Daylight_saving_time

context: Daylight saving time (DST) or summer time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that in the evening daylight is experienced an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions with summer time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring and adjust them backward in the autumn to standard time.
qas: answers: text: summer time
question: What term is used interchangeably with daylight saving time?

answers: text: one hour
question: What period of time do we set our clocks forward in DST?

answers: text: daylight
question: What do we get an extra hour of because we set the clocks forward?

answers: text: autumn
question: In what season do regions who practice DST set the clocks back one hour?

answers: text: sunrise
question: By setting the clocks forward, the normal time of what daily event is disrupted?

context: New Zealander George Hudson proposed the modern idea of daylight saving in 1895. Germany and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on 30 April 1916. Many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s.
qas: answers: text: George Hudson
question: Who first suggested daylight saving?

answers: text: New Zealand
question: From what country did George Hudson hail?

answers: text: 1895
question: In what year was modern daylight saving first proposed?

answers: text: Germany
question: Besides Austria-Hungary, what country first put DST into effect?

context: The practice has received both advocacy and criticism. Putting clocks forward benefits retailing, sports, and other activities that exploit sunlight after working hours, but can cause problems for evening entertainment and for other activities tied to sunlight, such as farming. Although some early proponents of DST aimed to reduce evening use of incandescent lighting, which used to be a primary use of electricity, modern heating and cooling usage patterns differ greatly and research about how DST affects energy use is limited or contradictory.
qas: answers: text: incandescent lighting
question: What used to be the main draw on electricity?

answers: text: retailing
question: What industry having to do with shopping benefits from DST?

answers: text: farming
question: In addition to entertainment events that take place after working hours, what profession might suffer because of DST?

answers: text: energy
question: Research on DST is uncertain because we aren't sure how it affects the use of what?

context: DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software can often adjust clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of the dates and timings of DST may be confusing.
qas: answers: text: travel
question: What can be affected by DST that might disrupt plans for a vacation?

answers: text: Computer software
question: When the clock on your laptop adjusts to DST without you resetting the clock, what is controlling the change?

answers: text: policy
question: What do jurisdictions sometimes change that mixes up DST dates and times?

answers: text: sleep patterns
question: What important part of daily life might be disturbed because of DST changing what time you go to bed?

context: Industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, and the coordination of mass transit, for example, usually remain constant year-round. In contrast, an agrarian society's daily routines for work and personal conduct are more likely governed by the length of daylight hours and by solar time, which change seasonally because of the Earth's axial tilt. North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics.
qas: answers: text: Industrialized
question: What kind of societies usually follow a regular daily schedule year-round?

answers: text: agrarian
question: What kind of societies rely on solar time and daylight that changes with the seasons?

answers: text: North and south of the tropics
question: In what part of the world is daytime shorter in winter and longer in summer?

answers: text: axial tilt
question: What is the tilt of the Earth that causes solar time to change called?

context: By synchronously resetting all clocks in a region to one hour ahead of Standard Time (one hour "fast"), individuals who follow such a year-round schedule will wake an hour earlier than they would have otherwise; they will begin and complete daily work routines an hour earlier, and they will have available to them an extra hour of daylight after their workday activities. However, they will have one less hour of daylight at the start of each day, making the policy less practical during winter.
qas: answers: text: one hour
question: How much earlier do people's routines happen because of daylight savings?

answers: text: winter
question: In which season is the policy of setting clocks ahead least practical?

answers: text: after
question: Does setting the clocks ahead add an hour of daylight before or after the normal workday?

answers: text: Standard Time
question: What is the schedule of time called when it is not daylight savings time?

context: While the times of sunrise and sunset change at roughly equal rates as the seasons change, proponents of Daylight Saving Time argue that most people prefer a greater increase in daylight hours after the typical "nine-to-five" workday. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, but the actual effect on overall energy use is heavily disputed.
qas: answers: text: lighting and heating
question: What two sources of energy use do DST proponents say are reduced by the time change?

answers: text: equal
question: What word describes the approximate rates at which sunset and sunrise change with the seasons?

answers: text: after
question: Do those who favor DST say people would rather have an extra hour of daylight before or after their usual workday?

answers: text: Supporters
question: Is it the supporters or opponents of Daylight Saving Time who say it significantly reduces energy use?

context: The manipulation of time at higher latitudes (for example Iceland, Nunavut or Alaska) has little impact on daily life, because the length of day and night changes more extremely throughout the seasons (in comparison to other latitudes), and thus sunrise and sunset times are significantly out of sync with standard working hours regardless of manipulations of the clock. DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year.
qas: answers: text: higher latitudes
question: What latitudes see more extreme changes in the length of their days and nights throughout the year?

answers: text: near the equator
question: What region of the earth sees little change in daylight from season to season?

answers: text: little
question: How much impact does the times of daylight and night have on areas like Iceland or Alaska?

answers: text: small
question: Would observing Daylight Saving Time have a small or large effect on how light it is during the workday in areas at high latitudes?

answers: text: extreme
question: As compared to areas with lower latitudes, what kind of change do areas with high latitudes see in the length of day through the seasons?

context: Although they did not fix their schedules to the clock in the modern sense, ancient civilizations adjusted daily schedules to the sun more flexibly than modern DST does, often dividing daylight into twelve hours regardless of day length, so that each daylight hour was longer during summer. For example, Roman water clocks had different scales for different months of the year: at Rome's latitude the third hour from sunrise, hora tertia, started by modern standards at 09:02 solar time and lasted 44 minutes at the winter solstice, but at the summer solstice it started at 06:58 and lasted 75 minutes. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season. Unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some Mount Athos monasteries and all Jewish ceremonies.
qas: answers: text: water clocks
question: What kind of clocks did the Romans use?

answers: text: hora tertia
question: What did the Romans call the third hour before sunrise?

answers: text: 75
question: During the summer solstice, for how many minutes did hora tertia last for the Romans?

answers: text: Jewish
question: What type of religious ceremonies are still observed according to the traditional, unequal time settings?

context: During his time as an American envoy to France, Benjamin Franklin, publisher of the old English proverb, "Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise", anonymously published a letter suggesting that Parisians economize on candles by rising earlier to use morning sunlight. This 1784 satire proposed taxing shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells and firing cannons at sunrise. Despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST; 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this soon changed as rail and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklin's day.
qas: answers: text: Benjamin Franklin
question: Who first published the proverb about waking up early and going to bed early to be "healthy, wealthy, and wise"?

answers: text: Parisians
question: Which group of people did Franklin say would save candles by waking up earlier?

answers: text: 1784
question: In what year did Ben Franklin write a satire suggesting firing cannons at sunrise to wake people up?

answers: text: rail
question: What kind of transportation network helped encourage keeping more exact schedules?

answers: text: ringing church bells
question: In addition to cannon fire, what did Franklin suggest to act as Parisians' alarm clock?

context: Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift-work job gave him leisure time to collect insects, and led him to value after-hours daylight. In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society proposing a two-hour daylight-saving shift, and after considerable interest was expressed in Christchurch, he followed up in an 1898 paper. Many publications credit DST's proposal to the prominent English builder and outdoorsman William Willett, who independently conceived DST in 1905 during a pre-breakfast ride, when he observed with dismay how many Londoners slept through a large part of a summer's day. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk. His solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) Robert Pearce, who introduced the first Daylight Saving Bill to the House of Commons on 12 February 1908. A select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearce's bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915.
qas: answers: text: entomologist
question: What particular kind of scientist was George Hudson?

answers: text: insects
question: What did George Hudson spend time collecting when he wasn't working?

answers: text: 1895
question: What year did Hudson first present his two-hour daylight saving theory to the Wellington Philosophical Society?

answers: text: William Willett
question: Some people believe it wasn't Hudson who created DST, but an Englishman by what name?

answers: text: Robert Pearce
question: Who was the member of Parliament who brought a bill about Daylight Saving Time to the House of Commons in 1908?

context: Starting on 30 April 1916, Germany and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST (German: Sommerzeit) as a way to conserve coal during wartime. Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the next year and the United States adopted it in 1918.
qas: answers: text: 1916
question: What year did Germany decide to try DST?

answers: text: Sommerzeit
question: What is the German word for Daylight Saving Time?

answers: text: coal
question: What natural resource were Germany and Austria-Hungary trying to conserve by using DST?

answers: text: 1918
question: What year did the United States get on board with DST?

context: Broadly speaking, Daylight Saving Time was abandoned in the years after the war (with some notable exceptions including Canada, the UK, France, and Ireland for example). However, it was brought back for periods of time in many different places during the following decades, and commonly during the Second World War. It became widely adopted, particularly in North America and Europe starting in the 1970s as a result of the 1970s energy crisis.
qas: answers: text: energy crisis
question: What event in the 1970s led more regions of North America to use DST?

answers: text: Ireland
question: What country joined Canada, the UK, and Ireland in continuing to observe Daylight Saving Time after the war?

answers: text: Second World War
question: Daylight Saving Time was used commonly during what war?

answers: text: Europe
question: Along with North America, what continent was affected heavily by the 1970s energy crisis?

context: Since then, the world has seen many enactments, adjustments, and repeals. For specific details, an overview is available at Daylight saving time by country.
qas: answers: text: many
question: Has the world seen many or few changes in the observation of DST?

answers: text: repeals
question: Countries might change their DST policy by enactments, adjustments, and what other type of policy changes?

context: In the case of the United States where a one-hour shift occurs at 02:00 local time, in spring the clock jumps forward from the last moment of 01:59 standard time to 03:00 DST and that day has 23 hours, whereas in autumn the clock jumps backward from the last moment of 01:59 DST to 01:00 standard time, repeating that hour, and that day has 25 hours. A digital display of local time does not read 02:00 exactly at the shift to summer time, but instead jumps from 01:59:59.9 forward to 03:00:00.0.
qas: answers: text: 02:00
question: At what local time does the United States change the time?

answers: text: 23
question: Technically, how many hours does the day the time change happens have in the spring?

answers: text: 25
question: In the fall, DST means one hour is repeated, which means the day is actually how many hours long?

answers: text: 03:00:00.0
question: At the time change to DST, what will a digital clock read just after 01:59:59.9?

answers: text: spring
question: Daylight Saving Time is sometimes called summer time, but the clocks are actually moved forward in which season?

context: Clock shifts are usually scheduled near a weekend midnight to lessen disruption to weekday schedules. A one-hour shift is customary, but Australia's Lord Howe Island uses a half-hour shift. Twenty-minute and two-hour shifts have been used in the past.
qas: answers: text: weekend
question: During what part of the week is the time change most often scheduled?

answers: text: weekday schedules
question: What do we avoid disrupting by doing the time shift during days most people don't work?

context: Coordination strategies differ when adjacent time zones shift clocks. The European Union shifts all at once, at 01:00 UTC or 02:00 CET or 03:00 EET; for example, Eastern European Time is always one hour ahead of Central European Time. Most of North America shifts at 02:00 local time, so its zones do not shift at the same time; for example, Mountain Time is temporarily (for one hour) zero hours ahead of Pacific Time, instead of one hour ahead, in the autumn and two hours, instead of one, ahead of Pacific Time in the spring. In the past, Australian districts went even further and did not always agree on start and end dates; for example, in 2008 most DST-observing areas shifted clocks forward on October 5 but Western Australia shifted on October 26. In some cases only part of a country shifts; for example, in the US, Hawaii and most of Arizona do not observe DST.
qas: answers: text: Eastern European Time
question: Which time zone in Europe always has a one-hour lead on Central European Time?

answers: text: two hours
question: For one hour each spring, how far ahead of Pacific Time is Mountain Time in the United States?

answers: text: October 26
question: In 2008, what month and day did Western Australia change their clocks?

answers: text: one hour
question: At DST in the fall, how long does it stay the same time in both Pacific and Mountain time in the United States?

answers: text: Hawaii
question: In addition to much of the state of Arizona, what U.S. state does not ever change their clocks for DST?

context: Start and end dates vary with location and year. Since 1996 European Summer Time has been observed from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in October; previously the rules were not uniform across the European Union. Starting in 2007, most of the United States and Canada observe DST from the second Sunday in March to the first Sunday in November, almost two-thirds of the year. The 2007 US change was part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005; previously, from 1987 through 2006, the start and end dates were the first Sunday in April and the last Sunday in October, and Congress retains the right to go back to the previous dates now that an energy-consumption study has been done. Proponents for permanently retaining November as the month for ending DST point to Halloween as a reason to delay the change in order to allow extra daylight for the evening of October 31.
qas: answers: text: 1996
question: What year did the European Union standardize their Summer Time?

answers: text: October
question: European Summer Time begins in March and ends in what month?

answers: text: the Energy Policy Act of 2005
question: What act in the U.S. brought about the 2007 change in DST policy?

answers: text: Congress
question: What government body is allowed to change the DST policy in the United States back to the dates observed from 1987 to 2006?

answers: text: Halloween
question: Supporters of the November end to DST name what U.S. holiday as the justification for keeping the change through the end of October?

context: Beginning and ending dates are roughly the reverse in the southern hemisphere. For example, mainland Chile observed DST from the second Saturday in October to the second Saturday in March, with transitions at 24:00 local time. The time difference between the United Kingdom and mainland Chile could therefore be five hours during the Northern summer, three hours during the Southern summer and four hours a few weeks per year because of mismatch of changing dates.
qas: answers: text: Beginning and ending dates
question: In the southern hemisphere, what aspect of DST is about the reverse of that of the northern hemisphere?

answers: text: 24:00
question: At what local time does Chile change their clocks for DST?

answers: text: Saturday
question: What day of the week does DST begin and end in Chile?

answers: text: five hours
question: In the Northern hemisphere's summer, what is the time difference between the UK and Chile?

answers: text: summer
question: During what season in the Southern hemisphere is there a three-hour time difference between mainland Chile and the United Kingdom?

context: DST is generally not observed near the equator, where sunrise times do not vary enough to justify it. Some countries observe it only in some regions; for example, southern Brazil observes it while equatorial Brazil does not. Only a minority of the world's population uses DST because Asia and Africa generally do not observe it.
qas: answers: text: southern Brazil
question: Which part of Brazil observes Daylight Saving Time?

answers: text: equatorial Brazil
question: What part of Brazil does not observe DST?

answers: text: Asia and Africa
question: Which two continents that comprise a majority of the population worldwide don't observe DST?

answers: text: sunrise
question: The lack of fluctuation in time for what daily event means regions of the world near the equator don't usually keep DST?

context: Daylight saving has caused controversy since it began. Winston Churchill argued that it enlarges "the opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness among the millions of people who live in this country" and pundits have dubbed it "Daylight Slaving Time". Historically, retailing, sports, and tourism interests have favored daylight saving, while agricultural and evening entertainment interests have opposed it, and its initial adoption had been prompted by energy crisis and war.
qas: answers: text: Winston Churchill
question: What leader said daylight saving gives people more "opportunities for the pursuit of health and happiness"?

answers: text: Daylight Slaving Time
question: What nickname have people in opposition to DST given it?

answers: text: agricultural
question: In addition to the evening entertainment industry, people from what industry often oppose daylight saving?

answers: text: sports
question: Traditionally, retailing, tourism, and what other industry have been in favor of DST?

answers: text: war
question: Along with energy crisis, what other significant historical event led to countries adopting DST?

context: The fate of Willett's 1907 proposal illustrates several political issues involved. The proposal attracted many supporters, including Balfour, Churchill, Lloyd George, MacDonald, Edward VII (who used half-hour DST at Sandringham), the managing director of Harrods, and the manager of the National Bank. However, the opposition was stronger: it included Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, Christie (the Astronomer Royal), George Darwin, Napier Shaw (director of the Meteorological Office), many agricultural organizations, and theatre owners. After many hearings the proposal was narrowly defeated in a Parliament committee vote in 1909. Willett's allies introduced similar bills every year from 1911 through 1914, to no avail. The US was even more skeptical: Andrew Peters introduced a DST bill to the US House of Representatives in May 1909, but it soon died in committee.
qas: answers: text: Edward VII
question: Which political supporter of Willett's proposal had already used the half-hour version of DST at Sandringham?

answers: text: Napier Shaw
question: What was the name of the director of the Meteorological Office who opposed DST?

answers: text: 1909
question: What year did Parliament first take a vote and decide against implementing daylight savings?

answers: text: Andrew Peters
question: Who was responsible for bringing a bill proposing DST to the U.S. House of Representatives?

context: After Germany led the way with starting DST (German: Sommerzeit) during World War I on 30 April 1916 together with its allies to alleviate hardships from wartime coal shortages and air raid blackouts, the political equation changed in other countries; the United Kingdom used DST first on 21 May 1916. US retailing and manufacturing interests led by Pittsburgh industrialist Robert Garland soon began lobbying for DST, but were opposed by railroads. The US's 1917 entry to the war overcame objections, and DST was established in 1918.
qas: answers: text: Robert Garland
question: What industrialist from Pittsburgh campaigned strongly in favor of DST?

answers: text: 1917
question: What year did the U.S. go to war, leading to wider acceptance of daylight savings?

answers: text: 1918
question: What year did the United States finally adopt Daylight Saving Time?

context: The war's end swung the pendulum back. Farmers continued to dislike DST, and many countries repealed it after the war. Britain was an exception: it retained DST nationwide but over the years adjusted transition dates for several reasons, including special rules during the 1920s and 1930s to avoid clock shifts on Easter mornings. The US was more typical: Congress repealed DST after 1919. President Woodrow Wilson, like Willett an avid golfer, vetoed the repeal twice but his second veto was overridden. Only a few US cities retained DST locally thereafter, including New York so that its financial exchanges could maintain an hour of arbitrage trading with London, and Chicago and Cleveland to keep pace with New York. Wilson's successor Warren G. Harding opposed DST as a "deception". Reasoning that people should instead get up and go to work earlier in the summer, he ordered District of Columbia federal employees to start work at 08:00 rather than 09:00 during summer 1922. Some businesses followed suit though many others did not; the experiment was not repeated.
qas: answers: text: Britain
question: Which country continued to observe DST nationwide despite the fact that the war had ended?

answers: text: Easter
question: What spring holiday did Britain adjust its DST schedule around?

answers: text: 1919
question: After what year was daylight savings repealed in the U.S.?

answers: text: golf
question: What sport did President Wilson enjoy that made him not want to give up DST?

answers: text: New York
question: What U.S. city kept observing DST to stay in sync with London, leading Chicago and Cleveland to follow along?

context: The history of time in the United States includes DST during both world wars, but no standardization of peacetime DST until 1966. In May 1965, for two weeks, St. Paul, Minnesota and Minneapolis, Minnesota were on different times, when the capital city decided to join most of the nation by starting Daylight Saving Time while Minneapolis opted to follow the later date set by state law. In the mid-1980s, Clorox (parent of Kingsford Charcoal) and 7-Eleven provided the primary funding for the Daylight Saving Time Coalition behind the 1987 extension to US DST, and both Idaho senators voted for it based on the premise that during DST fast-food restaurants sell more French fries, which are made from Idaho potatoes.
qas: answers: text: May 1965
question: What month and year were two neighboring cities in Minnesota on different time schedules?

answers: text: Idaho
question: What state supported DST because it wanted to sell more potatoes?

answers: text: 7-Eleven
question: What company joined Clorox in funding the Daylight Saving Time Coalition in the 1980s?

answers: text: 1987
question: What year was the extension to U.S. daylight savings proposed by the DST Coalition?

answers: text: 1966
question: What year did the U.S. see standardization of DST outside of wartime for the first time?

context: In 1992, after a three-year trial of daylight saving in Queensland, Australia, a referendum on daylight saving was held and defeated with a 54.5% 'no' vote – with regional and rural areas strongly opposed, while those in the metropolitan south-east were in favor. In 2005, the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association and the National Association of Convenience Stores successfully lobbied for the 2007 extension to US DST. In December 2008, the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland (DS4SEQ) political party was officially registered in Queensland, advocating the implementation of a dual-time zone arrangement for Daylight Saving in South East Queensland while the rest of the state maintains standard time. DS4SEQ contested the March 2009 Queensland State election with 32 candidates and received one percent of the statewide primary vote, equating to around 2.5% across the 32 electorates contested. After a three-year trial, more than 55% of Western Australians voted against DST in 2009, with rural areas strongly opposed. On 14 April 2010, after being approached by the DS4SEQ political party, Queensland Independent member Peter Wellington, introduced the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland Referendum Bill 2010 into Queensland Parliament, calling for a referendum to be held at the next State election on the introduction of daylight saving into South East Queensland under a dual-time zone arrangement. The Bill was defeated in Queensland Parliament on 15 June 2011.
qas: answers: text: 54.5%
question: What percentage of Queensland voted against the daylight saving referendum in 1992?

answers: text: Daylight Saving for South East Queensland
question: What was the name of Queensland's political party set up solely to support their particular DST arrangement?

answers: text: rural
question: In Australia, were rural or urban areas generally more strongly opposed to DST?

answers: text: Peter Wellington
question: What member of Queensland Parliament was responsible for finally bringing the DST for South East Queensland referendum to a vote?

context: In the UK the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents supports a proposal to observe SDST's additional hour year-round, but is opposed in some industries, such as postal workers and farmers, and particularly by those living in the northern regions of the UK.
qas: answers: text: the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents
question: What was the name of the organization that supported adding an additional hour to their clocks all year?

answers: text: postal workers
question: Joining farmers, what other kind of workers opposed SDST?

answers: text: northern regions
question: What regions of the United Kingdom were generally against SDST?

context: In some Muslim countries DST is temporarily abandoned during Ramadan (the month when no food should be eaten between sunrise and sunset), since the DST would delay the evening dinner. Ramadan took place in July and August in 2012. This concerns at least Morocco and Palestine, although Iran keeps DST during Ramadan. Most Muslim countries do not use DST, partially for this reason.
qas: answers: text: Ramadan
question: What do Muslims call the month when they fast between sunup and sundown?

answers: text: the evening dinner
question: What would DST delay if observed during the Muslim holy month?

answers: text: Iran
question: What Muslim country continues to observe DST during Ramadan?

answers: text: July and August
question: When was Ramadan in 2012?

context: The 2011 declaration by Russia that it would not turn its clocks back and stay in DST all year long was subsequently followed by a similar declaration from Belarus. The plan generated widespread complaints due to the dark of wintertime morning, and thus was abandoned in 2014. The country changed its clocks to Standard Time on 26 October 2014 - and intends to stay there permanently.
qas: answers: text: 2011
question: What year did Russia decide to never turn its clocks back?

answers: text: Belarus
question: What country other than Russia declared they'd stay in DST all year?

answers: text: Russia
question: Was Russia or Belarus first in their declaration?

answers: text: winter
question: Which season's dark mornings led to people complaining about the switch from DST?

answers: text: 2014
question: What year did Russia give up on the all-year DST and go back to Standard Time?

context: Proponents of DST generally argue that it saves energy, promotes outdoor leisure activity in the evening (in summer), and is therefore good for physical and psychological health, reduces traffic accidents, reduces crime, or is good for business. Groups that tend to support DST are urban workers, retail businesses, outdoor sports enthusiasts and businesses, tourism operators, and others who benefit from increased light during the evening in summer.
qas: answers: text: urban workers
question: Which group is more likely to support DST: urban workers or rural farmers?

answers: text: summer
question: If people have more daylight in the evenings, what season might see a rise in outdoor activity?

answers: text: saves energy
question: Would those in favor of DST argue that it causes people to use more electricity or saves energy?

context: Opponents argue that actual energy savings are inconclusive, that DST increases health risks such as heart attack, that DST can disrupt morning activities, and that the act of changing clocks twice a year is economically and socially disruptive and cancels out any benefit. Farmers have tended to oppose DST.
qas: answers: text: heart attack
question: What major health risk do people who oppose DST say it increases?

answers: text: Farmers
question: What profession is more likely to want to repeal DST: farmers or shopkeepers?

answers: text: inconclusive
question: What adjective would those against DST use to describe the energy savings touted by supporters?

answers: text: morning
question: What time of day do opponents of daylight savings believe is disrupted the most by the time shift?

context: Common agreement about the day's layout or schedule confers so many advantages that a standard DST schedule has generally been chosen over ad hoc efforts to get up earlier. The advantages of coordination are so great that many people ignore whether DST is in effect by altering their nominal work schedules to coordinate with television broadcasts or daylight. DST is commonly not observed during most of winter, because its mornings are darker; workers may have no sunlit leisure time, and children may need to leave for school in the dark. Since DST is applied to many varying communities, its effects may be very different depending on their culture, light levels, geography, and climate; that is why it is hard to make generalized conclusions about the absolute effects of the practice. Some areas may adopt DST simply as a matter of coordination with others rather than for any direct benefits.
qas: answers: text: get up earlier
question: Most people agree that a standardized schedule by DST is more practical than trying to do what in the morning on our own?

answers: text: television
question: What electronic device might people work their schedules around instead of paying close attention to DST?

answers: text: winter
question: During what season is DST usually not observed because of the detriments of dark mornings?

answers: text: coordination with others
question: What indirect benefit of DST might cause some areas to observe it even though they don't get any direct benefits like cost or energy savings?

context: DST's potential to save energy comes primarily from its effects on residential lighting, which consumes about 3.5% of electricity in the United States and Canada. Delaying the nominal time of sunset and sunrise reduces the use of artificial light in the evening and increases it in the morning. As Franklin's 1784 satire pointed out, lighting costs are reduced if the evening reduction outweighs the morning increase, as in high-latitude summer when most people wake up well after sunrise. An early goal of DST was to reduce evening usage of incandescent lighting, which used to be a primary use of electricity. Although energy conservation remains an important goal, energy usage patterns have greatly changed since then, and recent research is limited and reports contradictory results. Electricity use is greatly affected by geography, climate, and economics, making it hard to generalize from single studies.
qas: answers: text: 3.5%
question: What percentage of all electricity usage in the U.S. and Canada is from residential lighting?

answers: text: morning
question: DST will reduce electricity use in the evening but increase it during what time of the day?

answers: text: incandescent
question: When DST was first proposed, what type of lighting was consuming the most electricity?

answers: text: climate
question: Along with geography and economics, what variable often affects how much electricity an area uses?

answers: text: Franklin
question: Whose satire that was published in 1784 pointed out that daylight saving would only reduce electricity usage if the increase in the mornings was less than the savings in the evenings?

context: Several studies have suggested that DST increases motor fuel consumption. The 2008 DOE report found no significant increase in motor gasoline consumption due to the 2007 United States extension of DST.
qas: answers: text: increases
question: Have studies shown DST generally increases or reduces gas consumption from cars?

answers: text: 2008
question: What year was the DOE report about fuel consumption published?

answers: text: extension of DST
question: What happened regarding DST in 2007 in the United States that probably led to the DOE investigation?

context: Retailers, sporting goods makers, and other businesses benefit from extra afternoon sunlight, as it induces customers to shop and to participate in outdoor afternoon sports. In 1984, Fortune magazine estimated that a seven-week extension of DST would yield an additional $30 million for 7-Eleven stores, and the National Golf Foundation estimated the extension would increase golf industry revenues $200 million to $300 million. A 1999 study estimated that DST increases the revenue of the European Union's leisure sector by about 3%.
qas: answers: text: sporting goods
question: What category of goods that are used in outdoor activities benefit from the extra hour of daylight from DST?

answers: text: the National Golf Foundation
question: What organization predicted a $100 million increase for the golf sector because of extended DST?

answers: text: 1984
question: What year did Fortune magazine make predictions about the increased revenue an extended daylight savings would provide?

answers: text: 3%
question: According to a study in 1999, daylight savings has caused what approximate percentage of increase in leisure industry revenue in the European Union?

answers: text: $30 million
question: How much extra money from DST did Fortune predict for 7-Eleven on account of DST?

context: Conversely, DST can adversely affect farmers, parents of young children, and others whose hours are set by the sun and they have traditionally opposed the practice, although some farmers are neutral. One reason why farmers oppose DST is that grain is best harvested after dew evaporates, so when field hands arrive and leave earlier in summer their labor is less valuable. Dairy farmers are another group who complain of the change. Their cows are sensitive to the timing of milking, so delivering milk earlier disrupts their systems. Today some farmers' groups are in favor of DST.
qas: answers: text: after
question: Is it better to harvest grain before or after the morning dew evaporates?

answers: text: cows
question: What animal on dairy farms is affected by timing?

answers: text: disrupts their systems
question: What does earlier milk delivery do to cows?

answers: text: earlier
question: Some farmers oppose DST because their farm laborers arrive to work and leave later or earlier?

answers: text: parents of young children
question: Besides farmers, what other group of people set their schedules by the sun?

context: Changing clocks and DST rules has a direct economic cost, entailing extra work to support remote meetings, computer applications and the like. For example, a 2007 North American rule change cost an estimated $500 million to $1 billion, and Utah State University economist William F. Shughart II has estimated the lost opportunity cost at around $1.7 billion USD. Although it has been argued that clock shifts correlate with decreased economic efficiency, and that in 2000 the daylight-saving effect implied an estimated one-day loss of $31 billion on US stock exchanges, the estimated numbers depend on the methodology. The results have been disputed, and the original authors have refuted the points raised by disputers.
qas: answers: text: 2007
question: What year did a change in DST policy cost North America somewhere between $500 million and $1 billion in extra work?

answers: text: William F. Shughart II
question: Who is the economist who said there was about $1.7 billion in lost opportunity costs because of the 2007 changes?

answers: text: decreased economic efficiency
question: What have some people argued correlates with time shifts from daylight savings?

answers: text: the daylight-saving effect
question: What do some call the effect that they say caused a one-day loss for stock exchanges of approximately $31 billion in the year 2000?

answers: text: methodology
question: What factor determines the numbers people reach for estimates when studying DST?

context: In 1975 the US DOT conservatively identified a 0.7% reduction in traffic fatalities during DST, and estimated the real reduction at 1.5% to 2%, but the 1976 NBS review of the DOT study found no differences in traffic fatalities. In 1995 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety estimated a reduction of 1.2%, including a 5% reduction in crashes fatal to pedestrians. Others have found similar reductions. Single/Double Summer Time (SDST), a variant where clocks are one hour ahead of the sun in winter and two in summer, has been projected to reduce traffic fatalities by 3% to 4% in the UK, compared to ordinary DST. However, accidents do increase by as much as 11% during the two weeks that follow the end of British Summer Time. It is not clear whether sleep disruption contributes to fatal accidents immediately after the spring clock shifts. A correlation between clock shifts and traffic accidents has been observed in North America and the UK but not in Finland or Sweden. If this effect exists, it is far smaller than the overall reduction in traffic fatalities. A 2009 US study found that on Mondays after the switch to DST, workers sleep an average of 40 minutes less, and are injured at work more often and more severely.
qas: answers: text: 1976
question: In what year did the NBS revisit the DOT's 1975 study and find traffic fatalities unaffected?

answers: text: the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety
question: What organization made their own estimation in 1995 of a drop in traffic deaths by 1.2%?

answers: text: SDST
question: What's the abbreviation for Single/Double Summer Time?

answers: text: 11%
question: In the two weeks following the time change ending British Summer Time, what percentage hike is there in traffic accidents?

answers: text: 40 minutes
question: How much less, on average, do workers in the U.S. sleep on Mondays after switching to DST, according to the 2009 study?

context: In the 1970s the US Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) found a reduction of 10% to 13% in Washington, D.C.'s violent crime rate during DST. However, the LEAA did not filter out other factors, and it examined only two cities and found crime reductions only in one and only in some crime categories; the DOT decided it was "impossible to conclude with any confidence that comparable benefits would be found nationwide". Outdoor lighting has a marginal and sometimes even contradictory influence on crime and fear of crime.
qas: answers: text: violent crime rate
question: What did the LEAA say was reduced 10% to 13% in Washington, DC during daylight savings?

answers: text: two
question: How many cities did the LEAA study before reaching their conclusion?

answers: text: one
question: How many cities of those the LEAA studied showed any reduction in crime?

answers: text: 1970s
question: In what decade did the LEAA conduct their investigation of crime and DST?

context: In several countries, fire safety officials encourage citizens to use the two annual clock shifts as reminders to replace batteries in smoke and carbon monoxide detectors, particularly in autumn, just before the heating and candle season causes an increase in home fires. Similar twice-yearly tasks include reviewing and practicing fire escape and family disaster plans, inspecting vehicle lights, checking storage areas for hazardous materials, reprogramming thermostats, and seasonal vaccinations. Locations without DST can instead use the first days of spring and autumn as reminders.
qas: answers: text: heating
question: There are more fires in the fall and winter because people burn more candles and turn what on to keep warm?

answers: text: carbon monoxide detectors
question: In addition to smoke detectors, what do fire safety officials suggest people replace batteries in when they set their clocks twice a year?

answers: text: the first days of spring and autumn
question: If your area doesn't observe DST, what can you use instead as a twice-yearly reminder?

answers: text: lights
question: What part of your vehicle should you remember to check twice a year?

answers: text: hazardous materials
question: What should you check storage spaces in your home for twice-yearly?

context: DST has mixed effects on health. In societies with fixed work schedules it provides more afternoon sunlight for outdoor exercise. It alters sunlight exposure; whether this is beneficial depends on one's location and daily schedule, as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin, but overexposure can lead to skin cancer. DST may help in depression by causing individuals to rise earlier, but some argue the reverse. The Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness, chaired by blind sports magnate Gordon Gund, successfully lobbied in 1985 and 2005 for US DST extensions.
qas: answers: text: outdoor exercise
question: What do societies with standardized work schedules have more time for because of the increase in afternoon daylight from DST?

answers: text: vitamin D
question: What vitamin does sunlight help the human body absorb?

answers: text: Gordon Gund
question: What chair of the Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness lobbied for an extension to daylight savings in the U.S.?

answers: text: skin cancer
question: What cancer can be caused by too much time in the sun?

answers: text: rise earlier
question: Some people say DST can help sufferers of depression because it encourages them to do what?

context: Clock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent, and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency. Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks. A 2008 study found that although male suicide rates rise in the weeks after the spring transition, the relationship weakened greatly after adjusting for season. A 2008 Swedish study found that heart attacks were significantly more common the first three weekdays after the spring transition, and significantly less common the first weekday after the autumn transition. The government of Kazakhstan cited health complications due to clock shifts as a reason for abolishing DST in 2005. In March 2011, Dmitri Medvedev, president of Russia, claimed that "stress of changing clocks" was the motivation for Russia to stay in DST all year long. Officials at the time talked about an annual increase in suicides.
qas: answers: text: circadian rhythm
question: What natural rhythm is disrupted by seasonal changes?

answers: text: Kazakhstan
question: In 2005, what country used increased health risks as rationalization for getting rid of DST?

answers: text: Dmitri Medvedev
question: Which Russian president argued that the country should stay in DST year-round because of the stresses of time shifts?

answers: text: three
question: According to the Swedish study in 2008, for how many weekdays following the "spring forward" do you have a higher risk of heart attack?

context: An unexpected adverse effect of daylight saving time may lie in the fact that an extra part of morning rush hour traffic occurs before dawn and traffic emissions then cause higher air pollution than during daylight hours.
qas: answers: text: higher
question: Do emissions from vehicle exhaust cause lower or higher pollution before dawn?

answers: text: before dawn
question: Does DST mean more rush hour traffic is on the road before dawn or after?

answers: text: air pollution
question: What kind of pollution is caused by emissions from cars while they're sitting in traffic?

context: DST's clock shifts have the obvious disadvantage of complexity. People must remember to change their clocks; this can be time-consuming, particularly for mechanical clocks that cannot be moved backward safely. People who work across time zone boundaries need to keep track of multiple DST rules, as not all locations observe DST or observe it the same way. The length of the calendar day becomes variable; it is no longer always 24 hours. Disruption to meetings, travel, broadcasts, billing systems, and records management is common, and can be expensive. During an autumn transition from 02:00 to 01:00, a clock reads times from 01:00:00 through 01:59:59 twice, possibly leading to confusion.
qas: answers: text: twice
question: During the fall time shift from 02:00 to 01:00, how many times will a clock show the times between 01:00:00 and 01:59:59?

answers: text: confusion
question: What might a clock showing the same times twice in one day lead to?

answers: text: change their clocks
question: What do people often have trouble remembering to do for DST?

answers: text: multiple DST rules
question: What added complexity do people working across time zones have to keep track of?

context: Damage to a German steel facility occurred during a DST transition in 1993, when a computer timing system linked to a radio time synchronization signal allowed molten steel to cool for one hour less than the required duration, resulting in spattering of molten steel when it was poured. Medical devices may generate adverse events that could harm patients, without being obvious to clinicians responsible for care. These problems are compounded when the DST rules themselves change; software developers must test and perhaps modify many programs, and users must install updates and restart applications. Consumers must update devices such as programmable thermostats with the correct DST rules, or manually adjust the devices' clocks. A common strategy to resolve these problems in computer systems is to express time using the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) rather than the local time zone. For example, Unix-based computer systems use the UTC-based Unix time internally.
qas: answers: text: 1993
question: What year did an accident occur at a German facility with molten steel because of the change to DST?

answers: text: one hour
question: For how much more time was the molten steel supposed to cool when the computer mix-up happened in the German steel facility?

answers: text: software developers
question: Who is responsible for testing and even making changing to computer programs when daylight saving rules change?

answers: text: Coordinated Universal Time
question: What time system do some computer systems use to avoid the issues of changes in local time?

answers: text: Unix-based
question: What type of computer systems use an internal clock based on UTC time?

context: Some clock-shift problems could be avoided by adjusting clocks continuously or at least more gradually—for example, Willett at first suggested weekly 20-minute transitions—but this would add complexity and has never been implemented.
qas: answers: text: weekly
question: Willett's first suggestion was to change clocks by 20 minutes how often?

answers: text: complexity
question: What drawback would changing clocks gradually add to the process?

answers: text: Some clock-shift problems
question: What could be avoided by changing clocks more gradually more often?

context: DST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time. For example, when reading a sundial, one must compensate for it along with time zone and natural discrepancies. Also, sun-exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is in effect.
qas: answers: text: disadvantages
question: What does DST inherit from standard time?

answers: text: magnify
question: Does daylight savings sometimes minimize or magnify the drawbacks of standard time?

answers: text: two
question: Usually, it's recommended that we avoid the sun for how many hours before and after noon?

answers: text: sun-exposure guidelines
question: What kind of guidelines become less precise because of DST?

answers: text: time zone
question: When using a sundial, we must adjust the reading to reflect natural discrepancies and the effect of what other influence?

context: As explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English, the form daylight savings time (with an "s") was already in 1978 much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English ("the change has been virtually accomplished"). Nevertheless, even dictionaries such as Merriam-Webster's, American Heritage, and Oxford, which describe actual usage instead of prescribing outdated usage (and therefore also list the newer form), still list the older form first. This is because the older form is still very common in print and preferred by many editors. ("Although daylight saving time is considered correct, daylight savings time (with an "s") is commonly used.") The first two words are sometimes hyphenated (daylight-saving[s] time). Merriam-Webster's also lists the forms daylight saving (without "time"), daylight savings (without "time"), and daylight time.
qas: answers: text: Richard Meade
question: What author is credited with explaining the usage of daylight saving time and daylight savings time with an "s" in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English?

answers: text: daylight savings time
question: In 1978, according to Meade, which form of the phrase was more commonly used: daylight saving time or daylight savings time?

answers: text: daylight saving time
question: Which form of the phrase is more common in print publications?

answers: text: American Heritage
question: Joining Merriam-Webster's and the Oxford dictionary, the older form of the phrase without the "s" is still listed first in what dictionary?

answers: text: daylight time
question: Along with "daylight saving" and "daylight savings," what alternate form does Merriam-Webster's include?

context: In Britain, Willett's 1907 proposal used the term daylight saving, but by 1911 the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation. Continental Europe uses similar phrases, such as Sommerzeit in Germany, zomertijd in Dutch-speaking regions, kesäaika in Finland, horario de verano or hora de verano in Spain and heure d'été in France, whereas in Italy the term is ora legale, that is, legal time (legally enforced time) as opposed to "ora solare", solar time, in winter.
qas: answers: text: daylight saving
question: Which term did Willett use in his 1907 proposal to refer to DST?

answers: text: summer time
question: What phrase had replaced daylight saving time by 1911 as Willett's proposal evolved into draft legislation?

answers: text: zomertijd
question: What word do speakers of Dutch use for DST?

answers: text: ora legale
question: What term do Italians use for DST that literally translates as "legal time"?

answers: text: solar time
question: What does the Italian term for their winter time, ora solare, translate to in English?

context: The name of local time typically changes when DST is observed. American English replaces standard with daylight: for example, Pacific Standard Time (PST) becomes Pacific Daylight Time (PDT). In the United Kingdom, the standard term for UK time when advanced by one hour is British Summer Time (BST), and British English typically inserts summer into other time zone names, e.g. Central European Time (CET) becomes Central European Summer Time (CEST).
qas: answers: text: The name of local time
question: What usually changes when a place observes DST?

answers: text: standard
question: What word does American English swap out for "daylight" when referring to time zones?

answers: text: Pacific Daylight Time
question: In American English, what is the equivalent of Pacific Standard Time?

answers: text: British Summer Time
question: When the UK changes their clocks forward in the spring, what do they call the time they're then observing?

answers: text: summer
question: What word is often added to the names of time zones when used in British English?

context: The North American mnemonic "spring forward, fall back" (also "spring ahead ...", "spring up ...", and "... fall behind") helps people remember which direction to shift clocks.
qas: answers: text: spring forward, fall back
question: What phrase is often used in North America when speaking about DST?

answers: text: mnemonic
question: What is a language like "spring forward, fall back" that acts as a trigger for memory called?

answers: text: which direction to shift clocks
question: What does "spring forward, fall back" help people remember?

context: Changes to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations. For example, the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required many computer systems to be upgraded, with the greatest impact on email and calendaring programs; the upgrades consumed a significant effort by corporate information technologists.
qas: answers: text: Changes to DST rules
question: What can cause issues with installed computer systems?

answers: text: 2007
question: What year did DST rules change in North America?

answers: text: upgrades
question: What did many existing computer systems that relied on time zones need because of the DST rule changes?

answers: text: email
question: In addition to calendaring programs, what kind of programs were most impacted by the changes?

answers: text: corporate information technologists
question: Which professionals bore the brunt of the effort to upgrade systems affected by time changes?

context: Some applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences. Likewise, most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display.
qas: answers: text: UTC
question: What system of time do some applications use so they won't have problems with time changes?

answers: text: time zone differences
question: By using UTC, applications get out of adjusting to changes around clock shifts and what other factor?

answers: text: operating systems
question: In addition to individual applications, what modern systems that control the basic functions of a computer typically use UTC?

answers: text: internally
question: Where do computers usually use UTC?

answers: text: local time
question: What time would a computer probably use for the clock display?

context: However, even if UTC is used internally, the systems still require information on time zones to correctly calculate local time where it is needed. Many systems in use today base their date/time calculations from data derived from the IANA time zone database also known as zoneinfo.
qas: answers: text: the IANA time zone database
question: Where do most systems go to get the data they use to calculate local time?

answers: text: date/time
question: What two specific points of data do systems need to figure out to get local time?

answers: text: zoneinfo
question: What's another name for the IANA database?

context: The IANA time zone database maps a name to the named location's historical and predicted clock shifts. This database is used by many computer software systems, including most Unix-like operating systems, Java, and the Oracle RDBMS; HP's "tztab" database is similar but incompatible. When temporal authorities change DST rules, zoneinfo updates are installed as part of ordinary system maintenance. In Unix-like systems the TZ environment variable specifies the location name, as in TZ=':America/New_York'. In many of those systems there is also a system-wide setting that is applied if the TZ environment variable isn't set: this setting is controlled by the contents of the /etc/localtime file, which is usually a symbolic link or hard link to one of the zoneinfo files. Internal time is stored in timezone-independent epoch time; the TZ is used by each of potentially many simultaneous users and processes to independently localize time display.
qas: answers: text: historical and predicted clock shifts
question: The IANA database works by connecting names to what information about the location?

answers: text: system maintenance
question: IANA, or zoneinfo, updates are installed as a part of what ordinary function when changes to DST policy are made?

answers: text: TZ
question: What environment variable defines a location's name?

answers: text: timezone-independent epoch time
question: What format is used to store internal time in systems that use zoneinfo?

answers: text: tztab
question: What's the name of the HP database that's similar to IANA but not compatible with it?

context: Older or stripped-down systems may support only the TZ values required by POSIX, which specify at most one start and end rule explicitly in the value. For example, TZ='EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00' specifies time for the eastern United States starting in 2007. Such a TZ value must be changed whenever DST rules change, and the new value applies to all years, mishandling some older timestamps.
qas: answers: text: one
question: Less sophisticated systems might just support a TZ value with one start rule and how many end rules?

answers: text: whenever DST rules change
question: When must TZ values be changed on an older system?

answers: text: time for the eastern United States starting in 2007
question: What does the TZ value EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00 specify?

answers: text: all years
question: What years will a new TZ value apply to?

answers: text: older timestamps
question: What's might a new TZ value mishandle when it changes with new DST rules?

context: As with zoneinfo, a user of Microsoft Windows configures DST by specifying the name of a location, and the operating system then consults a table of rule sets that must be updated when DST rules change. Procedures for specifying the name and updating the table vary with release. Updates are not issued for older versions of Microsoft Windows. Windows Vista supports at most two start and end rules per time zone setting. In a Canadian location observing DST, a single Vista setting supports both 1987–2006 and post-2006 time stamps, but mishandles some older time stamps. Older Microsoft Windows systems usually store only a single start and end rule for each zone, so that the same Canadian setting reliably supports only post-2006 time stamps.
qas: answers: text: specifying the name of a location
question: Similar to systems using zoneinfo, Microsoft Windows calculates DST by doing what?

answers: text: when DST rules change
question: When does the table of rule sets the Windows operating system uses have to be updated?

answers: text: two
question: If your computer runs Vista, what's the maximum number of start and end rules you can have for each time zone setting?

answers: text: 1987
question: If located in Canada somewhere where DST is observed, a system running Vista might mishandle time stamps that are older than what year?

answers: text: 2006
question: On a system running Windows older than Vista, locations in Canada observing DST would only reliably support time stamps from after what year?

context: These limitations have caused problems. For example, before 2005, DST in Israel varied each year and was skipped some years. Windows 95 used rules correct for 1995 only, causing problems in later years. In Windows 98, Microsoft marked Israel as not having DST, forcing Israeli users to shift their computer clocks manually twice a year. The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law established predictable rules using the Jewish calendar but Windows zone files could not represent the rules' dates in a year-independent way. Partial workarounds, which mishandled older time stamps, included manually switching zone files every year and a Microsoft tool that switches zones automatically. In 2013, Israel standardized its daylight saving time according to the Gregorian calendar.
qas: answers: text: 1995
question: What single year did Windows 95 use to apply rules to Israel's time changes?

answers: text: marked Israel as not having DST
question: Because the schedule in Israel was always changing, what did Microsoft do with the release of Windows 98?

answers: text: twice a year
question: How often would Israeli users running Windows 98 need to manually adjust the time on their machines to stay current?

answers: text: The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law
question: What law regulated the rules for time shifts in Israel according to the Jewish calendar?

answers: text: the Gregorian calendar
question: Although the schedule in Israel became predictable after 2005, there were still problems in Windows until Israel adjusted DST to what calendar in 2013?

context: Microsoft Windows keeps the system real-time clock in local time. This causes several problems, including compatibility when multi booting with operating systems that set the clock to UTC, and double-adjusting the clock when multi booting different Windows versions, such as with a rescue boot disk. This approach is a problem even in Windows-only systems: there is no support for per-user timezone settings, only a single system-wide setting. In 2008 Microsoft hinted that future versions of Windows will partially support a Windows registry entry RealTimeIsUniversal that had been introduced many years earlier, when Windows NT supported RISC machines with UTC clocks, but had not been maintained. Since then at least two fixes related to this feature have been published by Microsoft.
qas: answers: text: local time
question: What does Microsoft Windows use internally for its real-time clock?

answers: text: a rescue boot disk
question: Not using UTC, Windows can't multi boot with different versions of itself like you'd need to do to use what kind of disk?

answers: text: a single system-wide setting
question: As opposed to providing support for users to have unique time zone settings, Windows will only allow for what?

answers: text: 2008
question: In what year did Microsoft imply that they would be making changes to support RealTimeIsUniversal in a step towards compatibility with UTC?

answers: text: two
question: Since 2008, at least how many times has Microsoft released fixes for the RealTimeIsUniversal feature?

context: The NTFS file system used by recent versions of Windows stores the file with a UTC time stamp, but displays it corrected to local—or seasonal—time. However, the FAT filesystem commonly used on removable devices stores only the local time. Consequently, when a file is copied from the hard disk onto separate media, its time will be set to the current local time. If the time adjustment is changed, the timestamps of the original file and the copy will be different. The same effect can be observed when compressing and uncompressing files with some file archivers. It is the NTFS file that changes seen time. This effect should be kept in mind when trying to determine if a file is a duplicate of another, although there are other methods of comparing files for equality (such as using a checksum algorithm).
qas: answers: text: NTFS
question: What file system do recent Windows versions use?

answers: text: UTC
question: Under NTFS, what does Windows use for file time stamps in storage?

answers: text: FAT
question: What file system do most removable devices use?

answers: text: current local time
question: What time will a file be set to if it's copied from the hard disk onto other media?

context: A move to "permanent daylight saving time" (staying on summer hours all year with no time shifts) is sometimes advocated, and has in fact been implemented in some jurisdictions such as Argentina, Chile, Iceland, Singapore, Uzbekistan and Belarus. Advocates cite the same advantages as normal DST without the problems associated with the twice yearly time shifts. However, many remain unconvinced of the benefits, citing the same problems and the relatively late sunrises, particularly in winter, that year-round DST entails. Russia switched to permanent DST from 2011 to 2014, but the move proved unpopular because of the late sunrises in winter, so the country switched permanently back to "standard" or "winter" time in 2014.
qas: answers: text: permanent daylight saving time
question: What phrase describes keeping adjusted summer hours year-round?

answers: text: time shifts
question: Proponents of permanent DST say it has all the advantages of regular DST without the issues some people have from what bi-annual occurrences?

answers: text: late
question: In year-round DST, would sunrise happen early or late compared to most places?

answers: text: 2011 to 2014
question: During what time period did Russia use permanent DST?

answers: text: winter
question: In what season in areas observing permanent daylight saving time will it stay dark the latest in the morning?

context: Xinjiang, China; Argentina; Chile; Iceland; Russia and other areas skew time zones westward, in effect observing DST year-round without complications from clock shifts. For example, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, is at 106°39′ W longitude, slightly west of center of the idealized Mountain Time Zone (105° W), but the time in Saskatchewan is Central Standard Time (90° W) year-round, so Saskatoon is always about 67 minutes ahead of mean solar time, thus effectively observing daylight saving time year-round. Conversely, northeast India and a few other areas skew time zones eastward, in effect observing negative DST. The United Kingdom and Ireland experimented with year-round DST from 1968 to 1971 but abandoned it because of its unpopularity, particularly in northern regions.
qas: answers: text: westward
question: In which direction do countries like Russia and Argentina shift their time zones that could be considered all-year DST?

answers: text: 67
question: About how many minutes does Saskatoon, Saskatchewan stay ahead of mean solar time?

answers: text: Central Standard Time
question: What time does Saskatoon observe all year long?

answers: text: negative DST
question: Places like northeast India that shift time zones to the east could be considered to be observing what kind of DST?

answers: text: 1971
question: What year did Ireland and the UK give up on their permanent DST experiment?

context: Western France, Spain, and other areas skew time zones and shift clocks, in effect observing DST in winter with an extra hour in summer. Nome, Alaska, is at 165°24′ W longitude, which is just west of center of the idealized Samoa Time Zone (165° W), but Nome observes Alaska Time (135° W) with DST, so it is slightly more than two hours ahead of the sun in winter and three in summer. Double daylight saving time has been used on occasion; for example, it was used in some European countries during and shortly after World War II when it was referred to as "Double Summer Time". See British Double Summer Time and Central European Midsummer Time for details.
qas: answers: text: an extra hour
question: Places like Spain and parts of France effectively go by DST in the winter but add what in the summer?

answers: text: three
question: During the summer in Nome, about how many hours ahead of the sun do they set their clocks?

answers: text: Double Summer Time
question: What term was used in Britain for double daylight saving time?

answers: text: Central European Midsummer Time
question: What's a third name for double daylight saving time or Double Summer Time used in Europe?