SIRIS-Lab/unlabelled-sti-corpus huggingface dataset:
Effect of process variables on the production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates by activated sludge

Polyhydroxyalkanoates are known to be temporarily stored by microorganisms in activated sludge, especially in anaerobic-aerobic processes. Due to the problems resulted from the disposals of plastic wastes and excess sludge of wastewater treatment plants, the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by treating activated sludge and determining the effect of process variables were the main issues of this paper. In this research, an anaerobic-aerobic sequencing batch reactor was used to make microorganism adapted and a batch aerobic reactor was used for enriching them. The variables affecting polyhydroxyalkanoates production including aeration time, sludge retention time, and volatile fatty acids concentration of the influent in sequencing batch reactor, and also carbon to nitrogen ratio and cultivation time in polymer production reactor, were investigated using Taguchi statistical approach to determine optimum conditions. The maximum polymer production of 29% was achieved at sludge retention time of 5-10 days, aeration time of 2 hours, supplementation of 40% of volatile fatty acids in the influent and increasing of carbon to nitrogen ratio of polymer production reactor to above 25 g/g. Based on the results, in optimum conditions, the volatile fatty acids concentration which increased the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates up to 49% was the most effective variable. Carbon to nitrogen ratio, sludge retention time and aeration time were ranked as the next affecting parameters. Although the polyhydroxyalkanoates content achieved in present study is much lower than that by pure culture, but the proposed method may still serve well as an environmental friendly means to convert waste into valuable product.
Does relative remoteness affect chronic disease outcomes? Geographic variation in chronic disease mortality in Australia, 2002-2006

To examine the variation of chronic disease mortality by remoteness areas of Australia, including states and territories.Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) death registration data, by Statistical Local Area (SLA), were used to identify chronic disease mortality by remoteness category for states and territories and Australia. The analysis used multiple cause of death for six common chronic diseases: diabetes, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and renal disease. ABS correspondence files were used to adjust the SLA level death records and population.The chronic disease mortality rate for Australian residents living in a very remote area (512 per 100,000 persons) was respectively 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, and 1.6 times higher than Remote, Outer Regional, Inner Regional and Major Cities categories. This pattern was consistent for the two age groups of 35–64 years and 65 years and over, all six chronic diseases and all states and territories except Victoria.This study shows that chronic disease mortality increases with increasing relative remoteness. The results highlight the importance and opportunity to redress poorer health outcomes for rural and remote area populations. The study is limited by absence of reliable Indigenous identification in national death data.
Symptoms as the main problem in primary care: A cross-sectional study of frequency and characteristics

The aim was to study symptoms managed as the main problem by the general practitioner (GP) and to describe the frequencies and characteristics of presented symptoms when no specific diagnosis could be made.Cross- sectional study.General practices in the Central Denmark Region.In total, 397 GPs included patients with face-to-face contacts during one randomly assigned day in 2008-2009; 7008 patients were included and 5232 presented with a health problem.GPs answered a questionnaire after each patient contact. Symptoms and specific diagnoses were subsequently classified using the International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC). Symptom frequency, comorbidity, consultation length, and GP-assessed final outcome and burden of consultations were analysed.The GPs could not establish a specific diagnosis in 36% of patients with health problems. GPs expected that presented symptoms would not result in a future specific diagnosis for half of these patients. Musculoskeletal (lower limb and back) and respiratory (cough) symptoms were most frequent. More GPs had demanding consultations when no specific diagnosis could be made. Higher burden was associated with age, comorbidity, and GP expectancy of persistent symptoms when no diagnosis could be made.Interpretation and management of symptoms is a key task in primary care. As symptoms are highly frequent in general practice, symptoms without a specific diagnosis constitute a challenge to GPs. Nevertheless, symptoms have been given little priority in research. More attention should be directed to evidence-based management of symptoms as a generic phenomenon to ensure improved outcomes in the future.
Group-based authentication and key agreement for machine-type communication

Machine-type Communication MTC is a form of data communication which involves one or more entities that do not necessarily need human interaction, which has become the hotspot in industry area. However, current cellular network is less optimal for MTC applications, and now facing some urgent issues, e.g. congestion and overload caused by the access of masses of MTC devices. This paper provides a group-based authentication and key agreement for MTC communications. Besides a secret key shared between Serving Network SN and Home Environment HE, each member also shares a group key with HE and other members of the group. Then authentication signalling could be reduced by using the group key as authentication key and authenticating locally. Furthermore, a method of group key update is proposed to support dynamic MTC group. Finally, analyses show that the proposal can remarkably lower the effort of handling large MTC group.
Atmospheric surface layer responses to the extreme lightning day in plateau region in India

Abstract This paper discusses the observations of the atmospheric surface layer (ASL) parameters during the lightning event. During this event behaviour of surface layer parameters has been observed. Other derived parameters like Monin–Obukhov stability parameter ( z / L ), turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), momentum flux (MF) and sensible heat flux (SHF) have also been considered during this stochastic phenomenon. Characteristics of these surface layer parameters have been analysed during lightning period and compared with the clear weather day. During the peak period of the lightning, the incoming solar irradiance was reduced by one third of its normal value, resulting in an air-temperature decrement near the surface in the range of 4 °C to 6 °C. In addition to that a significant reduction in energy exchanges between surface and lower lying atmosphere (viz. TKE, MF and SHF), has also been observed. The rate of instantaneous decay in solar irradiance and SHF from the first strike to its peak strike time was larger than that seen during clear day hours. The normalized standard deviations of wind components during clear day were studied using Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) and the results have been compared with earlier studies reported in the literature.
Analysis and optimal design of scissor-link foldable structures

This paper presents a finite element method for the analysis of scissor-link foldable structures. These structures are capable of deforming from compact form to expanded form, and vice versa. Due to their complex mechanism, it is difficult and time-consuming to simulate foldable structures in analysis softwares, while the proposed method of this paper makes it easy to perform the analysis in a simple manner. In addition, this paper uses two different multi-objective meta-heuristic algorithms, NSGAII and MOCBO, to perform optimum design of foldable structures. The purpose is to find designs that result in minimum weight and minimum volume of the structures satisfying all the constraints consisting of maximum stress, elements buckling, and permissible displacement.
Innovative verona university’s inter-disciplinary, inter-sectoral and international training experience

INVITE is a doctoral programme at the University of Verona (UNIVR), Italy, with a strong inter-sectoral, inter-disciplinary and international research and training dimension. The project is co-financed by the Regione del Veneto and involves many partner organisations: 17 universities and research centres in Europe and beyond, 13 enterprises and organisations from the economic sector, 3 public organisations and 1 network. 
INVITE offers a total of 14 PhD positions to train early-stage researchers in scientific disciplines within the following four main scientific domains: Natural and Engineering Sciences, Life and Health Sciences, Humanities, and Law and Economics.
INVITE aims to: 
1. Attract young, talented, international fellows to follow a high-quality interdisciplinary doctoral programme at the UNIVR;
2. Encourage inter-sectoral and international mobility, thanks to collaborations with a wide network of Italian and European partner organisations in both the academic and non-academic sectors;
3. Provide the early-stage researchers (ESRs) with a comprehensive set of transferable skills for intellectual property rights (IPR) management, the exploitation of research results, the management of ethically-relevant research including the gender dimension in research, grant writing and project management, and the design and implementation of outreach and dissemination activities; 
4. Support ESRs with a specific counselling service to improve their employability at the end of the doctoral programme; 
5. Reinforce UNIVR capacities to host talented international researchers in a high-quality working environment.
The ultimate goal is to train a new generation of researchers in a wide range of disciplines and to provide them with the ability to establish professional collaborations with academic institutions and/or the private sector at the Italian and European levels. 
INVITE will also improve the already well-established and successful doctoral programme at UNIVR.
The effectiveness of sustainable floating structures in the Gulf Region (Middle East)

The use of marine environment for human life due to its positive effects on life style has created new ideas for offshore construction. In this new generation of offshore projects, the use of offshore pile-deck structures, sea reclamation by offshore soil embankment for creating the artificial Islands and floating structures (pontoon) in the Gulf region have been analyzed. The “World and Palm Jumeirah” projects in Dubai (UAE) and a project in the Kingdom of Bahrain are samples for marine reclamation. The “Mitra” project in “Kish” Island (Iran) is an example of a pile and deck system for offshore housing. The idea for a floating marina in Dubai is an example of a floating building (pontoon) in this region. This paper has studied these three different experiences for offshore construction using the weighted parameters ranking analysis method. Weight factors applied to the effective parameters based on clients/owners’ and engineer’s preferences. Results show that; although the reclamation solution is much more economic it cannot save the environment properly. A sustainable design of floating concept in the Gulf region for future extensions should gather all requirements economically and environmentally together.
Interbasin coupling between the tropical Indian and Pacific Ocean on interannual timescale: observation and CMIP5 reproduction

The interaction of El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) with tropical Indian Ocean’s two major modes, i.e. Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and Indian Ocean basinwide mode (IOBM), is of great importance to understanding global climate variability. Using observational data for the last 50 years and the phase five of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) historical simulation for the last 100 years, this study investigates the role of interbasin coupling between the Indian and Pacific Ocean on El Nino evolution. Analyses suggest that the combined effect of the IOD during the developing El Nino phase and the IOBM during the decaying phase plays a critical role in leading a fast transition from El Nino to La Nina. In particular, a faster IOD termination and predominant IOBM in the El Nino winter result in prevailing easterly wind anomalies through the eastern Indian Ocean to the western Pacific, countervailing the IOD-related westerly wind anomalies over the western Pacific. The significant easterly wind anomalies then contribute to the maintenance of the western North Pacific subtropical high anomalies until the El Nino decaying summer, consequently facilitating rapid termination of El Nino and transition to La Nina. Meanwhile, the sole effect of either IOD or IOBM causes a slow decay of El Nino. The 20 CMIP5 models generally capture the role of interbasin coupling on the El Nino evolution, in spite of models’ common deficiencies in simulating the easterly wind anomalies after decay of IOD. The late IOD demise might cause weaker El Nino phase transition in models due to the longer-lasting destructive interference between IOD- and IOBM-related western Pacific wind anomalies. This study indicates that challenges still remain in better simulations of the various aspects of interbasin Indo-Pacific coupling and then a diversity of the ENSO life cycle.
INTERFACE CIRCUIT FOR CONNECTING TO AN OUTPUT OF A FREQUENCY CONVERTER

The invention relates to an interface circuit for connecting to an output of a frequency converter. Said circuit contains at least two current paths (10, 20), which are intercoupled in a parallel connection and respectively comprise at least one cascode stage (12, 13, 22, 23) for signal processing. Said circuit permits direct current offsets of the frequency converter to be compensated, in addition to a switchable amplification ratio for signals with a wide dynamic range and provides a large signal-to-noise margin. The inventive interface circuit is preferably for use in mobile radio telephone receivers.
Biomechanical effectiveness of cortical bone thickness on orthodontic microimplant stability: An evaluation based on the load share between cortical and cancellous bone

The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate range of cortical bone thickness (CBT) for supporting an orthodontic microimplant.Analysis of an orthodontic microimplant subjected to a horizontal force of 2N was performed using a nonlinear finite element method. The peak stresses in the cortical bone of 6 bone specimens (6 base models) with CBT of 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 mm, respectively, were analyzed. Assuming that the biomechanical effectiveness of cortical and cancellous bone is determined by the portion of the orthodontic force that each bone component takes up, we defined the ratios of the orthodontic force divided between the cortical and cancellous bone as load share ratios (LSR): ie, LSRcortical and LSRcancellous. Along with the base models, imaginary models created by removal of the cancellous bone from the base model bone specimens were analyzed in parallel; the imaginary models were designed so that the cortical bone alone took up all of the orthodontic force. By comparing the peak stresses in the imaginary and base models, the ratios of orthodontic force taken up by the cancellous and cortical bone (LSRcancellous and LSRcortical) were calculated.The highest stress concentration occurred near the fulcrum where the orthodontic microimplant, undergoing tipping, presses the cortical bone surface in the direction of the force. Overall, the increase in CBT resulted in a decrease of the peak stress in the cortical bone. The decrease of stress, however, was not significant when the CBT was > 2.0 mm. LSR analysis showed that the cancellous bone has a substantial role in resisting the orthodontic force in cases of CBT ≤1.0 mm. Its role, however, declined rapidly with an increase of CBT and virtually disappeared at CBT values > 2.0 mm. LSRcortical was approximately 95% (LSRcancellous was 5%) at CBT = 1.5 mm and almost 100% at CBT = 2.0 mm, indicating that virtually all of the orthodontic force is transmitted to the cortical bone at CBT values of 2.0 mm or above. These results collectively demonstrated that CBT > 2.0 mm is biomechanically redundant.From the biomechanical perspective, CBT values of 1.0 to 2.0 mm might be appropriate for orthodontic microimplant treatment.
Makersite - the product intelligence platform

Makersite helps to solve the Compliance – Cost – Sustainability problem for products and their supply chains in a single integrated platform. It creates “digital twins” of products and automatically connects both internal and external data to it. These include live cost, supplier, regulation & environmental data sources, making the platform the largest product information repository of its kind. The digital twins serve as comprehensive and live models that teams can collaborate around. Product teams can use the data and the applications to quickly explore and improve the performance of different product configurations by leveraging millions of data points. This allows teams to instantly analyze the impacts and risks of any change to the product.
Effect of Gum Type and Flaxseed Concentration on Quality of Gluten-Free Breads Made from Frozen Dough Baked in Infrared-Microwave Combination Oven

As prevalence of celiac disease increases, the demand for gluten-free products also increases. Researchers are still trying to improve gluten-free bread quality and shelf life to reach the quality of wheat bread. In this study, the aim was to obtain gluten-free breads made from frozen dough with acceptable specific volume, crumb firmness, and color and to investigate the effects of gum type and flaxseed concentration on the quality of gluten-free breads. Three different gum types (guar gum, xanthan gum, locust bean gum) were used. Gums were added to the formulation at 1 % level. Flaxseed was also added to the formulation at different concentrations (0, 2.5, and 5 %). After frozen storage at −20 °C for 10 days, frozen samples were thawed at +4 °C. Thawed samples were then fermented and baked in infrared-microwave (IR-MW) combination oven. The quality parameters (weight loss, specific volume, hardness, and color) of gluten-free breads were determined. In addition to the measurement of hardness of fresh samples, hardness of staled samples during the 72-h storage was also determined to investigate the effects of different formulations in retarding the staling of gluten-free breads. When the effects of gums and flaxseed concentration on the quality of breads were considered, the quality of gluten-free breads formulated with guar gum-5 % flaxseed was found to be better (with lower hardness, higher specific volume, and better color) than the other samples. The results obtained during the 72-h storage also demonstrated that gluten-free breads formulated with guar gum-5 % flaxseed had the lowest hardness values.
Development of new concepts for the control of polymerization processes: Multiobjective optimization and decision engineering. II. Application of a Choquet integral to an emulsion copolymerization process

In polymer industry, engineers seek to obtain polymers with prescribed end-use properties, high productivities, and low cost. Thus, the optimization of a manufacturing process with all those goals and constraints belongs to a problem domain that aims to achieve the best trade-off possible. This article concerns the optimization of the batch emulsion polymerization of styrene and a- methylstyrene. An accurate model was developed to describe the complete patterns of the emulsion polymeri- zation. Key parameters of the model were identified on the basis of batch experimental data. The model was then used to simulate, under several operating conditions, the polymerization rate, the overall conversion of monomers, and the number and weight-average molecular weights. A multicriteria optimization approach based on an evolu- tionary algorithm and the concept of dominance from the Pareto frontier theory was used. Last, a decision aid system based on the Choquet integral was proposed to determine the optimal operating conditions with the pre- ferences of the decision maker taken into account. V C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 120: 3421-3434, 2011
Using Information Theory to Study Efficiency and Capacity of Computers and Similar Devices

We address the problem of estimating the efficiency and capacity of computers. The main goal of our approach is to give a method for comparing the capacity of different computers, which can have different sets of instructions, different kinds of memory, a different number of cores (or processors), etc. We define efficiency and capacity of computers and suggest a method for their estimation, which is based on the analysis of processor instructions and their execution time. How the suggested method can be applied to estimate the computer capacity is shown. In particular, this consideration gives a new look at the organization of the memory of a computer. Obtained results can be of some interest for practical applications.
The smartphone payment scheme for europe

Cash has been the most popular payment method for centuries, but it is quite cumbersome and expensive. Decades ago, the payment possibilities were broadened with cheques and debit/credit cards, and recently a new generation of alternatives brought by FinTech companies is disrupting the industry with eWallets, contactless payment, etc. However, most of these new payment tools inevitably involve resorting to USA-based card networks (Visa and MasterCard) and electronic payment tools (PayPal, Apple Pay, Google Wallet). This represents a dramatic situation for the European financial industry, threatened to lose the revenues generated by the transactions but also the ‘emotional’ link with customers and even the whole payment process (consumers migrating to USA banks). 
How can we help tackling this challenge? Blue Code is an innovative mobile payment solution that will avoid the need of resorting to USA players to conduct the non-cash payments in Europe. Through our 100% European payment scheme, the entire payment process is conducted with European entities, so all the revenues and customer interface remains internally. Besides, we assure ‘security by design’ through an innovative payment method based on barcodes (Tokens) that keeps all the process anonymous, so no sensitive data like name, address or bank account is managed, and thus there are no possibilities of hacking of misuse. 
In Europe, 130 billion non-cash transactions are performed each year and this number is growing 6.5% annually. The alternative payment methods like Blue Code are increasing its relevance and are estimated to process 20% of the total cashless transactions by 2020, taking one third of the total revenues generated, thus a total addressable market of €22 billion. Thanks to the technical advances and commercial milestones brought by this project, we estimate to generate €19.6 million cumulative profit by 2022 and 14 new job positions.