Medical students, spirituality and religiosity-results from the multicenter study SBRAME

To evaluate the relationship between spirituality/religiosity (S/R) and the attitudes, beliefs and experiences of medical students in Brazil with respect to S/R in their undergraduate training and clinical practice.SBRAME (Spirituality and Brazilian Medical Education) is a multicenter study involving 12 Brazilian medical schools with 5950 medical students (MS). Participants completed a questionnaire that collected information on socio-demographic data and S/R in their undergraduate training and practice.Of all MS, 3630 participated in the survey (61.0%). The sample was 53.8% women and the mean age was 22.5 years. The majority of MS believed that spirituality has an impact on patients' health (71.2%) and that this impact was positive (68.2%). The majority also wanted to address S/R in their clinical practice (58.0%) and considered it relevant (75.3%), although nearly one-half (48.7%) felt unprepared to do so. Concerning their training, most MS reported that they had never participated in a "spirituality and health" activity (81.0%) and that their medical instructors had never or rarely addressed this issue (78.3%). The majority also believed that they should be prepared to address spiritual issues related to the health of their patients (61.6%) and that this content should be included in the medical curriculum (62.6%).There is a large gap between MS attitudes and expectations and the S/R training that they are receiving during their undergraduate training. The majority of MS surveyed believe that patients should have their beliefs addressed and that these beliefs could have important effects on their health and the doctor-patient relationship. These results should stimulate discussion about the place that S/R training should have in the medical curriculum.

section_content: Spirituality/religiosity (S/R) and its relationship to health has been extensively studied during the past few decades [1, 2]. Spiritual and religious beliefs have been associated with many aspects of patients' health and health behaviors, the disease process, medical treatment, medical decisions and physician-patient relationship [3] [4] [5] [6]. 

Within this context, most US and UK medical schools have already included spirituality and health content in their curricula [7, 8]. Nonetheless, in a curricula whose content is constrained by time, there are concerns that the inclusion of S/R would take the place of other important topics [8, 9]. 

The main reason for including S/R, according to the Association of American Medical Colleges, is to better understand the role that spirituality plays in patient care, acknowledge the place that it plays in providing compassionate care, appreciate the interaction between biopsychosocial factors and S/R aspects of patients' lives, and acquire the ability to take a spiritual history [10]. 

Studies have shown that spiritual issues, while frequently coming up in clinical practice, are seldom addressed by the medical profession [4, 11, 12]. Lack of training and lack of knowledge are emphasized as important barriers [12, 13]. According to recent studies, most physicians and medical educators believe that this issue is important, but few address this issue with their students and residents [12, 13]. 

Many medical students, in contrast, believe that S/R issues have an impact on patients' health, want to address this issue in their practice, and believe that S/R should be included in the medical curriculum [14, 15]. However, many complain that they have not been prepared during their medical training to do so. Studies documenting this, however, have often been regional and the generalizability of these findings have been called into question. 

Therefore, studies that include a more representative sample of medical students are important in order to better understand students attitudes and experiences regarding S/R training in medical education. 

This multicenter study involving 12 medical schools in Brazil, then, seeks to examine medical students' attitudes, beliefs, and experiences regarding S/R in their undergraduate training and their clinical practice.
section_name: Background

section_name: Methods

section_name: Study design

section_content: ) is a cross-sectional, multicenter study involving 12 Brazilian medical schools that have a total enrollment of 5950 medical students (MS) [16]. The study was carried out from June 2010 to September 2011 and was coordinated by the Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora and Brazilian Medical Spiritist Association, Brazil.
section_name: SBRAME (Spirituality and Brazilian Medical Education

section_content: Presently, there are 180 medical schools in Brazil. Admission is based on grades obtained on "university entrance exams" which are taken after high school [17]. In order to become a medical doctor, students must complete a full-time program consisting of six years. This includes four years focusing pre-clinical and clinical subjects and two years focusing internship practices at a University Hospital, in which the students work under supervision of residents and staff physicians [15, 18].
section_name: Medical education in Brazil

section_content: For the present study, spirituality [2] was considered as "a personal search toward understanding questions about life, its meaning, and its relationships to sacredness or transcendence, that may or may not lead to the development of religious practices or formation of religious communities". Religiosity [2] was understood as the "extent to which an individual believes, follows, and practices a religion, either organizational (church or temple attendance) or non-organizational (praying, reading books, or watching religious programs on television)".
section_name: Definitions

section_content: During a medical congress in Brazil, we invited medical school representatives who were interested in participating in research on "Spirituality and medical education". From the 14 representatives who attended this meeting, 11 agreed to take part in the study. After this first meeting, one additional medical school decided to participate, resulting in a total of 12 participating schools. 

The
section_name: Participating institutions

section_content: First, a meeting (with at least one member of each medical school) was held to discuss the objectives and assess each institution's willingness to participate in this study. Next, research supervisors and interviewers from each medical school were trained using a common manual and supplemented by web-based training.
section_name: Training of researchers

section_content: All MS officially registered in the 12 medical schools were invited by the researchers to take part in the study. MS were personally approached before or after classes and during breaks.
section_name: Procedures and participants' selection

section_content: Participants completed a self-administered, multiple choice 43-item questionnaire, which was adapted and expanded from other pilot studies carried out in Brazil [12, 15, 19] and collected the following information:

Socio-demographic data: gender, age, family income, ethnicity, religious affiliation and undergraduate year. Religiosity: For assessing the religious aspects of participants, the Duke Religious Index (DUREL) was used [20]. DUREL is a five-item measure of religious involvement made up of three subscales: (1) organizational religious behavior -religious attendance (1 item), (2) non-organizational religious behaviorpraying, scripture reading, meditation, among others (1 item), and (3) intrinsic religious motivation (3 items). Response options are on a 5-or 6-point Likert scale. It has been validated in Portuguese by Lucchetti et al. [21]. Spirituality: the concept of spirituality was evaluated using a close-ended question with the following five response options (checking more than one option was possible): "Belief and relationship with God/ religiosity", "Search for meaning and significance for human life"; "Belief in the existence of soul and life after death"; "Belief in something that transcends matter"; and "Ethical and humanistic posture". Clinical practice: this section asked questions about the connection between spirituality and health in clinical practice, including the influence of spirituality in patients' health and in the patientphysician relationship, MS preparedness and willingness to address S/R, barriers to addressing S/R, whether MS had ever asked a patient about S/R, and whether it is appropriate for a doctor to pray with a patient. Undergraduate education: this section asked about the role of Brazilian medical schools and medical faculty in providing training on the topic of S/R. Questions covered whether medical faculty had ever addressed S/R in the curriculum, whether MS should be prepared for this approach, whether Brazilian medical schools were giving all required information in this field, how MS sought knowledge for addressing S/R, how medical schools should address this issue, and whether the MS's spirituality had changed since their entrance into medical school.
section_name: Data collection instrument

section_content: Data were entered into an Excel database and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences program (SPSS), version 17. 0. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the range of responses. For categorical variables, the descriptive statistics are reported as numbers and percentages. For continuous data, the descriptive statistics include mean and standard deviations. For all non-normally distributed data, the median was given along with the mean and standard deviation. All confidence intervals were 95%.
section_name: Statistical analysis

section_content: Participants gave written informed consent and the study was approved by the ethics committees of Universidade Federal de São Paulo and the other medical schools.
section_name: Ethical issues

section_name: Results

section_content: A total of 3630 medical students participated in the study (61. 0% response rate). The most common reasons for not participating were: refused, did not wish to sign the consent form, were interviewers in the study, or were absent at the time of the survey.
section_name: Sample

section_content: A slight majority of MS were women (53. 8%), mean age was 22. 5 years (SD: 4. 6) and median was 22 years, 82. 2% were white, and 51. 1% had an average family income of more than US$4000 per month (51. 1%). Participants were distributed across the following medical school years: 612 (16. 9%) in the first year; 752 (20. 7%) in the second year; 559 (15. 4%) in the third year; 635 (17. 5%) in the fourth year; 579 (15. 9%) in the fifth year, and 485 (13. 6%) in the sixth year.
section_name: Socio-demographic characteristics

section_content: There were 7 (58. 3%) private schools and 5 (41. 7%) public schools (3 federal and 2 state) and most institutions (83. 3%) were from South-east Brazil (the most wealthy region in Brazil).
section_name: Institutions' characteristics

section_content: Most MS (66. 1%) had a religious affiliation (Catholics followed by Spiritists); believed in God (84. 2%); attended religious services less than once a week (81. 8%); spent more than once a week in private religious activities (55. 8%) and believed that the human body included a soul (78. 9%). The mean of DUREL intrinsic religiosity was 9. 63 (SD: 3. 69) and the median was 10, ranging from 3 (low intrinsic religiosity) to 15 (high intrinsic religiosity) (Table 1 ).
section_name: Medical students' spiritual and religious beliefs

section_content: The most common understanding of spirituality was "belief and relationship with God/religiosity" (38. 8%), followed by "search for meaning and significance for human life" (38. 0%), and by "belief in the existence of the soul and life after death" (20. 5%) (Table 2 ).
section_name: Understanding of spirituality

section_content: The majority of MS indicated that spirituality had an impact on the health of patients (71. 2%), that this impact was positive (68. 2%), and that addressing spiritual issues was relevant (75. 3%). The majority of MS wanted to address these issues (58. 0%), but nearly half said they were not prepared to do so (48. 7%) (Table 2 ). 

With regards to their clinical practice, 64. 1% had already addressed this issue with patients, but usually did not ask about S/R on a routine basis (54. 9%). Most MS believed that patients do not feel uncomfortable when asked about S/R issues (80. 6%) and that the most common reasons for not addressing S/R were: of imposing religious beliefs" (47. 5%), "fear of offending patients" (35. 8%), and "lack of knowledge" (34. 7%). The most frequent S/R treatments recommended to their patients were: prayer (67. 7%), scripture reading (31. 5%) and volunteering in religious communities (18. 8%) (Table 3 ).
section_name: Clinical practice

section_content: Most MS reported that they had received any training during medical school on "spirituality and health" (81. 0%) and that medical faculty had never or only rarely addressed this issue (78. 3%). The majority believed that they should be prepared to address spirituality with their patients (61. 6%) and that Brazilian medical schools were not providing adequate training in this area (83. 4%). Many students felt that content on S/R should be included in the medical curriculum (62. 6%), and about half preferred that it be elective (47. 8%) (Table 4 ). MS tended not to seek out knowledge about "health and spirituality" (42. 5%), and of those who did, they sought this knowledge within their own religion (31. 4%). Few MS sought out knowledge on S/R from scientific articles (9. 1%). Most had not changed their S/R beliefs since entrance into medical school (71. 3%) (Table 4 ).
section_name: Education

section_content: This multicenter study advances our understanding of the place that training on spirituality/religion and health should have in medical education. Many of these Brazilian medical students believed that spirituality had an influence on patients' health and wanted to address this in clinical practice. Nevertheless, the majority felt they were not prepared to do so and that medical school was not providing the necessary training. These results suggest that there is a gap between students' attitudes/needs in this area and the training they are getting. 

Other studies have reported similar findings among practicing physicians [11, [22] [23] [24] [25], medical school faculty [12], and medical students in other settings [15]. 

Monroe et al. [11] found that 85% of physicians agreed that they should be aware of a patient's religious and spiritual beliefs, although few addressed it on a routine basis. Curlin et al. [22] also reported that most physicians believed that S/R had an influence on health and that S/R helped patients to cope. Some studies, however, find that less than 20% of physicians regularly discuss spiritual topics in patient encounters [4, [23] [24] [25] [26]. 

Likewise, Mariotti et al. [12] found that more than 72% of medical faculty believed that faith or spirituality can positively influence the treatment of patients, while only 43. 4% reported they felt prepared to do so. 

With regards to medical students, Banin et al. [15] found that most MS believed that spirituality had an impact on patient's health, but again few students felt prepared to address spiritual issues in clinical practice. 

In the present study, the most common reasons for not addressing these issues were "fear of imposing religious beliefs", "fear of offending patients" and "lack of knowledge" on how to address S/R issues. These barriers could be overcome by training. Studies [12, 27, 28] in practicing physicians have also found that most common barriers to addressing S/R issues with patients are lack of time, lack of knowledge, and lack of training. MS in the present study, however, appeared more worried about causing harm to patients than they were about the time spent in addressing S/R issues. 

Another important finding was the lack of training that MS received on spirituality and health. Most students had received no training on this subject and believed that Brazilian medical schools were not adequately preparing to address S/R issues in clinical practice. These findings are consistent with a by Rasinski et al. [29] in the U. S. who reported that only 23% of practicing physicians received formal training in this area. Likewise, Mariotti et al. [12] found that 92. 3% of medical faculty felt that medical schools were not providing adequate training in this area. 

The majority of students in the present study believed that S/R should be included in the medical curriculum. More than 40% of students reported they sought information about S/R and health through a religious source, rather than through scientific papers, other academic medical publications, or their medical professors, which is similar to what has been found in nursing students [19]. 

These findings reflect in part MS's fear of imposing their own beliefs on patients and the difficulties in discriminating religiosity from spirituality. We note that when asked about their understanding of spirituality, most choose "belief and relationship with God/religiosity" which is more associated with the concept of religiosity [2]. The differences between spirituality and religiosity should be defined for medical students to help clarify the differences between these two dimensions. 

Concerning the religious beliefs of MS themselves, 66. 1% had a religious affiliation and 18. 2% attended religious services frequently. This level of involvement in S/R is different than that found in the general population of Brazil in which 95% have a religious affiliation and 37% frequently attend religious services [30]. However, it is consistent with a previous study of physicians in the Northeastern U. S. [31]. Despite not having a religious affiliation, however, many MS reported belief in God. 

Most MS in this study felt that S/R issues had an impact on patients' health and many believed that it should be included in the medical curriculum, which is consistent with the goal of spirituality and health courses proposed in the U. S. by Puchalski [32], which include "An understanding that the spiritual dimension of people's lives gives an avenue for compassionate caregiving" and "the ability to apply the understanding of a patient's spiritual and cultural beliefs and behaviors to appropriate clinical contexts". 

Understanding the complex relationship between S/R, medical practice, and medical education could open new perspectives for a different, more compassionate and more integrated approach to patient patient care. ings from studies such as the present one may contribute to the discussion the role of S/R in medical curricula, and perhaps to help shift medical education into a more bio-psycho-socio-spiritual model. The present study has limitations that affect its applicability. First, the study was carried out in Brazil and data should be replicated in other cultural contexts. Second, the response rate was 61% and does not include the opinions of over one-third of students who may have had less interest in the topic and so refused to participate. However, this response rate is similar to or better than other multicenter studies in medical education [33] [34] [35] [36]. Third, only 12 of 180 Brazilian medical schools participated in the present study. Therefore, readers should be cautious in generalizing findings to all medical students in Brazil. Fourth, the differences between responders and non-responders and between the institutions who did and did not participate in the survey were not assessed. Fifth, possible variations in the makeup of students attending each institution may also exist, particularly between private and public medical schools. 

The present study also has a number of strengths. This is one of the most comprehensive studies of the attitudes and experiences of medical students [33, 34, [36] [37] [38] and, to our knowledge, the largest study to date dealing with S/R in medical education [39].
section_name: Discussion

section_content: In conclusion, there is a gap between MS attitudes and expectations about the inclusion of S/R in their training and clinical practice. Many Brazilian MS feel that patients should have their beliefs addressed and that these beliefs could have important impact on medical outcomes and patient-physician relationship. The results of this study could foster a more open discussion of the place that spirituality should take in the medical curriculum in order to achieve a more patient-centered medicine.
section_name: Conclusions

section_name: Acknowledgements

section_content: We thank all medical schools and medical students who participated in the study.
section_name: Acknowledgements

section_content: Adriane Rodrigues, Adriano Barbosa, Amanda Vanzella, André Perdicaris, Bruno Borges, Camila Theodoro, Daniel Moreira, Daniela Martins, Daniela Paraskevopoulos, Daniele Espinha, Danielle Barros, Danilo Pereira, Denise Horly, Diego Borges, Diego Carmo, Edson Tamaki, Eduardo Torres, Eliza
section_name: SBRAME collaborators

section_name: Competing interests

section_content: The authors declare they have no competing interests. 

Authors' contributions GL, JRL and ALGL, LRO participated in the design of the study. GL coordinated collection of medical students' questionnaires. SBRAME Collaborators applied the questionnaires. GL performed the statistical analyses. GL, JRL HGK, ALGL, LRO interpreted the data. GL, HGK and ALGL drafted the first version of the manuscript. All authors critically revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
section_name: Competing interests