A methodological framework to assess the urban content in climate change policies

<jats:p>By 2050, people in urbanized areas will account for 68% of the world’s population, 80% of which will be concentrated in Asia and Africa. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) introduced in 2011 the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) under the Cancun Adaptation Framework (CAF). Countries of the non-Annex I, described by the UN-General Assembly as especially vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, are invited to develop NAPs to identify adaptation challenges and devise appropriate climate adaptation responses. Recognizing the increasing vulnerability of urban systems to the effects of climate change, in 2019, UN-Habitat defined the supplement of the NAP process's technical guidelines for addressing urban and human settlement issues in NAPs. This paper aims to propose a methodology to assess the urban content of the NAPs after ten years from that the CAF comes into force. The evaluation is based, adapting and expanding, on the methodology used to assess the urban content of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) published by UN-Habitat in 2017. The methodology aims to analyse both key adaptation challenges and responses explicitly or implicitly related to urban systems. Moreover, it aims at understanding the interlinkage of urban content in NAP in relation to other key policies, such as NDCs and National Urban Policies (NUPs). In this perspective, 172 indicators were selected and clustered into nine groups: (i) Geographic Indicators; (ii) General Indicators; (iii) NAPs General Indicators; (iv) NAPs Urban Indicators; (v) NDCs Indicators; (vi) NUPs Indicators; (vii) Urban content in National Policies Indicators; (viii) International policy linkages (including SDGs, Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, Paris Agreement and New Urban agenda); (ix) National plans/policy/strategies/reports linkages. The methodology was tested on Brazil’s NAP, trying to find general considerations to apply to the countries that officially submitted their NAPs between 2014 to 2020. The test showed that: there is a stronger focus on defining climate adaptation challenges more than responses; climate adaptation challenges and responses are predominantly identified at the national scale, with a focus on policies and strategies at the national level; among the Brazilian NAP, there is "cities strategy", and it means that the NAP has a high urban content. In conclusion, the paper will highlight critical issues and improvements for each of the nine indices analysed. Entro il 2050, la popolazione urbana rappresenterà il 68% della popolazione mondiale. Di questa, l'80% sarà concentrata in Asia e in Africa. A partire da questo scenario di incrementale urbanizzazione, nel 2011 la Convenzione quadro delle Nazioni Unite sui cambiamenti climatici (UNFCCC) ha introdotto, nell'ambito del Cancún Adaptation Framework (CAF), i Piani Nazionali di Adattamento (NAP). I NAP sono concepiti come strumento a supporto dei Paesi inclusi nel Non-Annex I, descritti dall'Assemblea generale dell'ONU come particolarmente vulnerabili alle transizioni in atto, per identificare le sfide e progettare le risposte più appropriate verso l’adattamento in risposta al cambiamento climatico. Riconoscendo la crescente vulnerabilità dei sistemi urbani, UN-Habitat nel 2019 ha predisposto delle linee guida per supportare la redazione dei NAP, in particolare per includere le questioni urbane e gli insediamenti umani. A dieci anni dall'entrata in vigore del CAF, il presente articolo presenta una proposta metodologica per valutare il contenuto urbano dei NAP. L’approccio valutativo proposto è un aggiornamento dalla metodologia utilizzata per analizzare il contenuto urbano dei Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), pubblicata da UN-Habitat nel 2017, e qui adattata ai NAP. La metodologia mira ad analizzare sia le sfide chiave per l’adattamento, ma anche le risposte esplicitamente o implicitamente connesse ai sistemi urbani e l'interconnessione del contenuto urbano dei NAP in relazione ad altre politiche chiave, quali NDCs e NUP (Politiche Urbane Nazionali). In questa prospettiva, la metodologia si compone di 172 indicatori, raggruppati in nove gruppi: (i) Indicatori geografici; (ii) Indicatori generali; (iii) Indicatori generali dei NAP; (iv) Indicatori che leggono il contenuto urbano dei NAP; (v) Indicatori degli NDC; (vi) Indicatori dei NUP; (vii) Indicatori che analizzano il contenuto urbano delle politiche nazionali; (viii) Collegamenti con le politiche internazionali (inclusi SDGs, Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, Accordo di Parigi e New Urban Agenda); e (ix) Collegamenti nazionali tra piani/politiche/strategie/report. La metodologia è stata testata sul NAP del Brasile, al fine di individuare considerazioni generali da adottare anche per gli altri Paesi del sud del mondo che hanno presentato i loro NAP tra il 2014 e il 2020. In sintesi, questa sperimentazione ha mostrato che: (i) vi è una maggiore attenzione alla definizione delle sfide di adattamento al clima più che all’individuazione di risposte; (ii) le sfide e le risposte di adattamento al cambiamento climatico sono prevalentemente identificate su scala nazionale; (iii) il NAP del Brasile si caratterizza per un alto contenuto urbano. In conclusione, il paper mette in luce punti di forza e criticità della metodologia, identificando alcuni miglioramenti per ciascuno dei nove gruppi di indicatori, nella prospettiva di applicare questo approccio di valutazione anche in altri contesti territoriali.</jats:p>

section_content: ). Furthermore, it is believed that the challenges imposed by climate change must become systematic priorities in the planning process at the local scale, in order to transform challenges into adaptation actions in a mainstreaming perspective (Brunetta et al., 2019). However, adaptation process, especially since the 2000s, is increasingly accompanied by international policies under the UNFCCC. In particular, National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process was established by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) under the Cancun Adaptation Framework (CAF) in 2011. These plans' primary goal is to build adaptive capacity to reduce vulnerability to climate change through mainstreaming adaptation. Recognizing the role of cities in coping with climate change, UN-Habitat published in the 2019 Guidelines for addressing urban content in NAPs (Fee et al., 2019), which recommends the identification of challenges imposed by climate change and the definition of adaptation measures at the urban scale. 

A review of the urban content of the first submission of the NDCs was already performed, showing that countries were highlighting consistently general climate change challenges, and that countries with urban content were also having a strong focus on climate adaptation, although actual climate adaptation measures were scarce. Moreover, the analysis shows that transition and developing countries are having higher urban content than developed ones. These results are supporting the need for an integrated analysis of the urban content of both NDCs and NAPs, highlighting the presence or absence of explicit challenges and measures on climate adaptation at sub/national level. Moreover, a review on the status and implementation of NUPs (National Urban Policies), not regarding urban content, was prepared in 2018 by OECD in collaboration with UN-Habitat. The two organizations have co-led the Global State of National Urban Policy Report (OECD, 2018) to monitor NUP elaboration worldwide, including 150 countries out of 193 UN Member States. 

In light of the many pressures experienced by urban systems (climatic and non-climatic), the fundamental role of local action in addressing climate change, and the direction taken by policies towards reducing the vulnerabilities of urban systems, this paper will analyse the urban issue concerning climate change in adaptation policies. The paper presents the methodology designed to develop a preliminar y assessment of National Adaptation Plans' urban content (NAPs). After this introduction, the methodology is presented in section 2. Considering 172 indicators, the countries that submitted the NAPs are described from a geophysical, demographic and economic perspective. In section 3, the methodology is tested analysing Brazils' NAP. and the main results of the analysis s are presented. In section 4, conclusions and a list of improvements for the assessment methodology are presented, together with future research work.
section_name: 2019

section_content: The purpose of urban content research in climate change adaptation policies is to strengthen the explicit inclusion of urban challenges and responses for cities within national planning processes. This research should support evidence-based policymaking to promote more effective climate change adaptation policies and actions, mainly through multi-level governance. Therefore, highlighting the current shortcomings in implementing urban content in adaptive climate change policies should be the starting point for the definition of new guidelines to strengthen urban content in (inter)national policies and address the gap in the shift from national policies to local actions. 

Searching for the urban content means identifying policy references to climate change adaptation challenges and adaptation responses, first in general terms and then with reference to urban systems (Fig. 1 ). Challenges and responses may include sectorial issues/approaches, such as: coastal protection works, processes, such as reducing settlement in flood zones, financing, both in terms of availability and distribution of financial resources, and others. These challenges and responses may be identified at the national or local level and may have policy, strategic, or action content 2. Moreover, challenges and responses have been identified first generically, in macro sectors (adaptation, mitigation, institutional capacity, technology, and finance), and then in specific sectors (e. g., water management, infrastructure, food security, etc. ). This research allows us to identify the macro sectors that are most vulnerable due to challenges and the most proactive, due to responses, concerning adaptation to climate change. The research continues with evaluating and comparing urban content in three climate policies containing the urban content (NAP, NDCs and NUP). Finally, the research intends to look for climate-related policies, strategies, and plans mentioned in each NAP, analysis that allows highlighting the relationship between urban content and climate change in the different national references. 

The methodology used for the NAPs is derived from the methodology already used for reviewing the urban content of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) developed by Tollin et al. (2017). The NDCs methodology

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125 2 Policy content refers to those challenges or responses that are guiding principles provided and approved by a government that has force of low and that helps institutions and organization make decisions; moreover, policies can be legislative (national level) or regulatory (local level). Strategies are defined as sectoral guidelines to reach goals and objectives defined by the policies and a tool to define priorities. Actions offer specific indications that lead to the implementation of policies and strategies, defining timing, financial support and physical developments. After testing the methodology on one NAP, shortcomings identified and improvements made, the methodology will be applied to review and analysis on all National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) submitted before 31 July 2020, publicly available through the UNFCCC's online repository. A total of 20 NAPs representing 20 countries will be analyzed in-depth in their original languages, including French, Spanish, and English. The 20 countries are classified as least developed countries, or non-Annex I, by the United Nations General Assembly that officially submitted NAPs to the NAP Central of UNFCCC between 2014 to 2020 (Fig. 2 ). In particular: Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chile, Colombia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Grenada, Guatemala, Kenya, Kiribati, Paraguay, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sri Lanka, State of Palestine, Sudan, Suriname, Togo, Uruguay. 

The methodology is structured in four parts (Fig. 3 ). 

In the first part, the NAPs will be read, looking for climate change and adaptation challenges and responses. The analysis aims to recognize adaptation challenges and the appropriate adaptation measures in the general structure of the NAPs and then focus on urban systems and human settlements (Fee et al., 2019). 

In the second part, an excel dashboard composed of 172 indicators will be produced and filled with the data searched within the 20 NAPs, the NDCs and NUPs. This dashboard was designed to enable the future addition of the datasets for possible updating data. Following the NDCs' methodology, the indicators will be grouped into eleven groups based on four main strands: geographic and socio-economic data on the states analysed; general and introductory data on NAPs; information on urban content in national policies (NAPs, NDCs and NUPs); and links between national and international instruments and legislative references. The eleven groups are as follows:

• Geographic Indicators on: Country IOS code, Country name, Region name, Sub-Region name, Income categorization, Official language. • General Indicators on population and GHG emissions. related plans, strategies, legislative on the international and national scale 4. Data will be principally replicated from United Nations and World Bank databases; the Sustainable Urbanization in the Paris Agreement, Comparative review for urban content in the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) Report (Tollin, Hamhaber, et al. 2017) ; NAPs submitted to the UNFCCC and UN-Habitat databases; the OECD databases 5.
section_name: THE NAPA METHODOLOGY. A FRAMEWORK TO ASSESS URBAN CONTENT IN CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION POLICIES

section_content: To test the methodology's effectiveness, this paper will apply to one of the 20 countries that submitted the NAP before 2020. The chosen country is Brazil, as we expect to face numerous challenges imposed by climate change identified in the NAP due to its large surface area and large population. Therefore, the 172 indicators, grouped into 9 groups, were researched as follows.
section_name: TESTING THE METHODOLOGY: THE URBAN CONTENT ASSESSMENT OF BRAZIL'S NAP

section_content: Brazil is the country with the largest surface area in the Americas region (8,515,767 square kilometres), and consequently has a very low population density of 25 inhabitants per square kilometres. Compared to the majority of the countries belonging to the non-Annex I, of which it is a member, which are characterized by low incomes, Brazil has a middle-high income.
section_name: Geographic Indicators

section_name: General Indicators

section_content: The responses for adaptation, mitigation, institutional capacity, technical capacity and finance (Table 3 ). The analysis of these issues shows that the country has difficulties mobilizing funding to make the adaptation strategies effective. Moreover, the plan underlines the unpreparedness of institutions in dealing with climate change. At the same time, for each strategy is defined a budget and the institution responsible for its implementation. Thus, it can be seen that a problem is readily identified as a solution. 

Concerning the sectors, once identified as vulnerable to climate change are food security, biodiversity, water management, health, specific industries, improved governance and infrastructure. Consequently, the sectors in which adaptation responses have been prepared are transport, water, energy, food production, land use and planning, industry and health.
section_name: NAPs General Indicators

section_content: The same indicators used to analyse the adaptation content of the NAPs were used to investigate the urban content within NAPs. Starting from the macro sectors, the Brazilian's NAP present both challenges and measures only concerning institutional capacity (Tab. 4). More in detail, the vulnerability of urban systems is stated from the plan's introduction: it is that one of the 11 strategies identified is "cities". The analysis showed that urban systems are mainly affected by floods, storm events, and temperature rise (also think to the heat island), especially in land use management, vulnerability and disaster, water management, improved governance, and infrastructure. Solutions are mainly found in the fields of land use and planning, health, and society. The urban content is more present in the strategic content, not very effective in the implementation at the urban scale.
section_name: NAPs Urban Indicators

section_content: In 2015, the Federative Republic of Brazil communicated to the Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 37% below 2005 levels in 2025. The NDC's urban content review highlights that Brazil's NDCs identified urban adaptation but not mitigation priorities (Tollin, Hamhaber, et al. 2017 ). In the review, mitigation priorities refer to priorities that are not necessarily explicitly urban but relevant for urban environments, focusing on: energy, transport, building, waste, water, industrial efficiency, reduction of non-CO2 GHG, improved governance. Instead, adaptation priorities refer generic priorities not necessarily urban related, and include food security, land use management,

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section_name: NDCs Indicators

section_content: The
section_name: NUPs Indicator

section_content: The data collected on climate change, adaptation challenges and responses identified so far allowed to assign the urban content cluster to the Brazil NAP. The result is that in Brazil the NAP has urban cluster A (strong) and identified urban adaptation and mitigation priorities, while identifying adaptation-only responses, including "implementation of public policies for urban development that combine urban planning and risk management within a prevention perspective" (Federative Republic of Brazil, 2016, p. 58). This result was compared with the urban content identified in the Brazil's NDCs by UN-Habitat (2017), which shows that NDCs has cluster B (moderate), and that it identified only urban adaptation priorities. The urban content of the NUP has not been classified because it is a purely urban policy.
section_name: Urban content in National Policies

section_content: In the NAP, Brazil considers and mentions the Paris Agreement ( 2015 ) and the Sendai Framework for disaster risk reduction agreed between the UN member countries at the Third World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction. The plan does not mention the SDGs.
section_name: International policy linkages

section_content: Finally
section_name: National plans/policy/strategies/reports linkages

section_content: From the test conducted on Brazil's NAP, it is possible to state that the NAPA methodology is functional in defining the NAP's urban cluster and the challenges and responses, both NAPA for adaptation and the urban content. The strength of the NAPA methodology lies in its updatability: the methodology can be developed and updated based on emerging and future NAP priorities and on other issues arising from the scientific and grey literature. The methodology can be repeated, modified, and used for different purposes: for example, it can be used to analyse other climate-related policies concerning urban content or to research various topics within NAPs, such as water or energy use. However, the methodology's analysis highlighted some weaknesses and possible improvements, which will be illustrated below. Concerning international policy linkages, it was stated that methodology reports only the international policies and agreements mentioned in the NAPs. Regarding the analysis of urban content, it would be appropriate to study the policies adopted in each nation to define whether and how urban content has been considered. The last group of indicators, which includes national plans/policy/strategies/reports linkages, contains only the climate-related policies, strategies, plans, and legislative references mentioned within the NAP. This analysis has, so far, some critical issues because, for example, each country names its climate policies differently, making it difficult even to find them. Moreover, they are very differentiated in content and structure. It would be necessary to propose international guidelines for their formation to be easier to compare results and exchange good practices between countries. Therefore, it would be necessary to identify all climaterelated policies, strategies and legislative references developed at the national scale by investigating their urban content: this would allow to have an integrated picture of climate policies at the national scale. In a nutshell, to make the NAP's urban content review a functional tool for national and local governments to implement climate actions, the methodology should be replicated across all countries that submitted NAPs up to the present. Reviewing the urban content would help Un-Habitat define a stronger focus on implementing climate action within new guidelines that strengthen the urban content in NAPs. Secondly, it will allow nations to understand their policies' limitations or strengths while also comparing their results with those of other countries. 

rivista valori e valutazioni Viviamo oggi in un pianeta sempre più urbanizzato; il 55% della popolazione mondiale vive nelle città, luoghi che consumano il 75% dell'energia globale, emettono l'80% delle emissioni di gas serra, producono l'80% del prodotto interno lordo globale (Fee et al., 2019; Williams, 2007). 

Come sottolineato da UN-Habitat, la rapida urbanizzazione, la migrazione incontrollata e l'esaurimento delle risorse colpiranno con più forza i Paesi inclusi nella lista Non-Annex I stilata da UNFCCC, che comprende i Paesi in via di sviluppo identificati come maggiormente vulnerabili (UNFCCC, 1992). La loro debolezza è ancora più evidente se guardiamo le proiezioni future: entro il 2050, l'80% della popolazione urbana mondiale si concentrerà proprio in Asia e Africa (Plescia-Boyd et al., 2020). Queste aree -già particolarmente fragili a causa della estrema povertà, della alta presenza di insediamenti informali e dalla mancanza di infrastrutture -saranno meno pronte per affrontare gli effetti del cambiamento climatico (Carmin et al., 2012; Datta and Shaban, 2016; Evans, 2011). In particolare, l'assenza di alcuni servizi essenziali comprometterà la loro capacità di rispondere rapidamente ed efficacemente alle sfide imposte dai cambiamenti in corso (Romero Lankao e Qin, 2011). Oltre alla rapida crescita della popolazione, i sistemi urbani sono esposti ad altri fattori che accrescono la loro complessità, quali ad esempio disastri naturali, crisi economiche, instabilità politica (Fee et al., 2019; Hallegatte and Corfee-Morlot, 2011; Meerow et al., 2016). In particolare, gli effetti del cambiamento climatico hanno un impatto negativo sulle città e assumono il ruolo di moltiplicatori delle altre criticità urbane, rendendo i sistemi territoriali sempre più vulnerabili. Le aree urbane contribuiscono perciò al cambiamento climatico e allo stesso tempo soffrono i suoi effetti, diventandone quindi sia vittime che colpevoli (Carmin et al., 2012; Matthews, 2011). In questo senso, quindi, integrare le questioni urbane nelle azioni climatiche locali diventa imperativo per affrontare le sfide urbane in relazione al cambiamento climatico, diminuendo le vulnerabilità e migliorando la capacità di adattamento dei sistemi urbani (Fee et al., 2019). 

In questa prospettiva, il legame tra rapida urbanizzazione, sviluppo economico e effetti del cambiamento climatico può essere trovato nell'adattamento in una prospettiva di resilienza trasformativa (Brunetta e Caldarice, 2020) Valutare il contenuto urbano nelle politiche di adattamento al cambiamento climatico: una proposta metodologica

La metodologia è strutturata in quattro parti (Fig. 3 ). La prima è dedicata alla lettura dei NAP, alla ricerca delle sfide e delle risposte di adattamento al cambiamento climatico un particolare in relazione ai sistemi urbani e agli insediamenti umani (Fee et al., 2019). La seconda parte è costituita dalla creazione di una matrice composta dall'incrocio di indicatori e dati dei NAP. La matrice, composta da 172 indicatori, è compilata con i dati ricercati all'interno dei 20 NAP, degli NDCs e dei NUP. Tale tabella è stata progettata per consentire futura aggiunta e revisione dei dati. Seguendo la metodologia degli NDCs, gli indicatori saranno accorpati in undici gruppi, seguendo quattro filoni principali: dati geografici e socioeconomici dei Paesi; dati generali e introduttivi sui NAP; informazioni sul contenuto urbano nelle politiche nazionali (NAP, NDC e NUP); link tra strumenti nazionali e internazionali e riferimenti legislativi legati al clima. Gli undici gruppi sono i seguenti:

• Indicatori geografici: Codice IOS del paese, nome del paese, nome della regione, nome della sotto-regione, reddito, lingua ufficiale. • Indicatori generali sulla popolazione e sulle emissioni di gas serra.
section_name: CONCLUSION. MOVING A STEP FORWARD IN ASSESSING URBAN CONTENT IN CLIMATE CHANGE POLICIES

section_content: Per testare l'efficacia della metodologia, il paper applica la matrice degli indicatori al NAP del Brasile, in quanto il documento affronta numerose sfide imposte dal cambiamento climatico a causa della superficie estesa e della numerosa popolazione del Paese. Di seguito vengono riportati i risultati sintetici dell'analisi per ogni gruppo di indicatori.
section_name: LA METODOLOGIA ALLA PROVA. LA VALUTAZIONE DEL CONTENUTO URBANO DEL NAP DEL BRASILE

section_content: Il Brasile è il paese delle Americhe con la superficie più estesa, pari a 8. 515. 767 kmq, e di conseguenza con una densità di popolazione molto bassa, pari a 25 abitanti per kmq. Rispetto alla maggior parte dei paesi appartenenti alla lista Non-Annex I, che sono caratterizzati da redditi bassi, il Brasile ha un reddito medio-alto.
section_name: Indicatori geografici

section_content: Tre sono le dinamiche principali che emergono dall'analisi degli indicatori demografici in Brasile: (i) crescita della popolazione; (ii) elevato tasso di urbanizzazione; e (iii) elevata percentuale di popolazione che vive in insediamenti informali. Il Brasile è il sesto stato più popoloso del mondo (211. 049. 527 abitanti, 2019). In linea con il trend di crescita della popolazione mondiale, la popolazione brasiliana è aumentata dal 2011 al 2019 del 6,85%. Per quanto riguarda la rapida urbanizzazione, la popolazione urbana era nel 2019 l'86,8% sul totale e dovrebbe raggiungere il 90,9% entro il 2050. Inoltre, nel 2018 il 16% della popolazione viveva in insediamenti informali. Passando all'analisi dei dati socio-economici, il PIL pro capite del Brasile è di 15. 259 dollari, l'indice di sviluppo umano (HDI) è alto, pari a 0,761.
section_name: Indicatori generali

section_name: Indicatori generali del NAP

section_content: Trasporti, acqua, energia, produzione alimentare, uso e pianificazione del territorio, industria, salute. 

ziamenti per rendere efficaci le strategie di adattamento. Inoltre, il piano sottolinea l'impreparazione delle istituzioni nell'affrontare il cambiamento climatico. Allo stesso tempo, per ogni strategia è definito un budget e l'istituzione responsabile della sua attuazione. 

I settori identificati come maggiormente vulnerabili al cambiamento climatico sono la sicurezza alimentare, la biodiversità, la gestione dell'acqua, la salute, le industrie specifiche, il miglioramento della governance e le infrastrutture. Per contro, i settori in cui sono state preparate risposte di adattamento sono i trasporti, l'acqua, l'energia, la produzione alimentare, l'uso e la pianificazione del territorio, l'industria e la salute.
section_name: Settori

section_content: Gli stessi indicatori utilizzati per analizzare il contenuto di adattamento dei NAP sono stati utilizzati per indagare anche il contenuto urbano dei NAP. Partendo dai macrosettori, il NAP presenta sia sfide che misure solo per quanto riguarda la capacità istituzionale (Tab. 4). 

Più in dettaglio, la vulnerabilità dei sistemi urbani è dichiarata nell'introduzione del piano e una delle 11 strategie identificate è dedicata alle città. L'analisi ha mostrato che i sistemi urbani sono principalmente colpiti da inondazioni, eventi climatici estremi e aumento della temperatura (isole di calore), nella gestione dell'uso del suolo, vulnerabilità e disastri, gestione delle acque, miglioramento della governance e delle infrastrutture. Le soluzioni si trovano principalmente in uso del suolo e pianificazione, salute e società. Il contenuto urbano è più presente sotto forma di strategie in forma non molto efficace nell'implementazione delle azioni alla scala urbana.
section_name: Indicatori urbani dei NAP

section_content: Nel 2015, la Repubblica Federativa del Brasile ha comunicato al UNFCCC il proprio NDC con l'obiettivo di ridurre nel 2025le emissioni di gas serra del 37% rispetto ai livelli del 2005. La revisione del contenuto urbano dell'NDC evidenzia che la politica brasiliana ha identificato priorità di adattamento urbano ma non di mitigazione (Tollin et al. 2017). Nella revisione, le priorità di mitigazione si riferiscono a priorità non necessariamente urbane ma rilevanti per i sistemi urbani, con riferimento a energia, trasporti, edilizia, rifiuti, acqua, efficienza industriale, riduzione dei gas serra e rafforzamento della governance. Invece, le priorità di adattamento si riferiscono a priorità generiche non necessariamente legate al sistema urbano, e comprendono la sicurezza alimentare, la gestione e l'uso uso del territorio, la vulnerabilità e i disastri, la conservazione della biodiversità e/o degli ecosistemi, la gestione delle acque, la salute/assistenza sanitaria, l'industria specifica e il miglioramento della governance.
section_name: Indicatori NDCs

section_name: Indicatore NUPs

section_content: National Adaptation Plan (NAP), nationally Netermined Contributions (NDCs), spatial planning, Brazil A Methodological Framework to Assess the Urban Content in Climate Change Policies By 2050, people in urbanized areas will account for 68% of the world's population, 80% of which will be concentrated in Asia and Africa. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) introduced in 2011 the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) under the Cancun Adaptation Framework (CAF). Moreover, it aims at understanding the interlinkage of urban content in NAP in relation to other key policies, such as NDCs and National Urban Policies (NUPs). In this perspective, 172 indicators were selected and clustered into nine groups: (i) Geographic Indicators; (ii) General Indicators; (iii) NAPs General Indicators; (iv) NAPs Urban Indicators; (v) NDCs Indicators; (vi) NUPs Indicators; (vii) Urban content in National Policies Indicators; (viii) International policy linkages (including SDGs, Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, Paris Agreement and New Urban agenda); (ix) National plans/policy/strategies/reports linkages. The methodology was tested on Brazil's NAP, trying to find general considerations to apply to the countries that officially submitted their NAPs between 2014 to 2020. FEDERATIVE REPUBLIC OF BRAZIL, National Adaptation Plan to Climate Change, 2017. FEE L., MAYR M., WANG Y. et al., Addressing Urban and Human Settlement Issues in National Adaptation Plans: A Supplement to the UNFCCC Technical Guidelines on the National Adaptation Plan Process, Nairobi, 2019 (downloadable from the website: https://www4. unfccc. int/sites/NAPC/Documents/Supplements/NAP-Human Settlement. pdf). . OECD, Global State of National Urban Policy. Global State of National Urban Policy, 2018. . PLESCIA-BOYD A., UN-HABITAT et al., Enhancing Nationally Determined Contributions through Urban Climate Action,

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