SIRIS-Lab/unlabelled-sti-corpus huggingface dataset:
All eyes on Proxima Centauri b

An Earth-sized planet next door: that was the startling announcement last August. Astronomers had found an exoplanet orbiting the sun’s closest stellar neighbor, a cool red dwarf star called Proxima Centauri (1). Even better, the nearby world orbited within its parent star’s habitable zone, meaning liquid water could exist on the planet’s surface, which raised the prospects for its harboring life.



Proxima b, shown here in an artist’s conception orbiting the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri, may prove to be a test case for how astronomers conduct initial inspections of potentially habitable planets. Original image courtesy of ESO/M. Kornmesser; retouched version courtesy of Wikimedia Commons/Karl 432.



But aside from its mass—at least 1.3 times that of Earth’s—and the length of its year—a zippy 11 days—little was known about the new exoplanet, called Proxima Centauri b. Almost immediately, a rush of papers appeared, presenting ways to estimate Proxima b’s temperature, atmospheric composition and thickness, and even whether a worldwide ocean spans its surface. The proposed methods are extraordinarily tricky, pushing the boundary of what’s possible.

“This planet is so good, so optimum, and so close to us, that using state-of-the-art technology we [can] demonstrate that it’s not science fiction to do these observations,” says astronomer Christophe Lovis of the University of Geneva in Switzerland. With two recently discovered systems garnering ample headlines—the potentially habitable planets near the star TRAPPIST-1 and a super-Earth orbiting the red dwarf LHS 1140—Proxima b offers a test case for how astronomers might take the first steps toward closer inspection of planets that seem to be prime candidates for life (2, 3).

In the future, enormous ground-based telescopes and specially designed space-based ones will allow astronomers to image exoplanets like Proxima b directly, providing unparalleled information about them. And with the world a mere 4.25 …
The risk premium that never was: A fair value explanation of the volatility spread

Abstract We present a new framework to investigate the profitability of trading the volatility spread, the upward bias on implied volatility as an estimator of future realized volatility. The scheme incorporates the first four option-implied moments in a growth-optimal payoff that is statically replicated using a portfolio of options. Removing the upward bias on implied volatility worsens the likelihood score of risk-neutral densities obtained from S&P 500 index options when they are used as forecasts of the underlying index return distribution. It also results in negative expected capital growth when they are used in a volatility arbitrage scheme. Our empirical finding is that the upward bias on implied volatility does not represent a long-term return premium, rather it is required to mitigate the large losses associated with tail events when trading volatility in options markets.
A selective procedure for absolute paleointensity in lava flows

[1] We present a compilation of experiments of absolute paleointensity using double heating protocols on very recent lava flows from Hawaii, La Reunion, the Canary islands and Santorini. The existence of a sharp distribution of grain sizes carried by a single mineralogical phase always yielded successful determinations of paleointensity that deviate by less than 10% from the actual field value. Thus, a rapid decrease of at least 70% of the initial magnetization over a narrow range of temperatures prior to the Curie point combined with a unique mineralogical phase define an optimal situation for obtaining reliable estimates of absolute paleointensity. Consequently, we suggest that stepwise standard thermal demagnetization of companion specimens should be routinely performed prior to paleointensity experiments. Not only do these measurements provide important information about the characteristic magnetization, but they indicate which samples are appropriate for paleointensity experiments, which increases the success rate to almost 100%.
Copper nanowire/PA6 composites prepared by in situ polymerization and its properties

This work focuses on the properties of the two copper nanowire/polyamide 6 (PA6) composites prepared through in situ polymerization method by the different adding procedures of copper nanowire at the reaction initial stage and intermediate stage (denoted as PA6/Cu/A and PA6/Cu/B, respectively). The copper nanowire inside PA6 is shown by transmission electron microscopy with separately dispersing of copper nanowire added at initial stage and aggregating at intermediate stage. Further, X-ray diffraction confirmed copper nanowire with pristine status inside PA6 because the reducing atmosphere of reaction system protects copper nanowire not to be oxidized in the preparation process of copper nanowire/PA6 composites. Moreover, the decomposition temperature of copper nanowire/PA6 composites with 0.5 % (mass fraction) copper nanowire move toward a higher temperature in comparison with pure PA6; but the crystallization temperature is lower temperature than that of PA6. Furthermore, copper nanowire filler is able to markedly improve the mechanical strength and wear resistance of PA6 matrix. However, the tensile strength of PA6/Cu/A containing 0.5 % (mass fraction) copper nanowire is larger than that of pure PA6 by 77.41 % that was super to PA6/Cu/B by 45.16 %; and their friction coefficient and wear scar diameter are also much smaller than those of PA6 matrix.
Convergence of electronics and photonics technologies for enabling terahertz applications

CELTA: Convergence of Electronics and Photonics Technologies for Enabling Terahertz Applications aims to produce the next generation of researchers who will enable Europe to take a leading role in the multidisciplinary area of utilizing Terahertz technology for applications involving components and complete systems for sensing, instrumentation, imaging, spectroscopy, and communications. All these technologies are key to tackle important solutions in a large number of focus areas relevant for the societal challenges identified in the Horizon2020 work programme. To achieve this objective, CELTA is comprised of eleven leading research institutions and assembled a comprehensive research training programme for all the fifteen early stage researchers (ESRs). CELTA integrates multidisciplinary scientific expertise, complementary skills, and experience working in academia and industry to empower ESRs to work in interdisciplinary teams, integrate their activities, share expertise, and promote a vision of a converged co-design and common engineering language between electronics and photonics for Terahertz technologies. Therefore, CELTA will introduce the strategy of converged electronics and photonics co-design in its research program and makes a special effort on establishing a common engineering language in its training program across the electronics, photonics and applications disciplines. We believe this common engineering language and converged co-design is mandatory to make the next logical step towards efficient and innovation solutions that can reach the market. The detailed compendium of lectures on state-of-the art technology, soft skills and entrepreneurship is accompanied by a research programme that focuses on THz key technologies. CELTA ESRs will develop three demonstrators: beam steering technology for communication applications, a photonic vector analyser for spectroscopy and materials characterization, and a THz imager for sensing applications.
Declining reactivation ability of Escherichia coli O157 following incubation within soil

Abstract Soil is known to play an important role in the cycling of the human pathogen Escherichia coli O157 in the environment. Here we investigated whether residence time in soil influenced its ability to not only survive but subsequently reactivate after release into water during a simulated rainfall event. We inoculated an agricultural soil with chromosomally lux -marked E. coli O157 and then incubated it at 4 or 15 °C for up to 120 d, at which point the pathogen was recovered by extracting the soil with rainwater and its reactivation measured by monitoring bioluminescence over a 9 h period. We found that with increasing residence time in soil, E. coli O157 exhibited a reduction in both numbers and reactivation capacity as measured by cells' energy status (bioluminescence). As the degree of cell activity is linked to infectivity, this indicates that transmissibility may be reduced after a period within soil. This should be considered when assessing the degree of risk from environmental exposure to bacterial pathogens.
C-arm Cone Beam Computed Tomography: A New Tool in the Interventional Suite.

C-arm Cone Beam CT (CBCT) is a technology that is being integrated into many of the newer angiography systems in the interventional suite. Due to its ability to provide cross sectional imaging, it has opened a myriad of opportunities for creating new clinical applications. We review the technical aspects, current reported clinical applications and potential benefits of this technology.Searches were made via PubMed using the string "CBCT", "Cone Beam CT", "Cone Beam Computed Tomography" and "C-arm Cone Beam Computed Tomography". All relevant articles in the results were reviewed.CBCT clinical applications have been reported in both vascular and non-vascular interventions. They encompass many aspects of a procedure including preprocedural planning, intraprocedural guidance and postprocedural assessment. As a result, they have allowed the interventionalist to be safer and more accurate in performing image guided procedures. There are however several technical limitations. The quality of images produced is not comparable to conventional computed tomography (CT). Radiation doses are also difficult to quantify when compared to CT and fluoroscopy.CBCT technology in the interventional suite has contributed significant benefits to the patient despite its current limitations. It is a tool that will evolve and potentially become an integral part of imaging guidance for intervention.
Audiological outcome of stapes surgery for far advanced cochlear otosclerosis

Abstract Background: Patients with advanced otosclerosis can present with hearing thresholds eligible for cochlear implantation. This study sought to address whether stapes surgery in this patient group provides a clinically significant audiological benefit. Objectives: To assess pre- and post-operative hearing outcomes of patients with advanced otosclerosis, and to determine what proportion of these patients required further surgery including cochlear implantation. Methods: Between 2002 and 2015, 252 patients underwent primary stapes surgery at our institution. Twenty-eight ears in 25 patients were deemed to have advanced otosclerosis, as defined by pure audiometry thresholds over 80 dB. The patients’ records were analysed to determine audiological improvement following stapes surgery, and assess whether any further surgery was required. Results: The audiological outcome for most patients who underwent primary stapes surgery was good. A minority of patients (7 per cent) required revision surgery. Patients who underwent cochlear implantation after stapes surgery (10 per cent) also demonstrated a good audiological outcome. Conclusion: Stapes surgery is a suitable treatment option for patients with advanced otosclerosis, and should be considered mandatory, before offering cochlear implantation, for those with a demonstrable conductive component to their hearing loss. A small group of patients get little benefit from surgery and subsequently a cochlear implant should be considered.
PLANT FOR PRODUCING COLD, HEAT AND/OR WORK

The invention relates to a plant for the producing cold, heat and/or work. The plant includes: at least one modified Carnot machine comprising a first assembly that includes an evaporator Evap combined with a heat source, a condenser Cond combined with a heat sink, a device DPD for pressurizing or expanding a working fluid GT, a means for transferring said working fluid GT between the condenser Cond and DPD, and between the evaporator Evap and DPD; a second assembly that includes two transfer vessels CT and CT' that contain a transfer liquid LT and the working fluid GT in the form of liquid and/or vapor; a means for selectively transferring the working fluid GT between the condenser Cond and each of the transfer vessels CT and CT', as well as between the evaporator Evap and each of the transfer enclosures CT and CT'; and a means for selectively transferring the liquid LT between the transfer vessels CT and CT' and the compression or expansion device DPD, said means including at least one hydraulic converter.
Development of MTA DESIGN Marek Tarnawski through the creation of a cooperative service for architectural design and interior modeling

The project concerns the construction and finishing industry. It is aimed at designers, architects and individual customers. The main objective of the project is the spatial visualisation of the designed interior, building or garden directly at the client’s premises, as well as the possibility of applying any kind of corrections according to the client’s suggestion in the place of the investment or the projected facility.
FABRIC FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC SHIELDING AND THREAD FOR MANUFACTURE THEREOF

FIELD: fabrics.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to fabric for electromagnetic shielding and to thread for manufacture thereof. Composed yarn for use in a fabric for electromagnetic shielding is comprised of a first thread and a second thread. The first thread contains a core thread and a first wrapping thread. The core thread is a staple fiber yarn, which is a mixture of fibers containing first electrically conductive fibers. The first wrapping thread is comprised of or consists of one or more metal fibers. The first wrapping thread is wound onto the core thread with a density of winding of at least 300 coils/m. The second thread is comprised of second electrically conductive fibers. The second thread is wound onto the first thread or twisted together with the first thread forming a twisted thread.EFFECT: invention allows creating a fabric with excellent shielding characteristics for electromagnetic waves of low and high frequencies and with excellent electrical conductivity.15 cl
Waste water container

A container made of plastic and having a receiving volume of 2000 to 10000 liters comprises an upper container part and a lower container part and at least one clamping device which connects the two container parts in a sealing manner. Further, a plastic blow molding process is described, which serves to produce the container.
Co-Designing and piloting demand-driven mechanisms, skill-sets and measures for stimulating and facilitating open innovation across european innovation systems

INVITE envisages a well-connected European Open Innovation (OI) ecosystem, in which knowledge meaningfully flows across borders and is translated into marketable innovations, bringing increased socio-economic benefits to EU citizens. To this end, INVITE applies a multi-stakeholder approach to co-design, pilot and demonstrate in diverse real-life settings demand-driven mechanisms, skill-sets and measures in order to facilitate OI. An innovation voucher scheme will stimulate interactions between the demand and the supply of knowledge via an unconventional yet highly flexible way, namely virtual human capital mobility. At the same time, a highly interactive and flexible e-learning intervention will empower EU businesses with the skill-sets to tap into EU’s knowledge-base and turn it into value, while a public-private co-investment scheme will leverage small amounts of public funds to increase participation of private investors in open and collaborative models of innovation.  All pilots will integrate OI support services that will appropriately scale to the needs and capabilities of each case and will be facilitated through open ICT tools. Along the process a participatory co-evaluation framework will keep track of the pilots’ performance and fuel iterative, user-driven refinements to generate results ready for scale up and replication. Dedicated business planning exercises in line with a tailored IPR strategy will pave the way for the launch of a pan-European service platform we dub as Open Innovation Lab, to the market, synergising with existing OI platforms and service offers to co-create value for the European OI ecosystem. To this end, INVITE brings together a complementary and multi-disciplinary consortium, comprised of key players within the OI market including leading platform and service providers, international and regional support networks, ICT solution providers as well as private investor networks and pioneering in OI regional development agencies.
Advanced toolbox for rapid and cost-effective functional metagenomic screening - microbiology meets microfluidics.

Metagenomes comprise enormous reservoirs coding for proteins with useful activities. Unfortunately, harvesting this reservoir  is difficult, because useful candidates are rare and hidden in an overwhelming majority of irrelevant genes. Screening campaigns of metagenomic libraries thus require massive capital-expenditure for robotic systems and much manpower, making them expensive, slow and available to very few users. To enable valorisation of the potential of the metagenome, this project assembles an interdisciplinary and intersectoral consortium that will integrate a range of technologies into a platform designed to beat the odds of identifying library hits faster, more efficiently and by a wider user base. Exploration and exploitation of the metagenome will be made faster and more successful by (i) ultrahigh-throughput screening in picoliter droplets that dramatically lowers the cost per assay to well below 0.01 cents and allows throughput of 10e7 assays per hour; (ii) workflows that streamline and increase the yield of library construction and functional expression and (iii) workflows for efficient bioinformatic analysis of hits based on user-friendly software solutions for metagenome analysis. Emphasis is put on technologies that are straightforwardly implemented in non-specialist labs, maximising the impact of METAFLUIDICS. This platform will be used to identify enzymes for biosynthesis of therapeutic small molecules, for green bioenergy conversion, bioremediation, food chemistry and other industrial applications
Functional regionalization of the teleost cerebellum analyzed in vivo

There has been accumulating evidence for a regionalized organization of the cerebellum, which was mostly deduced from anatomical mapping of axonal projections of cerebellar afferents. A likewise regionalization of the cerebellar output has been suggested from lesion studies and dye-tracer experiments, but its physiological targets as well as the functional relevance of such an output regionalization are less clear. Ideally, such functional regionalization should be proven noninvasively in vivo. We here provide evidence for such a regionalization of the output from the cerebellar cortex by genetically encoded transneuronal mapping of efferent circuits of zebrafish Purkinje neurons. These identified circuits correspond to distinct regionalized Purkinje cell activity patterns in freely behaving zebrafish larvae during the performance of cerebellar-dependent behaviors. Furthermore, optogenetic interrogation of selected Purkinje cell regions during animal behavior confirms the functional regionalization of Purkinje cell efferents and reveals their contribution to behavior control as well as their function in controlling lateralized behavioral output. Our findings reveal how brain compartments serve to fulfill a multitude of functions by dedicating specialized efferent circuits to distinct behavioral tasks.
Improvements in and relating to ship propulsion

598,654. Hydraulic power installations. BAXENDALE, B. F., PETTY, M. G. R.. and JONES, C. F. March 9, 1944, No. 4433. [Class 69 (ii)] [Also in Group XXXIII] A high-pressure hydraulic power installation comprises a number of Diesel engines 5 driving high-pressure piston-type pumps 6 connected by one or more mains 12a to one or more preferably reversible high-pressure piston-type motors 3, and means to control the speed, and preferably also the direction, of rotation of the shaft 24 of a ship's propeller driven by the motor, the fall power rating of any pump 6 being only a fractional part of the full power rating of any motor 3. The pumps and motors are preferably of the radial cylinder type, the number of engines 5 may equal, or be a multiple or sub-multiple of, the number of pumps 6, and the speed control means preferably acts on the engines 5. In the form shown, couplings 7 and reduction gears 8 are disposed between the engines 5 and pumps 6, the suction and delivery pipes 9, 12 of the pumps are provided with stop valves 10, 13, the motor 3 may be rotated in bearings 25 by hand gear 26 for inspection purposes as - described in Specification 598,666, and it is controlled by a pistonactuated valve 17. A shaft 21 carries cams 18, 19, 20 to actuate, respectively, a spring-controlled pilot valve 15, a spring-controlled distributing valve 16, and, through push-rods 23, the speed governors of the engines 5. With the control means in the stop condition, the high-pressure oil from the pumps is byepassed by valve 16 to the exhaust pipe 28. On initial turning of the cam-shaft 21, cam 18 moves pilot valve 15 which supplies oil to set the motor control valve 17 for direction of flow. On further turning of the cam-shaft, cam 19 moves distributing valve 16 which then supplies oil to the central inflow passage of the valve 17 and thence to the motor 3. On still further turning of the cam-shaft, cams 20 speed up the engines 5 without disturbing the settings of the valves, as described in Specification 598,668.
Ionospheric response to infrasonic‐acoustic waves generated by natural hazard events

Recent measurements of GPS-derived total electron content (TEC) reveal acoustic wave periods of ∼1–4 min in the F region ionosphere following natural hazard events, such as earthquakes, severe weather, and volcanoes. Here we simulate the ionospheric responses to infrasonic-acoustic waves, generated by vertical accelerations at the Earth's surface or within the lower atmosphere, using a compressible atmospheric dynamics model to perturb a multifluid ionospheric model. Response dependencies on wave source geometry and spectrum are investigated at middle, low, and equatorial latitudes. Results suggest constraints on wave amplitudes that are consistent with observations and that provide insight on the geographical variability of TEC signatures and their dependence on the geometry of wave velocity field perturbations relative to the ambient geomagnetic field. Asymmetries of responses poleward and equatorward from the wave sources indicate that electron perturbations are enhanced on the equatorward side while field aligned currents are driven principally on the poleward side, due to alignments of acoustic wave velocities parallel and perpendicular to field lines, respectively. Acoustic-wave-driven TEC perturbations are shown to have periods of ∼3–4 min, which are consistent with the fraction of the spectrum that remains following strong dissipation throughout the thermosphere. Furthermore, thermospheric acoustic waves couple with ion sound waves throughout the F region and topside ionosphere, driving plasma disturbances with similar periods and faster phase speeds. The associated magnetic perturbations of the simulated waves are calculated to be observable and may provide new observational insight in addition to that provided by GPS TEC measurements.