SIRIS-Lab/unlabelled-sti-corpus huggingface dataset:
Emerging drugs for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevailing form of joint disease, with symptoms affecting 10 - 12% of the adult population with a projection of a 50% increase in prevalence in the next two decades. The disease characteristics are defined by articular cartilage damage, low-grade synovial inflammation and hypertrophic bone changes, leading to pain and functional deterioration. To date, available pain treatments are limited in their efficacy and have associated toxicities. No structural disease modification agents have been approved by regulatory agencies for this indication.We reviewed drugs in Phase II - III for OA pain and joint structure modification. Different aspects of structure modification are divided into targets of inflammatory pathway, cartilage catabolism and anabolism, and subchondral bone remodeling.Further insight into the pathophysiology of the disease will allow for development of novel target classes focusing on the link between symptomatology and structural changes. Given the complexity of OA, one single therapy is unlikely to be universally and uniformly effective. Promising therapies are under development, but there are obstacles in the translation of treatment from preclinical models and trial designs need to be cognizant of the complex reasons for previous trial failures.
Implementing a computable general equilibrium model with heterogenous firms and endogenous productivity

This paper presents a computable general equilibrium model with trade-induced effects on industrial productivity and firm heterogeneity, based on Melitz (2003). Unlike the standard setting, our model considers multiple primary resources, different technologies, intermediate factors and input-output linkages. Implementation issues and calibration techniques are discussed. The inclusion of industries with heterogeneous firms in a CGE framework does not simply make the Melitz model 'operational', but allows accounting for structural effects that affect the nature, meaning and implications of the results. We illustrate the point through a numerical example, in which a standard neoclassic, a Melitz and a hybrid models are compared. The results show that the hybrid model displays the largest welfare gains from lower trade barriers, as it combines Ricardian comparative advantages with Melitz average productivity improvements. However, they also show that new effects, not present in the original Ricardo and Melitz frameworks, are at a work.
The rebuilding macroeconomic theory project part II: multiple equilibria, toy models, and policy models in a new macroeconomic paradigm

Abstract This issue of the Oxford Review of Economic Policy is the second in the Rebuilding Macroeconomic Theory project. The papers in the first issue proposed specific improvements to the New-Keynesian Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (NK-DSGE) framework, in response to the events of the 2008 crisis. This issue goes further. We, as editors, now argue that a new multiple-equilibrium and diverse (MEADE) paradigm is needed for macroeconomics. It will emphasize that economies can have more than one stable outcome, and study why. It will require using both toy models, which enable a quick, first-pass, intuitive understanding of a question, and policy models (aka structural economic models) which develop a detailed empirical understanding of the economy. We argue that the seminal IS/LM, Solow–Swan, Ramsey, Real Business Cycle, Taylor, and Clarida/Galí/Gertler models have all been toys, as is the benchmark NK-DSGE model. In the past the models have adapted as the questions changed, and the NK-DSGE model must now do this since it has failed to capture both the salient aspects of the lead-up to the 2008 crisis and the slow recovery afterwards. The way forward in the MEADE paradigm will be to start with simple models, ideally two-dimensional sketches, that explain mechanisms that can cause multiple equilibria. These mechanisms should then be incorporated into larger DSGE models in a new, multiple-equilibrium synthesis. All of this will need to be informed by closer fidelity to the data, drawing on lessons obtained from detailed work on policy models.
Portal device

A portal device maintains an opening in the skin of a patient to allow for the passage of surgical device therethrough. Tabs disposed at one end of the portal device may be used to resist removal of the device, retract soft tissue from the operative site, and seal the opening to prevent the escape of gases or liquids.
Application of coupling constant based analysis in determining the relative configuration of flexible natural molecules

The determination of the relative configuration of fiexible natural molecules is still a challenge due to the geometrical uncertainty of their flexible moieties. Coupling constant based configuration analysis(JBCA) is a valid approach in elucidating the relative configuration of these flexible systems. The approach is suitable for 1,2- or 1,3-dimethine systems. The final relative configuration assignment on chiral organic compounds stems from conformational analysis by combining proton-proton and/or proton-carbon coupling values and nuclear overhauser effect(NOE) correlations. This paper gives a brief review on the latest application of coupling constant based analysis in determining the relative configuration of flexible natural molecules,aiming to give a reference to natural product research regarding the stereochemistry.
Abstract 3202: Deciphering the targets and mechanism of action of the natural product Tonantzitlolone in clear cell renal cell carcinomas

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA

Tonantzitlolone is a diterpene ester first extracted in 1990 from the native Mexican plant Stillingia sanguinolutea (Euphorbiaceae), which displays anti-tumor activity. Although its structure and total synthesis have been elucidated, its cellular target(s) and potential mechanism of action remain unknown. We identified Tonantzitlolone as a dual PKCα and PKCθ activator in vitro. However in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC), its activity was mostly PKCθ-dependent. Through activation of PKCθ, Tonantzitlolone induced an insulin-resistant phenotype by inhibiting IRS1 and the PI3K/Akt pathway. Simultaneously, Tonantzitlolone activated the transcription factor heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), driving glucose dependency. Thus, similar to the selective PKCθ activator Englerin A, Tonantzitlolone induces a metabolic catastrophe in CCRCC, starving the cells of glucose while increasing their glycolytic dependency, ultimately leading to cell death.

Citation Format: Carole Sourbier, Brad Scroggins, Philip Z. Mannes, John A. Beutler, W. Marston Linehan, Len Neckers. Deciphering the targets and mechanism of action of the natural product Tonantzitlolone in clear cell renal cell carcinomas. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3202. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3202
PHARMACEUTICAL AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS RELATING TO A TYPE 9 ADENYLYL CYCLASE

A pharmaceutical composition comprising an expression product of a Type Nine adenylyl cyclase gene polymorphism, along with a suitable physiological carrier, are provided. In addition, methods related to treating patients having asthma or a reversible bronchial obstruction, kits for determining the responsiveness of an individual to treatment regimens, and assays for screening pharmaceutical for efficacy in treatment are also provided.
DISPLAY DRIVING CIRCUIT AND METHOD

A circuit (220) and method for driving display elements (210). The circuit (220) includes a low pass filter (200) for filtering an amplitude modulated video signal (212), a gate (202) for gating the filtered amplitude modulated video signal based on an applied gate signal, and a voltage storage device (208) for storing the gated signal as a voltage value, and for outputting the stored voltage value, thereby driving an associated picture element (210). The low pass filter (200) is a capacitor. The voltage storage device (208) is a capacitor. The stored gated signal represents display element information. The display element (210) includes light emissive material.
Advice Provision for Energy Saving in Automobile Climate Control Systems

Reducing energy consumption of climate control systems is important in order to reduce human environmental footprint. The need to save energy becomes even greater when considering an electric car, since heavy use of the climate control system may exhaust the battery. In this paper we consider a method for an automated agent to provide advice to drivers which will motivate them to reduce the energy consumption of their climate control unit. Our approach takes into account both the energy consumption of the climate control system and the expected comfort level of the driver. We therefore build two models, one for assessing the energy consumption of the climate control system as a function of the system’s settings, and the other, models human comfort level as a function of the climate control system’s settings. Using these models, the agent provides advice to the driver considering how to set the climate control system. The agent advises settings which try to preserve a high level of comfort while consuming as little energy as possible. We empirically show that drivers equipped with our agent which provides them with advice significantly save energy as compared to drivers not equipped with our agent.
Spelling verification system with immediate operator alerts to non-matches between inputted words and words stored in plural dictionary memories

Spelling errors are detected through the comparison of the keyed word with previously stored words of known spelling. The operator is immediately alerted upon the detection of a lack of comparison between the keyed word and the words available in the storage for operator consideration. When the operator is notified through an alerting device of a "no match", the operator may then modify the spelling of the word if it is incorrect or accept the word if it is correct but not found in the dictionary storage. Words previously not located in the dictionary storage are then stored in a random access memory for subsequent use and the word most recently verified as correct and stored in the random access memory may be maintained at the top of a stack while the most infrequently used words will eventually be removed from the random access memory as the memory fills and overflows.
Asymmetrical growth of the photopic hill during the light adaptation effect

In response to progressively stronger flashes delivered against a rod saturating background light, the amplitude of the photopic ERG b-wave first increases, reaches a maximal value (V max) and then decreases gradually to a plateau where the amplitude of the b-wave equals that of the a-wave, a phenomenon known as the photopic hill (PH). The purpose of this study was to investigate how the PH grew during the course of the light adaptation (LA) process that follows a period of dark adaptation (DA): the so-called light adaptation effect (LAE). Photopic ERG (time-integrated) luminance-response (LR) functions were obtained prior to (control-fully light adapted) and at 0, 5 and 10 min of LA following a 30-min period of DA. A mathematical model combining a Gaussian and a logistic growth function, suggested to reflect the OFF and ON retinal contribution to the PH respectively, was fitted to the LR functions thus obtained. Our results indicate that the magnitude of the cone ERG LAE is modulated by the stimulus luminance, with b-wave enhancements being maximal for luminance levels that result in the descent of the PH. The Gaussian function grew significantly with LA while the logistic growth function remained basically unchanged. Our findings would therefore suggest that the LAE reflects primarily an increase in the retinal OFF response during LA.
Faster degradation of herbicidally-active enantiomer of imidazolinones in soils

Imidazolinones are chiral herbicides, comprised of two enantiomers with differential herbicidal activity. In this study, the selective degradation of enantiomers of the three imidazolinone herbicides, imazapyr, imazethapyr and imazaquin, was determined in a variety of soils selected to cover a broad range of physico-chemical characteristics. The R(+) enantiomer of all three herbicides, which has greater herbicidal activity (up to eight times), was found to degrade faster than the less active S(-) enantiomer. The enantiomer fraction (EF) was used as a descriptor of enantio-selectivity of the imidazolinone herbicides. The EF values increased with increasing incubation time for imidazolinones with a fast initial phase followed by a slower phase. While the enantio-selectivity was not significant in acidic soils (pH(w) 5.02 and 5.20), it was highly significant (P<0.001) in alkaline soils (pH(w) 7.6, 8.2 and 8.7). Significant positive correlations of EF values of imazapyr (P<0.001, R(2)=0.41), imazethapyr (P<0.002, R(2)=0.47) and imazaquin (P<0.001, R(2)=0.54) were found with the soil pH(w) ranging from 5.02 to 8.7. However, no correlation of EF was found with other soil properties. In addition to showing enantioselective degradation of the three herbicides in the soils studied, the study highlighted that for imidazolinones the herbicidally more active enantiomer can be preferably degraded by microorganisms.
Robust Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Using Disturbance Observer and Sliding Mode Controller

Many robust controllers have been studied but most are considered in the theoretical point of view and can be used for only specific systems. So, in this paper, a more practical robust controller is proposed based on SMC(sliding mode control) and disturbance observer. The integral sliding mode is used to eliminate the reaching phase and minimizes the steady-state error, and the disturbance observer reduces the chattering due to the switching input for the bounded disturbances. The inevitable chattering of SMC is also removed by replacing the sign function with dead-zone function. The proposed controller has the improved steady-state error and robustness compared to PID controller.
Mission as Kinship on the Margins

Mission, according to Evangelii gaudium, is characterized by missionary joy, a kind of displacement, the experience of being evangelized by the poor, and the image of the bruised church. Such an understanding invites us to go to the margins and there encounter the Christ. This article develops the concept “kinship on the margins” in conversation with Greg Boyle’s understanding of kinship. It distinguishes four types of kinship (based on blood, milk, water, or wine) and offers a case study of kinship on the margins—the work of Georg Sporschill, SJ, in eastern Europe, which is an expression of a “church of the poor.”
The interplay of external punishment and internal rewards: An exploratory study of insurance fraud

Economic theories related to ethical consumer behaviour have for the most part examined the role of external incentives and deterrents, and relatively less focus has been given to the role of internal incentives. This study explores the independent and joint effects of internal rewards and external punishment mechanisms on the likelihood of consumers exhibiting unethical behaviour in insurance fraud (IF) contexts. By utilizing a data set consisting of survey data on over 43 000 consumers across 26 European countries, this study examines the interaction of internal moral values and external deterrents, affecting unethical consumer behaviour. Ordinal regression analysis and binary logistic regression were used to assess the role of internal rewards and external punishment mechanisms in the occurrence of IF. Attitudinal differences towards IF and perceptions of the probability of being caught were used to classify customers and to predict the incidence of IF. Demographic variables were also found to be correlated with IF. Perceptions of ineffectiveness of fraud investigation and detection systems by fraudulent customers significantly influences their likelihood to commit IF.
Wrapper induction by hierarchical data analysis

An inductive algorithm, denominated STALKER, generating high accuracy extraction rules based on user-labeled training examples. With the tremendous amount of information that becomes available on the Web on a daily basis, the ability to quickly develop information agents has become a crucial problem. A vital component of any Web-based information agent is a set of wrappers that can extract the relevant data from semistructured information sources. The novel approach to wrapped induction provided herein is based on the idea of hierarchical information extraction, which turns the hard problem of extracting data from an arbitrarily complex document into a series of easier extraction tasks. Labeling the training data represents the major bottleneck in using wrapper induction techniques, and experimental results show that STALKER performs significantly better than other approaches; on one hand, STALKER requires up to two orders of magnitude fewer examples than other algorithms, while on the other hand it can handle information sources that could not be wrapped by prior techniques. STALKER uses an embedded catalog formalism to parse the information source and render a predictable structure from which information may be extracted or by which such information extraction may be facilitated and made easier.
MIGRAÇÃO E EDUCAÇÃO: A INVISIBILIZAÇÃO DO MIGRANTE NOS DOCUMENTOS CURRICULARES DA REGIÃO NORDESTE DO BRASIL

A partir da díade migração e educação este artigo objetiva verificar os documentos curriculares da Educação Básica da Região Nordeste do Brasil a fim de compreender como tais documentos refletem o fenômeno migração. Com base na orientação pós-estruturalista investigou-se os documentos à busca de marcações e variações da presença do sujeito migrante, considerando diferentes tradições teóricas, exercendo a bricolagem de modo crítico. Como considerações têm-se que os documentos curriculares ainda não consideram o fenômeno migração internacional e sua complexidade de modo contundente por meio de dois movimentos, o primeiro da invisibilidade e o segundo da consideração fragmentada e não problematizadora.
tampa para um dispositivo de corpo de conduíte

montagem de tampa em posição aberta para corpos de conduite. a presente invenção fornece uma tampa para um dispositivo de corpo de conduíte para acomodar fios através de si, incluindo: uma parte substancialmente chata e alongada com pelo menos dois grampos em forma de borboleta localizados em extremidades opostas da parte alongada, em que os grampos em forma de borboleta são projetados para encaixar no interior do dispositivo de corpo de conduíte. em um aspecto, a presente invenção pode incluir pelo menos uma borda na tampa. a invenção também fornece um dispositivo de corpo de conduíte e sistema de tampa para acomodar fios através de si, o dispositivo incluindo.
Development of an energy efficient pet recycling process based on microwave heating

Plastic bottles are one of the most used and preferred packaging container worldwide. Current levels of usage and disposal generate several environmental problems with 74% of post-consumer plastic waste in Europe either incinerated or landfilled. Recent packaging directives from the EC have led to the imposition of challenging targets for recycling, and national governments are also examining new ways to discourage packaging waste. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is very recyclable and offers an opportunity to effectively and efficiently recapture and reuse the energy and resources of its raw materials. However, the high energy demand of current recycling processes renders it expensive and non-viable, making recycled PET (rPET) more expensive than virgin PET, resulting in low uptake in the lucrative food and beverages packaging industry. The main technical problem with current recycling is the high amount of energy consumed in the processes which limits the industrial profitability. Furthermore, existing technologies require additional purification systems to eliminate contaminates, further increasing cost and limiting supply. 

Gamma Meccanica is developing an alternative recycling process, using microwaves, to solve the current viability problems. Our technology will be the first in the world to address the profitability of the microwave technology in PET recycling by: Reducing the energy consumption of the process by up to 50%; Decontaminating the pellets in a single step process, providing a cleaning efficiency of >97% to attain pellet purity levels required by the FDA and EFSA; Reduced GHG emissions – saving about 2 tonnes of GHG for each tonne of rPET; Enabling rPET to be sold at a 15% cheaper price than virgin PET. 

We are now at an advanced stage of development and will produce the final design of the industrial reactor in Phase 2 of this project. During this Phase 1, we will conduct a market study to identify key customers and refine our strategy.
Numerical Investigation on Roll-Wave Properties: Wave–Wave Interactions, Generality, and Spectrum

AbstractModeling natural roll waves in unstable open channel flows where Froude number F>2 has not been well understood. In this investigation, some evolution properties of natural roll waves are numerically disclosed, with the intention to advance the development of modeling unstable open channel flows. To simulate natural roll waves, the diffusive Saint-Venant equations are solved using a high-resolution scheme based on the finite-volume formulation. The numerical solutions of detailed wave–wave interaction processes, including wave overtaking, absorption, and spawning, are displayed. Wave overtaking and absorption result in the coalescence of multiple waves; wave spawning results in the birth of new waves. The spatial evolution of roll waves always undergoes initial, transition, and final phases. The three phases constitute a generality for roll-wave evolutions. Finally, the spectral analysis along channel reveals that both the wave period and nonperiodicity increase from upstream to downstream channel...
Polyacetylene with anthraquinone system

A process for reducing polyacetylene oxidation and embrittlement comprises treating the polyacetylene with a solution of (a) a combination of anthraquinone or an anthraquinone salt, a base and a reducing agent; or (b) pyrogallol; or (c) a hydrosulfiprocess for isomerizing cis-polyacetylene at least partly to trans-polyacetylene comprises treating substantially cis-polyacetylene with a solution of a material which is either (a) a combination of anthraquinone or an anthraquinone salt, a base and a reducing agent; (b) pyrogallol; or (c) a hydrosulfite; and mixtures thereof and wherein the solution is at a temperature of from the freezing point to the boiling point of the solution during the treatment of the cis-polyacetylene and thereafter removing the polyacetylene which has been enriched in the trans form from contact with the solution.