MicroRNA 142-3p Mediates Post-Transcriptional Regulation of D1 Dopamine Receptor Expression

The D1 dopamine receptor subtype is expressed in the brain, kidney and lymphocytes. D1 receptor function has been extensively studied and the receptor has been shown to modulate a wide range of physiological functions and behaviors. The expression of D1 receptor is known to change during development, disease states and chronic treatment; however, the molecular mechanisms that mediate the changes in D1 receptor expression under these circumstances are not well understood. While previous studies have identified extracellular factors and signaling mechanisms regulating the transcription of D1 receptor gene, very little is known about other regulatory mechanisms that modulate the expression of the D1 receptor gene. Here we report that the D1 receptor is post-transcriptionally regulated during postnatal mouse brain development and in the mouse CAD catecholaminergic neuronal cell line. We demonstrate that this post-transcriptional regulation is mediated by a molecular mechanism involving noncoding RNA. We show that the 1277 bp 3'untranslated region of D1 receptor mRNA is necessary and sufficient for mediating the post-transcriptional regulation. Using deletion and site-directed mutagenesis approaches, we show that the D1 receptor post-transcriptional regulation is specifically mediated by microRNA miR-142-3p interacting with a single consensus binding site in the 1277 bp 3'untranslated region of D1 receptor mRNA. Inhibiting endogenous miR-142-3p in CAD cells increased endogenous D1 receptor protein expression levels. The increase in D1 receptor protein levels was biologically significant as it resulted in enhanced D1 receptor-mediated signaling, determined by measuring the activation of both, adenylate cyclase and, the dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, DARPP-32. We also show that there is an inverse correlation between miR-142-3p levels and D1 receptor protein expression in the mouse brain during postnatal development. This is the first study to demonstrate that the post-transcriptional regulation of D1 receptor expression is mediated by microRNA-induced translational suppression.

section_content: The neurotransmitter dopamine binds and activates two major subfamilies of dopamine receptors. The D1-like subfamily includes D1 and D5 receptors and the D2-like subfamily includes D2, D3 and D4 receptors. The D1 dopamine receptor subtype is expressed at high levels in the basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex regions in humans and rodents [1]. In addition, several studies have shown that the D1 dopamine receptor is expressed in the kidneys [2] and lymphocytes [3]. D1 receptor signaling function has been extensively studied and it has been shown to activate adenylate cyclase and modulate ion channel function [4]. D1 receptors in the brain are involved in motor control and cognition and are essential for mediating addictive behaviors [1]. In the kidney, D1 receptors modulate the sodium-potassium ATPase and the sodium-hydrogen exchanger and regulate diuresis and natriuresis [5]. Recently, peripheral dopamine acting via D1 receptor expressed on antigenpresenting dendritic cells and T-cells was shown to modulate the differentiation of various types of T-cells following immune activation [3]. Thus the D1 receptor is expressed in the periphery and the brain and plays an important role in many physiological and pathophysiological conditions. 

The expression of D1 receptor is plastic and its levels change during development, aging, pathological conditions and following chronic drug treatment [6, 7]. However, the molecular mechanisms and extracellular factors that regulate the expression of the D1 receptor gene are not well understood. We have previously shown that the expression of D1 receptor can be regulated at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational level during neuronal differentiation [8]. We have also shown that extracellular factors such as brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), NT-3 and adenosine regulates D1 receptor expression at the transcriptional level [8] [9] [10]. In the developing rat brain, the expression of D1 receptor mRNA begins to increase around embryonic day 14 and reaches steady state expression level around postnatal day 5; in contrast, D1 receptor protein levels increase postnatally reaching peak values between postnatal day 7 and 14 [6, 11]. This lack of correlation in expression of D1 receptor mRNA and protein is also seen during human brain development [12]. Interestingly, the expression of D1 receptor protein in lymphocytes also shows a similar age-dependent upregulation [13]. Together these studies suggest that D1 receptor expression is regulated at the post-transcriptional level during brain development and under pathological conditions. The molecular mechanisms that mediate the post-transcriptional regulation of D1 receptor expression are not known. In this paper, we tested the hypotheses that the expression of D1 receptor is post-transcriptionally regulated during early postnatal mouse brain development and that the D1 receptor post-transcriptional regulation is mediated via trans-acting factors binding cis-elements in the 39untranslated region (39UTR) of the D1 receptor mRNA. 

Using the mouse CATH. a-derived (CAD) catecholaminergic neuronal cell line, which endogenously expresses functional D1 dopamine receptor, we have previously shown multi-modal regulation of D1 receptor expression during serum withdrawalinduced neuronal differentiation [8]. In addition, the BDNFmediated increase in endogenous D1 receptor expression in CAD cells also exhibits post-transcriptional regulation with the increase in D1 receptor protein being temporally delayed by greater than nine hours following the increase in D1 receptor mRNA levels [9]. Thus, the CAD cells are an ideal in vitro model to study the molecular mechanisms underlying post-transcriptional regulation of endogenously expressed D1 receptors. In this paper we demonstrate that the D1 receptor exhibits post-transcriptional regulation during postnatal mouse brain development and use the CAD cell line to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying D1 receptor post-transcriptional regulation. Using a systematic approach, we demonstrate that the D1 receptor 39UTR is necessary and sufficient for D1 receptor post-transcriptional regulation. We demonstrate for the first time that the microRNA, miR-142-3p, directly regulates D1 receptor post-transcriptional regulation in CAD cells and that its expression is inversely correlated to D1 receptor protein expression during postnatal mouse brain development. Furthermore, specific inhibition of endogenous miR-142-3p in CAD cells increases D1 receptor protein levels and enhances D1 receptor mediated-signaling. This study is the first to report that a noncoding RNA-mediated translational suppression mechanism regulates the expression of D1dopamine receptors.
section_name: Introduction

section_name: Materials and Methods

section_content: Male mice with a Swiss Webster/FVB genetic background were used in the study. The mice used in this study were obtained from locally bred animals kept on a 12:12 hour, light-dark schedule (lights on at 0800) and provided ad libitum food and water. The animal protocols were approved by the IACUC committee at UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School. Whole brain was isolated, sectioned on a Vibratome and the dorsal striatum, including the caudate-putamen region punched out from the appropriate slices. The punches for RNA isolation were stored in RNAlaterH (Ambion) and those for protein analysis rapidly frozen in a dry ice-ethanol mixture and stored at 280uC.
section_name: Animals and Brain Tissue Harvest

section_content: CAD cells were maintained in DMEM/F12 media, 8% fetal calf serum (FCS) and 100 U/mL penicillin/streptomycin. CAD cells used in the experiments were plated and grown in either 6-or 12-well tissue culture plates. CAD cells were plated and grown for 24 hours or more in serum-containing media to about 60% confluence before transfection. Differentiation and transfection of CAD cells were done as described previously [8] [9] [10]. For transfection, the Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) transfection reagent and test plasmid DNA's were mixed in OPTI-MEM media and the mixture overlaid on non-differentiated CAD cells in serum media for six hours. After six hours, the media was replaced with fresh serum-containing or serum-free media and the cells harvested 48 hours later. The transfection efficiency was monitored by co-transfecting either a plasmid expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter gene or the Flag TM -tagged bacterial alkaline phosphatase gene (BAP-Flag TM ). To inhibit microRNA function, anti-mirs that specifically targeted miR-142-3p (Ambion) were transfected at a concentration of 30 nM per well (for a 12-well plate). A FAM-labeled fluorescent anti-mir (Ambion) was used as a negative control. To knock-down Dicer levels in non-differentiated CAD cells, we transfected two different siRNAs that specifically targeted the mouse Dicer mRNA (Ambion) at a concentration of 10 nM per well (for a 12-well plate). A FAM-labeled fluorescent siRNA (Ambion) was used as a negative control. In functional experiments, endogenous miR-142-3p was also inhibited using a miRZip TM anti-sense microRNA expressing plasmid with anti-miR-142-3p activity (System Biosciences, Mountain View, CA, USA). For these functional experiments we also generated and used a negative control empty miRZip TM vector plasmid in which the nucleotides encoding the anti-sense miR-142-3p were deleted.
section_name: Cell Culture and Transfection

section_content: The cloning of the 6400 bp mouse D1 receptor promoter has been previously described [9]. The mouse D1 receptor 39UTR region (the 1277 bp and 1684 bp fragments) was amplified using specific primers and a BAC construct containing the entire mouse D1 receptor gene (BAC clone address RP23-47M2; Invitrogen). The primers included Not I and HindIII/AflII/PmlI restriction sites which facilitated the cloning of the amplified D1 39UTR into the various reporter plasmids. The various deletion constructs were generated using PCR primer pairs that flanked the polyadenylation site within the 1277 bp D1 receptor 39UTR. The primers used for generating the deletion constructs also contained the above restriction enzyme sites to facilitate cloning of the products into the reporter plasmids. The D1 receptor 39UTR constructs with mutations in the microRNA binding sites were generated using a mutagenic primer with a KpnI restriction site that disrupted the individual microRNA seed recognition sequence (Figure S1 ). The three different microRNA binding site mutants were made in the context of a reporter construct that included the 1277 bp D1 receptor 39UTR. In addition, wild-type and mutant D1 receptor 39UTRs were individually subcloned into a reporter plasmid that included a heterologous bovine growth hormone 39UTR. All recombinant plasmids were sequenced and the wild type D1 receptor 39UTR sequence was found to match the sequence in the NCBI database. All plasmids were purified on two CsCl gradients prior to sequencing and transfection.
section_name: Cloning, Deletion and Mutagenesis

section_content: RNA isolation and RT-PCR was performed as described previously [8] [9] [10]. Briefly RNA was isolated using TrizolH reagent (Invitrogen) or the RNeasyH Mini Kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturers' instructions. RT reaction was carried out using Superscript III RT. PCR was performed using the Roche Light Cycler (Indianapolis, IN, USA) in either the SYBRH Green format, using primers and conditions described previously, or using gene-specific TaqManH gene expression assays (Applied Biosystems) [8] [9] [10]. The RT-PCR conditions were optimized as shown in Figure S2. Appropriate negative and positive controls were included in the RT-PCR experiments. For the SYBERH green method, the products were run on an agarose gel, stained with ethidium bromide. The captured images were inverted for visualization purposes.
section_name: Real-time Reverse Transcriptase PCR

section_content: Tissues and cells were harvested and lysed, solubilized using the Cellytic TM -M or MT reagent (Sigma) supplemented with 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF) and 1% protease and phosphatase inhibitor cocktails (Sigma). Protein amounts in the lysates were determined using the BCA assay (BioRad, Hercules, CA, USA) and equal amounts of total cell proteins (10 to 100 mg) were loaded on to 10% gels and separated using SDS-PAGE. Blots were developed using appropriate primary and secondary antibodies as described previously [8] [9] [10]. Total and phosphorylated dopamine-and cAMP-regulated phosphoproteins (DARPP-32) were detected using rabbit monoclonal antibodies (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA). For detecting D1 receptor protein, we used a rat monoclonal anti D1 receptor antibody (Sigma) as described previously [8] [9] [10]. This antibody specifically detects the various glycosylated forms of D1 receptor protein (Figure S2 ). Equal loading in lanes was determined by post-hoc staining of the nitrocellulose blots with the amido black total protein stain.
section_name: Western Blotting

section_content: For the b-galactosidase assay, the CAD cell pellet was lysed for 10 minutes on ice in the b-gal lysis buffer (10 mM KCl, 1 mM MgSO 4, 2. 5 mM EDTA, 0. 25% NP-40 detergent, 50 mM bmercaptoethanol and 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer [pH7. 2]). The lysate was spun at 14,0006g for 10 minutes and the protein amount in the supernatant measured using the Bradford protein assay (Pierce). The b-galactosidase reporter enzyme activity in the lysate was detected using chlorophenol red-b-galactoside (CPRG, Roche) as a substrate. The b-galactosidase enzyme cleaves the CPRG substrate to yield a colored product which has maximal absorbance at 575 nm and thus can be detected using a visible wavelength spectrophotometer. The b-galactosidase reporter enzyme activity was normalized to the total protein amount present in the lysate and further normalized for transfection efficiency.
section_name: b-galactosidase Assay

section_content: Cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels were measured using the Cyclic AMP XPH Assay Kit (Cell Signaling Technology). Briefly, CAD cells (10 6 cells) were plated and transfected with negative control or miRZip TM 142-3p constructs in 12-well plates (Costar, Corning, NY, USA) and cultured for 48 hrs. To minimize variations due to differences in cell plating density or growth rate, we used two wells for each treatment variable. CAD cells were treated for 10 minutes at 37uC with 0. 3 mM IBMX (phosphodiestrase inhibitor), or 0. 3 mM IBMX + increasing concentrations (0. 03 mM to 10 mM) of D1 receptor agonist, A77636 (Sigma), and lysed in 12 well plates. Sample lysates from the two wells were pooled and 0. 05 ml transferred into three independent wells of the 96-well EIA plate. The cAMP levels were measured by following the recommendations of the kit manufacturer (Cell Signaling Technology). The final absorbance values were measured at 450 nm on a Model 680 Microplate Reader (BioRad). The amount of cAMP in each well was determined by comparing the absorbance values of the treated variables with a series of standards provided with the kit. The cAMP level in each well was normalized to total protein present in each well. Protein levels were measured using the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rockford, Illinois, USA). For each experiment, the standards were assayed in parallel and used to generate a standard curve. The cAMP levels in each treated sample were assayed in triplicate.
section_name: cAMP Measurements

section_content: Experiments were repeated at least three independent times with the specific number of repeats indicated in the individual figure legends. One-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and posthoc Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) tests and two-tailed Student's t-test were performed with the SigmaPlotH 11 software (SPSS Inc. ). Data were considered statistically significant when the probability value (P) was less than 0. 05.
section_name: Statistics

section_name: Results

section_content: Previous studies in rats and humans have suggested that the D1 dopamine receptor exhibits post-transcriptional regulation during brain development [6, 11, 12]. Figure 1 shows the postnatal expression profile of D1 receptor mRNA and protein during postnatal brain development in mice. There is no significant difference in the expression of D1 receptor mRNA between day of birth (P0) through postnatal day 14 (P14) (Fig. 1A and 1C ); in contrast, the relative expression of D1 receptor protein is low at P0 and begins to increase at P7 with a significant increase in expression on P14 (Fig. 1B and 1D ). The specificity and sensitivity of the TaqManH probe and monoclonal antibody used to detect D1 receptor expression is shown in Figure S1A-C. The D1 dopamine receptor is glycosylated and the multiple bands in the gel represents various glycosylated forms of the D1 receptor. Together the results in Figure 1 suggest that D1 receptor expression is post-transcriptionally regulated during mouse brain development with a significant upregulation of mature D1 receptor protein on P14.
section_name: D1 Dopamine Receptor is Post-transcriptionally Regulated during Postnatal Mouse Brain Development

section_content: The CAD cell line, derived from the CATH. a catecholaminergic cell line, is a mouse neuronal cell line that undergoes reversible morphological differentiation upon serum withdrawal (Fig. 2A and 2B ) [14]. We have previously shown that the CAD cells express endogenous D1 receptor mRNA that yields functional D1 receptor protein [8] ; however, compared to striatal tissue, the expression of D1 receptor protein is relatively low (Figure S2D ). This suggests that D1 dopamine receptor is post-transcriptionally regulated in nondifferentiated CAD cells. Furthermore, consistent with our previous studies [8], the endogenous D1 dopamine receptor mRNA in CAD cells is significantly upregulated upon differentiation induced by serum withdrawal; however, the increase in D1 receptor mRNA is not accompanied by a concomitant increase in D1 receptor protein (Fig. 2C ). The results suggest that the endogenous D1 receptor expression is posttranscriptionally regulated in non-differentiated and differentiated CAD cells, providing a convenient expression system to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying D1 receptor post-transcriptional regulation.
section_name: D1 Dopamine Receptor is Post-transcriptionally Regulated in the Mouse CAD Catecholaminergic Cell Line

section_content: To determine the post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of D1 receptor expression, we cloned a 6. 4 kb upstream D1 receptor promoter region that included the 59 untranslated region (UTR) of the D1 receptor mRNA [9]. Separately, we also cloned the 1277 bp 39UTR present in the D1 receptor mRNA. The 6. 4 kb upstream D1 promoter region including the 59UTR (6. 4 D1) was fused to an EGFP reporter gene (Fig. 3A ). In a second construct, we subcloned the 1277 bp 39UTR of the D1 receptor downstream of the EGFP reporter gene, replacing the recombinant SV40 39UTR present in the vector of the 6. 4 D1 construct (6. 4 D1+39UTR; Fig. 3A ). The 1277 bp 39UTR of the D1 receptor gene contains a single polyadenylation signal (AAUAAA). The two constructs were separately transfected into CAD cells along with a bacterial alkaline phosphatase (BAP)-Flag TM construct to serve as an internal control for transfection efficiency. Twelve hours after transfection, half of the transfected cells were switched to the serum-free differentiation media to induce CAD cell differentiation. All cells were harvested 48 hours later and the level of EGFP reporter mRNA, BAP-Flag TM mRNA, endogenous D1 receptor mRNA and 18S ribosomal RNA levels were measured using real-time RT-PCR with Syber greenH. The PCR reactions were stopped in the exponential phase and the products run out on a gel. In parallel, half of the harvested cells were used for protein analysis by western blot using antibodies specific for the EGFP protein and the Flag TM epitope. The results in Figure 3B and 3C show that differentiation of CAD cells increased expression levels of not only the endogenous D1 receptor mRNA, but also the EGFP reporter mRNA generated from the transfected 6. 4 D1 and 6. 4 D1+39UTR constructs. These results suggest that the 6. 4 kb D1 promoter region in the EGFP reporter construct contains the sequences required for the differentiation-induced increase in D1 receptor mRNA. In addition, the presence of the D1 receptor 39UTR in the reporter construct did not affect its ability to increase mRNA expression following differentiation. 

To evaluate the ability of the reporter construct to mimic the post-transcriptional regulation of the endogenous D1 receptor gene, we compared the expression of EGFP reporter mRNA to EGFP reporter protein in transfected CAD cells. The level of EGFP reporter mRNA generated by the 6. 4 D1 and 6. 4 D1+39UTR constructs under either nondifferentiated or differentiated conditions were equal (Fig. 3B and 3C ), suggesting that the introduction of the D1 receptor 39UTR into the 6. 4 D1 EGFP reporter construct had no effect on the level of steady-state EGFP reporter mRNA. In contrast to the results with mRNA, the levels of EGFP reporter protein from the 6. 4 D1 and 6. 4 D1+39UTR constructs were significantly different. Figures 3D and 3E show that introduction of the D1 receptor 39UTR significantly repressed the expression of EGFP reporter protein in both non-differentiated and differentiated CAD cells by greater than 15-fold. Together the results in Figure 3 suggest that sequences in the D1 receptor 39UTR represses translation. Analysis of the nucleotide sequences downstream of the D1 receptor stop codon identified a second poly adenylation signal downstream of the first poly adenylation signal (Figure S3A ). We compared the D1 receptor posttranscriptional regulation in reporter constructs containing D1 receptor 39UTR that was either 1277 bp or 1684 bp long and found that both 39UTR's suppressed the translation of the EGFP reporter protein equally (Figure S3B ). This suggested that the D1 receptor post-transcriptional regulation is mediated by sequences in the 1277 bp D1 receptor 39UTR proximal to the stop codon. 

We next determined if the D1 receptor 39UTR was necessary and sufficient to repress the translation of a reporter mRNA that was generated from a heterologous promoter such as the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. We introduced the 1277 bp D1 receptor 39UTR region into the pCMV b-galactosidase reporter construct (Fig. 4A ). The resultant pCMV b-gal+D1 39UTR and the parental pCMV b-gal constructs were independently transfected into non-differentiated CAD cells along with a plasmid expressing the EGFP as a control for transfection efficiency. Forty eight hours after transfection, cells were harvested and b-galactosidase reporter mRNA and enzyme activity determined (Fig. 4B and 4C ). The b-galactosidase reporter and EGFP mRNA levels were measured using real time RT-PCR. The bgalactosidase reporter enzyme activity was detected using CPRG as a substrate. The results in Figure 4 show that the b-galactosidase reporter mRNA levels in cells transfected with pCMV b-gal and pCMV b-gal+D1 39UTR were identical. Yet the b-galactosidase activity (Fig. 4C ) levels were reduced, 20-fold in cells transfected with pCMV b-gal+D1 39UTR construct. These results strongly suggest that, in CAD cells, the D1 receptor 39UTR is necessary and sufficient to suppress the translation of mRNA generated from a heterologous promoter. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that the D1 receptor 39UTR is necessary and sufficient for the post-transcriptional regulation of D1 receptor expression.
section_name: The 39untranslated Region of D1 Receptor mRNA is Necessary and Sufficient for Post-transcriptional Regulation of D1 Receptor Expression

section_content: The D1 receptor post-transcriptional regulation could be mediated by decreased mRNA stability, decreased protein stability or translational repression. The above results showing equivalent steady state mRNA levels of the endogenous D1 receptor and the two reporter genes (EGFP and b-galactosidase), taken together with our previous study showing no difference in D1 receptor mRNA stability in nondifferentiated and differentiated CAD cells [8], suggested that D1 receptor post-transcriptional regulation was not mediated by decreased mRNA stability. Similarly the observation that D1 receptor 39UTR post-transcriptionally regulates endogenous D1 receptor protein as well as two dissimilar reporter proteins (EGFP and b-galactosidase) suggested that decreased protein stability was unlikely to mediate D1 receptor post-transcriptional regulation. To identify the molecular mech-anism mediating translational repression, we created deletion constructs using the pCMV b-gal+D1 39UTR parent construct in which the proximal and distal sequences flanking the poly adenylation site in the D1 receptor 39UTR were deleted. The constructs with the D1 receptor 39UTR deletions were transfected into non-differentiated CAD cells and b-galactosidase mRNA and activity measured 48 hours post-transfection. The results in Figure 5A show that the smallest deletion construct (pCMV b-gal+D1 39UTR [94 bp]) continued to express low levels of bgalactosidase activity, suggesting that the 94 bp D1 receptor 39UTR was necessary and sufficient for post-transcriptional regulation. There was no significant difference in the b-galactosidase mRNA levels expressed from these deletion constructs (Figure S4A and S5 ). Sequence analysis of the 94 bp D1 receptor 39UTR fragment revealed a consensus binding site for the highly conserved microRNA, miR-142-3p (Fig. 5B ). 

To determine if the translational repression of D1 receptor was mediated by microRNA, we first used siRNAs to reduce the expression of Dicer, the protein involved in the processing of microRNA precursors. The results in Figure 6A and 6B show that the transient knockdown of Dicer expression in nondifferentiated CAD cells significantly relieved the translational repression of the b-galactosidase reporter activity expressed from the pCMV b-gal+D1 39UTR construct. Control experiments showed that the siRNA-mediated knockdown of Dicer expression had no effect on b-galactosidase expression from the parent pCMV b-gal construct (data not shown). These results suggested that D1 receptor posttranscriptional regulation might be mediated by Dicer-processed microRNAs. 

Given the results of the deletion experiments in Figure 5A and the Dicer knock-down experiments in Figure 6, we generated pCMV b-gal+D1 39UTR (1277 bp) constructs in which we specifically mutated nucleotides in the 1277 bp D1 receptor 39UTR that were complementary to the seed sequence of microRNA miR-142-3p (Fig. 5B ) and two other microRNAs (miR-294/295 and 10a*). The latter microRNAs have conserved consensus binding sites in the D1 receptor 39UTR and served as negative controls. Rather than deleting the entire miRNA binding site, we took a conservative approach, and mutated the seed sequence binding sites for the three microRNAs (Figure S1 ) in the D1 receptor 39UTR. The individual mutated pCMV b-gal+D1 39UTR constructs were transfected into non-differentiated and differentiated CAD cells and b-galactosidase mRNA and activity measured 48 hours post-transfection. The results show that mutation of the miR-142-3p recognition site in the 1277 bp D1 receptor 39UTR, but not the 10a* or 294/295 sites, significantly increased the b-galactosidase reporter enzyme activity in both non-differentiated and differentiated CAD cells. Control experiments showed that mutation of these binding sites had no significant effect on the b-galactosidase mRNA levels from the mutated pCMV b-gal+D1 39UTR constructs (Figure S4B ). To further confirm these results and to determine if the miR-142-3p translation repression was maintained in the context of a heterologous 39UTR, we cloned the 1277 bp wild type and the three mutated D1 receptor 39UT regions into a b-galactosidase expression plasmid with a heterologous bovine growth hormone (BGH) poly adenylation site (Fig. 7A ). The resultant constructs were transfected into non-differentiated CAD cells and the bgalactosidase activity measured 48 hours post-transfection. The results confirmed that the D1 receptor 39UTR repressed the translation of the b-galactosidase reporter protein in the presence of a heterologous poly adenylation site and this repression was abolished by specifically mutating the recognition site for miR-142-3p (Figure 7B ). 

To determine if miR-142-3p modulates the expression of endogenous D1 receptor protein in CAD cells, we transientlytransfected anti-mirs that specifically targeted miR-142-3p and measured endogenous D1 receptor protein levels. The results in Figure 8 show that anti-mir mediated inhibition of miR-142-3p significantly increased D1 receptor protein levels in non-differentiated and differentiated CAD cells when compared to a FAMlabeled negative control anti-mir. Taken together, these results strongly suggest miR-142-3p directly regulates the D1 receptor 39UTR-mediated translational repression of D1 receptor expression in CAD cells.
section_name: MicroRNA 142-3p Directly Mediates the D1 Receptor Post-transcriptional Regulation in CAD Cells

section_content: The experiments in Figures 6, 7 and 8 suggested that mutating the miR-142-3p or knocking down miR-142-3p levels using antimirs increases the protein expression,80%. To determine if this increase was biologically significant, we next determined the effect of inhibiting endogenous miR-142-3p on endogenous D1 receptor signaling function in CAD cells. To decrease the levels of miR-142-3p, in these experiments we used the miRZip TM anti-sense 142-3p plasmid construct. Figure 9A shows that co-transfection of miRZip TM anti 142-3p plasmid with the pCMV b-gal+D1 39UTR (1277 bp) into non-differentiated CAD cells significantly increased b-galactosidase reporter activity compared to cells co-transfected with empty miRZip TM vector plasmid and pCMV b-gal+D1 39UTR (1277 bp). This result is consistent with above studies and suggested that the miRZip TM anti 142-3p plasmid also inhibits endogenous miR-142-3p and relieves D1 receptor post-transcriptional regulation in non-differentiated CAD cells. 

Using the D1 receptor selective agonist, A77636, we have previously shown that D1 receptors in CAD cells couple to adenylate cyclases and increase intracellular cAMP levels upon agonist stimulation [8] [9] [10]. To determine the effect of inhibiting miR-142-3p on D1 receptor signaling function, we transfected non-differentiated CAD cells with miRZip TM anti 142-3p or empty miRZip TM vector plasmids and compared D1 receptor stimulated increase in intracellular cAMP levels. The results in Figure 9B shows that non-differentiated CAD cells transfected with miRZip TM anti 142-3p had significantly higher D1 receptoragonist induced cAMP levels compared to cells transfected with the empty miRZip TM vector (,85% increase in E max ). The EC 50 values for D1 receptor agonist, A77636, were similar (0. 136 nM vector plasmids. The results in Figures 9C and 9D shows that the levels of D1 receptor-activated phospho DARPP-32 is significantly higher in non-differentiated CAD cells transfected with miRZip TM anti 142-3p (,102% increase) compared to empty miRZip TM vector plasmid (,29% increase). Together these results strongly suggest that the miR-142-3p mediated regulation of D1 receptor protein expression is biologically significant.
section_name: Antisense-mediated Inhibition of miR-142-3p in CAD Cells Enhances D1 Receptor Signaling Function

section_content: The results in Figure 1B and 1D showed that there is a significant increase in D1 receptor protein expression in vivo between P7 and P14 during mouse brain development. Figure 10A shows the increasing expression of D1 receptor protein at P7, P14 and P30 in the striatum region of mouse brain. We measured the expression of microRNA 142-3p in striatal brain tissue punches from P7, P14 and P30 using real-time RT-PCR. The result in Figure 10B shows that there is a significant reduction in miR-142-3p expression on P14 and P30 compared to P7 which inversely correlates with the increase in D1 receptor protein expression. These results suggest that miR-142-3p might be involved in the D1 receptor post-transcriptional regulation during postnatal mouse brain development.
section_name: Micro RNA 142-3p Levels are Inversely Correlated to D1 Receptor Expression during Mouse Brain Development

section_content: The neurotransmitter dopamine controls many different physiological and behavioral functions in mammals through receptors that are members of seven transmembrane-spanning G-protein coupled receptor family. The D1 dopamine receptor is one of the major subtypes of dopamine receptors and is widely expressed in the brain and periphery. While numerous studies have extensively characterized D1 receptor function, mechanisms and factors that regulate its expression are less well characterized. The results presented in this paper establishes post-transcriptional regulation as a significant mechanism that controls the expression of D1 dopamine receptor protein during postnatal mouse brain development (Fig. 1 ) and in the mouse CAD catecholaminergic cell line (Fig. 2 ). We demonstrated that the D1 receptor 39UTR was necessary and sufficient of mediating the post-transcriptional regulation (Figs. 3 and 4 ). The D1 receptor 39UTR has not been defined; however comparison of the mouse D1 receptor 39UTR, used in this study, to the rat and human D1 receptor 39UTR revealed two poly adenylation signal sites 714 and 1635 nucleotides downstream from the stop codon. Our results suggest that the 1277 nucleotides long D1 receptor 39UTR containing the first poly adenylation signal is necessary and sufficient for posttranscriptional regulation. Deletion and site-directed mutagenesis studies showed that the D1 receptor post-transcriptional regulation in CAD cells is mediated by a specific interaction of miRNA miR-142-3p with a single cis-element adjacent to the first poly adenylation signal site in the D1 receptor 39UTR (Figs. 5, 6, and 7 ). Posttranscriptional regulation of many genes is mediated by miRNA. These,22 nucleotide long endogenous RNA molecules are partially complementary to nucleotide sequences in the 39UTR of genes. By binding to the 39UTR with partial complementarity, miRNA molecules have been reported to repress translation of the mRNA or affect mRNA stability. Previous studies have shown that miRNAs modulate expression of various G-protein coupled receptors including the b-adrenergic receptor [15], adenosine A2A receptor [16], serotonin receptors [17] and estrogen receptor a [18]. Our results add D1 dopamine receptors to the growing list of G-protein coupled receptors whose expression is regulated by miRNAs. 

D1 receptors couple to activate adenylate cyclase, increasing intracellular cAMP levels. The increased cAMP activates the cAMP-dependent kinase which in turn phosphorylates the protein phosphatase DARPP-32. Activation of D1 receptors is known to increase phosphorylated DARPP-32 levels both in vitro and in vivo. The regulation of endogenous D1 receptor expression by miR-142-3p is biologically significant as inhibition of miR-142-3p increased endogenous D1 receptor protein levels (Fig. 8 ) and enhanced D1 receptor signaling as evidenced by increased cAMP production and phospo-DARPP-32 levels (Fig. 9 ). Finally, we showed that the expression of miR-142-3p was inversely correlated to D1 receptor protein expression during postnatal mouse brain development (Fig. 10 ). To our knowledge this is the first report of a microRNA mediated translational suppression of any of the five dopamine receptor subtypes. One previous study showed that miR-504 specifically targets a polymorphic site in human D1 39UTR that is associated with nicotine dependence; however in that study miR-504 was found to increase, rather than decrease, the expression level of the human D1 receptor mRNA [19]. 

The identification of miR-142-3p as a regulator of D1 receptor expression was unexpected as the function of this microRNA has been previously described only in hematopoietic cells and lymphocytes were it was shown to modulate the differentiation of various classes of T-cells [20]. The expression of miR-142-3p is particularly high in the antigen-presenting dendritic cells [20]. Interestingly, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment decreases the expression of miR-142-3p in dendritic cells, specifically relieving the translational repression of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA and increasing the level of secreted IL-6 [20]. Circulating levels of IL-6 is high in schizophrenic patients [21] and administration of IL-6 has been reported to increase stereotypic behavior in rodent models [22] [23] [24]. IL-6 along with TGF-b has also been shown to promote the differentiation of naive T-cells into the T-helper, Th- 17 cells [3, 25, 26]. Interestingly, antagonizing D1 receptor function inhibits the differentiation of Th-17 cells [25]. Recent studies have shown that functional D1 dopamine receptors are expressed in dendritic cells and naive T-cells and the specific activation of these D1 receptors by dopamine promotes the differentiation of the Tcells into Th-2 and Th-17 cells [25] [26] [27]. An earlier study showed that D1 dopamine receptors suppress the differentiation of naı ¨ve T-cells into regulatory T-cells (T-regs) cells that are involved in the immune suppression response [28]. Our observations suggest that miR-142-3p mediated regulation of D1 receptor expression might contribute to T-cell differentiation. 

While miR-142-3p function has been primarily described in the hematopoietic and immune systems, our results suggest that this microRNA is also expressed in the brain and in the neuronal CAD cell line. These results are consistent with a previous study which showed that mir-142-3p is not only expressed in the brain but is enriched in purified striatal post-synaptic densities along with the Argonaute protein-2, which is a key involved in microRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation [29]. This suggests that miR-142-3p-mediated post-transcriptional regulation might regulate translation of D1 receptor protein in dendritic spines. This novel molecular mechanism might dynamically regulate D1 receptor expression in the dendritic spines in response to neuronal excitation. Our novel finding that miR-142-3p is expressed in the brain and directly regulates the expression of D1 dopamine receptor protein suggests that miR-142-3p might play an important role in modulating D1 receptor-dependent behaviors.
section_name: Discussion

section_name: Acknowledgments

section_content: The authors would like to acknowledge the assistance of Evangelia Sevadalis, Rex Vilanueva, Jeannie Banh, Nicholas Mastroianni and James Cappello in generating the various recombinant plasmids.
section_name: Acknowledgments

section_content: This work was supported by National Institutes of Health grants R03DA026030 and R03DA026030-02S1 and a grant from the F. M. Kirby Foundation to EVK. KET is supported by a PhRMA Foundation pre-doctoral fellowship. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

section_name: Supporting Information

section_content: Cumulative data showing a linear correlation between the Ct values (cycle numbers) and concentration of serially diluted total mouse brain cDNA that were amplified and detected using TaqManH probes specific for D1 dopamine receptor. The data points represent mean (6 SEM) of 4 independent RT-PCR reactions and were fitted with linear regression. (C) Representative western blot showing the level of mouse D1 receptor protein in AtT-20 neuroendocrine cells (which does not express endogenous D1 receptor) transiently-transfected with empty plasmid vector (lane 1) or a constitutive expression plasmid encoding the mouse D1 dopamine receptor (lane 2). Each lane was loaded with 30 mg of total cell protein and the D1 receptor protein detected using the anti-D1 receptor rat monoclonal antibody. Multiple glycosylated forms of mature D1 receptor are detected with this antibody. (D)

Representative western blot showing relative expression level of endogenous D1 receptor protein in non-differentiated CAD cells and mouse striatum. We loaded 100 mg of total protein from CAD cells in lane 1 and 1, 5, 10 and 30 mg of serially diluted total protein from the striatum of a mouse that was one month old in lanes 2 through 5. Two different film exposures as well as the amido black stained blot indicating total protein loaded in each lane is shown. (TIF)
section_name: Supporting Information