SIRIS-Lab/unlabelled-sti-corpus huggingface dataset:
Geometric picture of quantum discord for two-qubit quantum states

Among various definitions of quantum correlations, quantum discord has attracted considerable attention. To find analytical expression of quantum discord is an intractable task. Exact results are known only for very special states, namely, two-qubit X-shaped states. We present in this paper a geometric viewpoint, from which two-qubit quantum discord can be described clearly. The known results about X state discord are restated in the directly perceivable geometric language. As a consequence, the dynamics of classical correlations and quantum discord for an X state in the presence of decoherence is endowed with geometric interpretation. More importantly, we extend the geometric method to the case of more general states, for which numerical as well as analytica results about quantum discord have not been found yet. Based on the support of numerical computations, some conjectures are proposed to help us establish geometric picture. We find that the geometric picture for these states has intimate relationship with that for X states. Thereby in some cases analytical expressions of classical correlations and quantum discord can be obtained.
Global prevalence of cerebral palsy: A systematic analysis

Abstract Aim To determine trends and current estimates in regional and global prevalence of cerebral palsy (CP). Method A systematic analysis of data from participating CP registers/surveillance systems and population‐based prevalence studies (from birth year 1995) was performed. Quality and risk of bias were assessed for both data sources. Analyses were conducted for pre‐/perinatal, postnatal, neonatal, and overall CP. For each region, trends were statistically classified as increasing, decreasing, heterogeneous, or no change, and most recent prevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Meta‐analyses were conducted to determine current birth prevalence estimates (from birth year 2010). Results Forty‐one regions from 27 countries across five continents were represented. Pre‐/perinatal birth prevalence declined significantly across Europe and Australia (11 out of 14 regions), with no change in postneonatal CP. From the limited but increasing data available from regions in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), birth prevalence for pre‐/perinatal CP was as high as 3.4 per 1000 (95% CI 3.0–3.9) live births. Following meta‐analyses, birth prevalence for pre‐/perinatal CP in regions from high‐income countries (HICs) was 1.5 per 1000 (95% CI 1.4–1.6) live births, and 1.6 per 1000 (95% CI 1.5–1.7) live births when postneonatal CP was included. Interpretation The birth prevalence estimate of CP in HICs declined to 1.6 per 1000 live births. Data available from LMICs indicated markedly higher birth prevalence. What this paper adds • Birth prevalence of pre‐/perinatal cerebral palsy (CP) in high‐income countries (HICs) is decreasing. • Current overall CP birth prevalence for HICs is 1.6 per 1000 live births. • Trends in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) cannot currently be measured. • Current birth prevalence in LMICs is markedly higher than in HICs. • Active surveillance of CP helps to assess the impact of medical advancements and social/economic development. • Population‐based data on prevalence and trends of CP are critical to inform policy.
Using Extrapolation Techniques in VOF Methodology to Model Expanding Bubbles

A numerical method is presented to study cavity and bubble dynamics. The liquid phase is assumed to be inviscid and incom-pressible and separated from the gas or vacuum phase by a free surface. On the free surface the stress tensor reduces to a spatially constant pressure. The flow in the bulk of the liquid is computed using a second-order-in-time projection method. The interface is advected and reconstructed using a Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) method. Setting the pressure on the free surface to the prescribed value involves a modified stencil on nodes close to the interface. This modifed stencil contains interpolated pressures on branches that are cut by the interface. Capillary effects are taken into account by adding the Laplace law pressure increment to these prescribed pressures. The curvature that appears in the Laplace law is computed using the height-function method. The VOF advection and momentum advection schemes both require an extension of the velocity in a two-layer wide ghost cell region on the grid across the free surface. This ghost layer is computed in two stages. In the preliminary stage a first-order velocity extrapolation of the liquid velocity field to the ghost layers is performed. In the second stage the ghost layer velocities are projected on the space of divergence free velocities using an auxiliary projection step. The whole procedure is implemented in a free code developed with the help of Gretar Tryggvason and Yue (Stanley) Ling and is available at http://parissimulator.sf.net. Tests are perfomed on radial flows with spherical symmetry except for boundary conditions far from the bubble in a cubic box. In such a geometry the flow is predicted by solutions of the Rayleigh-Plesset equation. Good comparison to the Rayleigh-Plesset solution for a single bubble with low and moderate amplitude oscillations is shown. Perspectives for parallel simulations involving very large numbers of bubbles are given.
When the mind wanders: Age-related differences between young and older adults

Interest in mind wandering (MW) has grown in recent years, but few studies have assessed this phenomenon in older adults. The aim of this study was to assess age-related differences between young, young-old and old-old adults in MW using two versions of the sustained attention to response task (SART), one perceptual and one semantic. Different indicators were examined (i.e., reported MW episodes and behavioral indices of MW such as response time latency and variability, incorrect response and omission errors). The relationship between MW, certain basic mechanisms of cognition (working memory, inhibition and processing speed), cognitive failures and intrusive thoughts in everyday life was also explored. Findings in both versions of the SART indicated that older adults reported a lower frequency of MW episodes than young adults, but some of the behavioral indices of MW (response time variability, incorrect response and omission errors) were higher in old-old adults. This seems to suggest that MW becomes less frequent with aging, but more pervasive and detrimental to performance. Our results also indicated that the role of age and cognitive mechanisms in explaining MW depends on the demands of the SART task considered.
Charting the process of getting forgotten within the humanities, 18th – 20th centuries: a historical network research analysis

How did scholars get forgotten between the early 18th and the 20th century? To solve this question, the references to four humanities scholars (Dutch, English, French, and German) who worked on related fields, occupied similar posts, died in the first half of the 18th century and are little known today are to be tracked and compared by using historical network analysis (HNR) based on the tool NodeGoat. The sample of scholars is composed of Adrien Reland (1676-1718), Professor of Oriental Languages and Biblical Antiquities at Utrecht University;  Johannes Braun (1628-1702), Professor of Theology at Groningen University; Thomas Gale (1636-1702), Professor of Greek at Cambridge University; and Eusebè Renaudot (1646-1720), Member of the Academie Française and the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. References to them from an academic background are to be tracking during their lifetime as well as posthumously and to be entered in a structured NodeGoat database for HNR analysis. These references include quotations and citations as well as being explicitly mentioned in letters and in print, where print encompasses both journals and books. They are to be collected by search within digitized corpora as well as in library holdings and archival materials. The HNR analysis will then reveal patterns of reference and point to clusters where specific in-depth archival researches have to be carried out.
Institutional Logics of Artistic Innovation in Contemporary Art: The Symbolic Construction of Young British Artists

The principal objective of this research is to investigate the institutional logics of artistic innovation in the context of contemporary visual arts. Contemporary art is a challenging field because there are no universal rules that determine artistic innovation, which inevitably relies on subjective justifications. Contemporary art institutions increasingly compete to display artistic innovation through their curatorial work, which derives from and shapes their institutional logics. The analysis in this study seeks to demystify the production of artistic innovation within contemporary art institutions, shedding light on the complex institutional dynamics that stem from interactions between artists, curators, patrons and art institutions.

This thesis contributes to the existing theory a framework, based on the sociological thought of Becker and Bourdieu, which shows artistic innovation to be an organisational phenomenon. This conceptual framework is used to investigate the institutionalisation of art, in which artistic innovation is discursively constructed as a claim for authenticity. Such a claim expands knowledge structures concerning contemporary art and creates new identities for artists, creative agents and art institutions. The thesis makes a further contribution in that it seeks to advance organisational theory, and to provide insights into a field in which logics shift as a result of constantly changing power dynamics in order to fuel artistic innovations.

The empirical focus of this study is the Young British Artists (YBAs), an art movement that emerged from London in the early 1990s, receiving support from powerful patrons, such as Charles Saatchi and art institutions including the Tate. This analysis contributes insights into the symbolic construction of artistic innovation, as the discourse of the YBAs facilitated their establishment as an art movement within the artistic field, and reinforced the position of the agents that appropriated this discourse. The case of the YBAs also demonstrates the importance of context for contemporary art production, as London provided the appropriate conditions for artistic innovation to flourish. Through its presentation of the social organisation of artistic innovation, this thesis demystifies contemporary art as the product of power relations and a stimulus of shifting logics in art institutions. Methodologically, this thesis contributes to the practice of critical discourse analysis, inserting a chronological dimension into Fairclough’s (2010) multilevel framework, in order to show how artistic discourses evolve while transforming the institution of art.
Sending Silent Missionaries: How One Man's Writing Helped Transform Youth and the Global Church

Francis Clark started the Christian Endeavor Society in one small church in Portland, Maine. This article highlights Clark’s writing as one of the main factors in the incredible growth of Christian Endeavor all over the world. Clark wrote because he could do it well and it was the only way for him to reach many of the people he wanted to communicate with. Clark wrote mostly about Christian Endeavor and his writings included pamphlets, articles, editorials, books, and Christian Endeavor reports. Clark wrote everywhere he could, including while he was traveling. Clark was effective, reaching people all over the world through his silent missionaries.
PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION FOR CORRECTING SYMPTOMS OF OR TREATING ASTHENIA AND/OR CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME

﻿The invention relates to the field of medicine, and more particularly to pharmacology, and even more particularly to pharmaceutical compositions for treating various conditions associated with a lack of energy potential resulting from a pathological process. A pharmaceutical composition for correcting symptoms of or treating asthenia and/or chronic fatigue syndrome, when isolated or combined with various diseases and/or premorbid and/or postmorbid conditions in mammals, is characterized in that it contains, as active ingredients, 2-ethylthiobenzimidazole hydrobromide and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and levocarnitine in therapeutically effective amounts.
Time and Phase Resolved Optical Spectra of Potentially Hazardous Asteroid 2014 JO25

The asteroid 2014 JO25, considered to be "potentially hazardous" by the Minor Planet Center, was spectroscopically followed during its close-Earth encounter on 19th and 20th of April 2017. The spectra of the asteroid were taken with the low resolution spectrograph (LISA), mounted on the 1.2-m telescope at the Mount Abu Infrared Observatory, India. Coming from a region close to the Hungaria population of asteroids, this asteroid follows a comet-like orbit with a relatively high inclination and large eccentricity. Hence, we carried out optical spectroscopic observations of the asteroid to look for comet-like molecular emissions or outbursts. However, the asteroid showed a featureless spectrum, devoid of any comet-like features. The asteroid's light curve was analyzed using V band magnitudes derived from the spectra and the most likely solution for the rotation of the asteroid was obtained. The absolute magnitude $H$ and the slope parameter $G$ were determined for the asteroid in V filter band using the IAU accepted standard two parameter H-G model. A peculiar, rarely found result from these observations is its phase bluing trend. The relative B-V color index seems to decrease with increasing phase angle, which indicates a phase bluing trend. Such trends have seldom been reported in literature. However, phase reddening in asteroids is very common. The asymmetry parameter $g$ and the single scattering albedo $w$ were estimated for the asteroid by fitting the Hapke phase function to the observed data. The asteroid shows relatively large value for the single scattering albedo and a highly back scattering surface.
BINDERS CURABLE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE WITH LOW BLOCKING

Topically-applied binder materials for imparting wet strength to soft, absorbent paper sheets, such as are useful as household paper towels and the like, include an azetidinium-reactive polymer, such as a carboxyl-functional polymer, an azetidinium-functional polymer and, optionally, a component useful for reducing sheet-to-sheet adhesion (blocking) in the product. These binder materials can be cured at ambient temperature over a period of days and do not impart objectionable odor to final product when wetted.
Solvent free cryopreservation of hematopoietic stem cells

This proof of concept grant will revolutionise how bone marrow stem cells are cryopreserved by translating ERC-grant developed technology, inspired by how organisms survive in extreme cold temperatures. 
Bone marrow (haematopoietic) stem cells are used in life saving treatments, especially for blood cancers such as Leukaemia, but have potential for a wide range of diseases. The current method for storing stem cells involves addition of huge amounts of toxic organic solvents which leads to unwanted side-effects and not all the recovered cells are viable. There is also a rapidly growing market for stem-cell therapies, but with a major bottleneck being the logistics of transport: getting the cells from the (small number of) specialised production facilities to the patients, with minimum processing and within the cold chain. 
We have established strong preliminary data demonstrating an entirely new concept in cryopreservation based on the use of (patent pending) synthetic polymers, which can control ice formation and growth. These are inspired by how antifreeze proteins protect organisms which live in sub-zero environments, but with the advantages of being; Highly tuneable; Low toxicity; Scalable synthesis. This is backed up by demonstration of function in immortalised cell lines, and is ready to be applied to real biomedical problems.  
In this project we will obtain convincing data-sets demonstrating that our synthetic polymer can revolutionise the storage and transport of stem cells for current and emerging therapies. This will bring significant societal change through enabling new regenerative medicine therapies and bringing real commercial benefit by solving a supply chain challenge and improving on the current 50 year old method.
Phytolith analysis and stone tools: a socio-ecological analysis of stone tools assemblage of north-western south asia

Very often disciplinary and historical inertias drive current research, producing contradictions between available data and their interpretation. Lithic tools, constituting one of the most important archaeological record, are understood as a primary evidence of technological innovation and have been traditionally associated with male labour. Yet to extract information about behaviour and ways of life from these tools is difficult. Thus, the aims of PAST are, 1) to develop a sound methodology for understanding the role of specific tools and the socio-cultural aspects related to the tool use (e.g., raw material exploitation, gender division of labour), 2) to further our knowledge of the socio-ecological dynamics of the Chalcolithic communities of north-western South Asia (4th-2nd millennium BCE) by adding the information extracted from the study of lithic assemblages of key-sites, 3) to understand the change in the types of tools and their archaeological significance (are there typological or functional changes with the changing life styles of people from hunting and gathering to agriculturalists?)
Through an interdisciplinary approach, PAST integrates systematic sampling with laboratory techniques in microbotanical remains extraction and the analysis and ethnographic research on gender roles in lithic production and use, aiming at providing critical frames of reference. The interdisciplinary nature of the work provides a holistic understanding of the context, involving new strategies for sampling in the field and different cutting-edge laboratory techniques of microfossil analysis. PAST is thus expected to enhance understanding about agricultural practices and socio-ecological dynamics of past societies during a transitional time in human history and to pioneer the understanding of how technological innovation is approached by means of analysing the gender division in lithic production and use.
Euro-Argo research infrastructure sustainability and enhancement

The core Argo system is based on an array of profiling floats which measure every 10 days temperature and salinity throughout the deep global oceans, down to 2000 meters, and deliver data both in real time for operational users and, after careful scientific quality control, for climate change research and monitoring. Argo data policy is fully open and guarantees a free access of the data to all interested users. A new phase of the Argo programme is now being implemented at international level. This new phase has two main objectives: 1/ sustain the existing global array and 2/ extend its capabilities to greater depths and to biogeochemistry. The present target is to maintain a network of at least 4000 floats, with ¼ carrying biogeochemical parameters and ¼ going to abyssal oceans. There is more than ever a pressing need to better observe the oceans. This is recognised at the highest political levels (G7, IPCC and its Special Report on the ocean and cryosphere). Developing Argo and its extensions is, in particular, one the top priorities of the G7 Future of Oceans. The overarching objective of Euro-Argo RISE (Euro-Argo Research Infrastructure Sustainability and Enhancement) is to enhance and extend the capabilities of the Argo network to provide essential ocean observations to answer new societal and scientific challenges. Euro-Argo RISE project is needed now to allow Europe to timely develop the European contribution to this new phase of Argo and engage with new teams. Euro-Argo RISE aims to secure and improve the current network as well as to set up and organise on the long term the new components of the network, extending Argo observations towards biogeochemistry, greater depth, partially ice-covered and shallower water regions within a long-term sustainability plan supported by Member States and funding agencies.
A new method for assessing the trophic state of large dams in Cyprus using satellite remotely sensed data

A timely low-cost method providing information on water quality and trophic state to various users of reservoir or dam water is a must. Conventional methods involved tedious and expensive in situ and laboratory studies. Satellite-borne sensors have the capability of providing repetitive, low-cost, multispectra, timely and reliable information over areas. This paper shows the development of a new method for assessing the trophic state in inland water bodies such as dams. The method is based on matching the atmospheric corrected reflectance values obtained from Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) image data with the defined spectral signature ranges obtained from ground spectro-radiometric measurements in order to assess the trophic state conditions. The proposed method has been applied to Landsat TM and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) satellite images of the Kourris and Asprokremmos Dams in Cyprus, acquired during the winter, spring, summer and autumn period. The reflectance values for the images acquired on 3 June 1985, 11 September 1998, 11 May 2000 and 31 January 2001 for the Asprokremmos Dam were found to be 4.5, 3.5, 3.7 and 11.2%, and those for the Kourris Dam were found to be 5, 3.5, 3.1 and 5.2%, respectively. Reflectance values between 3 and 7% correspond to a eutrophic state and values >7% to a hypertrophic state. The results obtained from the proposed method were found to comply with those found using the trophic state index (TSI) approach. For example, the trophic state for the Landsat TM images of Asprokremmos Dam acquired on 11 May 2000 and 31 January 2001, was determined to be TSI=68 and 79, respectively, using the available secchi disc depths (SDDs) and the Carlson TSI. Such values correspond to eutrophic and hypetrophic trophic states that comply with the same outcomes found from the proposed method.
A SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR AUTHENTICATING A PRODUCT

This invention relates to a method and system for authenticating a product. The system may comprise a blockchain database having a QR code generator; a product manufacturing facility having a QR code printer; a secure communication channel between the blockchain database and the product manufacturing facility; a user communication device (UCD) having a user interface, a verification application (APP) and a camera; and a communication channel between the UCD and the blockchain database. In use, the manufacturing facility requests a QR code from the blockchain database. Upon receipt, the manufacturing facility marks a product with the QR code and sends a product record relating to the product and associated with that QR code to the blockchain database for storage. A consumer with a smartphone or like device can capture the QR code and retrieve a product record so that the product record can be compared with the physical product to verify authenticity.