SIRIS-Lab/unlabelled-sti-corpus huggingface dataset:
Uniqueness of Urbanization in the USSR: Artificial Formation of the Settlement System

All urbanization processes in the USSR were quite different from those in other countries. When the industrialization started, all new cities were built far from the existing big cities, which served as supporting points of displacement of population within the framework of the Soviet town-planning doctrine. The pre-revolutionary structure of economic zoning was purposefully replaced by a new one, where ‘industrial-residential’ formations – the places of nodal conglomeration of population – were deliberately located in the area favorable for allocation of war productive facilities. The Soviet government willfully turned urbanization into ‘an involuntary companion’ of industrial and transport construction and resource development. It remained such as long as the Soviet Union existed.
Customer Analysis, Defining Component of Marketing Audit

Marketing audit is a tool which measures the value, risk and effectiveness of marketing efforts of the organization. The starting point of the marketing audit is the market into the company operates, changes that occur at this level, expressed in terms of opportunities or threats. In the market, the consumer plays an essential role, focusing on analysis the provided value to the consumer and the costumer value for the organization. This article thus aims to present the main methods of analysis that can determine the value offered to the consumer by the company and the customer value for it, in order to establish the company's marketing strategy.
Mechanisms of protein translocation in er-associated protein degradation and the related protein import into the apicoplast of plasmodium falciparum

The removal of misfolded proteins is an essential process in all cells. Failure to dispose of such proteins often results in disease. A particularly intriguing process serves to discard misfolded proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ER does not itself degrade proteins, so machinery has evolved that moves misfolded proteins into the cytosol where they can be degraded by the proteasome. This retro-translocation process is called ERAD (for ER-associated protein degradation). By comparison with other membrane translocation processes, the mechanism of ERAD is poorly understood. How are misfolded proteins distinguished from folding intermediates? How are proteins moved across the membrane? How is the energy for membrane translocation provided? To answer these fundamental questions I will use a combination of in vitro reconstitution experiments with purified proteins from S. cerevisiae and experiments in intact yeast cells. It appears that some ERAD components have been adapted to function in protein translocation in a very different setting. Many parasites like the malaria causing P. falciparum contain a plastid-like organelle, called the apicoplast. It is the site of several metabolic pathways essential for the parasite’s survival, and thus an important drug target. Like other organelles of endosymbiotic origin, the apicoplast lost most of its genetic information and has to import proteins. This is a particularly challenging endeavour because four membranes surround the apicoplast. It is thought that symbiont specific ERAD-like machinery (SELMA) mediates proteins translocation across the second-outermost membrane. However, not much is known about SELMA. What is its molecular composition? Which aspects of SELMA are conserved in comparison to the classical ERAD machinery? I will address these important questions using a completely novel combination of biochemical and genetic approaches.
Quasi-Dynamic Green’s Functions for Efficient Full-Wave Integral Formulations for Microstrip Interconnects

Integral formulations are widely used for full-wave analysis of microstrip interconnects. A weak point of these formulations is the inclusion of the proper planar-layered Green’s Functions (GFs), because of their computational cost. To overcome this problem, usually the GFs are decomposed into a quasi-dynamic term and a dynamic one. Under suitable approximations, the ?rst may be given in closed form, whereas the second is approximated. Starting from a general criterion for this decomposition, in this paper we derive some simple criteria for using the closed-form quasi-dynamic GFs instead of the complete GFs, with reference to the problem of evaluating the full-wave current distribution along microstrips. These criteria are based on simple relations between frequency, line length, dielectric thickness and permittivity. The layered GFs have been embedded into a full-wave transmission line model and the results are ?rst benchmarked with respect to a full-wave numerical 3D tool, then used to assess the proposed criteria.
Quantum Machine Learning over Infinite Dimensions

Machine learning is a fascinating and exciting field within computer science. Recently, this excitement has been transferred to the quantum information realm. Currently, all proposals for the quantum version of machine learning utilize the finite-dimensional substrate of discrete variables. Here we generalize quantum machine learning to the more complex, but still remarkably practical, infinite-dimensional systems. We present the critical subroutines of quantum machine learning algorithms for an all-photonic continuous-variable quantum computer that achieve an exponential speedup compared to their equivalent classical counterparts. Finally, we also map out an experimental implementation which can be used as a blueprint for future photonic demonstrations.
Impacts of offshore grid developments in the North Sea region on market values by 2050: How will offshore wind farms and transmission lines pay?

Increasing the integration of renewable energy in Northern and Central Europe markets is greatly influenced by the development of electricity transmission grid infrastructure. On the background of the fast development of offshore wind energy and its connection to the onshore electricity systems, a coordinated grid development in the North Sea may not only save costs for individual wind farms, but also deliver additional benefits through the provision of increased interconnection of electricity markets. The previous studies do not include offshore wind development with high ambition in the long term perspective and do not focus on the assessment of the specific effects on the economic value of offshore wind farms connected to Belgium, Norway the UK, the Netherlands, and Germany (North Sea Link, Cobra Cable, Viking Link, Nord Link, BritNed and Nemo Link). This paper tries to shed some lights on the substantial differences in the expected economic exposure of wind power plants and transmission lines to the development of the electricity grid in the North Sea. Since details of the prospective energy system around the North Sea region shape these revenue expectations, we further develop and apply the energy model Balmorel. The tool is used to quantify effects of the implementation of a meshed offshore grid compared to a radial grid that connects wind farms in a non-coordinated fashion to the countries by 2050. The model runs conducted for the present paper show substantial variation of expectable market values of wind farms on hub level due to impacts of different options for grid structures. The results aim to inform the discussion on possibilities for the allocation of grid expansion costs to the different connected countries including Belgium, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway and Britain.
Effect evaluation of experiment teaching based on grey evaluation method

That the basic education reform conforms to the demand of teaching development as well as the professional capabilities, teaching level, and teaching effectiveness of experimental class teachers are supposed to be improved has become the important objectives of developing and optimizing the experimental teaching reform. This paper firstly analyzed the present situation of experiment teaching effect evaluation, and then analyzed the advantages of gray evaluation method in the experiment teaching effect evaluation compared with the traditional experiment teaching effect evaluation. Thus this paper built the optimized experiment teaching effect optimization system by further applying the gray evaluation method to analyze and evaluate the experiment teaching effect and then optimize teaching evaluation process, and finally improve work efficiency and evaluation accuracy.
Geophysical Methods for Monitoring Temperature Changes in Shallow Low Enthalpy Geothermal Systems

Low enthalpy geothermal systems exploited with ground source heat pumps or groundwater heat pumps present many advantages within the context of sustainable energy use. Designing, monitoring and controlling such systems requires the measurement of spatially distributed temperature fields and the knowledge of the parameters governing groundwater flow (permeability and specific storage) and heat transport (thermal conductivity and volumetric thermal capacity). Such data are often scarce or not available. In recent years, the ability of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), self-potential method (SP) and distributed temperature sensing (DTS) to monitor spatially and temporally temperature changes in the subsurface has been investigated. We review the recent advances in using these three methods for this type of shallow applications. A special focus is made regarding the petrophysical relationships and on underlying assumptions generally needed for a quantitative interpretation of these geophysical data. We show that those geophysical methods are mature to be used within the context of temperature monitoring and that a combination of them may be the best choice regarding control and validation issues.
Reciprocal local adapatation: the genetic, behavioural and chemical study of the evolutionary maintenance of a mutualism

The goal of this research is to identify and characterize genetic, behavioural and biochemical mechanisms underlying reciprocal local adaptation between partners in a complex mutualism. It will focus on a unique and outstanding model system found in the New World tropics: the “devil’s gardens” created by the ant, Myrmelachista schumanni, whose workers systematically attack and kill seedlings of foreign plants that germinate too close to their host plants. This cultivation behaviour results in low diversity, orchard-like stands of their host plants in the middle of some of the most diverse rainforests on earth.  This project will bring together researchers from Harvard University and the Max Planck Institute to address three main questions through a combination of newly developed genome sequencing techniques, large-scale field-ecology behavioural experiments and state-of-the-art chemical analyses: (1) Do Myrmelachista schumanni and its host plants reciprocally influence each other’s population sizes, level of gene flow and genetic structure? (2) How specialized are interactions between Myrmelachista schumanni and the several species of plants that it cultivates? (3) What are some of the proximate mechanisms underlying host specificity, and in particular, can ants recognize different plant species and if so, how? In carrying out this research, postdoctoral fellow Pierre-Jean Malé will expand his expertise by gaining training in phylogenomics and chemical ecology. The project, referred to here as ""RELOAD"" (forREciprocal LOcal ADaptations), will also enable him to broaden the ecological and evolutionary scale of his research, and enhance his long-term goal of obtaining a faculty position at a European university and/or research institution.
EXPANDABLE REAMER METHODS

Expandable reamer tools include an outer body, a fluid passageway extending through the outer body, and at least one blade configured to slide relative to the outer body between a retracted position and an expanded position. In some embodiments, the tools may include a formation-engaging surface comprising a gage area. In other embodiments, the tools may include a radially recessed area extending from a back edge of the formation-engaging surface. Methods for removing such expandable reamer tools from a borehole are also disclosed.
An Area-Aggregated Dynamic Traffic Simulation Model

Microscopic and macroscopic dynamic traffic models not fast enough to run in an optimization loop to coordinate traffic measures over areas of twice a trip length (50x50 km). Moreover, in strategic planning there are models with a spatial high level of detail, but lacking the features of traffic dynamics. This paper introduces the Network Transmission Model (NTM), a model based on areas, exploiting the Macroscopic or Network Fundamental Diagram (NFD). For the first time, a full operational model is proposed which can be implemented in a network divided into multiple subnetworks, and the physical properties of spillback of traffic jams for subnetwork to subnetwork is ensured. The proposed model calculates the traffic flow between to cell as the minimum of the demand in the origin cell and the supply in the destination cell. The demand first increasing and then decreasing as function of the accumulation in the cell; the supply is first constant and then decreasing as function of the accumulation. Moreover, demand over the boundaries of two cells is restricted by a capacity. This system ensures that traffic characteristics move forward in free flow, congestion moves backward and the NFD is conserved. Adding the capacity gives qualitatively reasonable effects of inhomogeneity. The model applied on a test case with multiple destinations, and re-routing and perimeter control are tested as control measures.
Letter to the editor: Electronic data formats for open storage of published chemical kinetic data

In support of the Editor's goal of providing open storage of chemical kinetic data published in the International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, we propose the adoption of XML formats from PrIMe (www.primekinetics.org) for species identification and thermochemical data, and of Chemical Markup Language (CML) for three-dimensional molecular geometries. Examples are provided in the online supplemental material of an article in this issue (Snitsiriwat, S.; Asatryan, R.; Bozzelli, J. W. Int J Chem Kinet 2010, 42, 181–199). We invite the input and assistance of the international chemical kinetics community in developing and refining these standards. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 42: 200–201, 2010
A HEAT EXCHANGER

The present invention relates to a heat exchanger for appliances with air flow, characterized by at least one humidity volume, at least one air inlet duct connected to the humidity volume, at least one air outlet duct connected to the humidity volume, at least one fan enabling air to be circulated from the humidity volume to the air inlet duct and therefrom to the air outlet duct, at least one condenser to heat the dry air entering the air outlet duct, at least one evaporator to dehumidify the humid air from the air inlet duct before it is introduced into the condenser, at least one upper region provided in the evaporator and consisting of fins, and at least one lower region provided in the evaporator and consisting of fins of a number higher than those of the upper region so as to have a fin arrangement denser than that of the upper region.
Linee di ricerca tra architettura e vegetazione Granja de San Ildefonso a Segovia

osservandone la loro evoluzione nel corso del secolo.Un'ulteriore fase conoscitiva dei luoghi è stata implementata con la ricostruzione grafica e digitale delle cartografie storiche.La riproposta grafica digitale e la successiva sovrapposizione è servita per identificare i confini originari degli spazi, delimitati dalla griglia geometrica dei tracciati.
Patient-level temporal aggregation for text-based asthma status ascertainment

Objective To specify the problem of patient-level temporal aggregation from clinical text and introduce several probabilistic methods for addressing that problem. The patient-level perspective differs from the prevailing natural language processing (NLP) practice of evaluating at the term, event, sentence, document, or visit level.

Methods We utilized an existing pediatric asthma cohort with manual annotations. After generating a basic feature set via standard clinical NLP methods, we introduce six methods of aggregating time-distributed features from the document level to the patient level. These aggregation methods are used to classify patients according to their asthma status in two hypothetical settings: retrospective epidemiology and clinical decision support.

Results In both settings, solid patient classification performance was obtained with machine learning algorithms on a number of evidence aggregation methods, with Sum aggregation obtaining the highest F1 score of 85.71% on the retrospective epidemiological setting, and a probability density function-based method obtaining the highest F1 score of 74.63% on the clinical decision support setting. Multiple techniques also estimated the diagnosis date (index date) of asthma with promising accuracy.

Discussion The clinical decision support setting is a more difficult problem. We rule out some aggregation methods rather than determining the best overall aggregation method, since our preliminary data set represented a practical setting in which manually annotated data were limited.

Conclusion Results contrasted the strengths of several aggregation algorithms in different settings. Multiple approaches exhibited good patient classification performance, and also predicted the timing of estimates with reasonable accuracy.
Multiscale envelope manifold for enhanced fault diagnosis of rotating machines

Abstract The wavelet transform has been widely used in the field of machinery fault diagnosis for its good property of band-pass filtering. However, the filtered signal still faces the contamination of in-band noise. This paper focuses on wavelet enveloping, and proposes a new method, called multiscale envelope manifold (MEM), to extract the envelope information of fault impacts with in-band noise suppression. The MEM addresses manifold learning on the wavelet envelopes at multiple scales. Specifically, the proposed method is conducted by three following steps. First, the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) with complex Morlet wavelet base is introduced to obtain the wavelet envelopes at all scales. Second, the wavelet envelopes are restricted in one or more narrow scale bands to simply include the envelope information of fault impacts. The scale band is determined through a smoothness index-based (SI-based) selection method by considering the impulsiveness inside the power spectrum. Third, the manifold learning algorithm is conducted on the wavelet envelopes at selected scales to extract the intrinsic envelope manifold of fault-related impulses. The MEM combines the envelope information at multiple scales in a nonlinear approach, and may thus preserve the factual envelope structure of machinery fault. Simulation studies and experimental verifications confirm that the new method is effective for enhanced fault diagnosis of rotating machines.
The Use of Mental Maps in Youth Research: Some Evidence from Research Exploring Young People’s Awareness of and Attachment to Place

The rising interest in children’s and young people’s geographies in recent years has led to broader and deeper insights being made into their lives. These insights have further unravelled the complex meanings, frameworks, identities and subjective relationships that children and young people have in relation to place and space (see James, 1990; Matthews and Limb, 1999; Young and Barrett, 2001; Ross 2007). The additional emphasis on exploring the subjective as well as objective relationships that young people have to space and place has been recognised as highly significant; not least as it promises to reveal a more holistic understanding of space and place. As Reay and Lucey (2000: 410) observe: ‘Experiences of places and spaces are structured in all sorts of ways by broader social power relations, which include race, class and age as well as gender.’ From a methodological perspective, the focus on exploring and understanding young people’s relationships with space and place has seen a range of innovative and mobile methods and approaches being employed to complement or replace more traditional approaches to research (such as questionnaires, interviews and focus groups). Many of these ‘new’ approaches have focused on utilising young people’s written, oral and visual skills. Some of the most notable research in this field has incorporated mapwork exercises, self-directed photography, writings, drawings and commentaries (Ross, 2007); mental maps, thematic and non-thematic drawings, photo diaries and daily time lines (Young and Barratt, 2001); and qualitative applications of geographical information systems (GIS) (Dennis, 2006).KeywordsFocus GroupYoung PeopleGeographical Information SystemCase Study AreaPlace AttachmentThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Loss of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons accounts for the motivational and affective deficits in Parkinson’s disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) involves the degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) that is thought to cause the classical motor symptoms of this disease. However, motivational and affective impairments are also often observed in PD patients. These are usually attributed to a psychological reaction to the general motor impairment and to a loss of some of the neurons within the ventral tegmental area (VTA). We induced selective lesions of the VTA and SNc DA neurons that did not provoke motor deficits, and showed that bilateral dopamine loss within the SNc, but not within the VTA, induces motivational deficits and affective impairments that mimicked the symptoms of PD patients. Thus, motivational and affective deficits are a core impairment of PD, as they stem from the loss of the major group of neurons that degenerates in this disease (DA SNc neurons) and are independent of motor deficits.
Energy demands of individuals post-stroke during interactive video gaming

Off-the-shelf interactive video games are used in the rehabilitation of individuals post-stroke. However, the potential benefits of using the games for aerobic training have not been tested. The purpose of this preliminary study was to determine feasibility of measuring energy expenditure during interactive video gaming by individuals post-stroke and to characterize the energy demands of specific games. We used indirect calorimetry to measure energy expenditure of one healthy and two post-stroke individuals under four conditions: rest, Wii Fit™ Long Run, Penguin, and Wii Sports™ Boxing. We found that measuring interactive video gaming of people post-stroke was feasible and required mild to moderate exercise activity.
A dimensional approach to analyzing lone offender terrorism

Abstract The challenge of “lone offender” terrorism is a serious one for law enforcement and security services around the world. Though the tactic has been used for hundreds of years, the rising number—in some countries—and diversity of “lone” attacks are increasingly troublesome. Attempts to clearly define the phenomenon, however, have been rather elusive. In this review, we suggest that viewing the dimensions of lone offender terrorism along a continuum, rather than forcing categorical distinctions, may provide a useful approach for classifying or analyzing lone offender attacks. We introduce three dimensions as a starting point for discussion—Loneness, Direction, and Motivation—and attempt to illustrate how these dimensions are linked to key investigative questions as a potential attacker proceeds on a pathway from idea to action.