SIRIS-Lab/unlabelled-sti-corpus huggingface dataset:
Electromigration in eutectic In-48Sn ball grid array (BGA) solder interconnections with Au/Ni/Cu pads

In this study, the microstructural evolution and interfacial reactions of the eutectic In-48Sn BGA solder bump interconnection with Au/Ni/Cu pads—under current stressing of 0.7 × 104 A/cm2 at ambient temperatures of 25 and 55 °C for up to 720 h—have been investigated. During electromigration, tin (Sn) acted as the “dominant diffusing species” and migrated from cathode to anode, while indium (In) migrated from anode to cathode. Finally, the phase segregation of Sn and In occurred. Sn-rich and In-rich layers accumulated at the anode side and cathode side of the solder bump, respectively. Due to the influence of current stressing, the simultaneous growth of the interfacial inter-metallic compounds (IMCs), at both the anode interface and the cathode interface, was accelerated. The anode IMC grew faster than the cathode IMC. By raising the ambient temperature, both the phase segregation and the interfacial IMC growth were enhanced. Based on the accumulation rate of the Sn-rich layer, which was calculated to be 7.85 × 10−10 cm/s at 25 °C and 2.07 × 10−9 cm/s at 55 °C, respectively, the products of the diffusivity and the effective charge number (DZ*) of Sn in In-48Sn solder was determined to be 1.17 × 10−10 cm2/s at 25 °C and 3.39 × 10−10 cm2/s at 55 °C, respectively.
METHOD TO IDENTIFY THE GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE OF SIALIC ACID IN GLYCOPEPTIDES

A separation time of an isomer of one or more isomers of a sialylated glycopeptide of a sample is calculated from a peak of a precursor XIC. Product ion intensities of the first group are summed at the separation time producing a first sum and product ion intensities of the second group are summed at the separation time producing a second sum using XICs of the first and second groups. A ratio of the first sum to the second sum is calculated. The ratio at the separation time is compared to predetermined ratio ranges that each corresponds to a combination of a selection from a set of the first linkage and the second linkage taken one or more times. One or more linkages of the sialic acid to the glycan of the isomer are identified from a combination found to match the ratio in the comparison.
Division of labour and the origin of multicellularity

Understanding the evolution of multicellularity and cellular differentiation/ complexity is one of the greatest challenges in biology. Of particular interest is to determine the evolutionary processes (selective causes) and mechanisms underlying the evolutionary transition from single cells to multicellular organisms.

This project will use cyanobacteria as a model system to determine whether cellular differentiation is a cause or consequence of multicellularity. A novel theory will be tested, which predicts that the division of labour/ differentiation among cells drives the transition to a multicellular state. This will be contrasted with the classical view, where cellular specialization originates only at a much later state during the transition. The proposed project will adopt an interdisciplinary approach by combining experimental evolution (WP1) with phylogenomics (WP2). More specifically, populations of unicellular cyanobacteria will be subjected to long-term experimental evolution under two different regimes that favour either the specialization of cells into performing different physiologically incompatible processes, or the formation of non-differentiated aggregates (WP1). By linking the phenotype to the underlying genotype and to gene expression patterns, the critical steps for the transition to multicellularity will be established at the genome level. This evolutionary sequence will be directly compared to the one inferred from the cyanobacterial phylogeny (WP2). Here, whole genomes will be used to reconstruct the gain and loss events for the main ‘multicellular traits’, such as filament formation and cellular differentiation.

The findings will not only provide insight into the key events during the transition to multicellularity but will also be the first study that directly relates a transition that was achieved under artificial conditions in the laboratory to one that actually happened more than 3 billion years ago in this phylum.
Imperfect Inspection Policy for Systems with Multiple Correlated Degradation Processes

Abstract This paper develops an imperfect inspection policy for systems subject to multiple correlated degradation processes. The degradation processes are characterized by a multivariate Wiener process, and the dependency among the processes is described by a covariance matrix. A failure occurs when any of the degradation level exceeds a specific threshold. As degradation-based failures are usually dormant, inspection is required to detect the failures and prevent potential losses. The inspection is imperfect, in such a way that a failure may not be discovered at an inspection. Optimal inspection interval is obtained by minimizing the long run cost rate. In addition, the properties of the optimal inspection interval are studied and the upper and lower bounds of the optimum value are achieved. An example of fatigue crack development is used to illustrate and evaluate the inspection policy. The results imply that inspection accuracy contributes significantly to reducing the operating cost and more efforts should be made to improve the inspection quality.
IMPLEMENTATION OF INNOVATIVE NON-PASTEURISED BEER TECHNOLOGY

The aim of the project is to implement its own innovative technology concerning the production of unpasteurised beer, developed as a result of R & D works carried out independently by AleBrowar. Ownership of the innovative technology presented in this project has been secured by patent application P.425617. Thanks to new, beneficial solutions in the technological process, it will be possible to produce products, which undoubtedly constitute a breakthrough and innovative solution on the market of craft beers. The implementation of the technology will allow the production of fully natural products with high sensory qualities, which at the same time will be characterised by an extended shelf life. At present, none of AleBrowar’s competitors on the artisanal beer market, both domestic and international, produces unpasteurised beers with extended term-to-eat technology that excludes the use of e.g. pasteurisation processes. Given the innovative features of the products developed – in particular prolonged durability, their appropriate composition and rich content of ingredients, undoubtedly they are products with an extremely high export potential – the estimated share in the export of new products will amount to approx. IT’S 8-9 %. Thanks to the implementation of the developed technology and, consequently, the introduction of innovative and groundbreaking products on the market, AleBrowar will be distinguished from competition in the artisanal beer market, as well as gaining a certain and stable position on the market. By switching from contract activity to own production, introduction to beer with longer-term consumption, AleBrowar will gain a chance to increase sales revenues, which will undoubtedly translate into financial benefits and increase the company’s economic efficiency. The implementation of this project will be the next step towards achieving the strategic objectives of development.
Evaluation of National Quality Control Capacity for Herbal Medicines in West Africa: the Case of Benin and Burkina Faso.

Objective: To assess the capacity of quality control of herbal medicines in two countries in West Africa, thus, Benin and Burkina Faso. Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study, through surveys of 33 manufacturing facilities and 5 independent quality control laboratories listed in the two countries. Results: Among the 33 production units surveyed, only six had space or premises dedicated to quality control. Furthermore, 29 out of the 33 manufacturers used geographic, organoleptic and macroscopic criteria to verify the quality of the raw materials when buying or harvesting. For finished products, they checked the organoleptic characteristics themselves. For more complex analysis, such as the search for microbial contaminants or pesticide residues, they most often used public laboratories at the national level, which are better equipped with skilled staff. Conclusion: These results show that a lot of effort needs to be done in this area by these two countries in order to better ensure the quality and safety of locally produced herbal medicines.
Hydrodynamical properties of recombinant spider silk proteins: Effects of pH, salts and shear, and implications for the spinning process

We have investigated the effect of pH, salts and shear on the hydrodynamical diameter of recombinant major ampullate (MA) rMaSpI silk proteins in solution as a function of time using (1) H solution NMR spectroscopy. The results indicate that the silk proteins in solution are composed of two diffusing populations, a high proportion of "native" solubilized proteins and a small amount of high molecular weight oligomers. Similar results are observed with the MA gland content. Salts help maintaining the proteins in a compact form in solution over time and inhibit aggregation, the absence of salts triggering protein assembly leading to a gel state. Moreover, the aggregation kinetics of rMaSpI at low salt concentration accelerates as the pH is close to the isoelectric point of the proteins, suggesting that the pH decrease tends to slow down aggregation. The data also support the strong impact of shear on the spinning process and suggest that the assembly is driven by a nucleation conformational conversion mechanism. Thus, the adjustment of the physicochemical conditions in the ampulla seems to promote a stable, long term storage. In addition, the optimization of protein conformation as well as their unfolding and aggregation propensity in the duct leads to a specifically organized structure.
Managing disruption in an imperfect production–inventory system

A new real-time disruption recovery plan is developed.An imperfect production-inventory system is considered.A new mathematical and dynamic solution approach is developed for managing disruptions.We solved the problem for the both single and multiple disruptions on a real-time basis.We compared the results for a good number of randomly generated disruption test problems. In this paper, a disruption recovery model is developed for an imperfect single-stage production-inventory system. For it, the system may unexpectedly face either a single disruption or a mix of multiple dependent and/or independent disruptions. The system is usually run according to a user defined production-inventory policy. We have formulated a mathematical model for rescheduling the production plan, after the occurrence of a single disruption, which maximizes the total profit during the recovery time window. The model thereby generates a revised plan after the occurrence of the disruption. The mathematical model, developed for a single disruption, is solved by using both a pattern search and a genetic algorithm, and the results are compared using a good number of randomly generated disruption test problems. We also consider multiple disruptions, that occur one after another as a series, for which a new occurrence may or may not affect the revised plan of earlier occurrences. We have developed a new dynamic solution approach that is capable of dealing with multiple disruptions on a real-time basis. Some numerical examples and a set of sensitivity analysis are presented to explain the usefulness and benefits of the developed model. The proposed quantitative approach helps decision makers to make prompt and accurate decisions for managing disruption.
Immunopet directed to specific subtypes of gabaa receptors as strategy for molecular mapping of behaviour and mental illness

Changes in GABA receptors are known hallmarks for numerous neurological diseases including schizophrenia which is a severe psychiatric disorder that has a profound effect on both the individuals affected and society. The diagnosis of schizophrenia is complex because of the loss of high specific biomarkers. Research papers have suggested that the differential expression of GABAA receptors in the brain is associated with this mental disease. The current evidence on GABAergic abnormalities in schizophrenia is mostly based on postmortem studies and, in this sense, in vivo measurements of GABAA receptor subunits can reveal additional insights. 
This project will develop Positron Emission Tomography (PET) probes which could unveil quantitative information about GABAA receptor expression in schizophrenia patients. However, the lack of imaging tracers with high affinity and specificity do not shed a clear light on the diagnosis in a traditional PET setting. In this sense, the immune-positron emission tomography (immunoPET) is a non-invasive technology based in antibody imaging which reveals a specific and sensitive molecular characterization of the cell surface phenotype in vivo. Nevertheless, its success in neuroimage is limited because of intact antibodies cannot penetrate the Brain Blood Barrier (BBB) in healthy conditions. However, GABARPET will tap into a small recombinant bispecific antibody construct targeting the GABAA receptors as well as the transferrin receptor because it is able to readily transmigrate across the BBB in vivo after peripheral injection.
This project wants to develop di-single-chain variable fragment (di-scFv) directed to α1 and α2 subunits of GABAA receptors. Then, they will be labeled with conventional radionuclides produced by cyclotron as 18F and 89Zr. ImmunoPET probes will be used in wild-type mice, GABAA receptor knockout mice and different kind of rodent models of schizophrenia.
Ultrasound B-scan image simulation, segmentation, and analysis of the equine tendon

The hypothesis is that an imaging technique based on decompression and segmentation of B-scan images with morphological operators can provide a measurement of the integrity of equine tendons.Two complementary approaches were used: (i) Simulation of B-scan images to better understand the relationship between image properties and their underlying biological structural contents and (ii) extraction and quantification from B-scan images of tendon structures identified in step (i) to diagnose the status of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) by using the proposed imaging technique.The simulation results revealed that the interfascicular spaces surrounding fiber fascicle bundles were the source of ultrasound reflection and scattering. By extracting these fascicle bundles with the proposed imaging technique, quantitative results from clinical B-scan images of eight normal and five injured SDFTs revealed significant differences in fiber bundle number and areas: mean values were 50 (+/- 11) and 1.33(+/- 0.36) mm2 for the normal SDFT data set. Different values were observed for injured SDFTs where the intact mean fiber bundle number decreased to 40 (+/- 7) (p = 0.016); inversely, mean fiber bundle areas increased to 1.83 (+/- 0.25) mm2 (p = 0.008), which indicate disruption of the thinnest interfascicular spaces and of their corresponding fiber fascicle bundles where lesions occurred.To conclude, this technique may provide a tool for the rapid assessment and characterization of tendon structures to enable clinical identification of the integrity of the SDFT.
Lost in an ocean of information? media in the everyday life of conspiracy theorists

The question of truth receives much societal attention today as fake news, alternative facts and conspiracy theories seem everywhere. People speak in alarmed terms about filter bubbles, echo chambers, the distrust of official knowledge and the dawn of a post-truth era. The contemporary media landscape plays an important role in the rise and spread of these alternative forms of knowledge, but how is largely unknown. Wishing to delve deeper than current media hypes and moral panics allow for, I propose to ethnographically study the role of media in the everyday life of conspiracy theorists (CT) from a cultural sociological perspective by means of the following three research projects. 1) To study what media sources (TV-channels, newspapers, internet sites, blogs, Facebook pages/groups, etc) do CTs use to inform themselves about the world and why, I will ask them to keep a “media diary” for two weeks and reflect on that in a follow-up interview. 2) To study how CTs use media technologies in a world where search engines and social media algorithms filter the information people receive, I will ask them in an interview setting to perform several search queries online to show me they use or circumvent such filtering technologies. 3) to study how do CT’s read (interpret, appropriate and authenticate) media contents (texts and videos), I will conduct a photo/video elicitation interview to actively study how they do so and ask them to reflect on their practice. These three objectives together should illuminate the way people engage with media (technologies) in an era of information overload. Such insights are valuable not just for scholars interested in the topic itself, but speak more broadly to professionals in the field (e.g. journalists, policy makers, government officials, scientists, NGO’s and politicians) who have to deal with the broader distrust of official knowledge in Western European societies, especially as enacted by the internet.
Fire impacts in rainforest ecotones

Amazonian rainforest ecotones (AREs) are one of the most heavily exploited and most threatened ecosystems in the Amazon. Fire plays an integral role in maintaining these vegetation transition zones from fire-averse rainforest to fire-prone savanna vegetation. Synergies between direct human activity and indirect climate change impacts threaten to accelerate forest transformation through positive feedback loops by increasing future fire susceptibility, fuel loads and fire intensity. As regional precipitation is expected to decrease due to deforestation and reduced evapotranspiration, and natural- and human-caused ignitions are projected to increase fire in AREs. The combined results will likely drive the expansion of savanna forests at the expense of the rainforest vegetation. AREs have largely been neglected in fire management strategies and the long-term  ecological effects of fire in AREs remain poorly understood. Therefore, there is an urgent need to understand the long-term effects of climate variability and human disturbance on fire in these vital ecosystems to inform future land-management and conservation efforts.  The objective of this proposal is to determine the natural and human-caused drivers of fire in the Bolivian ARE for the past 8,000 years. I have thus developed a state-of-the-art interdisciplinary framework integrating high-quality palaeoecological, palaeoclimatological data with current archaeological survey data to provide long-term records of natural variability and human land-use change. These new data will be incorporated into various scenarios in statistical Structural Equation Models to investigate natural and human factors driving fire in AREs for the past 8 thousand years. I will develop a case study for proof-of-concept of a new interdisciplinary framework that will result in a greater understanding of the long-term drivers of fire in AREs and inform how future climate and changes in land-use practices may impact these vital ecosystems.
Multi-Level model calibration for the assessment of historical masonry structures

The MultiCAMS project will develop an advanced computational strategy including numerical modelling and innovative model calibration for realistic assessment of historical unreinforced masonry structures. The presence of relevant historical heritage in Europe, partly still in use, together with high seismic risk in the Mediterranean areas highlights the need of assessing such structures considering current safety requirements and if necessary strengthened to prevent critical failure. The proposed assessment approach is based on the use of models with different levels of sophistication, comprising detailed mesoscale models where masonry units and mortar joints are modelled separately (low level), homogeneous shell/solid-element models in which masonry is considered as a continuum (intermediate level), and efficient macroscale models where entire structural parts (i.e. piers, spandrels) are represented by appropriate macro-elements (high level). In this respect, I will develop a novel numerical description with macro-elements for an efficient and practical analysis of masonry structures accounting for the interaction between the nonlinear in-plane and out-of-plane behaviour of different URM components. An innovative model calibration strategy utilising inverse analysis techniques will thus be developed to couple the efficiency of the novel simplified mechanical model and the accuracy of existing detailed models, such as the parameters of each model will be determined from the inverse analysis of the numerical response of the lower-level model. The main outcome of MultiCAMS will be a comprehensive and accurate methodology for the seismic assessment of historical masonry buildings, which represents an urgent requirement for the safeguard of human lives in many European urban areas, as shown by recent catastrophic events.
Dress of the Year

The Dress of the Year is a deluxe study of exquisite fashion from 1963 to the present, drawn from the renowned collection at the Fashion Museum, Bath. Each year, a fashion-world luminary is invited to capture the definitive moment in an international whirlwind of creative style by choosing the outfit that truly represents that year's mood in fashion. The announcement of each winner is widely covered in the British press, and the resulting Dress of the Year collection is a treasure trove of international design. Among the extraordinary roll-call of design names are Mary Quant, Jean Muir, Ossie Clark, Biba, Calvin Klein, Karl Lagerfeld, Margaret Howell, Katharine Hamnett, Giorgio Armani, John Galliano, Paul Smith, Jean-Paul Gaultier, Ralph Lauren, Donatella Versace, Tom Ford, Marni, Prada, Alexander McQueen, Kate Moss for Top Shop, Vivienne Westwood and Sarah Burton. The choices are made and explained by a Who's Who of great style writers, including Felicity Green, Prudence Glynn, Beatrix Miller, Grace Coddington, Suzy Menkes, Colin McDowell, Liz Tilberis, Isabella Blow, Iain R. Webb, Alexandra Shulman, Hilary Alexander, Paula Reed and Hamish Bowles. Through specially-commissioned new photography, unseen archive material and contemporary media images, this sumptuous book reveals the Dress of The Year collection in all its glory for the first time. The book champions an important and fascinating fashion project, offering a detailed insight into our ever-changing styles and tastes since the early 1960s, and revealing the complex interplay between haute couture, celebrity endorsement and the High Street.
FIRE PROOFING ELEMENT FOR SEALING PASSAGES IN CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS

The invention relates to a fire proofing element comprising a layered body for sealing passages in construction elements, such as building components, through which lines are guided. The invention further relates a process for manufacturing the disclosed fire proofing element as well as to the use of the fire proofing element for sealing passages and/or joints in construction elements against fires and fumes.
The Challenge of Safeguards in the WTO

The Challenge of Safeguards in the WTO provides a comprehensive overview of the safeguard mechanism in the multilateral trading system. It explains at length its historical and conceptual foundations and elaborates on the various requirements for the imposition of safeguards and the conduct of safeguard investigations. The author draws on his practical experience in order to analyse WTO case law as developed by WTO panels and the Appellate Body and to provide practical suggestions for the resolution of various complex issues which have arisen in practice. He also considers the challenges faced by companies involved in this type of case.