SIRIS-Lab/unlabelled-sti-corpus huggingface dataset:
WE-D-BRF-03: Proton Beam Range Verification with a Single Prompt Gamma-Ray Detector

Purpose: To present an experimental study of a novel range verification method for scanned and scattered proton beams. Methods: A detection system consisting of an actively shielded lanthanum(III)bromide scintillator and a one-sided lead collimator was used to measure prompt gamma-rays emitted during the delivery of proton beams to a water phantom and an anthropomorphic head phantom. The residual proton range at the collimator position was determined by comparing gamma-ray intensities while the proton energy was modulated to the distal end of the target. We used a clinical field to deliver a 50 cGy dose to a 12 cm diameter target in the water phantom and to a 175 cc tumor-shaped target in the head phantom. The detector signals were acquired with a custom data acquisition system enabling energy and time-of-flight discrimination of prompt gamma-rays. Results: Range deviations were detected with a statistical accuracy of ± 0.2 mm and ± 1.4 mm at 90% confidence level, respectively for the water and head phantom. We obtained a time resolution of 1 ns FWHM and an energy resolution < 2% FWHM for the main gamma lines from proton-induced nuclear reactions with carbon and oxygen. This allowed for an accurate separation of the prompt gamma-rays from neutron-induced background. Conclusion: Proton range deviations can be detected with millimeter accuracy using a single prompt gamma-ray measurement point acquired during the delivery of a few proton energy layers to the distal part of the target. The method is also feasible in the presence of background radiation from passively scattered proton beam delivery.
An evaluation of methods for permanent downhole temperature monitoring for the Valhall Field

Downhole monitoring is valuable to the oil and gas industry due to the advantages knowledge brings when it comes to well optimisation. The more information available about an individual well strengthens the understanding of the total field dynamics, making it possible to maximise a field's productivity. An evaluation of applying one of two types of temperature monitoring systems, Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) and Wellwatcher Flux to the Valhall field has beenconducted. The two systems have been evaluated on the basis of the following criteria:Instillation complexity, operational reliability after instillation, cost of instillation including rig time, contingency plan, experience and the different features the system provides. DTS consists of either a prefabricated ber optic cable or a hollow steel cable that is clamped to the outside of the liner, where an optical ber is pumped in place after the completion string is installed. Due to the well design on Valhall, only the pumpable system is applicable for implementing to the Valhall eld. The fiber itself serves as the temperature sensors, enabling a continuous thermal prole of the well to be measured.The upper and lower completions are mated by a control line wet mate (CLWM), which allows for the fiber to be pumped from the upper to the lower completions. With the pumpable DTS system, it is currently not possible to incorporate pressure sensors. BP has relatively good experience with DTS in Azerbaijan, where improvements have been made to the system. It has continuous sensors, is more cost effective and is also able to monitor the effect of gas lift valves. However, the system has a slightly higher risk of failure during installation due to the CLWM. Once installed however, DTS has abetter contingency plan in the case of failure. Well watcher Flux is an electric cable that has up to 50 temperature point sensors attached.Pressure sensors are most likely available in 2014 and can be spliced directlyon to the cable. The upper and lower completions are connected through an inductive coupler, which allows communication between the two completions. Wellwatcher Flux is relatively new on the market. The system has only had 6 trialruns in India. The Wellwatcher Flux system has a maximum amount of sensors, is more expensive than DTS, and appears to be slightly less complicated to install due to the simplicity and reliability of the inductive coupler connecting the upper and lower completions. Based on the evaluation of the set criteria for the two systems, Wellwatcher Flux is determined to be a better candidate for implementing permanent temperature monitoring on Valhall.
Forebrain circuits and control of feeding by learned cues

Professor Richard F. Thompson and his highly influential work on the brain substrates of associative learning and memory have critically shaped my research interests and scientific approach. I am tremendously grateful and thank Professor Thompson for the support and influence on my research and career. The focus of my research program is on associative learning and its role in the control of fundamental, motivated behaviors. My long-term research goal is to understand how learning enables environmental cues to control feeding behavior. We use a combination of behavioral studies and neural systems analysis approach in two well-defined rodent models to study how learned cues are integrated with homeostatic signals within functional forebrain networks, and how these networks are modulated by experience. Here, I will provide an overview of the two behavioral models and the critical neural network components mapped thus far, which include areas in the forebrain, the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, critical for associative learning and decision-making, and the lateral hypothalamus, which is an integrator for feeding, reward and motivation.
Direct Transcriptional Reprogramming of Adult Cells to Embryonic Nephron Progenitors

Direct reprogramming involves the enforced re-expression of key transcription factors to redefine a cellular state. The nephron progenitor population of the embryonic kidney gives rise to all cells within the nephron other than the collecting duct through a mesenchyme-to-epithelial transition, but this population is exhausted around the time of birth. Here, we sought to identify the conditions under which adult proximal tubule cells could be directly transcriptionally reprogrammed to nephron progenitors. Using a combinatorial screen for lineage-instructive transcription factors, we identified a pool of six genes (SIX1, SIX2, OSR1, EYA1, HOXA11, and SNAI2) that activated a network of genes consistent with a cap mesenchyme/nephron progenitor phenotype in the adult proximal tubule (HK2) cell line. Consistent with these reprogrammed cells being nephron progenitors, we observed differential contribution of the reprogrammed population into the Six2(+) nephron progenitor fields of an embryonic kidney explant. Dereplication of the pool suggested that SNAI2 can suppress E-CADHERIN, presumably assisting in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) required to form nephron progenitors. However, neither TGFβ-induced EMT nor SNAI2 overexpression alone was sufficient to create this phenotype, suggesting that additional factors are required. In conclusion, these results suggest that reinitiation of kidney development from a population of adult cells by generating embryonic progenitors may be feasible, opening the way for additional cellular and bioengineering approaches to renal repair and regeneration.
Water Quality Status of River Sabarmati within Ahmedabad City

With the rise of the environmental protection movement, greater emphasis has been given to the water quality safeguarding in terms of minimizing water pollution and thereby reducing the environmental impact to nature. The contamination and availability of clean water plays an important role in meeting the demand of domestic, industry and agriculture. The fresh river water is depleting at a much faster rate. The study aims at the assessment of water quality of the river Sabarmati within Ahmedabad city. Total six sampling stations have been selected for river water sample collection. Various parameters like pH, TDS, DO, BOD and TC were being analyzed as per the prescribed method of GPCB. Discussion also emphasises on the toxicological impacts of various pollutants to the human health as well as environment and minimizes potential environmental impacts of them. From this study, we concluded that the water quality of river Sabarmati is getting contaminated with impurities and it requires certain water treatments so that it can be directly used for drinking purpose although it is found suitable for agricultural purpose.
Enhancing innovation management capacity in slovenian smes by een slovenia

The EC has within its Survey of 2011, carried out on request of DG Enterprise and Industry (DG EI), realized that the main barriers of innovation in the eyes of the SMEs, are lack of financial resources and inability to manage innovation process.
Since different understandings of the term ""Innovation Management System"" (IMS) have been noted the EC has supported European Committee for Standardization to provide the stakeholders with a unified definition of relevant parts in the IMS. According to this definition the most important parts of IMS include company's innovation processes from idea generation to innovation result, but also leadership, management skills and other enabling factors, like the ability to cooperate with third parties like RD partners, clients, and suppliers.
The objective of this project in Slovenia is to enable SMEs to bridge the knowledge gap in innovation management, get aware of shortages and improve their internal innovation management system and/or focus on achieving market value with their inventions. The consortium will achieve this objectives with providing:
1.) Enhancing the Innovation Management Capacity of SMEs. The beneficiaries will receive diagnostic of their innovation system based on the standardized IMP³rove tool. This will lead to the formation of tailored action plan to improve the SME’s capacity to better manage innovation.
2.) Key Account Managers – Facilitators for the H2020 SME Instrument. Key Account Managers will identify and source appropriate lead coaches (from predefined pool of coaches), facilitate linking the SMEs to innovation support services and to support the lead coach in delivering services to the SME. The SME Instrument participants will receive the most appropriate services and support to enhance the probability of successful exploitation of the innovation project and to leave a footprint for the future sustainable growth of these beneficiaries.
Uncovering pathogenic micropeptides from the human genome

The human genome is over 3 billion nucleotides long, yet only 1,5% of it codes for proteins. In recent years, a striking number of regions of the genome have been discovered to be capable of being transcribed and translated into short polypeptides. These micropeptides comprise of less than 100 amino acids and to date, more than 160 000 different micropeptides have been catalogued within human tissues. These protein products are hypothesized to participate in numerous molecular, cellular and physiological processes, yet the function of but a few micropeptides has been identified. Subsequently, due to its largely unknown functionality, the micropeptidome is commonly overlooked during genomic studies.
Due to increasing life expectancy and detrimental lifestyle habits, the European population can be considered to be a high-risk population for cardiovascular diseases, which cause millions of deaths per annum, while taking a tremendous financial toll on the regional economy. GENOMEPEP aims to pinpoint novel micropeptides participating in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases by investigating the genetic variation within the micropeptidome-encoding genome in correlation to existing common cardiovascular phenotypes in population. This will be achieved by establishing a computational analysis pipeline based on biometric, genotype and health records data available within the Estonian and Finnish biobanks. The identification of novel pathogenic genes and the development of guidelines to investigate the micropeptidome would assist in the advancement of research, diagnostic medicine and pharmacology both in public and private sectors.
The results of GENOMEPEP will address the CVD research aspect highlighted in “Societal Challenge 1” work program of Horizon 2020, as well as improve other research priorities set by Horizon 2020, e.g. the progression of personalized medicine and support the decrease of economic burden by healthcare.
Role of oxidative stress in surgical cavernous nerve injury in a rat model

This study investigates the role of oxidative stress in surgical cavernous nerve (CN) injury in a rat model. Eighty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: group 1, sham-operated rats; group 2, bilateral CN-crushed rats; and group 3, bilateral CN-transection-and-sutured-immediately rats. Oxidative stress was evaluated by malondialdehyde levels, super oxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities in serum. Erectile function was assessed by CN electrostimulation at 3 months with mean maximal intracavernous pressure (ICP) and maximal ICP per mean arterial pressure. Nerve injury was assessed by toluidine blue staining of CNs and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase staining of penile tissue. GPX protein expression and nitrotyrosine-3 (NT-3) levels in penile tissue were measured. Erectile function and the number of myelinated axons of CNs and NADPH-diaphorase-positive nerve fibers were statistically decreased between groups, from sham to crush to transection. For markers, both nerve-injury groups showed increased oxidative stress markers at early time points, with the transection group showing greater oxidative stress than the crushed group and values normalizing to sham levels by week 12. GPX expression and NT-3 levels in penile tissue were in concordance with the results of SOD and GPX. These results show that oxidative stress plays an important role in injured CNs, and different methods of CN injury can lead to different degrees of oxidative stress in a rat model.
Visual Expertise with Pictures of Cars Correlates with RT Magnitude of the Car Inversion Effect

In their seminal study Diamond and Carey (1986, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General115 107–117) found a larger inversion effect for dog pictures in dog experts than novices, supporting a role of visual expertise in the observation of particularly large inversion effects for faces. However, subsequent studies have provided mixed results, and very few have compared the inversion effects for faces and familiar non-face object categories. Here we tested the effect of inversion on faces and cars in car experts and novices, using a delayed matching task across viewpoint changes. Inversion affected accuracy much more for pictures of faces than of cars for both groups, with no interaction between expertise and category. However, for car experts only there was a significant correlation between the magnitude of the inversion cost in RT for car pictures and the level of expertise as measured in an independent task. These observations support the view that the particularly large inversion effect found for faces is related to expert visual processes which can be at least partially recruited to process other non-face object categories.
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHS) and Hazardous Air Pollutants (Hap) Emissions from Open Burning of Used (Scrap) Tires as Fuel for Dressing of Meat in Benue State Nigeria:A Serious Threat to Human Health

Emissions  from combustion of scrap tires used as fuel for meat dressing were detected with the use of hand held gas detector meter, the  RI  VOC Meter extremely sensitive and capable of detecting contamination at 0.1ppm levels..The   substances detected at weekly intervals for 3 weeks were carbon monoxide 15 minutes short term exposure limits STEL was a maximum of 100 ppm  sulfur dioxide15 minutes   STEL   7 ppm   styrene STEL exposure 130 ppm   butadiene 15 minutes   STEL exposure 12 ppm  furans 15 minutes l STEL exposure 8.1 ppm and other  waste materials that could not be detected and those usually often left on site. These can cause contamination directly and indirectly to the meat source,  to the river waters nearby as well as the land on which the tires are combusted . This scenario of cleaning of animals skins by roasting  preparatory for sales in abattoirs    is what is prevalent in Benue State  Nigeria and its environs  Emissions from an open tire fire can represent significant acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) health hazard  to those living   nearby depending on the length and degree of exposure, these health effects could include irritation of the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes, respiratory effects, central nervous system depression, and even cancer.. Key w ords : Durability,  flexible , Bi-products ,Short-term , Emissions.
Kings, crisis and coinage reforms in the mid-eighth century

Between 740 and 770 coin reforms occurred in five north-west European kingdoms: Northumbria, East Anglia, Francia, Kent and Mercia. Comparison between them highlights important common features, especially the advent of a more explicit royal role in the supervision of minting than had hitherto prevailed. Precipitated by a substantial downturn in production probably resulting in part from shortfalls in bullion supply, the new coin issues stem from a partnership between the king and other agencies: moneyers in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms; secular magnates in Francia. These coinages provide an insight into international connections and local adaptation, grounded in the economic role of coinage and a complex administrative background.
EUROPEAN FOREST FIRE NETWORKS

The protection of the world´s environment cannot be effective without national and international fire management for natural, semi-natural and cultural landscapes and ecosystems for they constitute an essential part of the habitable land and the functioning of the global system. As fires do not respect national borders, the fight against fire requires a close cooperation with the national, regional and local authorities. After the 2003 disastrous summer, 9 Mediterranean regions decided to cooperate in a RFO INCENDI within the framework of IIIC South.The subproject results added to the fruitful cooperation made it possible to create a successful framework for the continuity of the cooperation with an aim of capitalizing the results of the first project.The Greek tragedy during three consecutive summers reinforced the partnership convictions of the need for continuing the cooperation explaining in the project the strong representativity of the Greek regions affected by the disaster.
We have to keep in mind that the Region of Western Greece was experienced a tremendous catastrophe : 64 people dead and 200 000 hectares destroyed at the end of August 2007. Facing the disaster, the european community mobilized itself. It was efficient, but not sufficient however that confirmed that an effective co-operation could be an answer to this ecological plague. Starting from this "black" period, the Union of Attica Municipalities with the support of their region decided to lead a capitalization project about the risk management of forest fire gathering 13 partners representing 8 Member States.
Within the EU territory, the competences on the management of forest fires are very different according to the Member States: this competence can be completely under the responsibility of the State (as it is the case for France, Poland, the Slovak Republic, the United Kingdom for example), under the responsibility of the Regions (Spain, Greece) or under shared responsibilities...
...between the State, the Regions and the Provinces (Italy) or mixed between forest private owners and municipalities (Denmark). It is why the institutional portrait of our partnership is very varied and reflects this diversity of competences.
The partners have identified as top priority 5 good practices gathering in 3  thematics to develop during the two years of duration. These thematics and good practices are :
a) Strategy of intervention (1-Interventions on starting fires, techniques of intervention)
b) Innovative Technologies/Cartography (2-Training with simulation tools; 3-Strategies of territory’s surveillance, detection and prevention, 4-Cartography of risk,hazard)
c) Restoration of burnt spaces (5-Technical restoration process of burnt territories).
The objectives and the results will be presented during 2 conferences (kick-off and final) where existing forest fires networks, policy makers, stake holders and EC representatives will be invited.
StarchFire. Development of flame retardant through renewable sources

The StarchFire project aims to develop a new starch-based flame retardant that can be used in PE formulations for the preparation of electrical cables.
Analyzing Anomalous Topographic MapDrainage System and Landform Evidence as a Glacial History Paradigm Problem: A Literature Review

While not usually stated, detailed topographic maps show well-mapped anomalous drainage system and other erosional landform evidence the accepted North American Cenozoic geologic and glacial history paradigm (accepted paradigm) does not permit geomorphologists to satisfactorily explain. A new and fundamentally different paradigm able to explain the drainage system and other erosional landform evidence has recently emerged, but requires what the accepted paradigm considers to be the preglacial (and probably mid-Cenozoic) Bell River drainage system to have formed on a melting continental ice sheet’s floor. The new paradigm’s melting ice sheet had previously eroded bedrock underneath it and caused crustal warping that raised continental regions and mountain ranges so as to create and occupy a deep “hole” while massive and prolonged meltwater floods flowed across rising continental regions and mountain ranges to the south. The new paradigm leads to a completely different middle Cenozoic geologic and glacial history than the accepted paradigm describes and the two paradigms are analyzed according to good science expectations such as using evidence anyone can see, applying common sense logic during each research step, producing consistent results, and simplicity of paradigm generated explanations. The new paradigm uses topographic map evidence anyone can see, appears to use common sense logic during each research step, and produces remarkably consistent results leading to a simpler Cenozoic northern Missouri River drainage basin region geologic and glacial history than what the accepted paradigm describes. Further work is needed to test the new paradigm’s ability to explain drainage system and erosional landform evidence in other geographic regions such as in the Ohio River drainage basin.
Between the Cross and the Crescent: Countries Bordering the Ottoman Empire in the Eyes of Dutch Cartographers

The paper presents the results of original research based on the comparative analysis of maps from the atlases of Abraham Ortelius, Jodocus and Henricus Hondius, Willem Blaeu, Jan Janssonius, Gerard and Cornelis de Jode, and Gerardus Mercator. We discover the sources that Dutch cartographers and publishers used for their cartographic representations of the above countries and the descriptions appearing on the reverse of these maps. In this regard, we devote special attention to the role played by Gerardus Mercator and his successors. In addition, we evaluate the significance of Dutch cartography in spreading knowledge about the geography and history of Southeastern Europe and, generally, its impact on the perception of the countries bordering the Ottoman Empire.