The 15-minute city as a hybrid model for Milan

With a special focus on Milan, we explore the interpretation of the 15-minute city as a hybrid model, where soft mobility is integrated in a holistic urbanism approach. Contemporary urban challenges, synthetized in the 15-minute city model, look for a sustainable ���proximity mix���: mix of uses (overcoming rigid zoning and building codes), mix of inhabitants and users, mix of time schedules and multi-purpose open space. The proposed hybrid approach considers the living-working urban experience as a whole: it proposes to consider, as a starting point for measuring the timeframe of 15 minutes, not only homes but workplaces as well. It welcomes innovative working facilities among those to be considered as essential services reachable within the 15-minute walking timeframe and it integrates open spaces within urban infrastructures by mixing the neighborhood ���eco-system��� ���both of environment and mobility��� and designing them around the central role of walking.

section_content: ◼ The 2019 data referred to motorized mobility, is stable in respect of 2018; the new registrations of vehicles increased by 0. 8% (motorcycles + 5. 8% and goods transport vehicles + 2. 1%) compared to the previous year, while the vehicle fleet grows by 1. 4%. Motorway journeys, over about 6,000 kilometers of road net, show a substantial stability (+ 0. 6%), with over 84 billion km traveled and with an increase of 1. 9%, compared to 2018, only for heavy goods vehicles, with around 20 billion vehicles-km. A strong increases is recorded for sustainable mobility, due to the growth of e-bike sales and the spread of other micro mobility categories. 

◼ The social cost of road accidents 2019, calculated on the basis of parameters indicated by the Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport, at constant 2010 values, is equal to 16. 9 billion euros, 1% of the national GDP. With a decrease of 21% from 2010, when the cost of road accidents was 21. 4 billion euros 6,035 lives were saved in the period 2011-2019, while in economic terms they are estimated at over 9 billion of euros saved for the victims only and 31. 2 billion in total. | 2

section_content: In 2019 there were 172,183 road accidents in Italy resulting in deaths or injuries 1 ; the victims were 3,173 and the injured 241,384 (Table 1 ). Compared to the previous year, road accidents deaths showed a drop (-4. 8%), after the increase recorded in 2017 and the slight decrease in 2018; road accidents and injuries also showed a small decrease (respectively -0. 2% and -0. 6% The road accidents phenomenon is linked to a lot of factors, including mobility, road journeys, number of vehicles and fuel consumption. Data on Motorway journeys, over about 6,000 kilometers of road net (+0. 6%), with an increase of 1. 9% compared to 2018, only for heavy goods vehicles. According to an estimate by the Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport, the total distances in km covered in 2019 in Italy show an average increase of 5. 6%, compared to 2018. 

In 2019, the new vehicles registrations grew by 0. 8% mainly due to the increase in sales of motorcycles (+ 5. 8%) and good transport vehicles (+ 2. 1%), while, in average, the vehicle fleet increased by 1. 4%, compared to the previous year. 

With more than 655 passenger cars and 868 vehicles per thousand inhabitants, values grown if compared to 2018, Italy is confirmed as the European country with the highest motorization rate. 

The volume of the vehicle fleet continues to increase, especially for passenger cars. The percentage of passenger cars with more than 10 years of seniority is 57. 2% (it was 39. 3% in 2010). It is estimated that the old vehicles have an higher probability of having accidents with severe consequences, it is, in fact, more than double with a car of 10 or more years of age compared to one up to 4 years old (Source: ACI processing). 

The sale of bicycles and electric bicycles, in 2019, increased by 7%, compared to the previous year, overall due to the spread of e-bikes, grown by 13% (from 173 thousand to 195 thousand pieces sold; 1,713 million units in total). The use of other electric micro mobility vehicles also increases, specifically electric scooters (it is estimated that around 100,000 are in use in Italy), for road traffic purposes they have been equated to bicycles (Budget Law no. 160 of 27 December 2019 -comma 75) 2. These data confirm that, even if the private car remains the most used means of travel, the percentage of the population which choose the active mobility, using bicycle or walking, or shared increases. 

In 2019, the licenses issued to people under the age of 21 were 679,367, equal to 38% of the population aged between 18 and 20 years and only 23% for the population between 16 and 20 years. Licenses registered | 3 represent, on average, the 76% of the population between 14 and 85 years old; the highest percentages are between 45 and 60 years old, while among young people 20-24 years old only the 73% has a license. The social cost of road accidents 2019, calculated on the basis of the parameters by the Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport, with reference to 2010, is equal to 16. 9 billion euros (equal to 1% of the national GDP). 

Considering the three aggregates Motorways, Urban roads (built-up area), Rural roads (non built-up area), the highest social cost is recorded for the urban road network (10. 5 billion euros), while for rural roads the cost is more than 5 billion and for motorways 1. 2 billion. 

As regards the social cost series of the last decade, a gradual and almost constant trend of social cost is detected over the time. The social costs show only an increase in 2017 compared to 2016, due to the growth in the number of deaths; since 2010 the costs decrease of 21%, from € 21. 4 billion in 2010 to € 16. 9 billion euros in 2019. More than 6,000 (6,035) lives were saved during the period, while, in economic terms 31. 2 billion euro, were saved. This economic and human being saving would have been higher with the achievement of the constant progress foreseen by the European 2020 target (-6. 7% per year for the victims) (Chart 2).
section_name: Victims on Italian roads decreased, slight drop for accidents and injures

section_content: (absolute values and social costs in billions of euro -constant values 2010)
section_name: CHART 2. AVOIDED OR AVOIDABLE VICTIMS IN ROAD ACCIDENTS DURING 2011-2019 AND SOCIAL COSTS CONNECTED

section_content: The number of road fatalities continues to decline in Europe (EU28 -including the United Kingdom). Overall, almost 25 thousand people died in road accidents, compared to 31,595 in 2010, with a reduction of 22. 1% in the period. A better result than the European one is recorded in Italy, with a decrease of 22. 9%. Between 2018 and 2019, the number of victims decreased by 2. 3% in the EU28 and 4. 8% in Italy. 

The road mortality rate (deaths per million inhabitants) is equal to 48. 1 in the EU28 and 52. 6 in Italy, in 2019 (respectively 62. 8 and 69. 4 in 2010). With this result, our country ranks 16th in the European ranking, stable if compared to 2018. Such as 2018, the reduction did not affect all countries. In 2019, road fatalities increase in eleven countries, including some that have recently joined the European Union, such as Slovenia (+12. 1%) and Slovakia (+ 7. 0%), but also in those with a solid tradition for road safety, such as Denmark (+17. 1%) and the United Kingdom (+4. 7%) (Table 2 and Chart 3 ). 

Between 2010 and 2018, the yearly percentage change in the number of road victims was 2. 7% in the EU28 and 2. 8% in Italy, variation, however, lower than the estimated value recommended by the European target of halving the number of deaths in road accidents by 2020. To meet the target set, the number of victims in the EU and in Italy should decrease by over 25% in 2020. 

Preliminary data, referred to 2020, show a strong decrease in accidents and victims, due to the effects of the traffic restrictions during the lockdown period, linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. Anyway, although these results, the reduction expected is not so wide to allow the goal reaching. 

The European Commission has also strengthened the request to EU countries to intensify efforts and interventions to be implemented at national level. 

Next targets, also foreseen in the new National Road Safety Plan in preparation, the 2030 target of further reduction of victims and serious injuries and the vision zero in 2050. b)The number of deaths per 100,000 inhabitants is calculated by the ratio between the total deaths in the region and the resident population by the year 2019 (Source lstat )
section_name: European Union roads in 2019: victims decreased

section_name: Glossary:

section_content: Bus: passenger-carrying vehicle, most commonly used for public transport, having more than 16 seats for passengers. 

Deaths: the number of people, involved in road accidents, who die immediately or within 30 days after the event occurred. This definition was adopted on 01st January 1999, while in the past (up until 31st December 1998) deaths were considered to include only deaths within seven days of the accident.
section_name: Glossary:

section_content: Motor vehicle used only for the transport of goods. 

Injured: the road user was seriously or slightly injured (but not killed within 30 days) in the road accident. 

Moped: two or three wheeled vehicle equipped with internal combustion engine, with size less than 50 cc and maximum speed that does not exceed 45 km/h (28mph). 

Motorcycle: two or three wheeled motor vehicle, with engine size up to 125 cc, or maximum speed exceeding 45km/h (28 mph) or with engine size more than 125 cc. 

Passenger car: motor vehicle with 3 or 4 wheels, mainly used to transport people, seating for no more than 8 occupants. Motor vehicles with these characteristics used as taxis as well as motor caravans are also included. 

Pedal cycle: vehicle with at least 2 wheels, without engine. In some cases it can also use electric power. 

Electric scooter: equivalent to pedal cycle, vehicle with maximum power 500 W and with speed limits 6 km / h or 30 km/h as the areas where they circulate vary (paragraph 75 of the Budget Law 2020 DL 160/2019). 

Pedestrian: person on foot; person pushing or holding bicycle, Person who uses a wheel chair,a pram or a pushchair, leading or herding an animal, riding a toy cycle on the footway, person on roller skates, skateboard or skis. Does not include persons in the act of boarding or alighting from a vehicle. 

Percentage change: the percentage change is calculated by means the difference between data at t time and data t-1 (or t-x) time, divided by data at t-1(or t-x) time, per 100.
section_name: Goods vehicle:

section_content: the registry holding all public deeds relating to the transfer of property and rights of ownership, in addition to the records of loans and mortgages on all motor vehicles registered in Italy. 

Road accident: the 1968 Vienna Convention defines a road accident as an event occurring on the roads or squares open to traffic involving standing or moving vehicles and which results in injury to people. For this reason, if the accident only involves damage to objects, it is excluded from the statistics. This definition therefore reserves attention exclusively for reported accidents involving injury to people. 

Road accidents harmfulness index: the ratio of the number of injuries caused by road accidents and the number of collisions, per 100 accidents. 

Road accidents mortality index: the ratio of the number of fatalities caused by road accidents and the number of collisions, per 100 accidents.
section_name: Public motor vehicle registry (PRA):

section_content: the ratio of the number of fatalities caused by road accidents and the total number of deaths and injuries as a result of accidents, per 100 accidents. 

Road tractor road motor vehicle designed, exclusively or primarily, to haul other road vehicles which are not power-driven (mainly semi-trailers).
section_name: Road accidents seriousness index:

section_content: Serious injuries: the serious injuries are identified by MAIS classification (Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale). The severity level is measured by a 6-level scale. Serious injuries have a score of 3 or higher (MAIS3+). 

Two wheel motor vehicle: motor vehicle moving on two wheels. Includes mopeds and motorcycles but not bicycles. 

Urban or built up roads: inside urban area, no motorway.
section_name: Rural or non-built up roads: outside urban area, no motorway

section_name: | 11

section_name: Methodological note

section_content: The survey on road accidents resulting in death (within 30 day) or injury, carried out by the Italian National Institute of Statistics (Istat), with the cooperation of ACI (Automobile Club of Italy) and other local organisations, is an exhaustive and monthly based data collection (National Statistical Programme -PSN -00142 code). 

The survey collects all road accidents involving at least a vehicle, circulating on the national road net, resulting in death or injury and documented by a Police authority. 

The detection unit is the single road accident resulting in death or injury; all information is referred to the period when the accident occurred. 

As regards the data flow, a flexible model was adopted by Istat, through the subscription of a Memorandum of understanding or special agreements signed with regions (NUTS2 level) and provinces (NUTS3 level), in order to facilitate the local authority information needs and to improve the timeliness and quality of data collected.
section_name: Data flow and definitions

section_content: •
section_name: Main information collected:

section_content: The figures for every year t-1 are disseminated in July of the year t, approximately five months after the collection deadline.
section_name: Timeliness and dissemination

section_content: Reference: COUNCIL DECISION of 30 November 1993 on the creation of a Community database on the road accidents Decision n. 704 of 1993
section_name: European Union law of reference:

section_content: • Noi Italia: http://noi-italia. istat. it/
section_name: Link to database and websites: