SIRIS-Lab/unlabelled-sti-corpus huggingface dataset:
Biocatalytic amine synthesis via hydrogen borrowing

Amine containing compounds are ubiquitous in everyday life and find applications ranging from polymers to pharmaceuticals. The vast majority of amines are synthetic and manufactured on large scale which creates waste as well as requiring high temperatures and pressures. The increasing availability of biocatalysts, together with an understanding of how they can be used in organic synthesis (biocatalytic retrosynthesis), has stimulated chemists to consider new ways of making target molecules. In this context, the iterative construction of C-N bonds via biocatalytic hydrogen borrowing represents a powerful and unexplored way to synthesise a wide range of target amine molecules in an efficient manner. Hydrogen borrowing involves telescoping redox neutral reactions together using only catalytic amounts of hydrogen.
In this project we will engineer the three key target biocatalysts (reductive aminase, amine dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase) required for biocatalytic hydrogen borrowing such that they possess the required regio-, chemo- and stereo-selectivity for practical application. Recently discovered reductive aminases (RedAms) and amine dehydrogenases (AmDHs) will be engineered for enantioselective coupling of alcohols (1o, 2o) with ammonia/amines (1o, 2o, 3o) under redox neutral conditions. Alcohol dehydrogenases will be engineered for low enantioselectivity. Hydrogen borrowing requires mutually compatible cofactors shared by two enzymes and in some cases will require redesign of cofactor specificity. Thereafter we shall develop conditions for the combined use of these biocatalysts under hydrogen borrowing conditions (catalytic NADH, NADPH), to enable the conversion of simple and sustainable feedstocks (alcohols) into amines using ammonia as the nitrogen source.
The main deliverables of BIO-H-BORROW will be a set of novel engineered biocatalysts together with redox neutral cascades for the synthesis of amine products from inexpensive and renewable precursors.
Corporate governance, stock options and earnings management

Firms often compensate executives with stock options when empirical studies find that these contracts lead to severe earnings management problem. In order to understand the use of stock options as a prevailing compensation strategy in practice, we derive the optimal contract between a firm's shareholders and its manager, the latter of whom exerts unobservable effort and is privately informed about economic earnings as well as his own expertise in managing earnings. The optimal contract is characterized analytically in different corporate governance systems. The model indicates that the inactive region below a threshold in the compensation should be more economically significant when the corporate governance is weaker. The model suggests that, while the use of options leads to earnings management incentives, it is an optimal contract in the presence of reporting latitude and uncertainty over an executives' ability to manage earnings. The model result is in accordance with the observed positive association ...
Design of a Semi-Real Simulation Platform for the Cold Rolling Mill

We designed a semi-real simulation platform for the cold rolling mill that was composed of Simulation Computer, Simulation System of Field Signal, AGC Control System, Console of Rolling Mill and the Main Control Computer, and built the mathematical models in the Simulation Comuter, for the hydraulic servo system, rolling force and thickness of strip material. In the platform, the Simulation System of Field Signal output the simulation data as standard sensor signal; the AGC Control System is the same as that used in real rolling mill system. We simulated the milling process of real rolling mill system at this platform using the field-recorded online data. The differences between simulation results and those in real system were small. Simulation results show that this simulation platform can be used in the research and optimization of rolling mill control system.
Age distribution of abnormal pap smear in a secondary hospital in south-west Nigeria

Background : Cervical cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in Sub- Saharan Africa. It is the second commonest cancer in women worldwide. The prevalence of the disease has reduced in developed nations compared to most developing nations as a result of systematic screening programmes. There is no age distribution pattern of abnormal Paps smear in Nigerian women today that can help in the design of a national screening programme. Objective : To determine the age distribution pattern of abnormal Paps smear in women in our environment in order to have a basis for the points of entry and exit for cervical cancer screening protocol. Materials and Method : In this retrospective review, the 102 clients who had abnormal smear out of the total 629 clients who had Pap's smear at the State Specialist Hospital, Akure over a period of 5years (2008- 2012) were analyzed for specific diagnosis and their age distribution. Results : Among the clients with abnormal smear, 57 (55.9%) had ASCUS, 34 (33.3%) had LSIL and 9 (8.8%) of the clients had HSIL. A client each had AGCUS and cancer cytology and was 50 and 60 years old respectively. ASCUS, LSIL and HSIL were found across all age groups except 30years and below where few LSIL were seen. Conclusion : Screening uptake is still low in our environment and because only few LSIL were seen in Clients ≤30years, it may be cost effective to start screening from 30years and to exit screening at 70years since abnormal smears were still found in women ≥70years. Key Words : Cervical cancer, Paps smear, screening.
Novel migrating mouse neural crest cell assay system utilizing P0-Cre/EGFP fluorescent time-lapse imaging

Neural crest cells (NCCs) are embryonic, multipotent stem cells. Their long-range and precision-guided migration is one of their most striking characteristics. We previously reported that P0-Cre/CAG-CAT-lacZ double-transgenic mice showed significant lacZ expression in tissues derived from NCCs.In this study, by embedding a P0-Cre/CAG-CAT-EGFP embryo at E9.5 in collagen gel inside a culture glass slide, we were able to keep the embryo developing ex vivo for more than 24 hours; this development was with enough NCC fluorescent signal intensity to enable single-cell resolution analysis, with the accompanying NCC migration potential intact and with the appropriate NCC response to the extracellular signal maintained. By implantation of beads with absorbed platelet-derived growth factor-AA (PDGF-AA), we demonstrated that PDGF-AA acts as an NCC-attractant in embryos.We also performed assays with NCCs isolated from P0-Cre/CAG-CAT-EGFP embryos on culture plates. The neuromediator 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) has been known to regulate NCC migration. We newly demonstrated that dopamine, in addition to 5-HT, stimulated NCC migration in vitro. Two NCC populations, with different axial levels of origins, showed unique distribution patterns regarding migration velocity and different dose-response patterns to both 5-HT and dopamine.Although avian species predominated over the other species in the NCC study, our novel system should enable us to use mice to assay many different aspects of NCCs in embryos or on culture plates, such as migration, division, differentiation, and apoptosis.
Assessment of the impact of tongue size in patients with bimaxillary protrusion

Tongue size, posture and pressure are considered to have significant influences on the positioning of dentoalveolar structures. Based on the equilibrium theory, forward resting posture of the tongue with light force and long duration could have both a horizontal and vertical effect on teeth. Bimaxillary proclination, a malocclusion trait often seen in African descents with multifactorial etiological factors, could well be related to tongue dimensions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between tongue dimensions and bimaxillary proclination patients. One hundred selected lateral cephalometric radiographs of consecutive orthodontic patients who met the study criteria were divided into study (bimaxillary proclination with interincisal angle [I/I] < 108°) and control (normal with interincisal relationship [I/I] ≥ 108°) groups. The subjects’ tongues were pre-coated with barium sulphate before radiography in order to delineate the tongue outline. Tongue dimensions and the intermaxillary space surface area were determined and analyzed using SPSS version 11 and a computer programme for epidemiological analysis. The mean tongue measurements in the bimaxillary proclination group were higher than those in the control group except for tongue proportion. These differences were statistically significant for tongue thickness, tongue length and intermaxillary space length ( P < 0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference in the tongue area and intermaxillary space area between subjects with bimaxillary proclination and a normal interincisal relationship ( P > 0.05). None of the variables (tongue thickness, tongue length, intermaxillary space length, tongue area and percentage tongue proportion) could be used as predictors for interincisal relationship. Tongue length, thickness and intermaxillary space length were significantly different between the bimaxillary and normal subjects. However, none of the measured tongue variables could be used as a predictor for incisor relationship.
International, interdisciplinary & intersectoral postdoctoral fellowships at the paul scherrer institut

Large-scale research facilities are enabling cutting edge research and innovation in important domains such as materials science, health and energy. A number of such accelerator facilities is currently under construction in Europe and will become operational within the next five years. Thus, there is a growing need for highly qualified researchers trained in interdisciplinary research at such facilities and also an increasing demand from companies to use these facilities for developing and testing innovative products.

The Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), one of Europe’s leading research centres and particularly renowned for its accelerator facilities and long-standing industry collaborations, intends to establish a novel post-doctoral research programme with a broad spectrum of interdisciplinary and inter-sectoral exchange opportunities.

PSI features a unique combination of excellent research facilities, including neutron, muon and light sources and (as of 2019) an X-ray free electron laser, which all exceed the possibilities of universities or industrial research centres. Motivated by the successful implementation of the H2020 COFUND programme PSI-FELLOW-II-3i, PSI now wants to further advance in post-doctoral training and education and proposes to set up PSI-FELLOW-III-3I. This 5-year programme will offer a total of 60 fellowships of two years duration each. The fellowships will be awarded in two calls for proposals with 30 fellowships in each call. In order to maximise the benefit for the Fellows and offer the widest possible range of research topics, PSI has teamed up with 46 partner organisations (34 research institutions and 12 companies). The unique setup of PSI-FELLOW-III-3i will allow using synergies with other leading research institutions for the training of the next generation of researchers specialised in tapping the full potential of large-scale research facilities, to transfer knowledge and stimulate innovation in Europe’s industries.
Cold comfort at the Magh Mela: Social identity processes and physical hardship

Humans inhabit environments that are both social and physical, and in this article we investigate if and how social identity processes shape the experience and negotiation of physically demanding environmental conditions. Specifically, we consider how severe cold can be interpreted and experienced in relation to group members' social identity. Our data comprise ethnographic observation and semi-structured interviews with pilgrims attending a month-long winter Hindu religious festival that is characterized by near-freezing conditions. The analysis explores (1) how pilgrims appraised the cold and how these appraisals were shaped by their identity as pilgrims; (2) how shared identity with other pilgrims led to forms of mutual support that made it easier to cope with the cold. Our findings therefore extend theorizing on social identity processes to highlight their relevance to physical as well as social conditions.
Theoretical Prediction of Isotope Effects on Charge Transport in Organic Semiconductors

We suggest that the nuclear tunneling effect is important in organic semiconductors, which we showed is absent in both the widely employed Marcus theory and the band-like transport as described by the deformation potential theory. Because the quantum nuclear tunneling tends to favor electron transfer while heavier nuclei decrease the quantum effect, there should occur an isotope effect for carrier mobility. For N,N'-n-bis(n-hexyl)-naphthalene diimide, electron mobility of all-deuteration on alkyls and all (13)C-substitution on the backbone decrease ∼18 and 7%, respectively. Similar isotope effects are found in the N,N'-n-bis(n-octyl)-perylene diimide. However, there is nearly no isotope effect for all-deuterated rubrene or tetracene. We have found that the isotopic effect only occurs when the substituted nuclei contribute actively to vibrations with appreciable charge reorganization energy and coupling with carrier motion. Thus, this prediction can shed light on the current dispute over the hopping versus band-like mechanisms in organic semiconductors.
METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR IMPLEMENTING A WIRELESS DIGITAL WALLET

Disclosed is a digital wallet for storing information and carrying electronic transactions between various users. The digital wallet includes a communication interface adapted to send and receive data, a processor and a memory. The memory includes a transaction module adapted to carry an electronic transaction in an offline manner and synchronize the carried electronic transaction when the digital wallet gets communicably coupled to a wide area network, such as the internet. Further, disclosed is a system and method for carrying electronic transactions between various users.
Estimation of rock block size distribution for determination of Geological Strength Index (GSI) using discrete fracture networks (DFNs)

Rock mass classification provides fundamental data for a numerical stability analysis of rock structures. Among rock mass classification systems, the RMR and Q systems often are used for rock support system selection and the Geological Strength Index (GSI) system for estimating rock mass strength and deformation parameters. Moreover, the GSI system is the only rock mass classification that is directly linked to engineering design parameters such as the Mohr–Coulomb or Hoek–Brown strength parameters or the rock mass modulus. However, the original application of the GSI system requires long-term experience and a careful approach because of the fact that its use is a subjective decision. A quantitative approach to assist a less experienced engineer in assigning representative GSI values was presented. It employed the rock block volume and joint conditions as quantitative characterisation factors. Their approach is founded on the linkage between descriptive geological terms and measurable field parameters, su...
METHODS OF EXTRACTING STARCH OR PROTEIN FROM AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS

Methods are described for extracting starch and/or protein from agricultural products, such as wheat, potatoes, and maize. The methods include utilizing continuous or semi-continuous dosages of monochloramine at various stages of the methods. The methods can result in an increase of the amount of starch and/or protein extracted as well as one or more other benefits.
The neurobiology of magnetic orientation in mammals

Many animals use the Earth’s magnetic field for orientation, but the sensory cells and molecular mechanisms of the magnetic sense remain a mystery. I propose to tackle this fundamental problem in sensory biology with a top-down approach that exploits state-of-the-art methodology to unravel the neural circuits underlying magnetic orientation. To take advantage of the knowledge and toolkits available for rodent brains I chose a rodent model organism: Mole-rats, which navigate through a maze of underground tunnels for their entire life in total darkness. Their magnetic sense is well established and they can be bred in the laboratory.

My project has three ambitious aims: (1) the identification of brain regions that process magnetic stimuli, (2) the discovery of the primary receptor cells, and (3) the characterization of magnetic inputs into head direction cells.

Aim 1: Modern tissue clearing techniques allow rendering brains transparent to analyse them in toto. We couple iDISCO brain clearing with the detection of immediate early genes to create a global map of the mole-rat brain regions that process magnetic fields. 
Aim 2: We make use of the circuitry discovered in Aim 1 to deduce the locus of the magnetoreceptors. Combining neuronal tracing with high-sensitivity imaging methods to detect of magnetite, we will meticulously search for the magnetoreceptors in peripheral tissues.
Aim 3: We will establish the first single-unit recordings in freely moving mole-rats. How do head direction (HD) cells function in an animal without access to visual landmarks? My hypothesis is that the HD signal in the mole-rat brain encodes magnetic directions. We will test this by recording from brain areas identified in Aim 1 under different magnetic conditions. Can we discover the first mammal magnetic compass neurons?

This project employs a systematic neurobiological approach that will fundamentally advance our understanding of the neuronal substrates of the magnetic sense.
Flight object interoperability vld demonstration

One essential goal of the Single European Sky is to improve the Interoperability of the Air Traffic Management (ATM) network. The SESAR approach towards this goal is the introduction of a 4D-trajectory, which is common across all ATM stakeholders, called Reference Business Trajectory (RBT). The Flight Object concept is seen as a key enabler for implementing the RBT for Air Navigation Service Providers. The main objective of PJ27 is the demonstration that Flight Object Interoperability works in a real world upper En-route airspace environment of Air Traffic Control Centers (ACCs) from DFS, DSNA, ENAV and EUROCONTROL over spanning a large area of European core airspace. The demonstration will be executed as a set of Shadow Mode trials during which Air Traffic Controllers (ATCOs) will use Flight Object and SWIM equipped systems and perform flight coordination and transfer operations on the current air traffic as well as fallback operations. The only difference to real operations is that the ATCOs clearances will not be sent to the real aircraft. The project will assess the benefits of the Flight Object to improve ATM Network performance and situational awareness supporting demand and capacity balancing between and within the participating ACCs. The demonstration is expected to provide a proof that the Flight Object Concept is ready for deployment as required in the AF#5 of the PCP Regulation (EU) No 716/2014. This demonstration is an important milestone for Air Navigation Service Providers and the Network Manager, because it will constitute an ultimate step of validation before these stakeholders will start PCP AF#5 deployment activities. Finally the demonstration will provide valuable input into the SESAR Deployment Programme which will facilitate the coordination of PCP AF#5 deployment roadmaps and deployment scenarios.
LIGHT-DETECTING DEVICE

A spectral sensor 1A includes a Fabry-Perot interference filter 10 which has a light transmission region 11; a light detector 3 which detects light having transmitted the light transmission region 11; spacers 4A and 4B which support the Fabry-Perot interference filter 10 in a surrounding region of the light transmission region 11; and a die bond resin 5 which adheres the Fabry-Perot interference filter 10 and the spacers 4A and 4B to each other. The die bond resin 5 has one opening A2 communicating with an inner side of the surrounding region and an outer side of the surrounding region, when viewed from a light transmission direction in the light transmission region 11.
TH-CD-303-02: A GPU-Based Iterative Image Reconstruction Solver with 4D Regularization for Low-Dose Helical 4DCT

Purpose: 4DCT is an important technique for motion management in radiotherapy, but involves a significant amount of dose to patients. Low-dose helical 4DCT scans can be done by (a) lowering tube current and pulse duration, (b) increasing helical pitch, and (c) reducing data sampling. Conventional FDK methods may fail for these low-dose scan protocols due to noisy or incomplete data. We aim to develop an accurate and fast image reconstruction solver that enables dose reduction for helical 4DCT. Methods: For improved accuracy, the developed solver is based on a novel 4D regularization method for CT image reconstruction, which promotes both the smoothness in spatial variables for each phase and the similarity in temporal variables between phases, in contrast with the 3D regularization method with spatial regularization only. Both 3D and 4D methods here are based on total variation. The formulated optimization problem is solved by alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM), which is chosen for its effectiveness for solving the convex problem, and more importantly its suitability for distributed computing.For improved speed, the developed solver utilizes an efficient parallel algorithm for X-ray transform and its adjoint with optimized computational cost per parallel thread O (1) that takes flying focal spots into account, and multi-GPU platforms for solving such a massive parallel computing problem in helical 4DCT. Results: The solver was validated using both simulations (4D NCAT phantoms) and experimental sinogram data (Siemens, Somatom 64-slices) with low-dose, high-pitch and sparse-view helical 4DCT scans. Both the reconstructed images and quantitative results demonstrate that the 4D method improved image quality compared with the 3D method, which is in turn better than FDK. Conclusion: We have developed a fast, accurate solver that synergizes state-of-art iterative reconstruction methods and parallel computing techniques that can potentially enable low-dose, high-pitch and sparse-view helical 4DCT scans. Minghao Guo and Hao Gao were partially supported by the NSFC (#11405105), the 973 Program (#2015CB856000) and the Shanghai Pujiang Talent Program (#14PJ1404500).
Is 'highly qualified' really highly qualified? : an examination of teacher quality measures and their impact on student achievement

Research consistently shows that teachers can have a tremendous impact on student achievement outcomes. To close the achievement gap, districts and schools must dramatically increase the number of excellent teachers in classrooms. Currently, school districts assess the quality of their teaching staff according to teachers’ training—undergraduate degrees, graduate degrees, alternative certification, and teaching experience. The question is: are these the right measures? Are these teacher characteristics driving student achievement results? If not, districts must choose new measures, a move that will have major implications for teacher training, hiring, and firing. This study uses data from the California Department of Education to estimate the effect of teaching experience, highest degree level, and type of alternative certification on student achievement outcomes—standardized test scores—in California Public Schools. I find that teaching experience is positively related to student achievement, though the magnitude of its impact is small; higher degrees either marginally increase achievement or negatively impact achievement; and alternative certification programs are negatively correlated with student achievement.