Effects of Design Factors on Drag Forces and Deformations on Marine Aquaculture Cages: A Parametric Study Based on Numerical Simulations

<jats:p>In Japan, the marine aquaculture net cage has an important role in farming pacific bluefin tuna farming in oceans, and the design of the net cage needs to ensure robustness against hostile oceanic conditions. Accordingly, this study focuses on the drag forces and the cage volume of the net cage, and on their variations induced by different design parameters (netting solidity ratio, netting height, and bottom weight). A series of parametric studies on drag force and deformation of the net cage was conducted using a numerical simulation model. Accordingly, the contribution of each parameter to the drag and volume was analyzed using a generalized additive model. The results indicate that the bottom weight had the highest contribution to the holding ratio of the cage volume, whereas the netting height had the highest contribution to the drag coefficient of the net cage. Finally, a fast prediction model was created by a backpropagation (BP) neural network model and was examined for the accurate prediction of the objective variables.</jats:p>

section_content: In Japan, pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) farming has attracted attention as a promising business and has continued to grow [1]. The floating rope and HDPE (high-density polyethylene) floating collars net cage play important roles in farming tuna. Meanwhile, offshore fish farming with the use of the aquaculture net cage has been increasing owing to the problem of near-shore water pollution. However, strong ocean currents and waves make it easy to deform, and cause problems, such as damage and slow growth of pacific bluefin tuna. The development of optimum designs for open-sea net cages that can withstand adverse oceanic conditions is increasingly important. 

The analyses of the deformations and drag forces of the net cages is the basis for the optimization of the design and safe use of the net cage system. At present, the hydrodynamic characteristics of similar net cages have been studied extensively with experimental methods. Fu et al. [2] conducted a model experiment to determine the cage volume and tension in the mooring line with the use of different mooring methods. Lader et al. [3] used a circular net cage made of nylon to clarify the drag force and volume by changing the bottom weight and current speed. Huang et al. [4] [5] [6] examined the volume change and the tension on the mooring line of the gravity-type net cage based on model testing. Klebert et al. [7] used pressure sensors to measure the three-dimensional deformation of full-scale cages in actual farming sea regions. Gansel et al. [8] measured the shape and drag of a full-scale net cage based on field tow testing. 

To reduce the optimization time of the net cage design, many researchers have also conducted numerical analyses of net cage systems. To our knowledge, several numerical methods have been proposed, which can be classified into two main approach types. One was based on Morison's equation in which the netting is modeled as truss or spring elements [9] [10] [11] [12]. The other was based on screen force models, and the netting was modeled by consistent panels or screens [13]. The outcomes of these studies can provide valuable information necessary to the optimization design of the net cage so that it can withstand the intense hydrodynamic forces of ocean environments. 

With the development of ICT (information and communication technology), a fast prediction model for predicting drag force and deformation of net cage is also required. Therefore, in this study, a numerical simulation model was proposed to determine the effects of different design parameters on the drag and shape changes of the net cage based on a finite element method, and a fast prediction model was created and examined. In addition, we also analyzed the contribution of the main parameters (netting solidity ratio, netting height, and bottom weight) to the drag and volume of the net cage.
section_name: Introduction

section_name: Materials and Methods

section_content: The prototype net cage (Figure 1 ) used for farming pacific bluefin tuna was composed of floating collars, cylindrical side netting, bottom netting, and bottom weight (sinkers and sinker ropes). Detailed parameters of components of the prototype net cage are listed in Table 1. The cage has a circumference of 106 m and spans a distance of 12 m in the depth direction. The floating collar was constructed with high-density polyethylene pipe (HDPE), and the netting panel was made of polyethylene ultra-cross knotless netting (PEUC). The leaded lines and sinker ropes were placed on the bottom parts of the net to reduce deformation. 

To reduce the optimization time of the net cage design, many researchers have also conducted numerical analyses of net cage systems. To our knowledge, several numerical methods have been proposed, which can be classified into two main approach types. One was based on Morison's equation in which the netting is modeled as truss or spring elements [9] [10] [11] [12]. The other was based on screen force models, and the netting was modeled by consistent panels or screens [13]. The outcomes of these studies can provide valuable information necessary to the optimization design of the net cage so that it can withstand the intense hydrodynamic forces of ocean environments. 

With the development of ICT (information and communication technology), a fast prediction model for predicting drag force and deformation of net cage is also required. Therefore, in this study, a numerical simulation model was proposed to determine the effects of different design parameters on the drag and shape changes of the net cage based on a finite element method, and a fast prediction model was created and examined. In addition, we also analyzed the contribution of the main parameters (netting solidity ratio, netting height, and bottom weight) to the drag and volume of the net cage.
section_name: Net Cage Specifications

section_content: The prototype net cage (Figure 1 ) used for farming pacific bluefin tuna was composed of floating collars, cylindrical side netting, bottom netting, and bottom weight (sinkers and sinker ropes). Detailed parameters of components of the prototype net cage are listed in Table 1. The cage has a circumference of 106 m and spans a distance of 12 m in the depth direction. The floating collar was constructed with high-density polyethylene pipe (HDPE), and the netting panel was made of polyethylene ultra-cross knotless netting (PEUC). The leaded lines and sinker ropes were placed on the bottom parts of the net to reduce deformation. In the following numerical model verification experiment (Section 2. 3), a scaled model of the net cage was employed. Based on Tauti's law [14], the model scales were: length scale = 1/28. 3, diameter scale = 1/5, mesh size scale = 1/6. 83, velocity scale = 1/2. 23, force scale = 1/4004. The specifications of the model net cage are listed in Table 1. In the following numerical model verification experiment (Section 2. 3), a scaled model of the net cage was employed. Based on Tauti's law [14], the model scales were: length scale = 1/28. 3, diameter scale = 1/5, mesh size scale = 1/6. 83, velocity scale = 1/2. 23, force scale = 1/4004. The specifications of the model net cage are listed in Table 1. Numerical simulations of the drag force and deformation of the net cage in uniform flow were conducted using a finite element method. In previous studies, the numerical procedure had been used to analyze the tension and shape of the fish netting system [15] [16] [17] [18]. The mesh bar of the netting panel was modeled using a straight-line element with negligible bending and torsional stiffness (Figure 2 ). Netting panels can be considered as the components of such elements, which are connected with non-frictional hinges. The total potential energy of the Π system can be expressed as,

where F i is the equivalent nodal loading on the i-th node, D i is the nodal displacement of the element, T g is the axial force of the g-th element, L g0 is the initial length of the g-th element, L g is the length of the g-th element after deformation, A g is the cross-section area of the g-th element or mesh bar, E is the Young's modulus of the material, f is the nodal degree-of-freedom, and m is the element number. 

To determine the equilibrium shape of the unstable net cage system, the principle of minimum potential energy was applied. According to this principle, when the system is in an equilibrium state, the total potential energy becomes an absolute minimum, that is ∂Π/∂D i = 0 and ∂Π/∂T g = 0. The basic equations for the system can then be obtained as follows:

The elements in the coefficient matrix in Equation (2) denote the direction cosines of the g-th element after deformation with respect to the X, Y, and Z-axes. Equation (3) shows the relationship between the element tension and nodal displacement. Consequently, it is clear that Equations ( 2 ) and (3) constitute the basic simultaneous equations for (f + m) degrees-of-freedom with the nodal displacement D i and element tension T g being unknown parameters in the static response of the net cage. It is obvious that Equations ( 2 ) and (3) are nonlinear. To identify the numerical solution of the problem, the Newton-Raphson method was adopted. 2 ) and ( 3 ) are nonlinear. To identify the numerical solution of the problem, the Newton-Raphson method was adopted.
section_name: Net Cage Specifications

section_content: The external forces (F) in Equation (3) that act on each of the elements include the hydrodynamic force and gravity (weight and buoyancy). The hydrodynamic forces (Dx, Dy, and Dz) can be expressed as:

where d is the diameter of the element, L is the element length, U is the relative velocity of the flow, and ρ is the density of the fluid. When l, m, and n, are the direction cosines of the elements after deformation with respect to the X, Y, and Z axes, respectively, the hydrodynamic forces coefficients (Cx, Cy and Cz) are expressed as:

where CD90 is the normal drag coefficient for which the axis of the element is vertical to the flow. The normal drag coefficient CD90 was calculated as follows [19] :

Diagram of the element motion. X, Y, and Z, are the global system coordinates; u, v, and ω, denote the nodal displacements of an element in the direction of X, Y, and Z axes; and i and j indicate the ends of the element, respectively.
section_name: Hydrodynamic Loading Model

section_content: The external forces (F) in Equation (3) that act on each of the elements include the hydrodynamic force and gravity (weight and buoyancy). The hydrodynamic forces (D x, D y, and D z ) can be expressed as:

where d is the diameter of the element, L is the element length, U is the relative velocity of the flow, and ρ is the density of the fluid. When l, m, and n, are the direction cosines of the elements after deformation with respect to the X, Y, and Z axes, respectively, the hydrodynamic forces coefficients (C x, C y and C z ) are expressed as:

where C D90 is the normal drag coefficient for which the axis of the element is vertical to the flow. The normal drag coefficient C D90 was calculated as follows [19] :

where Re is the Reynolds number based on the diameter netting twines.
section_name: Hydrodynamic Loading Model

section_content: To evaluate the effects of the design parameters on the drag force and deformation of the net cage, a parametric study was constructed. Table 1 lists the detailed data of the original model scale net cage. In the side netting panel, there are 264 meshes in the circumference, 30 meshes in the depth direction, and 9568 meshes in the bottom netting. The total numbers of all the elements and nodes were 51,344 and 34,976, respectively. If the number of degrees-of-freedom of the node is equal to three, the computer needs to have a huge capacity to create the stiffness matrix. Correspondingly, this cannot be achieved by a typical personal computer. Therefore, a mesh grouping method was applied to reduce the computational consumption and run time [20, 21]. To obtain the volume of the net cage, the scalar triple method was used [4, 22]. 

In addition, when the net cage is immersed in water, the upstream net reduces the water current inside the net cage, while it reduces the drag on the downstream net [10, 23, 24]. The current velocity acting on the downstream net (U in ) was obtained based on use of the following formulas:

where C r is the ratio of the current velocity inside the net cage to the incident current velocity (U), and C d is drag coefficient of netting. In this case, C d was proposed based on an empirical formula, as represented in our previous study [25]. 

In this study, the effects of net cage design parameters-netting solidity ratio α, bottom weight Bw, and netting height H-on the drag force and volume of the net cage were examined based on numerical simulations. The netting solidity ratio α, was defined as the ratio of the projected area to the total area of the netting. In the case of diamond mesh with knotless, this solidity can be expressed as the following formula,

where d is the twine diameter, l is the bar length, and θ is the hanging angle and equal to 45 •. Table 2 shows the parameters used for the numerical simulations. The original values are shown in bold font, and a summary of the calculation process is listed below:

1. 

In the calculation that changed the value of α, the current speed ranged from 10 cm/s to 50 cm/s at 10 cm/s intervals. The value of H was 0. 42 m, and the value of Bw was 476. 5 g 2. 

In the calculation that changed the value of H, the current speed ranged from 10 cm/s to 50 cm/s at 10 cm/s intervals. The value of α was 0. 12 and the value of Bw was 476. 5 g 3. 

In the calculation that changed the value of Bw, the current speed ranged from 10 cm/s to 50 cm/s at 10 cm/s intervals. The value of α was 0. 12 and the value of H was 0. 42 m.
section_name: Parametric Study

section_content: A numerical simulation generates outcomes at various conditions. Generated result can be examined from various perspectives. More important are the precisions of the calculations. To evaluate the precision of the numerical simulation, in this study, a series of model tests were performed in the flume tank at the Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology. The observation section of the tank had a length of 9. 0 m, width of 2. 2 m, and a water depth of 1. 6 m. We used the original scaled net cage model which was described above. These drag forces and cage volume results were then compared with the numerical simulation results. 

To conduct drag force measurements (Figure 3 ), we measured the drag force of the net cage with a small underwater load cell. The load cell had an accuracy of 3% of full scale, which was equal to 49. 0 N according to the preliminary calibration. A propeller-type flowmeter was installed at a location of ~1. 5 m upstream of the model fish cage at the depth that matched the center of the model. The flow rate for the experiment was in the range of 5. 0-50. 0 cm/s at 5 cm/s intervals. The weights attached at the netting at the bottom part corresponded to 470. 5 g in the experiment. The strain signals from load cell and flowmeter were transferred to the amplifier and then stored on a personal computer after digitization with the use of an A/D converter. In the experiment, we used the mean of 400 data points obtained at 20 Hz in 20 s as the measurement value. 

0. 38 726. 5 0. 42 0. 46
section_name: Verification Experiment

section_content: A numerical simulation generates outcomes at various conditions. Generated result can be examined from various perspectives. More important are the precisions of the calculations. To evaluate the precision of the numerical simulation, in this study, a series of model tests were performed in the flume tank at the Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology. The observation section of the tank had a length of 9. 0 m, width of 2. 2 m, and a water depth of 1. 6 m. We used the original scaled net cage model which was described above. These drag forces and cage volume results were then compared with the numerical simulation results. 

To conduct drag force measurements (Figure 3 ), we measured the drag force of the net cage with a small underwater load cell. The load cell had an accuracy of 3% of full scale, which was equal to 49. 0 N according to the preliminary calibration. A propeller-type flowmeter was installed at a location of ~1. 5 m upstream of the model fish cage at the depth that matched the center of the model. The flow rate for the experiment was in the range of 5. 0-50. 0 cm/s at 5 cm/s intervals. The weights attached at the netting at the bottom part corresponded to 470. 5 g in the experiment. The strain signals from load cell and flowmeter were transferred to the amplifier and then stored on a personal computer after digitization with the use of an A/D converter. In the experiment, we used the mean of 400 data points obtained at 20 Hz in 20 s as the measurement value. To measure deformation of the net cage, we imaged the shape of the model cage in a uniform flow with a flow rate in the range of 5-50 cm/s at 5 cm/s intervals from the side and below the water circulation tank observation port with two digital cameras (Figure 3 ). The three-dimensional coordinate values of the net cage were necessary to obtain the cage volume of the model net cage. We attached a small, lightweight, and waterproof light-emitting diode (LED) Milight (4 × 35 mm, weight of 0. 36 g, Hiromi Sangyo Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan) to the model net cage as a marker to track the deformation at different flow velocities. Figure 4 shows the locations of the small LED Milight. From the images captured by the two digital cameras, we read the three-dimensional coordinate values of the small LED Milight following binarization with the use of MATLAB (Version 2019a, Natick, MA, USA). We then interpolated according to the coordinates obtained above and calculated the volume based on use of the scalar triple method [4, 22]. To measure deformation of the net cage, we imaged the shape of the model cage in a uniform flow with a flow rate in the range of 5-50 cm/s at 5 cm/s intervals from the side and below the water circulation tank observation port with two digital cameras (Figure 3 ). The three-dimensional coordinate values of the net cage were necessary to obtain the cage volume of the model net cage. We attached a small, lightweight, and waterproof light-emitting diode (LED) Milight (4 × 35 mm, weight of 0. 36 g, Hiromi Sangyo Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan) to the model net cage as a marker to track the deformation at different flow velocities. Figure 4 shows the locations of the small LED Milight. From the images captured by the two digital cameras, we read the three-dimensional coordinate values of the small LED Milight following binarization with the use of MATLAB (Version 2019a, Natick, MA, USA). We then interpolated according to the coordinates obtained above and calculated the volume based on use of the scalar triple method [4, 22].
section_name: Verification Experiment

section_name: Bottom weight

section_name: Fast Prediction Model

section_content: Backpropagation is an algorithm used to train a neural network in machine learning. Figure 5 shows the structure of the backpropagation neural network (BP neural network) [26]. In the figure, X1, X2, …, Xn are the input values for the input layer. Wij is the weight of the j th hidden layer from the i th input layer, Wjk is the weight of the k th output layer from the j th hidden layer, and Y1, Y2, …, Ym, is the output value of the BP neural network. We used MATLAB's Neural Network Toolbox to train the BP neural network. The number of units for the input and output layers were three and two, respectively, while the number of units for the hidden layer was 10. The maximum number of epochs was 500, the learning rate coefficient γ was 0. 1, and the performance goal was 10 -4 (mean squared error of predicted and desired values). To learn the weight of each layer, the trained function of the gradient descent backpropagation was used. For the transfer function from the input layer to the hidden layer, a tangent sigmoid transfer function (tansig) was selected, and for the transfer function from the hidden layer to the output layer, a linear transfer function (purelin) was chosen.
section_name: Neural Network Model

section_content: Backpropagation is an algorithm used to train a neural network in machine learning. Figure 5 shows the structure of the backpropagation neural network (BP neural network) [26]. In the figure, X 1, X 2,. . ., X n are the input values for the input layer. W ij is the weight of the j th hidden layer from the i th input layer, W jk is the weight of the k th output layer from the j th hidden layer, and Y 1, Y 2,. . ., Y m, is the output value of the BP neural network.
section_name: Neural Network Model

section_content: Backpropagation is an algorithm used to train a neural network in machine learning. Figure 5 shows the structure of the backpropagation neural network (BP neural network) [26]. In the figure, X1, X2, …, Xn are the input values for the input layer. Wij is the weight of the j th hidden layer from the i th input layer, Wjk is the weight of the k th output layer from the j th hidden layer, and Y1, Y2, …, Ym, is the output value of the BP neural network. We used MATLAB's Neural Network Toolbox to train the BP neural network. The number of units for the input and output layers were three and two, respectively, while the number of units for the hidden layer was 10. The maximum number of epochs was 500, the learning rate coefficient γ was 0. 1, and the performance goal was 10 -4 (mean squared error of predicted and desired values). To learn the weight of each layer, the trained function of the gradient descent backpropagation was used. For the transfer function from the input layer to the hidden layer, a tangent sigmoid transfer function (tansig) was selected, and for the transfer function from the hidden layer to the output layer, a linear transfer function (purelin) was chosen. We used MATLAB's Neural Network Toolbox to train the BP neural network. The number of units for the input and output layers were three and two, respectively, while the number of units for the hidden layer was 10. The maximum number of epochs was 500, the learning rate coefficient γ was 0. 1, and the performance goal was 10 -4 (mean squared error of predicted and desired values). To learn the weight of each layer, the trained function of the gradient descent backpropagation was used. For the transfer function from the input layer to the hidden layer, a tangent sigmoid transfer function (tansig) was selected, and for the transfer function from the hidden layer to the output layer, a linear transfer function (purelin) was chosen.
section_name: Neural Network Model

section_content: The parameters α, H/D (the netting height H divided by the diameter of the net cage D), and Bw/B (the bottom weight Bw divided by the buoyancy B of the pipe frame), were chosen as the explanatory variables. The objective variables used were the equivalent drag coefficient K n and volume holding ratio C v of the net cage. The C v and K n values are represented as follows. 

where V is the net cage volume of the deformed net cage, V 0 is the volume of the cage in still water, R D is the drag force of the net cage, A is the maximum cross-sectional area of the net cage, α is the netting solidity ratio, and U is the current speed. There were three design parameters with six patterns for each of these. This produces 216 combinations (6 × 6 × 6 = 216). Given that the calculations required to analyze all these combinations with numerical simulations are considerable, combinations of the above design parameters were selected through an experimental design method based on an orthogonal array [27]. Subsequently, the drag forces and cage volume of the selected net cage model were obtained based on a numerical simulation model. These data were integrated with the data used for the parametric study. Table A1 shows the training data. With the use of a generalized additive model (GAM), we analyzed the contribution of each explanatory variable to the objective variables.
section_name: Training Data

section_content: Figure 6 shows the numerical results of the changes in the shape of the net cage obtained based on numerical simulations. These figures are side and top views and show the shape of the net cage when the current speed was 20, 30, and 40 cm/s, when α was 0. 12, H was 0. 42 m, and Bw was 476. 5 g. 

where V is the net cage volume of the deformed net cage, V0 is the volume of the cage in still water, RD is the drag force of the net cage, A is the maximum cross-sectional area of the net cage, α is the netting solidity ratio, and U is the current speed. There were three design parameters with six patterns for each of these. This produces 216 combinations (6 × 6 × 6 = 216). Given that the calculations required to analyze all these combinations with numerical simulations are considerable, combinations of the above design parameters were selected through an experimental design method based on an orthogonal array [27]. Subsequently, the drag forces and cage volume of the selected net cage model were obtained based on a numerical simulation model. These data were integrated with the data used for the parametric study. Table A1 shows the training data. With the use of a generalized additive model (GAM), we analyzed the contribution of each explanatory variable to the objective variables.
section_name: Results

section_content: Figure 6 shows the numerical results of the changes in the shape of the net cage obtained based on numerical simulations. These figures are side and top views and show the shape of the net cage when the current speed was 20, 30, and 40 cm/s, when α was 0. 12, H was 0. 42 m, and Bw was 476. 5 g. For U values ≥ 20 cm/s, R D tends to increase in a linear fashion relative to U. This has a similar result to that described in [28], which is the reduction of the projected area caused by deformations. As shown in the right subfigure, when α increases, the drag also increases. This trend is clearer at higher U values. At the maximum U of 50 cm/s, the drag on the net cage for an α value of 0. 46 was 3. 77 times higher than that on the net cage with an α value of 0. 06. Similar to earlier simulation results [28], as the solidity increases, an approximately linear increase in drag forces was observed as a function of velocity. U of 50 cm/s, the drag on the net cage for an α value of 0. 46 was 3. 77 times higher than that on the net cage with an α value of 0. 06. Similar to earlier simulation results [28], as the solidity increases, an approximately linear increase in drag forces was observed as a function of velocity. Figure 8 shows the relationship between the netting solidity and the volume holding ratio of the net cage. As the figure shows, Cv decreases as U increases. At high-flow velocities, the rate of change of the trend was show, compared to fast decreasing rate at low-flow velocities. This may attribute to the fact that the deformation was large at high flow velocities, and to the fact that the net can be regarded as a solid body. At a high-current speed (e. g., 50 cm/s), the Cv value for an α value of 0. 46 was 0. 42. Compared to the net cage with an α value of 0. 06, the value of Cv was 0. 70 times smaller. As shown in the right subfigure, as α increases, Cv decreases. When the value of α exceeds 0. 3 for each current speed, the value of Cv becomes constant at all velocities. Figure 8 shows the relationship between the netting solidity and the volume holding ratio of the net cage. As the figure shows, Cv decreases as U increases. At high-flow velocities, the rate of change of the trend was show, compared to fast decreasing rate at low-flow velocities. This may attribute to the fact that the deformation was large at high flow velocities, and to the fact that the net can be regarded as a solid body. At a high-current speed (e. g., 50 cm/s), the Cv value for an α value of 0. 46 was 0. 42. Compared to the net cage with an α value of 0. 06, the value of Cv was 0. 70 times smaller. As shown in the right subfigure, as α increases, Cv decreases. When the value of α exceeds 0. 3 for each current speed, the value of Cv becomes constant at all velocities. Figure 8 shows the relationship between the netting solidity and the volume holding ratio of the net cage. As the figure shows, C v decreases as U increases. At high-flow velocities, the rate of change of the trend was show, compared to fast decreasing rate at low-flow velocities. This may attribute to the fact that the deformation was large at high flow velocities, and to the fact that the net can be regarded as a solid body. At a high-current speed (e. g., 50 cm/s), the C v value for an α value of 0. 46 was 0. 42. Compared to the net cage with an α value of 0. 06, the value of C v was 0. 70 times smaller. As shown in the right subfigure, as α increases, C v decreases. When the value of α exceeds 0. 3 for each current speed, the value of C v becomes constant at all velocities.
section_name: Results

section_name: Effect of the Netting Solidity on Drag Force and Cage Volume

section_content: Figure 9 shows the effect of the netting height on the drag of the net cage, and Figure 10 shows the effect on the volume holding ratio of the net cage. As shown in Figure 9, the drag forces on the net cage increases at increasing current speeds. As H increases, R D also increases. As shown by the right subfigure, when the value of U is low, the value of R D increases linearly as H increases. However, when the value of U is high, the increase in the drag force becomes prominent. At the maximum current speed of 50 cm/s, the drag force of the net cage with a netting height of 93 cm increases by 1. 43 times compared to its value in the case at which the netting height is 33 cm. In addition, the trend of the drag forces and netting height yielded similar results to the netting solidity. Figure 9 shows the effect of the netting height on the drag of the net cage, and Figure 10 shows the effect on the volume holding ratio of the net cage. As shown in Figure 9, the drag forces on the net cage increases at increasing current speeds. As H increases, RD also increases. As shown by the right subfigure, when the value of U is low, the value of RD increases linearly as H increases. However, when the value of U is high, the increase in the drag force becomes prominent. At the maximum current speed of 50 cm/s, the drag force of the net cage with a netting height of 93 cm increases by 1. 43 times compared to its value in the case at which the netting height is 33 cm. In addition, the trend of the drag forces and netting height yielded similar results to the netting solidity. Figure 9 shows the effect of the netting height on the drag of the net cage, and Figure 10 shows the effect on the volume holding ratio of the net cage. As shown in Figure 9, the drag forces on the net cage increases at increasing current speeds. As H increases, RD also increases. As shown by the right subfigure, when the value of U is low, the value of RD increases linearly as H increases. However, when the value of U is high, the increase in the drag force becomes prominent. At the maximum current speed of 50 cm/s, the drag force of the net cage with a netting height of 93 cm increases by 1. 43 times compared to its value in the case at which the netting height is 33 cm. In addition, the trend of the drag forces and netting height yielded similar results to the netting solidity. Figure 10 shows that the volume holding ratio increases as the current speed increases. At each current speed, C v decreases as H increases. At high current speeds, this decreasing trend becomes prominent. At the maximum current speed of 50 cm/s, the C v of the net cage with H of 93 cm was 0. 78 times smaller compared to the case where H was 33 cm. As H increases, the decrease in C v becomes prominent as the current speed increases. Similar to the change trend of drag force and net height, the relationship between cage volume and net height is similar to the relationship between volume and netting solidity.
section_name: Effect of the Netting Height on the Drag Force and Cage Volume

section_content: Figure 11 shows the effect of the bottom weight on the drag force of the net cage. As the figure shows, the drag force increases as the current speed increases. At a lower current speed, the value of R D on net cage barely changes as Bw increases, and reaches a constant value. At higher current speeds, R D increases as Bw increases. At the maximum current speed of 50 cm/s, the R D value on the net cage with a Bw of 726. 5 g is 1. 10 times higher compared to the case at which the Bw value is 226. 5 g. 

the relationship between cage volume and net height is similar to the relationship between volume and netting solidity.
section_name: Effect of Bottom Weight on the Drag Force and Cage Volume

section_content: Figure 11 shows the effect of the bottom weight on the drag force of the net cage. As the figure shows, the drag force increases as the current speed increases. At a lower current speed, the value of RD on net cage barely changes as Bw increases, and reaches a constant value. At higher current speeds, RD increases as Bw increases. At the maximum current speed of 50 cm/s, the RD value on the net cage with a Bw of 726. 5 g is 1. 10 times higher compared to the case at which the Bw value is 226. 5 g. 

Figure 12 shows the effect of the bottom weight on the volume holding ratio of the net cage. The same figure shows that as the current speed increases, the Cv of the net cage decreases. For all the current speeds, as Bw increases, Cv increases. At the maximum current speed of 50 cm/s, the Cv value of the net cage with a Bw value of 726. 5 g is 1. 22 times higher than its value in the case at which Bw is 226. 5 g. Overall, there is not a significant correlation between the drag force and bottom weight. Additionally, a negative correlation was observed between drag force and cage volume for any bottom weights was (similar to [28] ). Figure 12 shows the effect of the bottom weight on the volume holding ratio of the net cage. The same figure shows that as the current speed increases, the C v of the net cage decreases. For all the current speeds, as Bw increases, C v increases. At the maximum current speed of 50 cm/s, the C v value of the net cage with a Bw value of 726. 5 g is 1. 22 times higher than its value in the case at which Bw is 226. 5 g. Overall, there is not a significant correlation between the drag force and bottom weight. Additionally, a negative correlation was observed between drag force and cage volume for any bottom weights was (similar to [28] ). 

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 19 the relationship between cage volume and net height is similar to the relationship between volume and netting solidity.
section_name: Effect of Bottom Weight on the Drag Force and Cage Volume

section_content: Figure 11 shows the effect of the bottom weight on the drag force of the net cage. As the figure shows, the drag force increases as the current speed increases. At a lower current speed, the value of RD on net cage barely changes as Bw increases, and reaches a constant value. At higher current speeds, RD increases as Bw increases. At the maximum current speed of 50 cm/s, the RD value on the net cage with a Bw of 726. 5 g is 1. 10 times higher compared to the case at which the Bw value is 226. 5 g. 

Figure 12 shows the effect of the bottom weight on the volume holding ratio of the net cage. The same figure shows that as the current speed increases, the Cv of the net cage decreases. For all the current speeds, as Bw increases, Cv increases. At the maximum current speed of 50 cm/s, the Cv value of the net cage with a Bw value of 726. 5 g is 1. 22 times higher than its value in the case at which Bw is 226. 5 g. Overall, there is not a significant correlation between the drag force and bottom weight. Additionally, a negative correlation was observed between drag force and cage volume for any bottom weights was (similar to [28] ).
section_name: Effect of Bottom Weight on the Drag Force and Cage Volume

section_content: We examined the relationship between each explanatory variable and objective variable using GAM analyses (Figures 13 and 14 ). Figure 13 shows the relationships of each explanatory variable with the drag coefficient of the net cage. The figure shows that as α and the H/D increase, the K n of the net cage decreases. When the Bw/B increases, the value K n of the net cage increases. Conversely, the C V of the net cage decreases slightly as α increases. Additionally, as the H/D and the Bw/B increase, the C V of the net cage increases slightly (Figure 14 ). 

We examined the relationship between each explanatory variable and objective variable using GAM analyses (Figures 13 and 14 ). Figure 13 shows the relationships of each explanatory variable with the drag coefficient of the net cage. The figure shows that as α and the H/D increase, the Kn of the net cage decreases. When the Bw/B increases, the value Kn of the net cage increases. Conversely, the CV of the net cage decreases slightly as α increases. Additionally, as the H/D and the Bw/B increase, the CV of the net cage increases slightly (Figure 14 ). The equivalent drag coefficient Kn and cage volume holding ratio CV obtained based on the GAM analyses are listed in Tables 3 and 4, respectively. For both the Kn and CV of the net cage, the p values of all the explanatory variables were 0. 05 or less, which demonstrated statistical significance. Based on the F-test, the bottom weight had a maximum contribution to the cage volume holding ratio, followed by H/D and α. H/D had the highest contribution to the drag coefficient of the net cage, followed by α and Bw/B. Effect on volume holding ratio We examined the relationship between each explanatory variable and objective variable using GAM analyses (Figures 13 and 14 ). Figure 13 shows the relationships of each explanatory variable with the drag coefficient of the net cage. The figure shows that as α and the H/D increase, the Kn of the net cage decreases. When the Bw/B increases, the value Kn of the net cage increases. Conversely, the CV of the net cage decreases slightly as α increases. Additionally, as the H/D and the Bw/B increase, the CV of the net cage increases slightly (Figure 14 ). The equivalent drag coefficient Kn and cage volume holding ratio CV obtained based on the GAM analyses are listed in Tables 3 and 4, respectively. For both the Kn and CV of the net cage, the p values of all the explanatory variables were 0. 05 or less, which demonstrated statistical significance. Based on the F-test, the bottom weight had a maximum contribution to the cage volume holding ratio, followed by H/D and α. H/D had the highest contribution to the drag coefficient of the net cage, followed by α and Bw/B. Effect on volume holding ratio The equivalent drag coefficient K n and cage volume holding ratio C V obtained based on the GAM analyses are listed in Tables 3 and 4, respectively. For both the K n and C V of the net cage, the p values of all the explanatory variables were 0. 05 or less, which demonstrated statistical significance. Based on the F-test, the bottom weight had a maximum contribution to the cage volume holding ratio, followed by H/D and α. H/D had the highest contribution to the drag coefficient of the net cage, followed by α and Bw/B.
section_name: Contributions of Explanatory Variables

section_name: Discussion

section_content: Figure 15 shows an example of the comparison between the experimental photographs from the model net cage with the simulated shapes. These figures were obtained based on simulations when the current speed was 20, 30, and 40 cm/s. As shown in the comparison of the shapes in Figure 15, the shapes of the net cage at each current speed were consistent between the analytical and experimental shapes. Figure 16 shows the comparison between the experimental results for the drag and volume measured in the model experiment with the simulation results. The experimental and calculated results were consistent for the drag and volume of the net cage when the current speed was low (≤15 cm/s). However, when the current speed increased, some differences were noted. Overall, the numerical simulations reproduced the experimental results relatively well, and the mean relative errors were 13. 3% and 9. 1% for the drag and volume, respectively. Figure 16 shows the comparison between the experimental results for the drag and volume measured in the model experiment with the simulation results. The experimental and calculated results were consistent for the drag and volume of the net cage when the current speed was low (≤15 cm/s). However, when the current speed increased, some differences were noted. Overall, the numerical simulations reproduced the experimental results relatively well, and the mean relative errors were 13. 3% and 9. 1% for the drag and volume, respectively. 

Figure 16 shows the comparison between the experimental results for the drag and volume measured in the model experiment with the simulation results. The experimental and calculated results were consistent for the drag and volume of the net cage when the current speed was low (≤15 cm/s). However, when the current speed increased, some differences were noted. Overall, the numerical simulations reproduced the experimental results relatively well, and the mean relative errors were 13. 3% and 9. 1% for the drag and volume, respectively.
section_name: Precision of the Numerical Simulation Model

section_content: Figure A1 shows the created BP neural network model. Tables 5 and 6 show the weights of all the layers. To evaluate the precision of the BP neural network model in Figure A1, the calculated results of the numerical simulation model and the predicted value from the BP neural network model are plotted in Figure 17. The regression formula of the numerically calculated results and predicted values were obtained, and the coefficient of determination R 2 was calculated based on a regression fitting. The graph shows that there were no outliers from y = x, and R 2 was almost equal to one. Additionally, it was shown that the created BP neural network model predicts the response variables accurately.
section_name: Precision of the Neural Network

section_content: The results listed above confirm the effectiveness of the proposed fast prediction model. However, a net cage system that is under a repetitive load, such as the load imposed by waves, needs to be considered, and a fatigue analysis needs to be performed. In the future, the fatigue damages to the net cage frame and mooring line in the presence of waves need to be confirmed and integrated with the fast prediction model to optimize the net cage design in actual sea regions.
section_name: Optimized Net Cage Model

section_content: Neither Tauti's law nor Froude's law lead to perfect physical analogies. For this reason, the smaller the scale ratio is, the larger the actual conversion value obtained from model experiments. Accordingly, numerical calculations will generate a large error, and the problem of the so-called scale effect cannot be ignored [29, 30]. In the case of this study, the Reynolds number was defined as follows,

where µ = 0. 01 cm 2 /s is the dynamic viscosity of water, and the diameter of twine d was considered equal to the characteristic length of netting. In the validation experiment described above, the current velocity range was 5. 0-50. 0 cm/s, and the R d was in the range of 30-300. Based on Tauti's law, in the full-scale net cage, the current velocity conversion was in the range of 11. 15-111. 5 cm/s. For a full-scale twine diameter of 0. 41cm, the R d would take values in the range of 457-4570. According to the relationship between the drag coefficient and the Reynolds number, a large deviation is expected to occur in the calculation of drag forces. 

To achieve a more accurate conversion between the model and full-scale net cage, the model should either be made as large as possible, or the similarity law needs to be further improved (Hu et al. [29] ). In addition, the behaviors of the net cage under the wave and wave combined current conditions must be considered.
section_name: Scale Effect

section_content: In this study, we employed the finite element method to construct a numerical model for net cages. A series of parametric studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of the design parameters (netting solidity ratio α, netting height H, and bottom weight B w ) on the drag force and deformation of the net cage. A validation experiment was also performed to evaluate numerical model, and good agreement was demonstrated. 

The contribution of each design parameter to the drag force and volume was analyzed using a generalized additive model. The bottom weight had the highest contribution to the cage volume, whereas the netting height had the highest contribution to the drag force of the net cage. 

A BP neural network model was created to predict the drag force and cage volume. As indicated, a good comparison to simulation results was confirmed. 

The scale effect between of the model and full-scale net cage was also discussed.
section_name: Conclusions

section_name: Acknowledgments:

section_content: Funding: This research received no external funding.

section_content: The authors would like to thank the reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions.
section_name: Acknowledgments: