Fundamentals of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease in clinical practice: part 2

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The field of neuromodulation has evolved significantly over the past decade. Developments include novel indications and innovations of hardware, software, and stimulation techniques leading to an expansion in scope and role of these techniques as powerful therapeutic interventions. In this review, which is the second part of an effort to document and integrate the basic fundamentals and recent successful developments in the field, we will focus on classic paradigms for electrode placement as well as new exploratory targets, mechanisms of neuromodulation using this technique and new developments, including focused ultrasound driven ablative procedures.</jats:p>

section_content: The journal is indexed on the following databases and information sources:

• Web of Science (1969) -Science Citation Index Expanded and JCR (2003). • Scopus (from 1945 • Scopus (from to 1965 • Scopus (from, from 1971 to Present) and Scimago (1947-1965, 1971-
section_name: Indexing

section_content: The journal receives support from:

• Academia Brasileira de Neurologia (Brazilian Academy of Neurology)
section_name: Sponsor

section_name: General Neurology

section_content: Eduardo Genaro Mutarelli ( Universidade de São Paulo -São Paulo, SP, Brazil) Mariana Spitz ( Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro -Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil) Orlando Povoas Barsottini ( Universidade Federal de São Paulo -São Paulo, SP, Brazil) Headache Mario Fernando Prieto Peres (Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein -São Paulo, SP, Brazil) Pedro Andre Kowacs (Universidade Federal do Paraná -Curitiba, PR, Brazil) Pedro Augusto Sampaio Rocha-Filho (Universidade Federal de Pernambuco -Recife, PE, Brazil) History of Neurology Eliasz Engelhardt (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro -Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil) Ethel Mizrahy Cuperschmid (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais -Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil) Francisco Manoel Branco Germiniani (Universidade Federal do Paraná -Curitiba, PR, Brazil) Ylmar Correa Neto (Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina -Florianópolis, RS, Brazil) Images in Clinical Neurophysiology Luciano De Paola (Universidade Federal do Paraná-Curitiba, PR, Brazil) Karen Nunez -Wallace (Baylor College of Medicine -Houston, Texas, USA) Infectious Diseases of the Nervous System and Cerebrospinal Fluid Studies Cristiane Nascimento Soares (Hospital dos Servidores do Estado do Rio de Janeiro -Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil ) Marzia Puccioni-Sohler ( Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro -Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil) Paulo Pereira Christo ( Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais -Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil ) Sérgio Monteiro de Almeida ( Universidade Federal do Paraná -Curitiba, PR, Brazil ) Movement Disorders José Luiz Pedroso ( Universidade Federal de São Paulo -São Paulo, SP, Brazil) Laura Silveira Moriyama ( Universidade Estadual de Campinas -Campinas, SP, Brazil) Renato Puppi Munhoz (University of Toronto -Toronto, Canada ) Vitor Tumas ( Universidade de São Paulo -Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil) Neuromuscular Disorders and Peripheral Neuropathy Edmar Zanoteli (Universidade de São Paulo -São Paulo, SP, Brazil) Francisco de Assis Aquino Gondim (Universidade Federal do Ceará -Fortaleza, CE, Brazil) Marcondes Cavalcante França Jr (Universidade Estadual de Campinas -Campinas, SP, Brazil) Wilson Marques Jr. (Universidade de São Paulo -Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil) Neurogenetics Iscia Teresinha Lopes Cendes (Universidade Estadual de Campinas -Campinas, SP, Brazil) Sarah Teixeira Camargos (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais -Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil) Neuroimaging Antonio José da Rocha (Santa Casa de São Paulo -São Paulo, SP, Brazil) Carolina de Medeiros Rimkus (Universidade Estadual de Campinas -Campinas, SP, Brazil) Leandro Tavares Lucato (Universidade de São Paulo -São Paulo, SP, Brazil) Luis Filipe de Souza Godoy (Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein -São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil) Neuroimmunology Douglas Kazutoshi Sato (Pontifícia Universidade Católica -Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil) Maria Fernanda Mendes (Universidade de São Paulo -São Paulo, SP, Brazil) Tarso Adoni (Universidade de São Paulo -São Paulo, SP, Brazil) Neurological Rehabilitation Adriana Bastos Conforto (Universidade de São Paulo -São Paulo, SP, Brazil) Chien Hsin Fen (Universidade de São Paulo -São Paulo, SP, Brazil) Tamine Teixeira da Costa Capato (Universidade de São Paulo -São Paulo, SP, Brazil) Neuro-oncology Suzana Maria Fleury Malheiros (Universidade Federal de São Paulo -São Paulo, SP, Brazil) Neuropathology Lea Tenenholz Grinberg (University of California -San Francisco, USA) Sérgio Rosemberg (Santa Casa de São Paulo -São Paulo, SP, Brazil) Neuropsychiatry Analuiza Camozzato (Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre -Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil) Antonio Lucio Teixeira (University of Texas -Houston, USA) Pain Fabíola Dach (Universidade de São Paulo -Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil) Sleep Disorders Fernando Morgadinho Santos Coelho (Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil) Rosana Cardoso Alves (Universidade de São Paulo -São Paulo, SP, Brazil) Social Media and Visual Abstract Camila Callegari Piccinin (Universidade Estadual de Campinas -Campinas, SP, Brazil) Elisa de Paula França Resende (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil) Eva Carolina Rocha (Universidade Federal de São Paulo -São Paulo, SP, Brazil) Gustavo Leite Franklin (Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná -Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil) João Brainer Clares de Andrade ( Universidade Federal de São Paulo -São Paulo, SP, Brazil) Sylvie Devalle (Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer -Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil) Editorial Advisory Board Acary Souza Bulle Oliveira (Universidade Federal de São Paulo -São Paulo, SP, Brazil) Alberto J. Espay (University of Cincinatti -Cincinatti, USA) Alexis Brice (Université Pierre at Marie Curie -Paris, France) Américo Seiki Sakamoto (Universidade de São Paulo -Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil) Andrea Slachevsky (Universidad de Chile -Santiago, Chile ) Andrew J. Lees ( University College London -London, United Kingdom) Bruce Miller (University of California -San Francisco, USA) Bruce Ovbiagele (University of South California -Charleston, USA) Carlos Alberto Mantovani Guerreiro ( Universidade Estadual de Campinas -Campinas, SP, Brazil ) Carlos Roberto de Mello Rieder ( Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul -Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil )
section_name: General Neurology

section_content: ( University of Washington -Seattle, USA )
section_name: Christina Marra

section_name: Didier Leys

section_content: (Université de Lille -Lille, France)
section_name: Didier Leys

section_content: (Universidade Estadual de Campinas -Campinas, SP, Brazil)
section_name: Fernando Cendes

section_content: (Universidade de São Paulo -São Paulo, SP, Brazil)
section_name: Fernando Kok

section_content: (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais -Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil)
section_name: Francisco Cardoso

section_content: (Università Vita-Salute San Rafaelle -Milan, Italy) Walter Rocca (Mayo Clinic -Rochester, USA)
section_name: Giancarlo Comi

section_name: Gilmar Fernandes do Prado