Utrecht

context: Although there is some evidence of earlier inhabitation in the region of Utrecht, dating back to the Stone Age (app. 2200 BCE) and settling in the Bronze Age (app. 1800–800 BCE), the founding date of the city is usually related to the construction of a Roman fortification (castellum), probably built in around 50 CE. A series of such fortresses was built after the Roman emperor Claudius decided the empire should not expand north. To consolidate the border the limes Germanicus defense line was constructed  along the main branch of the river Rhine, which at that time flowed through a more northern bed compared to today (what is now the Kromme Rijn). These fortresses were designed to house a cohort of about 500 Roman soldiers. Near the fort settlements would grow housing artisans, traders and soldiers' wives and children.
qas: answers: text: inhabitation in the region of Utrecht, dating back to the Stone Age (app. 2200 BCE)
question: How far back does evidence of inhabitation date back

answers: text: Claudius decided the empire should not expand north.
question:  What did the Roman emperor Claudius decide 

answers: text: To consolidate the border the limes Germanicus defense line was constructed  along the main branch of the river Rhine
question: What was built along the Rhine 

answers: text: These fortresses were designed to house a cohort of about 500 Roman soldiers
question: How many soldiers did the fortress hold 

answers: text: Near the fort settlements would grow housing artisans, traders and soldiers' wives and children
question: Who settled near the fort 

context: From the middle of the 3rd century Germanic tribes regularly invaded the Roman territories. Around 275 the Romans could no longer maintain the northern border and Utrecht was abandoned. Little is known about the next period 270–650. Utrecht is first spoken of again several centuries after the Romans left. Under the influence of the growing realms of the Franks, during Dagobert I's reign in the 7th century, a church was built within the walls of the Roman fortress. In ongoing border conflicts with the Frisians this first church was destroyed.
qas: answers: text: Germanic tribes regularly invaded the Roman territories.
question: Who raided German territories regularly 

answers: text: Around 275 the Romans could no longer maintain the northern border and Utrecht was abandoned
question: When did the Romans leave Utrecht

answers: text: Little is known about the next period 270–650.
question: What happens between 275 and 650

answers: text: a church was built within the walls of the Roman fortress
question: What was built in the 7th century 

answers: text: In ongoing border conflicts with the Frisians this first church was destroyed.
question: How was the the church destroyed 

context: By the mid-7th century, English and Irish missionaries set out to convert the Frisians. The pope appointed their leader, Willibrordus, bishop of the Frisians. The tenure of Willibrordus is generally considered to be the beginning of the Bishopric of Utrecht. In 723, the Frankish leader Charles Martel bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the surrounding lands as the base of the bishops. From then on Utrecht became one of the most influential seats of power for the Roman Catholic Church in the Netherlands. The archbishops of Utrecht were based at the uneasy northern border of the Carolingian Empire. In addition, the city of Utrecht had competition from the nearby trading centre Dorestad. After the fall of Dorestad around 850, Utrecht became one of the most important cities in the Netherlands. The importance of Utrecht as a centre of Christianity is illustrated by the election of the Utrecht-born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens as pope in 1522 (the last non-Italian pope before John Paul II).
qas: answers: text: English and Irish missionaries set out to convert the Frisians
question: Who tried to convert Frisians

answers: text: The pope appointed their leader, Willibrordus, bishop of the Frisians
question: Who did the pope appoint Bishop

answers: text: Frankish leader Charles Martel bestowed the fortress in Utrecht and the surrounding lands as the base of the bishops
question: What did Charles Martel do 

answers: text: After the fall of Dorestad around 850, Utrecht became one of the most important cities in the Netherlands
question: What year did Utrecht gain in power 

answers: text: Utrecht as a centre of Christianity is illustrated by the election of the Utrecht-born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens as pope in 1522
question: What showed the importance of Utrecht

context: When the Frankish rulers established the system of feudalism, the Bishops of Utrecht came to exercise worldly power as prince-bishops. The territory of the bishopric not only included the modern province of Utrecht (Nedersticht, 'lower Sticht'), but also extended to the northeast. The feudal conflict of the Middle Ages heavily affected Utrecht. The prince-bishopric was involved in almost continuous conflicts with the Counts of Holland and the Dukes of Guelders. The Veluwe region was seized by Guelders, but large areas in the modern province of Overijssel remained as the Oversticht.
qas: answers: text: the Bishops of Utrecht came to exercise worldly power as prince-bishops
question: What hapend when Frankish rulers established the system of feudalism

answers: text: not only included the modern province of Utrecht (Nedersticht, 'lower Sticht'), but also extended to the northeast
question: What was part of the territory of bishopric 

answers: text: The feudal conflict of the Middle Ages heavily affected Utrecht
question: What conflict affected Utrecht

answers: text: the Counts of Holland and the Dukes of Guelders
question: Who was in conflict with the prince bishopric 

answers: text: The Veluwe region was seized by Guelders
question: What region was seized 

context: Several churches and monasteries were built inside, or close to, the city of Utrecht. The most dominant of these was the Cathedral of Saint Martin, inside the old Roman fortress. The construction of the present Gothic building was begun in 1254 after an earlier romanesque construction had been badly damaged by fire. The choir and transept were finished from 1320 and were followed then by the ambitious Dom tower. The last part to be constructed was the central nave, from 1420. By that time, however, the age of the great cathedrals had come to an end and declining finances prevented the ambitious project from being finished, the construction of the central nave being suspended before the planned flying buttresses could be finished. Besides the cathedral there were four collegiate churches in Utrecht: St. Salvator's Church (demolished in the 16th century), on the Dom square, dating back to the early 8th century. Saint John (Janskerk), originating in 1040; Saint Peter, building started in 1039 and Saint Mary's church building started around 1090 (demolished in the early 19th century, cloister survives). Besides these churches the city housed St. Paul's Abbey, the 15th-century beguinage of St. Nicholas, and a 14th-century chapter house of the Teutonic Knights.
qas: answers: text: The most dominant of these was the Cathedral of Saint Martin, inside the old Roman fortress
question: What was the Most dominant Cathedral in Utrecht

answers: text: The construction of the present Gothic building was begun in 1254 after an earlier romanesque construction had been badly damaged by fire
question: What began in 1254 

answers: text: the age of the great cathedrals had come to an end and declining finances prevented the ambitious project from being finished
question: Was the cathedral finished 

answers: text: Besides the cathedral there were four collegiate churches in Utrecht
question: How many collegiate churches existed in Utecht besides the cathedral

answers: text: the city housed St. Paul's Abbey, the 15th-century beguinage of St. Nicholas, and a 14th-century chapter house of the Teutonic Knights.
question: What else was housed in the city 

context: The location on the banks of the river Rhine allowed Utrecht to become an important trade centre in the Northern Netherlands. The growing town Utrecht was granted city rights by Henry V in 1122. When the main flow of the Rhine moved south, the old bed, which still flowed through the heart of the town became evermore canalized; and the wharf system was built as an inner city harbour system. On the wharfs storage facilities (werfkelders) were built, on top of which the main street, including houses was constructed. The wharfs and the cellars are accessible from a platform at water level with stairs descending from the street level to form a unique structure.[nb 2] The relations between the bishop, who controlled many lands outside of the city, and the citizens of Utrecht was not always easy. The bishop, for example dammed the Kromme Rijn at Wijk bij Duurstede to protect his estates from flooding. This threatened shipping for the city and led the city of Utrecht to commission a canal to ensure access to the town for shipping trade: the Vaartse Rijn, connecting Utrecht to the Hollandse IJssel at IJsselstein.
qas: answers: text: allowed Utrecht to become an important trade centre in the Northern Netherlands.
question: What did Utrecht's location allow 

answers: text: Henry V in 1122
question: Who granted Utrecht city rights 

answers: text: the bishop, who controlled many lands outside of the city, and the citizens of Utrecht was not always easy
question: What was the relationship with the bishop like for citizens of Utrecht

answers: text: The bishop, for example dammed the Kromme Rijn at Wijk bij Duurstede to protect his estates from flooding
question: What Industry did the bishop hurt 

context: In 1528 the bishop lost secular power over both Neder- and Oversticht – which included the city of Utrecht – to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Charles V combined the Seventeen Provinces (the current Benelux and the northern parts of France) as a personal union. This ended the prince-bishopric Utrecht, as the secular rule was now the lordship of Utrecht, with the religious power remaining with the bishop, although Charles V had gained the right to appoint new bishops. In 1559 the bishopric of Utrecht was raised to archbishopric to make it the religious center of the Northern ecclesiastical province in the Seventeen provinces.
qas: answers: text: In 1528 the bishop lost secular power over both Neder- and Oversticht – which included the city of Utrecht – to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
question: What year did the bishop lose power 

answers: text: Charles V combined the Seventeen Provinces (the current Benelux and the northern parts of France) as a personal union
question: What did Charles V combine 

answers: text: the prince-bishopric Utrecht, as the secular rule was now the lordship of Utrecht, with the religious power remaining with the bishop
question: What did the loss of power end 

answers: text: In 1559 the bishopric of Utrecht was raised to archbishopric to make it the religious center of the Northern ecclesiastical province in the Seventeen provinces
question: What was the bishop of Utrecht raised to 

context: The transition from independence to a relatively minor part of a larger union was not easily accepted. To quell uprisings Charles V was struggling to exert his power over the citizens of the city, who had struggled to gain a certain level of independence from the bishops and were not willing to cede this to their new lord. The heavily fortified castle Vredenburg was built to house a large garrison whose main task was to maintain control over the city. The castle would last less than 50 years before it was demolished in an uprising in the early stages of the Dutch Revolt.
qas: answers: text: Charles V was struggling to exert his power over the citizens of the city, who had struggled to gain a certain level of independence from the bishops
question: Why was the transition to a new union difficult 

answers: text: The heavily fortified castle Vredenburg was built to house a large garrison whose main task was to maintain control over the city
question: What was the purpose of the castle 

answers: text: The castle would last less than 50 years before it was demolished in an uprising in the early stages of the Dutch Revolt
question: How long did the castle last 

context: In 1579 the northern seven provinces signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they decided to join forces against Spanish rule. The Union of Utrecht is seen as the beginning of the Dutch Republic. In 1580 the new and predominantly Protestant state abolished the bishoprics, including the archbishopric of Utrecht. The stadtholders disapproved of the independent course of the Utrecht bourgeoisie and brought the city under much more direct control of the republic; which shifted the power towards its dominant province Holland. This was the start of a long period of stagnation of trade and development in Utrecht. Utrecht remained an atypical city in the new republic with about 40% Catholic in the mid-17th century, and even more among the elite groups, who included many rural nobility and gentry with town houses there.
qas: answers: text: the northern seven provinces signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they decided to join forces against Spanish rule
question: What was signed in 1579 

answers: text: The Union of Utrecht is seen as the beginning of the Dutch Republic
question: What is this union seen as 

answers: text: towards its dominant province Holland
question: What became the dominant province 

answers: text: Utrecht remained an atypical city in the new republic with about 40% Catholic in the mid-17th century, and even more among the elite groups
question: What was the state of Utrecht 

context: The fortified city temporarily fell to the French invasion in 1672 (the Disaster Year); where the French invasion was only stopped west of Utrecht at the Old Hollandic Waterline. In 1674, only two years after the French left, the centre of Utrecht was struck by a tornado. The halt to building before construction of flying buttresses in the 15th century now proved to be the undoing of the central section of the cathedral of St Martin church which collapsed; creating the current Dom square between the tower and choir. In 1713, Utrecht hosted one of the first international peace negotiations when the Treaty of Utrecht settled the War of the Spanish Succession. Since 1723 Utrecht became the centre of the non-Roman Old Catholic Churches in the world.
qas: answers: text: temporarily fell to the French invasion in 1672 (the Disaster Year); where the French invasion was only stopped west of Utrecht
question: Who did the fortified city fall to in 1672 

answers: text: the centre of Utrecht was struck by a tornado
question: In 1674 what hit Utrecht 

answers: text: The halt to building before construction of flying buttresses in the 15th century now proved to be the undoing of the central section of the cathedral
question: What collapsed during the tornado 

answers: text: In 1713, Utrecht hosted one of the first international peace negotiations when the Treaty of Utrecht settled the War of the Spanish Succession
question: What did Utrecht host in 1713 

answers: text: Utrecht became the centre of the non-Roman Old Catholic Churches in the world
question: Since 1723 what has Utrecht become 

context: In the early 19th century, the role of Utrecht as a fortified town had become obsolete. The fortifications of the Nieuwe Hollandse Waterlinie were moved east of Utrecht. The town walls could now be demolished to allow for expansion. The moats remained intact and formed an important feature of the Zocher plantsoen, an English style landscape park that remains largely intact today. Growth of the city increased when, in 1843, a railway connecting Utrecht to Amsterdam was opened. After that, Utrecht gradually became the main hub of the Dutch railway network. With the industrial revolution finally gathering speed in the Netherlands and the ramparts taken down, Utrecht began to grow far beyond the medieval centre. In 1853, the Dutch government allowed the bishopric of Utrecht to be reinstated by Rome, and Utrecht became the centre of Dutch Catholicism once more. From the 1880s onward neighbourhoods such as Oudwijk, Wittevrouwen, Vogelenbuurt to the East, and Lombok to the West were developed. New middle class residential areas, such as Tuindorp and Oog in Al, were built in the 1920s and 1930s. During this period, several Jugendstil houses and office buildings were built, followed by Rietveld who built the Rietveld Schröder House (1924), and Dudok's construction of the city theater (1941).
qas: answers: text: the role of Utrecht as a fortified town had become obsolete
question: What hapend in the early 19th century

answers: text: a railway connecting Utrecht to Amsterdam was opened
question: In 1843 what brought growth to Utrecht 

answers: text: the Dutch government allowed the bishopric of Utrecht to be reinstated by Rome, and Utrecht became the centre of Dutch Catholicism
question: What was reinstated in 1853 

answers: text: New middle class residential areas, such as Tuindorp and Oog in Al, were built
question: what was built in the 1920's and 1930's 

context: The area surrounding Utrecht Centraal railway station and the station itself were developed following modernist ideas of the 1960s, in a brutalist style. This led to the construction of the shopping mall Hoog Catharijne (nl), music centre Vredenburg (Hertzberger, 1979), and conversion of part of the ancient canal structure into a highway (Catherijnebaan). Protest against further modernisation of the city centre followed even before the last buildings were finalised. In the early 21st century the whole area is being redeveloped. The music redeveloped music centre opened in 2014 where the original Vredenburg concert and rock and jazz halls are brought together in a single building.
qas: answers: text: were developed following modernist ideas of the 1960s, in a brutalist style
question: What was railway area developed into 

answers: text: the shopping mall Hoog Catharijne
question: What mall was constructed 

answers: text: In the early 21st century the whole area is being redeveloped
question: What happened in the early 21 st century 

context: About 69% of the population is of Dutch ancestry. Approximately 10% of the population consists of immigrants from Western countries, while 21% of the population is of non-Western origin (9% Moroccan, 5% Turkish, 3% Surinamese and Dutch Caribbean and 5% of other countries). Some of the city's boroughs have a relatively high percentage of originally non-Dutch inhabitants – i.e. Kanaleneiland 83% and Overvecht 57%. Like Rotterdam, Amsterdam, The Hague and other large Dutch cities, Utrecht faces some socio-economic problems. About 38% percent of its population either earns a minimum income or is dependent on social welfare (17% of all households). Boroughs such as Kanaleneiland, Overvecht and Hoograven consist primarily of high-rise housing developments, and are known for relatively high poverty and crime rate.
qas: answers: text: About 38% percent of its population either earns a minimum income or is dependent on social welfare
question: What Socio economic problems does Utrecht face 

answers: text: About 69% of the population is of Dutch ancestry
question: percentage of population that's dutch 

answers: text: Kanaleneiland, Overvecht and Hoograven consist primarily of high-rise housing developments, and are known for relatively high poverty and crime rate
question: What boroughs are known for high crime 

context: Utrecht is the centre of a densely populated area, which makes concise definitions of its agglomeration difficult, and somewhat arbitrary. The smaller Utrecht agglomeration of continuously built up areas counts some 420,000 inhabitants and includes Nieuwegein, IJsselstein and Maarssen. It is sometimes argued that the close by municipalities De Bilt, Zeist, Houten, Vianen, Driebergen-Rijsenburg (Utrechtse Heuvelrug), and Bunnik should also be counted towards the Utrecht agglomeration, bringing the total to 640,000 inhabitants. The larger region, including slightly more remote towns such as Woerden and Amersfoort counts up to 820,000 inhabitants.
qas: answers: text: which makes concise definitions of its agglomeration difficult, and somewhat arbitrary.
question: What does the dense population make difficult 

answers: text: smaller Utrecht agglomeration of continuously built up areas counts some 420,000 inhabitants and includes Nieuwegein, IJsselstein and Maarssen
question: Least populates areas of Utrecht 

answers: text: The larger region, including slightly more remote towns such as Woerden and Amersfoort counts up to 820,000 inhabitants
question: More populated areas include 

context: Utrecht's cityscape is dominated by the Dom Tower, the tallest belfry in the Netherlands and originally part of the Cathedral of Saint Martin. An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height (112 m). Nevertheless, some tall buildings are now being constructed that will become part of the skyline of Utrecht. The second tallest building of the city, the Rabobank-tower, was completed in 2010 and stands 105 m (344.49 ft) tall. Two antennas will increase that height to 120 m (393.70 ft). Two other buildings were constructed around the Nieuw Galgenwaard stadium (2007). These buildings, the 'Kantoortoren Galghenwert' and 'Apollo Residence', stand 85.5 and 64.5 metres high respectively.
qas: answers: text: Utrecht's cityscape is dominated by the Dom Tower, the tallest belfry in the Netherlands and originally part of the Cathedral of Saint Martin
question: what dominates the cityscape

answers: text: An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height (112 m)
question: What is being debated in Utrecht

answers: text: the Nieuw Galgenwaard stadium (2007)
question: What is the name of the stadium 

context: Another landmark is the old centre and the canal structure in the inner city. The Oudegracht is a curved canal, partly following the ancient main branch of the Rhine. It is lined with the unique wharf-basement structures that create a two-level street along the canals. The inner city has largely retained its Medieval structure, and the moat ringing the old town is largely intact. Because of the role of Utrecht as a fortified city, construction outside the medieval centre and its city walls was restricted until the 19th century. Surrounding the medieval core there is a ring of late 19th- and early 20th-century neighbourhoods, with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out. The eastern part of Utrecht remains fairly open. The Dutch Water Line, moved east of the city in the early 19th century required open lines of fire, thus prohibiting all permanent constructions until the middle of the 20th century on the east side of the city.
qas: answers: text: the old centre and the canal structure in the inner city
question: What is a landmark in the city 

answers: text: The inner city has largely retained its Medieval structure, and the moat ringing the old town is largely intact
question: What does the inner city look like 

answers: text: Surrounding the medieval core there is a ring of late 19th- and early 20th-century neighbourhoods, with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out
question: What surrounds the mid-evil inner city 

answers: text: The eastern part of Utrecht remains fairly open
question: What part of the city remains open 

context: Utrecht Centraal is the main railway station of Utrecht. There are regular intercity services to all major Dutch cities; direct services to Schiphol Airport. Utrecht Centraal is a station on the night service, providing 7 days a week an all night service to (among others) Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam and Rotterdam. International InterCityExpress (ICE) services to Germany (and further) through Arnhem call at Utrecht Centraal. Regular local trains to all areas surrounding Utrecht also depart from Utrecht Centraal; and service several smaller stations: Utrecht Lunetten, Utrecht Vaartsche Rijn, Utrecht Overvecht, Utrecht Leidsche Rijn, Utrecht Terwijde, Utrecht Zuilen and Vleuten. A former station Utrecht Maliebaan closed in 1939 and has since been converted into the Dutch Railway Museum.
qas: answers: text: Utrecht Centraal is the main railway station of Utrecht
question: What is the main railway station 

answers: text: Utrecht Centraal is a station on the night service, providing 7 days a week an all night service
question: Does the rail station provide 24 hour service

answers: text: International InterCityExpress (ICE) services to Germany (and further) through Arnhem call at Utrecht Centraal
question: Are there rail services to Germany 

answers: text: local trains to all areas surrounding Utrecht also depart from Utrecht Centraal; and service several smaller stations
question: where to regular local trains provide service 

context: The main local and regional bus station of Utrecht is located adjacent to Utrecht Centraal railway station, at the East and West entrances. Due to large scale renovation and construction works at the railway station, the station's bus stops are changing frequently. As a general rule, westbound buses depart from the bus station on the west entrance, other buses from the east side station. Local buses in Utrecht are operated by Qbuzz – its services include a high-frequency service to the Uithof university district. The local bus fleet is one of Europe's cleanest, using only buses compliant with the Euro-VI standard as well as electric buses for inner city transport. Regional buses from the city are operated by Arriva and Connexxion.
qas: answers: text: The main local and regional bus station of Utrecht is located adjacent to Utrecht Centraal railway station, at the East and West entrances
question: Where is the bus station located 

answers: text: large scale renovation and construction works at the railway station, the station's bus stops are changing frequently
question: renovations are causing what changes 

answers: text: Local buses in Utrecht are operated by Qbuzz – its services include a high-frequency service to the Uithof university district
question: what is qbuzz

answers: text: The local bus fleet is one of Europe's cleanest, using only buses compliant with the Euro-VI standard as well as electric buses for inner city transport
question: What is one of Europes cleanest 

context: Like most Dutch cities, Utrecht has an extensive network of cycle paths, making cycling safe and popular. 33% of journeys within the city are by bicycle, more than any other mode of transport. (Cars, for example, account for 30% of trips). Bicycles are used by young and old people, and by individuals and families. They are mostly traditional, upright, steel-framed bicycles, with few or no gears. There are also barrow bikes, for carrying shopping or small children. As thousands of bicycles are parked haphazardly in town, creating an eyesore but also impeding pedestrians, the City Council decided in 2014 to build the world's largest bicycle parking station, near the Central Railway Station. This 3-floor construction will cost an estimated 48 million Euro and will hold 12,500 bicycles. Completion is foreseen in 2018.
qas: answers: text: Utrecht has an extensive network of cycle paths, making cycling safe and popular. 33% of journeys within the city are by bicycle
question: What does Utrecht provide for cyclist 

answers: text: There are also barrow bikes, for carrying shopping or small children
question: What is a barrow bikes use 

answers: text: in 2014 to build the world's largest bicycle parking station, near the Central Railway Station
question: utrecht built the worlds largest what ?

context: Utrecht is well-connected to the Dutch road network. Two of the most important major roads serve the city of Utrecht: the A12 and A2 motorways connect Amsterdam, Arnhem, The Hague and Maastricht, as well as Belgium and Germany. Other major motorways in the area are the Almere–Breda A27 and the Utrecht–Groningen A28. Due to the increasing traffic and the ancient city plan, traffic congestion is a common phenomenon in and around Utrecht, causing elevated levels of air pollutants. This has led to a passionate debate in the city about the best way to improve the city's air quality.
qas: answers: text: well-connected to the Dutch road network. Two of the most important major roads serve the city of Utrecht:
question: Is Utrecht connected to the Dutch road system

answers: text: A12 and A2 motorways connect Amsterdam, Arnhem, The Hague and Maastricht, as well as Belgium and Germany
question: What countries do the A12 and A2 connect

answers: text: increasing traffic and the ancient city plan, traffic congestion is a common phenomenon in and around Utrecht, causing elevated levels of air pollutants
question: What does traffic elevate 

context: Production industry constitutes a small part of the economy of Utrecht. The economy of Utrecht depends for a large part on the several large institutions located in the city. It is the centre of the Dutch railroad network and the location of the head office of Nederlandse Spoorwegen. ProRail is headquartered in The De Inktpot (nl) (The Inkpot) – the largest brick building in the Netherlands (the "UFO" featured on its façade stems from an art program in 2000). Rabobank, a large bank, has its headquarters in Utrecht.
qas: answers: text: The economy of Utrecht depends for a large part on the several large institutions located in the city
question: What does Utrecht's economy  depend on 

answers: text: It is the centre of the Dutch railroad network and the location of the head office of Nederlandse Spoorwegen
question: what is centered in Utrecht 

answers: text: Rabobank, a large bank, has its headquarters in Utrecht.
question: What bank is head quartered in Utrecht 

context: A large indoor shopping centre Hoog Catharijne (nl) is located between Utrecht Centraal railway station and the city centre. The corridors are treated as public places like streets, and the route between the station and the city centre is open all night. In 20 years from 2004, parts of Hoog Catharijne will be redeveloped as part of the renovation of the larger station area. Parts of the city's network of canals, which were filled to create the shopping center and central station area, will be recreated. The Jaarbeurs, one of the largest convention centres in the Netherlands, is located at the west side of the central railway station.
qas: answers: text: Hoog Catharijne
question: What is the name of the large shopping center 

answers: text: The corridors are treated as public places like streets, and the route between the station and the city centre is open all night
question: how are the shopping center corridors treated 

answers: text: Parts of the city's network of canals, which were filled to create the shopping center and central station area, will be recreated
question: What is being recreated 

answers: text: The Jaarbeurs, one of the largest convention centres in the Netherlands, is located at the west side of the central railway station
question: what is located on the west side of the rail station

context: Utrecht hosts several large institutions of higher education. The most prominent of these is Utrecht University (est. 1636), the largest university of the Netherlands with 30,449 students (as of 2012). The university is partially based in the inner city as well as in the Uithof campus area, to the east of the city. According to Shanghai Jiaotong University's university ranking in 2014 it is the 57th best university in the world. Utrecht also houses the much smaller University of Humanistic Studies, which houses about 400 students.
qas: answers: text: The most prominent of these is Utrecht University (est. 1636), the largest university of the Netherlands with 30,449 students
question: What is the largest University in the city 

answers: text: According to Shanghai Jiaotong University's university ranking in 2014 it is the 57th best university in the world
question: what is shanghai jiaotong rated 

answers: text: Utrecht also houses the much smaller University of Humanistic Studies, which houses about 400 students.
question: What smaller university is in Utrecht

context: Utrecht city has an active cultural life, and in the Netherlands is second only to Amsterdam. There are several theatres and theatre companies. The 1941 main city theatre was built by Dudok. Besides theatres there is a large number of cinemas including three arthouse cinemas. Utrecht is host to the international Early Music Festival (Festival Oude Muziek, for music before 1800) and the Netherlands Film Festival. The city has an important classical music hall Vredenburg (1979 by Herman Hertzberger). Its acoustics are considered among the best of the 20th-century original music halls.[citation needed] The original Vredenburg music hall has been redeveloped as part of the larger station area redevelopment plan and in 2014 has gained additional halls that allowed its merger with the rock club Tivoli and the SJU jazzpodium. There are several other venues for music throughout the city. Young musicians are educated in the conservatory, a department of the Utrecht School of the Arts. There is a specialised museum of automatically playing musical instruments.
qas: answers: text: Utrecht city has an active cultural life, and in the Netherlands is second only to Amsterdam
question: Cultural life in Utrecht is second to 

answers: text: Utrecht is host to the international Early Music Festival (Festival Oude Muziek, for music before 1800) and the Netherlands Film Festival
question: What music festival does Utrecht host 

answers: text: The city has an important classical music hall Vredenburg
question: What is the name of the music hall 

answers: text: Young musicians are educated in the conservatory, a department of the Utrecht School of the Arts
question: Where are music students educated 

context: There are many art galleries in Utrecht. There are also several foundations to support art and artists. Training of artists is done at the Utrecht School of the Arts. The Centraal Museum has many exhibitions on the arts, including a permanent exhibition on the works of Utrecht resident illustrator Dick Bruna, who is best known for creating Miffy ("Nijntje", in Dutch). Although street art is illegal in Utrecht, the Utrechtse Kabouter, a picture of a gnome with a red hat, became a common sight in 2004. Utrecht also houses one of the landmarks of modern architecture, the 1924 Rietveld Schröder House, which is listed on UNESCO's world heritage sites.
qas: answers: text: Training of artists is done at the Utrecht School of the Arts
question: Where are young artist trained 

answers: text: Although street art is illegal in Utrecht
question: Is street art legal 

answers: text: 1924 Rietveld Schröder House, which is listed on UNESCO's world heritage sites
question: What is considered landmark Architecture 

context: To promote culture Utrecht city organizes cultural Sundays. During a thematic Sunday several organisations create a program, which is open to everyone without, or with a very much reduced, admission fee. There are also initiatives for amateur artists. The city subsidises an organisation for amateur education in arts aimed at all inhabitants (Utrechts Centrum voor de Kunsten), as does the university for its staff and students. Additionally there are also several private initiatives. The city council provides coupons for discounts to inhabitants who receive welfare to be used with many of the initiatives.
qas: answers: text: To promote culture Utrecht city organizes cultural Sundays
question: What does the city host on Sundays 

answers: text: thematic Sunday several organisations create a program, which is open to everyone without, or with a very much reduced, admission fee
question: What happens on Cultural Sunday 

answers: text: an organisation for amateur education in arts aimed at all inhabitants (Utrechts Centrum voor de Kunsten
question: What does the city subsidise

answers: text: The city council provides coupons for discounts to inhabitants who receive welfare to be used with many of the initiatives.
question: What type of coupon does the city provide the poor 

context: Utrecht is home to the premier league (professional) football club FC Utrecht, which plays in Stadium Nieuw Galgenwaard. It is also the home of Kampong, the largest (amateur) sportsclub in the Netherlands (4,500 members), SV Kampong. Kampong features fieldhockey, soccer, cricket, tennis, squash and jeu de boules. Kampong's men and women top hockey squads play in the highest Dutch hockey league, the Rabohoofdklasse.Utrecht is also home to the baseball and Sofball club: UVV which plays in the highest Dutch baseball league: de Hoofdklasse. Utrecht's waterways are used by several rowing clubs. Viking is a large club open to the general public, and the student clubs Orca and Triton compete in the Varsity each year.
qas: answers: text: Utrecht is home to the premier league (professional) football club FC Utrecht
question: What football team is Utrecht home to

answers: text: Utrecht's waterways are used by several rowing clubs
question: What Utrecht waterways host to 

answers: text: Kampong, the largest (amateur) sportsclub in the Netherlands (4,500 members)
question: What is kampong 

answers: text: Kampong features fieldhockey, soccer, cricket, tennis, squash and jeu de boules.
question: What sports does Kampong support