SIRIS-Lab/unlabelled-sti-corpus huggingface dataset:
Towards a Dynamic Disequilibrium Theory with Randomness

Most macroeconomic crises, such as the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, are associated with endogenous large changes in beliefs and understandings about the workings of the economy. Such downturns and crises are not consistent with the standard paradigm of a well-functioning competitive economy, and macroeconomic equilibrium models based on that paradigm have failed to predict the possibility of those downturns, to explain them, or even to design appropriate policy responses. The framework assumes there are no macroeconomic inconsistencies—all plans are realized, all budget constraints honored. In this paper, we present a dynamic disequilibrium theory with randomness that is based on the premise that a better way to understand deep downturns is to think of the economy experiencing a constant evolution, marked by uncertainty, in which there is continual learning about the economic system. Our framework explains why macroeconomic inconsistencies may arise and investigates their consequences. We explain why decentralized market forces may be disequilibrating. We identify the crucial departures from the Arrow-Debreu assumptions and those underlying DSGE models, emphasizing the limitations in the assumption of equilibrium and the absence of a coherent theory of how it is attained, the incompleteness of markets and the non-stationarity of the stochastic processes describing the economy. We analyze the policy implications of this alternative theory, which typically differ markedly from those of the standard model: In particular, the consequences for the effectiveness of different monetary and fiscal policies, and the eventual need of debt restructuring policies to restore macroeconomic consistency.
Rights Expression Languages:  DRM vs. Creative Commons

IT technologies and especially the progressive use of Internet have transformed the mechanism of knowledge transmission and its reproduction. We find, on the one hand, a model of knowledge circulation based on contract self-enforcement, through technological protection measures (TPMs). This kind of control is identified in Digital Rights Management (DRM), whose goal is to make the license terms for access and use of information recognizable by the software and equipment made for the use of information. Through DRM systems an automatic application (in personal computers, mobile phones, televisions, etc.) of contractual rules used for the distribution of digital contents is possible. On the other hand, stands the idea of Creative Commons Language which starts from the need to contrast the risk that a rigid and centralized control might colonize knowledge and above all to enhance the use of information technologies, Network, Web and new intermediaries (institutional archives, Internet search engines such as Google Books Search and Google Scholar, etc.). This latter aspect presents features of particular interest and is worthy of attention in this paper. The circulation of information on the Web becomes a key issue. Indeed, if the main purpose of Creative Commons is to ensure maximum diffusion and reuse of information and if the main space for the circulation of content is represented by the Web, the studies on cataloguing techniques, classification of information and the relevant rights in virtual spaces deserve special care. According to Creative Commons licenses (CCLs), the development and evaluation of knowledge are based on the collaboration of an open community of persons. The CC movement represents a landmark, not only from an ideological and contractual point of view, but also from a technological one: CC licenses, using some system technologies similar to those of DRM, appear to users in a readable form and also in a machine-readable form. The technologies which allow DRM systems to exercise strict control over information are developed by CC to facilitate the diffusion and the use of content, aiming at a flexible and decentralized control. The essay is intended to first provide a brief description of the IT technologies developed in DRM systems and by Creative Commons and then, for the translation of rules into IT code, to highlight the differences and, especially, the various achieved purposes.
The open XXZ spin chain model and the topological basis realization

In this paper, it is shown that the Hamiltonian of the open spin-1 XXZ chain model can be constructed from the generators of the Birman–Murakami–Wenzl (B–M–W) algebra. Without the topological parameter d (describing the unknotted loop [Formula: see text] in topology) reducing to a fixed value, the topological basis states can be connected with the open XXZ spin chain. Then some particular properties of the topological basis states in this system have been investigated. We find that the topological basis states are the three eigenstates of a four-spin-1 XXZ chain model without boundary term. Specifically, all the spin single states of the system fall on the topological basis subspace. And the number of the spin single states of the system is equal to that of the topological basis states.
Editorial: Pharmacotherapy and evidence based medicine

aIRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital -, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy bDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy Correspondence to Giovanni Paoletti, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy. E-mail: [email protected]
A new therapeutic option to protect central nervous system against acute ischemic stroke

Each year, about 16 million strokes occur in the world causing millions of deaths and one third of patients experiencing permanent disability. The main treatment of stroke is thrombolytic agent recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA). Not all the patient can qualify for this treatment and it can be administered only in a limited time window. No existing drug is approved to protect against ongoing neuronal damage after the acute event. In this framework, our company, ORPHIT, a seed-stage biotech company, intends to be a pioneer by bringing clinical proof of concept of our peptide SYN1002 as suitable neuroprotective anti-inflammatory agent to treat stoke in acute phase that could be administered at multiple doses as complement to current thrombolytic treatments and also in patients who do not qualify for treatment with rtPA. This peptide is our lead product and has been initially developed as a potent anti-inflammatory substance in auto-immune pathologies with a clinical phase 1 study successfully documenting the safety and tolerability. Its properties make it a perfect match with current needs on Stroke treatment. Therefore, our solution is of interest for the pharmaceutical industry and health institutes who are currently in the search of a treatment that would be efficient and safe enough to be applicable to a larger part of the persons suffering from Stroke. The acute ischemic stroke (AIS) therapeutic market generated 400M€ in 2012 across the six major markets and is expected to reach 1.1 billion € by the end of 2017. SYN1002 sales at peak (2026) are expected to achieve 50% of market share, and a licensing deal at end of phase IIa would come out with a net present value of 265M€ for our company. In order to achieve this goal ORPHIT will realize a feasibility study aiming at strengthening SYN1002 preclinical package in AIS indication, confirming drug positioning through in depth market study, and draw a European business plan.
Complex Systems, Fragility and Security: Challenges for the EU Governance and Its Global Partners in Climate Change and Digitalization

Le modèle actuel de gouvernance mondiale se caractérise par l’interaction de plusieurs systèmes et variables non linéaires. Il en résulte un environnement complexe qui pose des défis importants à l’UE et aux autres acteurs politiques et économiques du Nord et du Sud. La fragilité, les menaces climatiques face aux menaces sécuritaires ainsi que la transformation numérique constituent un cadre mondial dans lequel l’UE et ses partenaires mondiaux doivent aller de l’avant. Dans cet article, nous analysons certains de ces systèmes de gouvernance complexes auxquels l’UE fait face. Nous soutenons qu’il devient nécessaire d’aller au-delà des approches réglementaires traditionnelles d’élaboration de règles, de conformité et de leur application ; il s’agirait surtout d’adopter de nouveaux cadres de gouvernance. Il s’agit notamment d’améliorer l’interaction entre la science et la politique, en favorisant et engageant des dialogues sur des décisions et des actions environnementales complexes, tels que l’interaction entre le changement climatique et la numérisation. Une collaboration plus efficace entre les différents secteurs, y compris le secteur privé, peut contribuer à optimiser les structures de gouvernance et à atteindre des résultats durables dans un monde aux systèmes complexes.
Large-Scale experiments of iot security trust

The Internet-of-Things (IoT) is rapidly heading for large scale meaning that all mechanisms and features for the future IoT need to be especially designed and duly tested/certified for large-scale conditions. Also, Security, Privacy and Trust are critical elements of the IoT where inadequacy of these is a barrier to the deployment of IoT systems and to broad adoption of IoT technologies. Suitable duly tested solutions are then needed to cope with security, privacy and safety in the large scale IoT.
Interestingly, world-class European research on IoT Security & Trust exists in European companies (especially SME) and academia where even there are available technologies that were proven to work adequately in the lab and/or small-scale pilots. More, unique experimental IoT facilities exist in the EU FIRE initiative that make possible large-scale experimentally-driven research but that are not well equipped to support IoT Security & Trust experiments. But notably, Europe is a leader in IoT Security & Trust testing solutions (e.g. RASEN toolbox, ETSI Security TC, etc.) that can be extended to large-scale testing environments and be integrated in FIRE IoT testbeds for supporting experimentations.
The ARMOUR project is aimed at providing duly tested, benchmarked and certified Security & Trust technological solutions for large-scale IoT using upgraded FIRE large-scale IoT/Cloud testbeds properly-equipped for Security & Trust experimentations. To this, ARMOUR will: (1) Enhance two outstanding FIRE testbeds (> 2700nodes; ~500users) with the ARMOUR experimentation toolbox for enabling large-scale IoT Security & Trust experiments; (2) Deliver six properly experimented, suitably validated and duly benchmarked methods and technologies for enabling Security & Trust in the large-scale IoT; and (3) Define a framework to support the design of Secure & Trusted IoT applications as well as establishing a certification scheme for setting confidence on Security & Trust IoT solutions.
A Simple and Farmer-Friendly Decision Support System for Enhancing Water Use Efficiency in Agriculture:Tool Development, Testing and Validation

In the semi-arid tropics (SAT) farmers practice calendar- based irrigation scheduling, which generally results in over irrigation and poor water use efficiency. The lack of a simple decision tool to decide timing and quantity of water to be applied is a bottleneck. An Excel-based decision support system termed Water Impact Calculator (WIC) is developed using data collected at the ICRISAT, which were validated at three pilot sites on farmers' fields in Rajasthan, Gujarat and Telangana. Field studies were conducted under two land-form treatments (broad bed and furrow (BBF) and flat fields); and irrigation water was applied following two different methods (drip and flood). The data collected at micro-watershed at the ICRISAT and three other sites showed that WIC could be used under wide range of soil and rainfall conditions. WIC simulated soil moisture was comparable with the observed moisture data, which forms the basis of irrigation scheduling. The WIC-based water balance at these experimental sites showed that number and amount of irrigation could be reduced by 30-40% using WIC-based irrigation scheduling without compromising the crop yield. The WIC could be a potential tool for water resources planning and efficient management at the field and watershed scale in the SAT.
Digging out kinorhynch roots

The Ecdysozoa includes animals with a hard cuticle. Besides the specious Arthropoda and Nematoda, it also nests minor groups like the Kinorhyncha and Priapulida. The Ecdysozoa accommodates more species than all other organism groups in total. Segmentation occurs in two ecdysozoan clades, Kinorhyncha and Arthropoda, and the project addresses the question whether ecdysozoans evolved from a segmented ancestor or if segmentation evolved twice within Ecdysozoa. Understanding ecdysozoan evolution, is understanding the early evolution of a majority of all living organisms. Through immunohistological morphological examinations of muscular and nervous systems in selected kinorhynchs, and Illumina RNAseq-based phylogenetic analyses, I wish to explore if segmentation, as broadly accepted, is a basal trait for all kinorhynchs. The results will allow us to infer if the ancestral kinorhynch was an unsegmented worm. This work has not previously been achievable due to the lack of a reliable kinorhynch phylogeny, and because the hard kinorhynch cuticle has hampered staining of muscular and nervous systems. However, after next generation sequencing techniques have enabled transcriptomic sequencing from even tiny animals, we are now able to produce an improved kinorhynch phylogeny. Furthermore, I have developed methods to overcome cuticular penetration problems, which makes me one of the very few researchers that can successfully carry out immunohistological studies on kinorhynchs. The project “KinoRoot” unites morphological studies with modern molecular sequencing methods, and builds a bridge between these two scientific fields. The expected outcome will not only apply to people with an interest in kinorhynch evolution. It will be relevant for conceptual morphologists working with segmentation across the animal kingdom, paleontologists working with early Cambrian evolution and in general everyone who has an interest in the early evolution of the large animal groups.
Characterization of Polysaccharide by HPLC: Extraction and Anticancer Effects

Cervical cancer is a serious health hazard for women’s reproductive system cancer; the method of treatment for cervical cancer is still in surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy as the basic means, but with many complications. The effects of natural medicines for cervical cancer are increasingly becoming the focus of people’s attentions. By studying the polysaccharide of cervical cancer in mice, we found that shark cartilage polysaccharide can increase the serum levels of T-SOD and GSH and decrease MDA level significantly in the tumor mice. The distribution of the drug in the tissue was determined by HPLC method; the drug can be drawn in the liver and kidney the highest, followed by the spleen, lung, and brain levels being the lowest. Polysaccharide can inhibit tumor growth in the mice which may be connected with the enhanced immunity and the antioxidant capacity.
Sampling of An.gambiae s.s mosquitoes using Limburger cheese, heat and moisture as baits in a homemade trap

BackgroundAmple evidence has shown that odour baited traps are likely to provide an objective monitoring tool for the host-seeking fraction of mosquito vectors of diseases like malaria and bancroftian filariasis. Such traps could eventually become part of primary healthcare systems used to study the vector biology and epidemiology of mosquito-borne diseases. I hereby, report a study that sampled Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto mosquitoes in a screen house using a homemade trap baited with a combination of Limburger cheese and moisture, Limburger cheese and heat, or Limburger cheese, moisture and heat.FindingsTests on the efficacy of the developed trap to sample An. gambiae s.s, mosquitoes using Limburger cheese, moisture and heat as baits were carried out in a screen house measuring 11.4 × 7.1 × 2.8 m. The studies were done in three phases. In the first phase the efficacy of the trap to sample An. gambiae s.s. using odour and moisture was tested. The second phase was to test the efficacy of the trap to sample An. gambiae s.s. using Limburger cheese and heat. In the third phase a combination of Limburger cheese, moisture and heat was tested. Tests were carried out for 27 consecutive nights.The designed trap collected a total of 59 An. gambiae s.s. in three trials. The trap baited with Limburger cheese and moisture collected 7 An. gambiae s.s in 7 days. The mean catch per day was 1. The trap baited with Limburger cheese and heat collected zero An. gambiae s.s in 11 days. The mean catch per day was therefore 0. The trap baited with Limburger cheese, moisture and heat collected 52 mosquitoes in 27 days and the mean catch was 1.93.ConclusionsThis study indicates that a non-electric fan driven trap baited with a combination of Limburger cheese, heat and moisture has a potential as an effective sampling tool for the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae s.s. However, further optimization studies would be necessary.
DIAGNOSIS AND ANALYSIS OF ENERGY-SAVING IN TYPICAL THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM

A simple and convenient diagnosis method of energy-saving has been put forward,and the analysis and calculation being carried out by using the performance test data and the turbine's structural data.The operation performance diagnosis of flow passage in steam turbine,as well as of heat regeneration system,feed-water pump,small steam turbine,desuperheating water,shaft seal system,condenser,pressure loss of the extracted steam,loss of steam and water,and all parameters in operation has been carried out for a typical 330 MW unit,and the energy loss distribution diagram being given.The diagnosis shows that the total deviation of heat consumption for all factors is 448.25 kJ/kWh,tallying well with the designed value and tested value.
Diluted Earnings Per Share Overstatement Bias: Including Unrecognized Employee Compensation In Proceeds From Assumed Exercise Of Employee Stock Options Under The Treasury Stock Method

Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) require firms to recognize compensation expense under the fair value method in the case of employee stock options. Straight line amortization of the options grant date fair value must be recognized as expense over the service period which decreases the earnings per share numerator. For diluted earnings per share (EPS), GAAP requires using the treasury stock method, where proceeds from assumed stock option exercise is used to purchase treasury shares at the average for the period price. Exercise proceeds include the exercise price plus unrecognized future employee compensation. For profitable firms, exercise is assumed if dilutive - more shares are assumed issued than are reacquired for the treasury which increases the diluted EPS denominator. These requirements are consistent across US GAAP and International Financial Reporting Standards. This paper tests whether including unrecognized employee compensation in proceeds from the assumed exercise of employee stock options under the treasury stock method is appropriate. A simple multi period model that assumes a risk free environment with complete certainty is applied. This study contributes to the literature by demonstrating that future unrecognized employee compensation should not be included in proceeds from the assumed exercise of stock options under the treasury stock method. Doing so consistently causes diluted EPS overstatement, and in certain instances causes assumed exercise of in the money options to be antidilutive, which results in complete exclusion from the diluted EPS calculation. This research extends the employee stock option work of Doran (2005 and 2008) that found: 1) Compensation expense recognized over the employee service period should equal the periodic annuity amount that provides the options grant date fair value, and 2) Treasury shares should be assumed purchased at the higher end of period stock price.
Enabling the large-scale deployment of facial recognition in banking security

In the FACCESS project we aim at performing a pilot study for the large-scale implementation of our face recognition technology in banking security. There is strong demand in the banking industry for secure biometric applications. In fact, in May 2014 the European Central Bank (ECB) published a list of recommendations for increased bank transaction security and for the first time, biometrics was included as one of most valid and securest authentication parameters. Security has been always a major concern of the banking industry, fundamentally because banks are attractive to criminals as a direct access to currency, bank notes, and user‘s personal information which can be used for identity theft (phishing and card skimming). The concerns about bank security have always been there, but it has been after the breakthrough of online and mobile banking when bank fraud has become major issue to address with urgency. Currently, whether it’s online, on a smartphone, on an ATM or on a POS (point-of-sale), the great majority of banking transactions are done by using a 4-6 digits PIN code as the way for authentication. This form of authentication is of an extremely low security level in all cases, but especially more in online banking where cybercriminals and hackers can easily obtain this PIN code in a matter of seconds. As a result, the total value of fraudulent transactions is rapidly increasing year by year, being now estimated at €1.33 billion solely in Europe.  In this scenario, biometrics holds great promise to become the gold standard authentication method for bank transactions in the near future. However, despite the clear opportunity there are still some barriers preventing the banking biometrics breakthrough, at least on a large scale. Our Facial recognition technology gathers the ideal features to overcome these barriers, representing a great opportunity to definitively bring biometric authentication to banking security.
A matrix transducer for 3D Transesophageal Echocardiography with a separate transmit and receive subarray

With 3D Transesophageal echocardiography (3D TEE) the 3D anatomy and function of the heart is visualized. For 3D imaging an ultrasound matrix of several thousands of piezoelectric elements is required. The gastroscopic tube of a transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) probe can accommodate a limited number of cables, since it should remain thin and flexible. Therefore, the number of channels from the transducer should be reduced by using smart signal processing with integrated circuitry in the tip of the probe. The integrated receive circuits require low voltages. To ensure separation from the high voltages required for transmission, the proposed design features a separate transmit and receive subarray. An additional advantage of the two subarray design is that each subarray can be optimized for its specific role. A drawback of separate subarrays is that the axes of the transmit and receive beams do not coincide, making beamforming less straightforward. To reduce the sensitivity to grating lobe artifacts, the transducer is designed for second harmonic imaging. To ensure sufficient frame rate to visualize the movement of the heart valves, wide beam are transmitted (at 3MHz) and in receive (6MHz) microbeamforming is done in the transducer head and parallel beam forming in the mainframe. In this paper we investigate the beamforming using the separate transmit and receive subarray configuration. We focus on the overlap of the transmit and receive beams with parallel beamforming in reception.