, the caste system, and religion. One of the earliest social movements that emerged during this time was the Young Bengal movement, which espoused rationalism and atheism as the common denominators of civil conduct among upper caste educated Hindus. It played an important role in reawakening Indian minds and intellect across the sub-continent.
qas: answers: text: Renaissance in Europe
question: What did the Bengali Renaissance resemble?

answers: text: existing orthodoxies
question: What did the Movement question?

answers: text: Young Bengal
question: What early social movement occurred during this time of awakening?

answers: text: rationalism and atheism
question: What factors did the Young Bengal movement  say were needed for civil conduct?

answers: text: minds and intellect
question: What did the movements in Bengal serve to awaken in Indians?

context: During the British Raj, famines in India, often attributed to failed government policies, were some of the worst ever recorded, including the Great Famine of 1876–78 in which 6.1 million to 10.3 million people died and the Indian famine of 1899–1900 in which 1.25 to 10 million people died. The Third Plague Pandemic in the mid-19th century killed 10 million people in India. Despite persistent diseases and famines, the population of the Indian subcontinent, which stood at about 125 million in 1750, had reached 389 million by 1941.
qas: answers: text: famines
question: What were said to have been caused by government policy failures?

answers: text: 6.1 million to 10.3 million
question: How many people were said to have died in the Great Famine?

answers: text: 1876–78
question: When did the Great Famine happen?

answers: text: 1.25 to 10 million
question: How many people died in the Indian Famine of 1899-1900?

answers: text: Third Plague Pandemic
question: What killed 10 million people in India?

context: One of the most important events of the 19th century was the rise of Indian nationalism, leading Indians to seek first "self-rule" and later "complete independence". However, historians are divided over the causes of its rise. Probable reasons include a "clash of interests of the Indian people with British interests", "racial discriminations", "the revelation of India's past", "inter-linking of the new social groups in different regions", and Indians coming in close contact with "European education".
qas: answers: text: Indian nationalism
question: What movement rose in the 19th century?

answers: text: self-rule
question: What did Indian first want as government?

answers: text: complete independence
question: What did Indians finally begin to demand?

answers: text: causes
question: What feature of the nationalism movement is unknown?

answers: text: Probable reasons
question: What can only be listed without absolute firmness in the nationalism movement?

context: The first step toward Indian self-rule was the appointment of councillors to advise the British viceroy in 1861 and the first Indian was appointed in 1909. Provincial Councils with Indian members were also set up. The councillors' participation was subsequently widened into legislative councils. The British built a large British Indian Army, with the senior officers all British and many of the troops from small minority groups such as Gurkhas from Nepal and Sikhs. The civil service was increasingly filled with natives at the lower levels, with the British holding the more senior positions.
qas: answers: text: councillors
question: What appointments were  the first step in Indian self-rule?

answers: text: 1909
question: When was the first Indian appointed as a Councillor?

answers: text: Provincial Councils
question: What more local councils were set up?

answers: text: British
question: Of what nationality were the officers in the Indian Army?

answers: text: minority groups
question: What were the troops in the British Indian Army?

context: Bal Gangadhar Tilak, an Indian nationalist leader, declared Swaraj as the destiny of the nation. His popular sentence "Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it" became the source of inspiration for Indians. Tilak was backed by rising public leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai, who held the same point of view. Under them, India's three big provinces – Maharashtra, Bengal and Punjab, India shaped the demand of the people and India's nationalism. In 1907, the Congress was split into two factions: The radicals, led by Tilak, advocated civil agitation and direct revolution to overthrow the British Empire and the abandonment of all things British. The moderates, led by leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale, on the other hand wanted reform within the framework of British rule.
qas: answers: text: Bal Gangadhar Tilak
question: What Indian leader said that Swaraj was his birthright?

answers: text: three big provinces
question: What parts of India shaped the demands of the people for nationalism?

answers: text: two factions
question: How was the Congress split in 1907?

answers: text: The radicals
question: Which faction of the Congress did Tilak lead?

answers: text: The moderates
question: Which faction wanted reform within British rule?

context: From 1920 leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi began highly popular mass movements to campaign against the British Raj using largely peaceful methods. The Gandhi-led independence movement opposed the British rule using non-violent methods like non-cooperation, civil disobedience and economic resistance. However, revolutionary activities against the British rule took place throughout the Indian subcontinent and some others adopted a militant approach like the Indian National Army that sought to overthrow British rule by armed struggle. The Government of India Act 1935 was a major success in this regard. All these movements succeeded in bringing independence to the new dominions of India and Pakistan on 15 August 1947.
qas: answers: text: Mahatma Gandhi
question: What leader started a mass movement against British rule?

answers: text: peaceful
question: What means did Gandhi espouse to gain self-rule?

answers: text: Indian National Army
question: What group wanted to use violent means to over throw the British rule?

answers: text: 15 August 1947
question: On what date did India gain its independence?

answers: text: Government of India Act 1935
question: What action did the movements combine to produce?

context: Along with the desire for independence, tensions between Hindus and Muslims had also been developing over the years. The Muslims had always been a minority within the subcontinent, and the prospect of an exclusively Hindu government made them wary of independence; they were as inclined to mistrust Hindu rule as they were to resist the foreign Raj, although Gandhi called for unity between the two groups in an astonishing display of leadership. The British, extremely weakened by the Second World War, promised that they would leave and participated in the formation of an interim government. The British Indian territories gained independence in 1947, after being partitioned into the Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan. Following the controversial division of pre-partition Punjab and Bengal, rioting broke out between Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims in these provinces and spread to several other parts of India, leaving some 500,000 dead. Also, this period saw one of the largest mass migrations ever recorded in modern history, with a total of 12 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims moving between the newly created nations of India and Pakistan (which gained independence on 15 and 14 August 1947 respectively). In 1971, Bangladesh, formerly East Pakistan and East Bengal, seceded from Pakistan.
qas: answers: text: minority
question: What position did Muslims have in the Indian population?

answers: text: Hindu rule
question: What effect of independence did Muslims distrust?

answers: text: interim government
question: What did the British form in preparation to leaving India?

answers: text: 500,000
question: How many people died in the rioting over divisions of Bengal and Punjab?

answers: text: 12 million
question: How many people migrated between the newly created countries of India and Pakistan?