The impact of the organisation of transport processes on the efficient use of a fleet of vehicles

<jats:p>Running business activity in the field of transport requires managing people to coordinate many factors at the same time. The most important factor for the functioning of an enterprise is the planning of execution of transport orders, which is an inherent element of effective management of a fleet of vehicles. The management of logistics and transport is a field of science derived from economic practice, therefore, real events occurring in an enterprise providing transport services at the national and international level were examined. Research and analysis of transport processes were conducted in an enterprise from the TSL sector functioning in the European Union in the aspect of efficient use of a fleet of vehicles.</jats:p>

section_content: The development of national and international transport services requires that shippers constantly improve their knowledge of stages and all procedures related to the acquisition of transport orders and relocation of cargos, and methods of planning of transports [16, 21, 13, 15, 17]. In the environment of entrepreneurs from the TSL (Transport, Spedition, Logistics) sector, the need for planning of transports with the use of appropriate methods is developing despite difficulties [5]. Therefore, the key element to achieve success under conditions of the growing competition is not only to develop appropriate planning actions from the point of view of an entrepreneur, but also the awareness of the benefits resulting from execution of well-planned transport processes [2, 3, 7, 19]. Therefore, transport enterprises that want to achieve organisational efficiency should plan and execute transport processes [6, 8, 9, 14, 18]. Nowadays, planning is a key indicator of development in transport companies; the following parameters are becoming increasingly important regarding services: comprehensiveness of service, promptness and flexibility of actions [12]. Finally, the most important factor in this aspect is the improvement of the transport process through, among others, shortening the time of its execution, speedy and on-time deliveries [1, 4, 11, 20].
section_name: INTRODUCTION

section_content: Considering the issues of transport efficiency, it must be emphasised that its basic condition is the efficiency of transport processes. In this aspect, making assessments in due time allows early identification of positive and negative tendencies and allows to rationally control the process of transport and effective use of a fleet of vehicles. Therefore, the following rates can be applied in the assessment [10] :

• Time of transport (duration of journey ℎ on the route h)time of departure of the means of transport from the starting to end point (1) [10] ℎ = ℎ + ℎ [ℎ, ] (1) where: ℎdriving time on the route h, that is, when the vehicle is constantly moving, ℎtime of stopover of a vehicle (for example, mandatory breaks resulting from regulations concerning working time of a driver). 

• Time of driving ℎ on the route htime of driving in both sides, including time of loading and unloading (2) [10] ℎ = 2( ℎ + ∆) [ℎ, ]

(2) where: ∆time of loading/unloading. 

• A significant parameter of logistic planning is operating speed of a vehicle ℎ on the route h, which is the ratio of route to a vehicle to its working time in a unit of time (3) [10]

where: ℎroute distance, ℎworking time of a vehicle and all accompanying actions [hour]. 

The impact of the organisation of transport processes on… 89. 

• Technical speed of a vehicle ℎ on the route h, which is the ratio of the route to a vehicle to driving time in a unit of time (4) [10]

where: ℎdistance of a route [km], ℎdriving time of a vehicle on the route h [hour].
section_name: EFFICIENCY OF TRANSPORT PROCESSES

section_content: A careful analysis was conducted on transports executed by the examined transport enterprise in May 2019, of which the subject is transport within standing orders. An initial analysis showed a very long time of loading on section 23, that is, 3 hours 55 minutes. Whereas, the longest time of unloading was1 hour 45 minutes on section 22 (Table 1 ). Conducted analysis showed that standard deviation regarding the average value is 82%, fuel consumption on the section, 88%, whereas, time of daily rest, 26% ( Thereafter, data were integrated to obtain daily values using a pivot table (
section_name: AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSPORT PROCESSES IN A REAL OBJECT

section_name: Tab. 1 An analysis of transport processes in May 2019

section_name: ROUTE SECTION NUMBER DATE OF DEPARTURE HOUR OF DEPARTURE PLACE OF DEPARTURE DISTANCE [km] CARGO [t] DATE OF ARRIVAL HOUR OF ARRIVAL TIME OF LOADING [h] TIME OF UNLOADING [h] TIME OF PAUSE ON A ROUTE SECTION [h] DAILY REST [h] TOTAL FUEL CONSUMPTION [l]

section_content: Fuel consumption in the function of the length of the route section was presented as a result of conducted research in a real object (Fig. 1 ). 

Based on the conducted analysis, it was found that transport on May 28, 2019, between Jasło and Łódź, 350 km long, was characterised by excessive consumption. As many as 3 transports exceeded average consumption, hence, the resulting average consumption in a month was 30,44 l/100 km.
section_name: FUEL CONSUMPTION IN THE EXAMINED TRANSPORT ENTERPRISE

section_content: There is a limitation in international transport, that is, the number of border crossings available for freight traffic. Therefore, on the route between Jasło and Nauen or between Jasło and Berlin, there is no alternative route other than Jasło -Tarnów A4 -A18 (Fig. 2 ). However, this distance is too long to be covered in one day; therefore, daily rest is taken in the route at the border crossing in Olszyna. However, the journey to Olszyna is also made at the limit of maximum reach and continuation of driving from the preceding day needs a considered daily rest in the Cracow area. 

Other limitations that should be considered in designing the routes are connected with the rigid deadline of execution of loading works. It particularly refers to loading in Gdynia and routes to Nauen and Berlin. Moreover, it is necessary to obey general standard worktime for professional drivers, particularly norms of long driving time and application of pauses.
section_name: THE EXECUTION OF SELECTED TRANSPORT PROCESSES IN THE EXAMINED ENTERPRISE IN A SELECTED TRANSPORT CORRIDOR

section_content: Ensuring proper efficiency of a transport system is achieved because of the execution of transport tasks at the required level of quality with proper use of transport potential in a transport enterprise. Therefore, planning and execution of transport processes require a broad knowledge of stages and procedures related to relocation of cargos from the planners and a chronic development of the methods of planning of international transports. Furthermore, the goal of every transport enterprise is to become market-competitive through, primarily, increasing efficiency of services offered in the Just-in-Time system. The impact of the organisation of transport processes on… 93. 

The actions presented in this article in the aspect of improvement of transport processes and better use of a fleet of vehicles may also contribute to the effective functioning of the whole supply chain because the acceleration of execution of transport processes and increase of flexibility, as well as coordination of particular links of a logistic chain, are necessary. The approach applied allows shortening the driving time and reducing the costs of transport, resulting in more effective disposal of transport potential in an enterprise, whereas, in the context of the complete logistic chain, it allows shortening the time of circulation of cargos.
section_name: CONCLUSIONS