SIRIS-Lab/unlabelled-sti-corpus huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary Virology at 40

Abstract Geoghegan and Holmes describe the history of evolutionary ideas in the study of viruses, showing that two different approaches to studying virus evolution—the comparative and the experimental—were both established in seminal papers published in the late... RNA viruses are diverse, abundant, and rapidly evolving. Genetic data have been generated from virus populations since the late 1970s and used to understand their evolution, emergence, and spread, culminating in the generation and analysis of many thousands of viral genome sequences. Despite this wealth of data, evolutionary genetics has played a surprisingly small role in our understanding of virus evolution. Instead, studies of RNA virus evolution have been dominated by two very different perspectives, the experimental and the comparative, that have largely been conducted independently and sometimes antagonistically. Here, we review the insights that these two approaches have provided over the last 40 years. We show that experimental approaches using in vitro and in vivo laboratory models are largely focused on short-term intrahost evolutionary mechanisms, and may not always be relevant to natural systems. In contrast, the comparative approach relies on the phylogenetic analysis of natural virus populations, usually considering data collected over multiple cycles of virus–host transmission, but is divorced from the causative evolutionary processes. To truly understand RNA virus evolution it is necessary to meld experimental and comparative approaches within a single evolutionary genetic framework, and to link viral evolution at the intrahost scale with that which occurs over both epidemiological and geological timescales. We suggest that the impetus for this new synthesis may come from methodological advances in next-generation sequencing and metagenomics.
Understanding Dynamics of Himalayan Glaciers: Scope and Challenges of Remote Sensing

Abstract. remote-sensing based consistent semi-automated glacier mapping methodology with minimum manual intervention has been developed at ICIMOD. Using this methodology the glaciers of Hindu Kush Himalayan region were mapped in 2011 and continuously used for glacier mapping and monitoring in the region. These data were freely available to download from ICIMOD portal and GLIMS database. These comprehensive glacier information are the only data which is being used for research and development projects for countries like Bhutan, Nepal and Pakistan. Recently decadal glacier change from 1980 to 2010 of Nepal and Bhutan were published to understand the glacier change in the Himalaya. The decadal change assessment will be continued in other basins of HKH region to understand the glacier change. Due to rugged terrain, remote access, and logistic hindrance field verification is a challenging task and can be limited only in selected glaciers. Geodetic mass balance study in the selected glaciers like in Yala of Langtang basin and Rikha Samba of Hidden valley are on progress complement to field validation. High resolution images, lack of hydro-meteorological stations near to the glacier and limited competent manpower are another hindrance in the study of glacier change of the HKH region.
Low back pain radiating to the leg: an atypical cause.

This study reports the case of a 47-year old female with low back pain radiating to groin and anterior regions of the left thigh and leg. At symptoms onset, electromyography showed left L3-L4 radiculopathy, and nuclear magnetic resonance revealed disc protrusion at the same level with impingement of the spinal nerve root. The clinical symptoms were ascribed to lumbar disco-radicular conflict. The patient underwent steroidal anti-inflammatory treatment with epidural steroid injections, chiropractic spinal manipulations and rehabilitation program, with no relief. Thirteen months after the onset of pain, a computed tomography of sacroiliac joints showed osteolytic lesion in the iliac bone of left joint, and a bone scintigraphy highlighted foci of intense uptake at left iliac bone and left proximal extremity of the femur. The bone biopsy and pathological examinations showed findings consistent with large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. This case report highlights the fact that in making differential diagnosis of low back pain radiating to the leg we have to consider the rare possibility that pain can be due to non-Hodgkin lymphoma that involves simultaneously the iliac bone and proximal extremity of the femur.
(11429.27102016.098000113) LUANA INNOVATION

DIESES PROJEKT BESTEHT AUS ZWEI PARALLELEN INTERVENTIONEN. WERDEN WIR AUF DER EINEN SEITE WEITERMACHEN? ZU EINER ANALYSE, DIE AUF EINE NEUENTWICKLUNG DES PROGRAMMS ZUR KULTIVIERUNG DES STEINBRUCHSTIFTES VON KRÄHEN ABZIELT. ES IST DA? SAR? ZIEL DER ÄNDERUNG DER BETRIEBSBEREICHE DES STEINBRUCHS, WIE AUF DER GENEHMIGTEN BAUSTELLE, DEN PRODUKTIONSERTRAG UND DIE QUALITÄT? IN DEN LETZTEN JAHREN HAT SICH DAS EXTRAHIERTE MATERIAL EINER DEUTLICHEN QUALITATIVEN UND STRUKTURELLEN VERSCHLECHTERUNG UNTERZOGEN. WIR WERDEN GENAUE UND INNOVATIVE ANALYSETECHNIKEN ANWENDEN, UM EIN EFFIZIENTES, UMWELTFREUNDLICHES ANBAUSYSTEM VORZUBEREITEN, DAS DIE SICHERHEIT DER BEDIENER AUF HÖCHSTEM NIVEAU SCHÜTZT. WERDEN WIR AUF DER ANDEREN SEITE WEITERMACHEN? DIE EINFÜHRUNG DES INTEGRIERTEN UMWELTMANAGEMENTSYSTEMS ISO 14001 UND DES SICHERHEITSMANAGEMENTSYSTEMS OHSAS 18001. DIESE NEUEN MANAGEMENTSYSTEME WERDEN DEN ANSATZ FÜR DIE VERWALTUNG ALLER PROZESSE, DIE SPEZIELL AUF DIE UMWELT UND DIE SICHERHEIT BEZOGEN SIND, SYSTEMISCH UND SYSTEMATISCH GESTALTEN; DIE ABSICHT? ZUR GEWÄHRLEISTUNG DER
Removal of methylene blue, a basic dye from aqueous solutions by adsorption using teak tree ( Tectona grandis) bark powder

Systematic batch mode studies of adsorption of methylene blue (MB) on teak tree bark powder (TTBP) were carried out as a function of process of parameters includes initial MB concentration, dose of adsorbent, pH, agitation time, agitation speed, temperature and particle size. TTBP was found to have excellent adsorption capacity. Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin isotherm models were used to test the equilibrium data. The best fitting isotherm models was found to be Langmuir and Freundlich. The linear regression coefficient R2 was used to elucidate the best fitting isotherm model (R2 ≈ 0.99). The monolayer (maximum) adsorption capacity (qm) was found to be 333.333 mg g-l for TTBP. The dimensionless separation factor (RL) values lie between 0.015 to 0.3289 indicated favourable adsorption. Lagergen pseudo -first order, Lagergen pseudo -second order, Natrajan and Khalaffrrst order, Bhattacharya Venkobachar first order and Elovich kinetic models were tested for the kinetic study. Lagergen pseudo -second order model best fits the kinetics of adsorption (R2 = 1, qe(the) ≈ qe(exp)). Intra particle diffusion model showed boundary layer effect and larger intercepts indicates contribution of surface adsorption was high in rate controlling step. Adsorption was found to increase on increasing pH, increasing temperature and decreasing particle size. Thermodynamic analysis showed negative values of i1G indicating adsorption was favourable and spontaneous, positive values of L1H indicating endothermic physical adsorption and positive values of i1S indicating increased disorder and randomness at the solid-solution interface of MB with the adsorbent TTBP.
Sock toe closing system for circular knitting machines

We have 20+ years’ experience working with precision mechanics for several industries. We have a number of own developments and products including patents for knitting machines. Based on our experience with knitting machines we have developed (and patented) the ClosedToe technology and have installed it on 50 circular knitting machines. Our ClosedToe solution allows the retrofitting of circular knitting machines with a device which folds the toe part of the sock together so it can be sewn together with the same machine. As a result, existing machines can be converted easily to become an all-in-one machine eliminating the need for a linking machine and manual labour. 
At present we have developed the ClosedToe solution for one brand to be used in two of their machines, but to reach commercial success we need to adapt it to the most common brands and types of circular knitting machines used by the industry. The aim of the ClosedToe Phase 1 project is to carry out an extensive market research and identify the most commonly used knitting machines by the industry and conclude a market entry and commercialisation strategy. During the Phase 2 development we will develop the ClosedToe solution for the identified machine types and enter the market according to the predefined strategy.
The potential impact of this development is huge in the long term, but even in the short term we see that the ClosedToe technology will generate a significant profit 3 years after the development is completed. We have wide range of networks (over 50 past customers) and based on feedback from our flagship partners there is a significant need for our innovation. This gives us the perfect platform to commercialise our new technology.
Recurrent lentigo maligna melanoma commingling the tumour nests of a basal cell carcinoma

<h2>Summary</h2> There are various types and combinations of coexisting cutaneous neoplasms which have been documented in the past but are uncommon. In this report we describe a case of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) colonised by recurrent lentigo maligna melanoma. A review of the literature has established the coexistence of lentigo maligna and BCC in six cases. The unusual combination of melanoma and BCC poses a therapeutic and prognostic dilemma. BCC is known to have a favourable outcome whereas melanoma tends to behave in a more aggressive manner leading to a less favourable outcome. There are conflicting views as to whether these lesions should be treated as BCC's or lentigo maligna melanoma. Our case appears to be unique, in that it was a recurrent lentigo maligna melanoma which was colonising the BCC. We treated our patient with wide local excision and full thickness skin graft and will continue to observe him on an outpatient basis. There needs to be long term follow up of a larger number of patients for us to truly appreciate the biological significance of parasitism of BCC by lentigo maligna melanoma.
Assessing Economic Value of Reducing Perceived Risk in the Sharing Economy: The Case of Ride-sharing Services

This study examines what types of perceived risks influence consumers’ and non-consumers’ willingness
to pay for ride-sharing services as a representative of the sharing economy. Choice experiment models are
constructed to capture consumers’ and non-consumers’ perceptions of the relative importance of each
service attribute reducing perceived risk. Results show individuals’ utility significantly increases when the
service does not require private information from consumers, provides a driver-tracking system, requires
a commercial driver’s license from drivers, offers a driver-review system, comprehensively compensates
for negative incidents, and guarantees a minimum wage and benefit plan for drivers. This research
contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of perceived risk in the sharing economy, and suggests
theoretical and practical implications that can assist companies and policy makers.
A comparative study of the adsorption of uranium on commercial and natural (Cypriot) sea sand samples

The adsorption of hexavalent uranium on two different types of sea sand [e.g. a local, Cypriot (N_SS) and a commercially available marine sediment (C_SS)] has been investigated as a function of pH, initial metal concentration, ionic strength and contact time under normal atmospheric conditions. Before carrying out the adsorption experiments, the sea sand samples have been characterized by XRD, XRF, N2-adsorption, acid/base titrations and FTIR spectroscopy. Sample characterization showed clearly that the two sea sand types differ significantly in their composition, particularly in their calcite and FeOOH content. According to experimental data obtained from acid/base titrations and adsorption batch experiments sea sand composition affects the acid/base and the adsorption properties of the adsorbents. The extraordinary high affinity of N_SS for hexavalent uranium in the alkaline pH region can be attributed to the formation of mixed U(VI)–carbonato surface species on the FeOOH crystall phases present in N_SS, which effectively compete the formation of U(VI)–carbonato complexes in solution. On the other hand, data obtained by adsorption experiments carried out in solution of different ionic strengths don’t differ significantly from one another indicating the formation of inner-sphere complexes. Finally, the adsorption on sea sands is a relatively fast two-step process.
How much is a man worth. slavery and market of individual identities in early modern naples and valencia

This research aims to study the identity formation processes of slaves and captives in the Mediterranean between 16th and 17th centuries. It will do so by analysing the slaves markets of Naples and Valencia, two of the most important trading cities of the Spanish Empire. The project will combine different types of unexplored archival sources including the trials on slaves to be found within the Archivo del Reino of Valencia and a unique source represented by the book nr. 42 coming from Secretaría de Estado of the Archivo General de Simancas. The latter is as of now the most detailed source available on Mediterranean slavery, outlining the profiles of 657 slaves and captives aboard 26 privately-operated Neapolitan galleys in 1585. These sources will make it possible to focus in depth on the biography of slaves and the process of calculating their price. Through this analysis, my project aims to significantly contribute to two historiographical mainstreams: Mediterranean slavery and formation of personal identities in ancient regime. The underlying idea is that at the core of both these phenomena was an estimation process of 'how much is a man (and woman) worth' including social, psychological and economic aspects. To this end, I propose to read together the two topics (formation of personal identities and slavery) by doing a microanalytical study of men forced to labour. The main references for this analysis will be the micro-sociology of prices elaborated by Bourdieu and Boltanski and recent studies on social estimation processes in history, focusing on biographies as well as using case-studies oriented methodology. The fellowship will include a significant secondment to EHESS in Paris, and will result in the third monograph of the researcher on negotiated identities in modern Mediterranean.
Time evolution of linearized gauge field fluctuations on a real-time lattice

Classical real-time lattice simulations play an important role in understanding non-equilibrium phenomena in gauge theories and are used in particular to model the prethermal evolution of heavy-ion collisions. Due to instabilities, small quantum fluctuations on top of the classical background may significantly affect the dynamics of the system. In this paper we argue for the need for a numerical calculation of a system of classical gauge fields and small linearized fluctuations in a way that keeps the separation between the two manifest. We derive and test an explicit algorithm to solve these equations on the lattice, maintaining gauge invariance and Gauss's law.
Energy-Generating synthetic tissues

Synthetic tissues are of great scientific and technological importance as they might not only enable purpose-driven complementation of natural tissue functionalities to repair or replace dysfunctional or damaged tissues, but also allow the engineering of intelligent artificial biomaterials with features that do not exist in nature. Main limitations of current synthetic tissues based on lipid-coated droplet networks are a low material durability over the long-term, a low availability of diverse functions (apart from electrical communication and macroscopic deformation) and a lack of control capacity using external signals in a reversible manner. The main goal of this proposed project is the engineering of a novel light-controllable synthetic tissue capable of generating energy, which consists of a printed network of polymer-coated droplets that carry specific enzymes within distinct droplets. Such energy-generating synthetic tissues convert chemical energy into electrical energy, and might therefore be applied as miniature bio-batteries to power implanted medical devices such as pacemaker in human patients. Engineering of synthetic cells and bio-batteries are a current focus of the 2017 Work Programme of European Commission and will advance the development of industrial biotechnology, which is one of Key Enabling Technologies of European industrial policy.
A Comparative Study of the Korean and Manchurian Railway Systems during the Japan Colonial Period

본 연구는 일제강점기의 우리나라 철도와 만주철도를 비교하였다. 양국철도는 공히 제국주의 철도라는 공통점을 가지고 있었지만 서로 다른 성격을 가지고 있었다. 첫째 만주철도는 정부주도하의 민간철도라는 성격을 가지고 있었다. 우리나라 철도는 철도수입위주였지만 만주철도는 철도이외에도 지역개발, 광산, 항만 운영 등 다양한 사업을 전개하였다. 두 번째 만주철도는 우리나라 철도에 비해 수익성이 좋았고, 화물위주의 수송이었다. 세 번째로 철도관료의 경우도 우리나라는 주로 정부 관료들이 임명되었지만 만주철도의 경우는 정당정치에 의한 정치가, 외교관 등 다양한 계층에서 임명되었다. 관동군으로 편입된 이후에는 군의 영향력이 컸다. 공통점으로는 제국주의 철도였기 때문에 정부정책 특히 시기적으로 철도는 군사적 목적에 활용되었다. 특히 만주철도의 경우 대륙에서의 전쟁수행이라는 면에서 직접적인 영향을 받았다고 할 수 있다. 향후 같은 시기의 일본 본토 그리고 대만과의 비교연구를 통해 동아시아 철도의 공통점과 차이점의 부각을 통해 우리나라 철도의 성격이 새롭게 조명될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. This paper presents a comparison of Korean and Manchurian railway system during the Japanese colonial era of Korea. While both railways share the common characteristics of an imperial railway, they revealed several differences. Firstly, the Manchurian railway was likely a private company, although it was operated half privately and half by the government. The Manchurian railway operated like the East Indian Company in India during the English colonial era. On the other hand, the Korean railway was fully operated by the government at a ministry level. While the Korean railway solely concentrated on the railway, the Manchurian railway was involved in regional development and the coal-mining industry as well. Secondly, in contrast to the Korean railway, the Manchurian railway was more lucrative, and was relatively more predominant regarding carriage of freights. Thirdly, railway officers in Korea were elected government bureaucrats, while Manchurian railway officers came from diverse political parties and social strata. After the annexation by the Kwantung Army, the Manchurian railway was mainly influenced by the military. The common characteristic here was that both railways were utilized for military purposes as imperial railways. In partilcular, the Manchurian railway executed military orders directly. Hereafter, through a comparative study between the Japanese and Taiwanese railways, a clear and accurate understanding of the characteristics of the Korean railway during the Japanese era will be revealed.
El Estado laico y Occidente

What do detractors of the West mean by that? How do we concieve it? Which are its main values and institutions? How do we understand the expansion of Western values and institutions and their relationship to other cultures? Are secularization and laicism of political institutions a central and specific element of our culture? Are they an integral component of what some groups consider the Western aggression towards their societies? Are the secularization of society and the laicization of political institutions, of the State or the public sphere compatible with other cultures? Beyond implications regarding violence or, on occasion, military strategy, it is evident that answers to these queries carry multiple consequences over social stability, safety, migrations, freedoms, life-views and, above all, the forms of social coexistence. Thus, we must make a halt to learn who we are vis-a-vis ourselves and others. This article poses a possible response to these questions.
Models for the estimation of diffuse solar radiation for typical cities in Turkey

Abstract In solar energy applications, diffuse solar radiation component is required. Solar radiation data particularly in terms of diffuse component are not readily affordable, because of high price of measurements as well as difficulties in their maintenance and calibration. In this study, new empirical models for predicting the monthly mean diffuse solar radiation on a horizontal surface for typical cities in Turkey are established. Therefore, fifteen empirical models from studies in the literature are used. Also, eighteen diffuse solar radiation models are developed using long term sunshine duration and global solar radiation data. The accuracy of the developed models is evaluated in terms of different statistical indicators. It is found that the best performance is achieved for the third-order polynomial model based on sunshine duration and clearness index.
Dicer-Dependent defense in mammals

Viral infection or retrotransposon expansion in the genome often result in production of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). dsRNA can be intercepted by RNase III Dicer acting in the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, an ancient eukaryotic defense mechanism. Notably, endogenous mammalian RNAi appears dormant while its common and unique physiological roles remain poorly understood. A factor underlying mammalian RNAi dormancy is inefficient processing of dsRNA by the full-length Dicer. Yet, a simple truncation of Dicer leads to hyperactive RNAi, which is naturally present in mouse oocytes.
The D-FENS project will use genetic animal models to define common, cell-specific and species-specific roles of mammalian RNAi. D-FENS has three complementary and synergizing objectives:

(1) Explore consequences of hyperactive RNAi in vivo. A mouse expressing a truncated Dicer will reveal at the organismal level any negative effect of hyperactive RNAi, the relationship between RNAi and mammalian immune system, and potential of RNAi to suppress viral infections in mammals.

(2) Define common and species-specific features of RNAi in the oocyte. Functional and bioinformatics analyses in mouse, bovine, and hamster oocytes will define rules and exceptions concerning endogenous RNAi roles, including RNAi contribution to maternal mRNA degradation and co-existence with the miRNA pathway.

(3) Uncover relationship between RNAi and piRNA pathways in suppression of retrotransposons. We hypothesize that hyperactive RNAi in mouse oocytes functionally complements the piRNA pathway, a Dicer-independent pathway suppressing retrotransposons in the germline. Using genetic models, we will explore unique and redundant roles of both pathways in the germline.

D-FENS will uncover physiological significance of the N-terminal part of Dicer, fundamentally improve understanding RNAi function in the germline, and provide a critical in vivo assessment of antiviral activity of RNAi with implications for human therapy.
Transitions from temporary employment to permanent employment among young adults: The role of labour law and education systems

Temporary work is common across Europe, especially among young people. Whether temporary employment is a transitory stage on the road to standard employment, and whether this varies depending on institutional contexts, is controversial. This article investigates variability in transition rates from temporary to permanent employment across Europe, and how this is related to employment protection legislation (EPL) and the vocational specificity of education systems. We utilize harmonized panel data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, covering 18 European countries and including 34,088 temporary workers aged 18–30. The results show that stricter EPL is associated with lower rates of transitions to permanent employment, while partial deregulation, with strict EPL for permanent contracts but weaker EPL for temporary contracts, is associated with higher transition rates. Vocationally specific education systems have higher transition rates, on average. Moreover, the role of EPL is conditional on the degree of vocational specificity.