SIRIS-Lab/unlabelled-sti-corpus huggingface dataset:
How Much Is That Head CT? Price Transparency and Variability in Radiology

To extend the investigation of price transparency and variability to medical imaging.Eighteen upper-tier academic hospitals identified by U.S. News & World Report and 14 of the 100 largest private radiology practices in the country identified by the Radiology Business Journal were contacted by telephone between December 2013 and February 2014 to determine the cash price for a noncontrast head CT. The price for a noncontrast head CT was chosen to assess price transparency in medical imaging because it represents a standard imaging examination with minimal differences in quality.Fourteen upper-tier academic hospitals (78%) and 11 private practices (79%) were able to provide prices for a noncontrast head CT. There was no significant difference between the proportions of upper-tier academic hospitals and private practices that were able to provide prices for a noncontrast head CT (P = .96). The average total price for the upper-tier academic hospitals was $1,390.12 ± $686.13, with the price ranging from $391.62 to $2,015. The average total price for the private practices was $681.60 ± $563.58, with the total price ranging from $211 to $2,200.Prices for a noncontrast head CT study were readily available from the vast majority of upper-tier academic hospitals and private practices, although there was tremendous variation in the price estimates both within and between the upper-tier academic hospitals and private practices. Routine medical imaging thus appears to be more price transparent compared with other health care services.
Stability of the discretization of the electron avalanche phenomenon

The numerical simulation of the discharge inception is an active field of applied physics with many industrial applications. In this work we focus on the drift-reaction equation that describes the electron avalanche. This phenomenon is one of the basic building blocks of the streamer model. The main difficulty of the electron avalanche equation lies in the fact that the reaction term is positive when a high electric field is applied. It leads to exponentially growing solutions and this has a major impact on the behavior of numerical schemes. We analyze the stability of a reference finite volume scheme applied to this latter problem. The stability of the method may impose a strict mesh spacing, therefore a proper stabilized scheme, which is stable whatever spacing is used, has been developed. The convergence of the scheme is treated as well as some numerical experiments.
Diabetic neuropathy: cellular mechanisms as therapeutic targets

In patients with diabetes, nerve injury is a common complication that leads to chronic pain, numbness and substantial loss of quality of life. Good glycemic control can decrease the incidence of diabetic neuropathy, but more than half of all patients with diabetes still develop this complication. There is no approved treatment to prevent or halt diabetic neuropathy, and only symptomatic pain therapies, with variable efficacy, are available. New insights into the mechanisms leading to the development of diabetic neuropathy continue to point to systemic and cellular imbalances in metabolites of glucose and lipids. In the PNS, sensory neurons, Schwann cells and the microvascular endothelium are vulnerable to oxidative and inflammatory stress in the presence of these altered metabolic substrates. This Review discusses the emerging cellular mechanisms that are activated in the diabetic milieu of hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and impaired insulin signaling. We highlight the pathways to cellular injury, thereby identifying promising therapeutic targets, including mitochondrial function and inflammation.
Configured grants based on channel quality or repetition level

A method and apparatus for configured grants based on channel quality and/or repetition level in a wireless communication system is provided. A wireless device receives a configured grant which is mapped to a channel quality, determines the channel quality of the wireless device, and performs data transmission based on the configured grant.
Subduction-related Late Carboniferous to Early Permian Magmatism in the Eastern Pontides, the Camlik and Casurluk plutons: Insights from geochemistry, whole-rock Sr–Nd and in situ zircon Lu–Hf isotopes, and U–Pb geochronology

Abstract Late Carboniferous to early Permian granitoid rocks represent a volumetrically minor component of the Eastern Pontide lithosphere, but they preserve useful information about the region's tectonomagmatic history. The Casurluk and Camlik plutons primarily consist of gabbro, gabbroic diorite, diorite, monzogabbro, monzodiorite and monzonite, which intrude early to middle Carboniferous granitic basement rocks in the region. In this study, we use in situ zircon U–Pb ages and Lu–Hf isotopic values, whole-rock Sr–Nd isotopic values, and mineral chemistry and geochemistry of these plutons to determine petrogenesis and crustal evolution; we also discuss geodynamic implications. LA–ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating of magmatic zircons from the rocks suggests that the plutons were emplaced during the late Carboniferous to early Permian (302 Ma). The metaluminous and I-type intrusive rocks belong to the high-K calc-alkaline series. In addition, they are relatively enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs); they are depleted in heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) and high field strength elements (HFSEs), such as Nb and Ti. All of the samples have homogeneous initial I Sr values (0.70675 to 0.70792) and low e Nd ( t ) values (− 5.1 to − 3.3). Zircons from the rocks of both plutons have uniform negative to slightly positive e Hf ( t ) values (− 3.5 to 1.4) and old Hf two-stage model ages (1323 to 1548 Ma), implying that they have the same source, as well as suggesting the involvement of old enriched lithospheric mantle materials during their magma genesis. These results, combined with the e Hf ( t ) values and two-stage model ages, demonstrate that the primary magmas were derived from partial melting of old lithospheric mantle material metasomatized by subduction-related fluids. Considering other regional geological data from the Sakarya Zone where these plutons formed, we conclude that late Carboniferous to early Permian magmatism in the area involved the partial melting of a phlogopite- and spinel-bearing lherzolite under an extensional regime in a subduction-related setting. Such an extension event would have caused hot asthenospheric upwelling and was likely triggered by back-arc rifting during subduction of the Paleo-Tethyan oceanic slab. Thus, the magmas are likely subduction-related products, implying that southward subduction of Paleo-Tethys oceanic lithosphere in the region began during the late Carboniferous to early Permian.
Essays: Biofuel feedstock production economics and identifying jumps and systematic risk in futures

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) has been identified as a model dedicated energy crop species. After a perennial grass such as switchgrass is established, the major variable costs are for nitrogen (N) fertilizer and harvest. The objective of this research is to determine biomass yield response to N for four perennial grass species and to determine the species, N level, and harvest frequency that will maximize expected net returns, given the climate and soils of the U.S.A. Southern Plains. Yield data were produced in an experiment that includes four species (switchgrass, bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), weeping lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula), and carostan flaccidgrass (Pennisetum flaccidum)), four N levels, and two harvest levels. Linear response plateau (LRP), linear response stochastic plateau (LRSP), and quadratic response (QR) functions are estimated. For all combinations of biomass and N prices considered, the optimal species that maximizes net return is switchgrass. For most price situations, it is economically optimal to fertilize established stands of switchgrass with 69 kg N ha yr and to harvest once yr 1 after senescence.
SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR TAILORING AN ELECTRONIC DIGITAL ASSISTANT QUERY AS A FUNCTION OF CAPTURED MULTI-PARTY VOICE DIALOG AND AN ELECTRONICALLY STORED MULTI-PARTY VOICE-INTERACTION TEMPLATE

An input audio signal is monitored at an electronic digital assistant of an electronic computing device. The assistant determines that the audio signal includes audio from multiple speaking parties, identifies first and second parties of the multiple parties and roles of the parties, accesses a database of multi-party interaction templates and selects, as a function of the roles of the parties, a particular multi-party interaction template that matches the roles, and then generates, based on a detected content of the audio signal and the particular multi-party interaction template, a database query to retrieve information responsive to or supplemental to content of the audio signal. The assistant then causes the query to be performed results of the query provided to the first party, the second party, a dispatcher or administrator associated with the parties, or a computer-aided-dispatch system associated with the parties.
Petrology, geochemistry and source characteristics of the Burpala alkaline massif, North Baikal

Abstract The Burpala alkaline massif contains rocks with more than 50 minerals rich in Zr, Nb, Ti, Th, Be and rare earth elements (REE). The rocks vary in composition from shonkinite, melanocratic syenite, nepheline and alkali syenites to alaskite and alkali granite and contain up to 10% LILE and HSFE, 3.6% of REE and varying amounts of other trace elements (4% Zr, 0.5% Y, 0.5% Nb, 0.5% Th and 0.1% U). Geological and geochemical data suggest that all the rocks in the Burpala massif were derived from alkaline magma enriched in rare earth elements. The extreme products of magma fractionation are REE rich pegmatites, apatite–fluorite bearing rocks and carbonatites. The Sr and Nd isotope data suggest that the source of primary melt is enriched mantle (EM-II). We correlate the massif to mantle plume impact on the active margin of the Siberian continent.
Activating resource efficiency and large databases in the cloud

Despite their proliferation as a dominant computing paradigm, cloud computing systems lack effective mechanisms to manage their vast amounts of resources efficiently, leading to severe resource waste and ultimately limiting their applicability to large classes of critical applications that pose non-moderate resource demands. This creates a significant need to lift existing technological barriers of actual fluidity and scalability of cloud resources towards promoting cloud computing as a critical cornerstone for digital economy.

ACTiCLOUD proposes a novel cloud computing architecture for drastically improved management of cloud resources, targeting 1.5x increase in resource efficiency and more than 10x in scalability. By utilizing modest investments on hardware intelligence that enables true resource disaggregation between multiple servers, we will progress current state-of-the-art in hypervisors and cloud management systems promoting holistic resource management at the rack scale and across distributed cloud sites. On top of this, we will evolve the ecosystem around in-memory databases, a core component for extremely demanding and highly critical classes of applications that up to now have faced severe difficulties in matching their resource requirements with state-of-the-art cloud offerings, with a final goal to provide cost-efficient and highly performant DataBase-as-a-Service (DBaaS) cloud platforms.

ACTiCLOUD builds on top of cutting-edge European technologies for cloud servers brought into the project by Numascale and Kaleao, and extends OnApp's MicroVisor, an innovative hypervisor to virtualize resources at the rack-scale. Furthermore it joins the forces of highly acclaimed academic institutions to address key research challenges and extend the capabilities of OpenStack and JVM. Finally, it applies the foreseen innovation to MonetDB, the column-store database pioneer, and Neo4j, the world-leader in graph databases.
ALUMINUM ALLOY RESISTANT TO HIGH TEMPERATURES

The invention relates to an electric cable (100A, 100B) including an elongate electrically conductive element (10A, 10B) made of an aluminum alloy, characterized in that the aluminum alloy includes aluminum (Al), from 250 ppm by weight to 120 ppm by weight of scandium (Se), and unavoidable impurities.
Donor Coordination for Effective Government Policies?

New aid approaches devised under the Paris/Accra agenda for more effective aid are expected to make a particular difference in health and education as, arguably, in these sectors aid fragmentation is particularly prevalent. This article reviews evidence from recent in-depth country work on the extent to which the harmonisation and alignment principles, implemented through new aid modalities, have contributed to health and education outcomes in Zambia. Evidence suggests that even in a ‘model’ case for adopting Paris-style aid instruments such as Zambia, implementation of good aid principles has been insufficient to overcome the negative side effects of uncoordinated and fragmented aid. © 2015 UNU-WIDER. Journal of International Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A time series analysis of the relationship between manufacturing, economic growth and employment in South Africa

Manufacturing provides a platform for innovation, job creation, investment and overall economic progression. South Africa has the potential to be a manufacturing destination of choice. However in the previous decade, this country’s manufacturing sector has been declining, making an insufficient contribution to the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employment. The study had the aim of establishing the relationship between the manufacturing sector, economic output and employment in South Africa post-1994. Secondary data was collected for 84 quarters from 1994 Q1 to 2015 Q4. The Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model together with a multivariate cointegration approach were used to analyze the data.  The co-integration test results indicated that the manufacturing sector has a positive long-run relationship with GDP and employment. However, the relationship is only significant with GDP; it is non-significant with employment. The Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) results established that there were no short-run relationships between the variables. The absence of such relationships was confirmed by the Granger causality test. The final results of this study indicated that an increase in manufacturing results in GDP growth, while it has the potential to create an enabling environment for employment creation.
Antibodies to watch in 2022

In this 13th annual installment of the annual 'Antibodies to Watch' article series, we discuss key events in commercial antibody therapeutics development that occurred in 2021 and forecast events that might occur in 2022. Regulatory review of antibody therapeutics that target the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus proceeded at an unprecedented pace in 2021, resulting in both emergency use authorizations and full approvals for sotrovimab, regdanvimab, REGEN-COV2, as well as others, in numerous countries. As of November 1, a total of 11 antibody therapeutics had been granted first approvals in either the United States or European Union in 2021 (evinacumab, dostarlimab loncastuximab tesirine, amivantamab, aducanumab, tralokinumab, anifrolumab, bimekizumab, tisotumab vedotin, regdanvimab, REGEN-COV2). The first global approvals of seven products, however, were granted elsewhere, including Japan (pabinafusp alfa), China (disitamab vedotin, penpulimab, zimberelimab), Australia (sotrovimab, REGEN-COV2), or the Republic of Korea (regdanvimab). Globally, at least 27 novel antibody therapeutics are undergoing review by regulatory agencies. First actions by the Food and Drug Administration on the biologics license applications for faricimab, sutimlimab, tebentafusp, relatlimab, sintilimab, ublituximab and tezepelumab are expected in the first quarter of 2022. Finally, our data show that, with antibodies for COVID-19 excluded, the late-stage commercial clinical pipeline of antibody therapeutics grew by over 30% in the past year. Of those in late-stage development, marketing applications for at least 22 may occur by the end of 2022.
Philosophy of pharmacology: safety, statistical standards and evidence amalgamation

The project intends addresses safety assessment in pharmacology with a view on philosophical work on causality and causal inference from statistical data ((Pearl 2000; Spirtes, Glymour, Scheines 2000, Woodward 2003, Cartwright, 2007b). This interest is motivated by the fact that current evidence standards emphasize internal validity of studies and hence randomization, disregarding alternative routes to causal assessment, such as the joint support of different sorts of evidence to a given hypothesis. This may be particularly detrimental in that, much of the evidence for harms comes from anecdotal reports, case series, or survey data, which standard guidelines of evidence evaluation regard as being of poorer quality with respect to controlled (randomized) experiments. Although the role of this ""lower level"" evidence is increasingly acknowledged to be a valid source of information for the risk profile of medications (Howick et al. 2009, Hauben and Aronson, 2007), current practices have difficulty in assigning it a precise epistemic status and integrating it with more standard methods of hypothesis testing. The philosophical debate has already addressed similar questions in relation to the assessment of treatment efficacy (Worral 2010, Papineau, 1993; Cartwright, 2007). However, none of these contributions expressly addresses the specific issues arising in causal assessment for harms. 
The project intends to change the evidence standards for safety assessment by providing a unified framework for the amalgamation of diverse evidence in safety assessment.  In particular, the project intends to: 1) present a foundational analysis on statistical/causal inference with a focus on safety assessment; 2) Build a unified epistemic framework within which different kinds of evidence can be combined and used for decision; 3) Provide the theoretical framework for the development of new standards of drug evaluation.
Alternative tourist strategies to enhance the local sustainable development of tourism by promoting Mediterranean Identity

The Mediterranean is under threat due to the inappropriate practice and development associated with mass tourism.As a consequence areas of high tourist attraction in coastal cities are reaching their limit on carrying capacity, with a direct impact not only on the urban environment but on key elements that define MED Culture.In this context, ALTER ECO enhances the local sustainable development of tourism by promoting Mediterranean Identity through the implementation of alternative tourist strategies in 6 pilots co-designed and implemented by public and private stakeholders. The project provides the opportunity of testing, in representative MED cities, used as LIVING LAB, existing methodologies and tools arisen in previous high impact projects in the field of sustainable tourism or proposed by key stakeholders, with the aim of reaching holistic and realistic tourist strategies at local and regional level that allow transferability in the MED territory. Project results will support policy makers to make more informed and integrated decisions for the governance and management of tourism in the Mediterranean and at the same time will enhance the coordination of actions between public and private stakeholders towards the implementation of the raised strategies in order to create new business opportunities._x000D_
ALTER ECO will contribute to improve knowledge and decision making capacities, including a better use of observation, monitoring and planning in the field of sustainable tourism.
Engine cooling stricture for scooter type vehicle

An engine cooling structure for a scooter type of vehicle wherein a unit swing type engine (2) is coupled for up-and-down movement to a vehicle body frame (1), and an external air introducing duct (52) is connected to the unit swing type engine (2) for cooling the engine by drawing external air through the intake port (52c) of the external air introducing duct (52), and wherein, the external air introducing duct (52) is extended forward from the unit swing type of engine (2) and secured to the vehicle body (1), and provided with a flexible portion (52a) between the secured portion and the unit swing type engine (2), and that, the intake port (52c) is made open within a tunnel portion (6a). <IMAGE>
Ridge augmentation in implant dentistry

Dimensional changes in the alveolar ridge after extraction often compromises on achieving optimal implant stability and placement of implants in the right prosthodontic positions. These situations demand augmentation of the residual ridge to achieve successful implant placement and long-term survival. Although the available literature speaks of an overabundance of techniques and agents for ridge augmentation, there is a relative paucity of quality evidence to guide the selection of suitable techniques and material. Henceforth, this paper is an endeavor to develop and describe an evidence-based decision pathway for the selection of suitable techniques for various clinical situations. Additionally, a descriptive overview of various techniques and materials is presented.
In the name of the migrant father—Analysis of surname origins identifies genetic admixture events undetectable from genealogical records

Patrilineal heritable surnames are widely used to select autochthonous participants for studies on small-scale population genetic patterns owing to the unique link between the surname and a genetic marker, the Y-chromosome (Y-chr). Today, the question arises as to whether the surname origin will be informative on top of in-depth genealogical pedigrees. Admixture events that happened in the period after giving heritable surnames but before the start of genealogical records may be informative about the additional value of the surname origin. In this context, an interesting historical event is the demic migration from French-speaking regions in Northern France to the depopulated and Dutch-speaking region Flanders at the end of the sixteenth century. Y-chr subhaplogroups of individuals with a French/Roman surname that could be associated with this migration event were compared with those of a group with autochthonous Flemish surnames. Although these groups could not be differentiated based on in-depth genealogical data, they were significantly genetically different from each other. Moreover, the observed genetic divergence was related to the differences in the distributions of main Y-subhaplogroups between contemporary populations from Northern France and Flanders. Therefore, these results indicate that the surname origin can be an important feature on top of in-depth genealogical results to select autochthonous participants for a regional population genetic study based on Y-chromosomes.