SIRIS-Lab/unlabelled-sti-corpus huggingface dataset:
Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods for Exact Tests in Contingency Tables

This thesis is mainly concerned with conditional inference for contingency tables, where the MCMC method is used to take a sample of the conditional distribution. One of the most common models to be investigated in contingency tables is the independence model. Classic test statistics for testing the independence hypothesis, Pearson and likelihood chi-square statistics rely on large sample distributions. The large sample distribution does not provide a good approximation when the sample size is small. The Fisher exact test is an alternative method which enables us to compute the exact p-value for testing the independence hypothesis. For contingency tables of large dimension, the Fisher exact test is not practical as it requires counting all tables in the sample space. We will review some enumeration methods which do not require us to count all tables in the sample space. However, these methods would also fail to compute the exact p-value for contingency tables of large dimensions. \cite{DiacStur98} introduced a method based on the Grobner basis. It is quite complicated to compute the Grobner basis for contingency tables as it is different for each individual table, not only for different sizes of table. We also review the method introduced by \citet{AokiTake03} using the minimal Markov basis for some particular tables. \cite{BuneBesa00} provided an algorithm using the most fundamental move to make the irreducible Markov chain over the sample space, defining an extra space. The algorithm is only introduced for $2\times J \times K$ tables using the Rasch model. We introduce direct proof for irreducibility of the Markov chain achieved by the Bunea and Besag algorithm. This is then used to prove that \cite{BuneBesa00} approach can be applied for some tables of higher dimensions, such as $3\times 3\times K$ and $3\times 4 \times 4$. The efficiency of the Bunea and Besag approach is extensively investigated for many different settings such as for tables of low/moderate/large dimensions, tables with special zero pattern, etc. The efficiency of algorithms is measured based on the effective sample size of the MCMC sample. We use two different metrics to penalise the effective sample size: running time of the algorithm and total number of bits used. These measures are also used to compute the efficiency of an adjustment of the Bunea and Besag algorithm which show that it outperforms the the original algorithm for some settings.
Agent-based Modelling for Green Space Allocation in Urban Areas - Factors Influencing Agent Behaviour

The task of green space allocation in urban areas consists of identifying a suitable site for allocating green

areas. In this proposition paper we discuss about a number of factors like crowdedness, design, distribution

and size that could discourage inhabitants to visit a certain green urban area. We plan to cluster our urban

residents into several population segments using an Agent-Based Model and study the system in different

predefined scenarios. The overall objective of this work is to provide spatial guidance to planners, policy makers

and other stakeholders, and shed light on potential policy conflicts among standard policy criteria and

user preferences. We will evaluate this potential within a targeted stakeholder workshop.
Product Diversion to a Direct Competitor

A manufacturer will often limit competition among downstream partners by authorizing only a select group of retailers to carry its product. However, it is not uncommon for authorized retailers to create an additional competitor by diverting units to an unauthorized seller. This paper presents an analytical model that demonstrates how diversion from authorized retailers to an unauthorized direct competitor can occur under circumstances not considered by the prior literature. In fact, diversion can represent a prisoner's dilemma whereby retailers diminish their own profit by selling to the unauthorized direct seller. The authorized retailer's profit loss actually increases as the per-unit diversion costs incurred by the authorized retailer decrease. The model also shows that the unauthorized direct seller earns greater profit by strategically procuring a unilaterally constraining quantity, even though this procurement strategy results in an equivalent increase in the quantity sold by the retailers. Combined, the results identify a new reason for diversion and its consequences for retailers and the unauthorized direct seller.
Software Complexity Analysis Based on Shannon Entropy Theory and C&K Metrics

This work presents an analysis of software complexity based on Shannon Communication Theory using Chidamber and Kemerer (C and K) Metrics. The complexity affects effort and cost of software development and maintenance. The main software artifact is its architecture which depends on good balance of structural decisions based on coupling and cohesion concepts. The entropy concept can help us to measure the disorder level of the system. This work proposes using entropy as reference to control software design based on C&K metrics. I also define thresholds for some metrics and calculate the entropy of jUnit software used as an example. The results are good that suggest next steps in software complexity.
Solution generating algorithms in general relativity.

We conduct a comprehensive investigative review of solution generating algorithms
for the Einstein field equations governing the gravitational behaviour of an isolated
neutral static spherical distribution of perfect fluid matter. Traditionally, the master
field equation generated from the condition of pressure isotropy has been interpreted
as a second order ordinary differential equation. However, since the pioneering work
of Wyman (1949) it was observed that more success can be enjoyed by regarding
the equation as a first order linear differential equation. There was a resurgence
of the ideas of Wyman in 2000 and various researchers have been able to generate
complete solutions to the field equations up to certain integrations. These have
been accomplished by working in Schwarzschild (curvature) coordinates, isotropic
coordinates, area coordinates and a coordinate system written in terms of the redshift
parameter. We have utilised Durgapal–Banerjee (1983) coordinates and produced a
new algorithm. The algorithm is used to generate new classes of perfect fluid solutions
as well as to regain familiar particular solutions reported in the literature. We find
that our solution is well behaved according to elementary physical requirements.
The pressure vanishes for a certain radius and this establishes the boundary of the
distribution. Additionally the pressure and energy density are both positive inside
the radius. The energy conditions are shown to be satisfied and it is particularly
pleasing to have the causality criterion satisfied to ensure that the speed of light is
not exceeded by the speed of sound. We also report some new solutions using the
algorithms proposed by Lake (2006).
Shape-Directed protein assembly design

Large protein complexes carry out some of the most complex functions in biology. Such structures are often assembled spontaneously from individual components through the process of self-assembly. If self-assembled protein complexes could be engineered from first principle it would enable a wide range of applications in biomedicine, nanotechnology and materials science. Recently, approaches to rationally design proteins to self-assembly into predefined structures have emerged. The highlight of this work is the design of protein cages that may be engineered into protein containers. However, current approaches for self-assembly design does not result in the assemblies with the required structural complexity to encode many of the sophisticated functions found in nature. To move forward, we have to learn how to engineer protein subunits with more than one designed interface that can assemble into tightly interacting complexes. In this proposal we propose a new protein design paradigm, shape directed protein design, in order to address shortcomings of the current methodology. The proposed method combines geometric shape matching and computational protein design. Using this approach we will de novo design assemblies with a wide variety of structural states, including protein complexes with cyclic and dihedral symmetry as well as icosahedral protein capsids built from novel protein building blocks. To enable these two design challenges we also develop a high-throughput assay to measure assembly stability in vivo that builds on a three-color fluorescent assay. This method will not only facilitate the screening of orders of magnitude more design constructs, but also enable the application of directed evolution to experimentally improve stable and assembly properties of designed containers as well as other designed assemblies.
QUASI-CW DIODE-PUMPED, SOLID-STATE UV LASER SYSTEM AND METHOD EMPLOYING SAME

A quasi-CW diode- or lamp-pumped, A-O Q-switched solid-state UV laser system (10) synchronizes timing of the quasi-CW pumping with movement of the positioning system (36) to reduce pumping while the positioning system (36) is moving from one target area (31) to the next target area (31) to form multiple vias in a substrate at a high throughput. Thus, the available UV power for via formation is higher even though the average pumping power to the laser medium (16), and thermal loading of the laser pumping diodes (14), remains the same as that currently available through conventional CW pumping with conventionally available laser pumping diodes (14). The quasi-CW pumping current profile can be further modified to realize a preferred UV pulse amplitude profile.
Innovative bio-based chains for co2 valorisation as added-value organic acids

The valorisation of industrial CO2 emissions is a cornerstone in EU strategies for climate change and circular economy. Bio-based Industries (BIs) are perfect candidates to apply this CO2 valorisation, since they could to turn their biorefineries’ emissions into feedstock and close the carbon loop. Nevertheless, there is still a strong need of reliable and cost-efficient CO2 conversion technologies to make it possible.  

VIVALDI proposes an integrated solution allowing the conversion of biogenic CO2 into added-value organic acids, powered by ground-breaking advances in CO2 purification, electrochemical catalysis, microbiology, synthetic biology, and bioprocess engineering. The solution comprises 4 main steps:  

1. CO2 purification/enrichment from industrial streams and electrochemical reduction to formic acid (FA) and methanol (MeOH) using electrochemical reactors and gas diffusion electrodes. 

2. Nutrient recovery (NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+) from industrial wastewaters using bioelectrochemical systems. 

3. Bioproduction of target organic acids using a microbial platform based on specific engineered yeast strains (P. Pastoris), using as feedstock MeOH/FA/CO2 from step 1 and nutrients from step 2.  

4. Industrial validation of the bioproduced organic acids (i.e. efficient downstream processing and on-site industrial validation).  

VIVALDI will use real gas emissions from 4 key BIs and will focus on the bioproduction of 4 industrially relevant organic acids with different applications and market penetration (LA,SA,IA,3-HP). These acids can re-enter the production process flowchart of biorefineries, thus enhancing the sustainability of their current products or even opening new business possibilities. 

Moreover, VIVALDI’s feasibility will be confirmed also through an integral sustainability assessment (technical, environmental and socio-economic) to ensure that the proposed solution can be adopted and integrated in any biorefinery.
A tool for evaluation of lifecycle cost of water production for small-scale community projects

The aim of this study is to develop an analytical tool to estimate lifecycle cost for water service provision for small-scale community water projects. The primary objective is to provide an analytical estimation tool to governments, funding agencies and communities to ensure sustainability of water projects. The secondary objective is to use the tool as an industry benchmarking aid to empower governments, funding agencies and technology developers to support technologies that would further lower the cost of water production. The tool firstly considers capital expenditure required for a given water service system, focusing on equipment manufacturing costs in detail. Thereafter, it considers the operational expenditure associated with ongoing functioning of the water treatment plant. The developed tool is validated using five simulation scenarios. Results shows that the tool can be used to evaluate the performance of a water service system even if the water services systems are operated using varying strategies. The developed tool also enables effective decision making by testing alternatives and addressing the water service system lifecycle aspects and, thus, making the cost of water production manageable. This paper also introduces the web version of the tool, which is available to communities, governments, technology developers and funding agencies to use.
Challenges to Developing Methane Biofiltration for Coal Mine Ventilation Air: A Review

Coal mine methane is a significant greenhouse gas source as well as a potential lost energy resource if not effectively used. In recent years, mine ventilation air (MVA) capture and use has become a key element of research and development due to comparatively larger methane emissions by MVA than other coal mine sources. Technologies have been evaluated to treat the low methane concentrations in MVA such as thermal-based technologies or processing by biofiltration. This review initially considers the techniques available for treating the low methane concentrations encountered in MVA, after which it focuses on developments in biofiltration systems. Biofiltration represents a simple, energy-efficient, and cheap alternative to oxidize methane from MVA. Major factors influencing biofilter performance along with knowledge gaps in relation to its application to MVA are identified and discussed.
Mapping and theorising the global international large-scale assessment industry

In the last two decades, education policy, practice and research have been transformed by the appearance and growing influence of International Large-Scale Assessments (ILSAs), which are standardized tests administered by International Organizations (IOs) all around the world. The outsourcing of the development and implementation of ILSAs from International Organizations to private companies has created a global ILSA industry. But how does the global ILSA industry operate and how does it shape ILSAs? 

Over the last two decades, a small, well-established group of private companies have come to control the global ILSA industry, even as ILSAs expand in scope and reach. Although scholars have extensively studied how ILSAs have impacted on education, the global ILSA industry has not been addressed by scholarship possibly due to its recent emergence and the high levels of access that are necessary. 

Drawing on global education policy scholarship on privatization, Critical Data Studies, and Business Studies, and applying a network ethnography approach, this research project aims to: 1) map the global ILSA industry by identifying the actors to whom ILSAs are outsourced; 2) to theorize how the global ILSA industry emerged, stabilised and operates - particularly focusing on the global ILSA industry institutions and relationships, the network functioning, forms of agency, and power practices; 3) to investigate how ILSAs are shaped by the practices, values, profit interests and power dynamics of the private sector. Ultimately, this analysis seeks to challenge unfair practices that have been normalized over the past two decades and aims to make all those developing education accountability infrastructures also accountable and their practices more transparent.
Overview of the 2014 Food and Drug Administration Cardiovascular and Renal Drugs Advisory Committee Meeting Regarding Cangrelor

Landmark clinical trials have established the benefit of P2Y12 inhibitors in the setting of acute coronary syndrome and percutaneous coronary intervention. On February 12, 2014, the Medicines Company (Sponsor) presented efficacy and safety data regarding cangrelor to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Cardiovascular and Renal Drugs Advisory Committee. The Sponsor sought approval for 2 indications: (1) in the setting of percutaneous coronary intervention for the reduction of thrombotic cardiovascular events (including stent thrombosis) in patients with coronary artery disease and (2) in the setting of bridging therapy in patients with acute coronary syndrome or with stents who are at increased risk for thrombotic events (such as stent thrombosis) when oral P2Y12 therapy is interrupted because of surgery. The following is a summary of the data presented to the FDA by the Sponsor, the FDA's clinical review of cangrelor.
Integrated standard imager for earth observation microsatellites

The Space industry is on the verge a major revolution due to the advent of large constellations of small satellites (1-100 kg) providing fast, and low-cost access to space. However the traditional components & systems suppliers are not being able to cope with these fast changes:
-	High Resolution Earth Observation cameras are still considered turn-key projects with prices and delivery times that are out of reach for most small satellites developers. 
-	In the last three years the number of small satellites launched has multiplied by 4. This has triggered a shortage of components and subsystems, and some suppliers have their production booked for years. 

iSIM is a patent pending high-resolution compact camera for Earth-Observation microsatellites, that provides very flexible sensing capabilities and on-board processing, for a fraction of the cost of today’s Earth Observation instruments. 
This novel product, result of a 3 year R&D project started at the University of Florida, combines a straightforward design (patent pending), with advanced electronics, software, and advanced manufacturing standards from its conception.

SATLANTIS aims to capture around 10% of the micro and nanosatellite market with an expected turnover of 27 M€, becoming a leading player in the 50kg micro-satellite segment. It is a Spanish start-up technology company that designs, builds and operates microsatellites and payloads for Earth Observation. The founding team was completed by a group of high profile individuals with wide experience in the Science, Innovation and Engineering fields and a minority participation (5%) of Elecnor Deimos, a 3 B€ industrial group with a Space division that has developed and operated 2 Earth Observation satellites. The team is working on a 2 M€ financing round of which 1/3 is already committed.
A probability model to detect carbonate cementation in sandstones and other enigmatic wireline facies

Abstract Zones of carbonate cementation identified within lower Paaratte Formation sandstones of the eastern Otway Basin, Victoria, southeastern Australia, can be quantitatively detected by a wireline log-based probability model. Though trained on these zones, the same model appears to accurately predict carbonate cementation within Late Cretaceous-to-Eocene reservoir sandstones of the Latrobe Group supersequence of the Gippsland Basin, 100s of km to the east. Predicted carbonate cementation matches published evidence (a regional petrographic study) and provides a plausible interpretation for corresponding sections of Formation Micro-Imager data acquired more recently. These Latrobe Group sandstones are thought to have once been pervasively cemented prior to development of the secondary porosity responsible for providing reservoirs to the main petroleum system of the basin. However, model predictions imply that discrete, heavily cemented zones remain, which must have acted, and must still act, as local obstructions to reservoir fluid migration. These zones would also likely react with carbonic acid formed at plume fronts generated by dedicated CO2 storage operations of the future. The cemented zones that have been predicted are sparse, spatially sporadic and cannot be resolved by 3D seismic reflection survey data at present-day reservoir depths. These predictions therefore emphasise the difficulty in mapping the distribution of carbonate cemented zones. However, they provide calibration data for future mapping systems. Two different tests of the probability log model were undertaken. One benchmarks its predictions against those of a neural network trained using the original model development dataset from the Otway Basin. Predictive performance of the neural network model is significantly worse than that of the probability log model when making predictions using wireline data acquired at a well in the Gippsland Basin. The second test demonstrates that the general probability log modelling approach is amenable to classifying other cryptic ‘electro-facies’, for example those representing enigmatic or ambiguous rock types not easily interpreted from common wireline log data using standard theory. This test presents a case study by which the probability log modelling approach predicts the presence of both basic and evolved, felsic igneous sill intrusions within the stratigraphic succession of the Faroe-Shetland Basin of NW Europe.
Population structure and distribution of Abies spectabilis (D. Don) in Central Nepal Himalaya: A comparison with the total woody vegetation of the forests at the three different elevation ranges in Manang District

Population structure and distribution of vegetation are often affected by elevation induced climate variation in the Himalaya. This research aims at assessing the population structure and distribution of Abies spectabilis in three different elevation sites within the forests areas in Manang District of central Nepal. Vegetation sampling was conducted during Sept-Oct 2012 and the population information of all the woody vegetation from a total of 59 concentric circular sampling plots of 10 m radii along the transect line were collected. The middle elevation site was characterized by the highest density of seedlings (15,044/ha), saplings (1,629/ha), poles (272/ha) and trees (179/ha) of all woody vegetation. In this elevation, the highest proportion was contributed by A. spectabilis (54%) at combined-level in spite of the lack of large-sized stems (dbh &gt; 70 cm). The proportion of A. spectabilis stem was nearly one-fourth of all the woody vegetation while its lowest proportion (15.5%) was found at the lower elevation at combined-level. On the contrary, its basal area proportion was nearly the half of all the woody vegetation at the lower elevation site, nearly one-third at the middle elevation site and less than 10% at the upper elevation site. There was a significant variation in mean density and basal areas of all stem categories among the sampled sites except the seedling density of all the woody vegetation between the lower and the middle elevations. The stem distribution of all the woody vegetation including A. spectabilis demonstrated the characteristics of normal (sustainable) forest in Manang District. The presence of only small-sized trees with good recent regeneration of A. spectabilis in the upper treeline ecotone revealed stand densification as well as its potential for upward migration in response to environmental change including climate change in future.Banko Janakari; A Journal of Forestry Information for Nepal Vol. 25, No. 1Page: 3-14