NONPERFORMING LOANS PORTFOLIO AND ITS EFFECT ON BANK PROFITABILITY IN NIGERIA

Huge nonperforming loans portfolio erodes the ability of banks to make profits. In the 1990s and beyond many Nigerian banks became weak and highly unprofitable due to excessive nonperforming loans portfolio accumulated by bank promoters and management that led to their demise. Insider dealing was the major cause of large nonperforming loan portfolio in Nigeria, involving over-extension of loans to promoters, directors and significant others that became bad and irrecoverable. To clean up the mess in the banking sector and return the banks to the paths of sound management and profitability, the CBN had to inject about N700bn in a bailout exercise while purging the system of bad and irresponsible management teams .The exploratory research design was adopted. Data generated were organized and coded before they were classified. To achieve the objective of the study data analyses were done through descriptive and regression analyses using the statistical package for the social sciences for the regression. With the regression result of Y = 78.353 – 4.04x it was found that nonperforming loans portfolio has negative effect on bank profitability.

section_content: Nonperforming loans are those risk assets not generating income. As a first step, loans are often considered to be nonperforming when principal or interest on them is due and left unpaid for 90 days or more. Loan classification and provisioning entails much more than simply looking at amounts overdue. 

The borrowers' cash-flow and overall ability to repay amounts owing are significantly more important than whether the loan is overdue or not. For financial reporting purposes, the principal balance outstanding rather than delinquent payments is used to identify a nonperforming loan portfolio. 

The nonperforming loan portfolio is an indication of the quality of the total portfolio and ultimately that of a bank's lending decisions. There can be a number of reasons to explain deterioration in loan portfolio quality. It is unavoidable that banks make mistakes in judgment. However, for most failed banks, the real problems are systemic in nature and rooted in a bank's credit culture and management style. 

According to Greuning and Bratanovic (2003) credit risk is the most common cause of nonperforming loans and bank failures, causing virtually all regulatory authorities to prescribe minimum standards for credit risk management. They opine that the basis of sound credit risk management is the identification of the existing and potential risks inherent in lending activities. 

Measures to counteract these risks normally comprise clearly defined policies that express the bank's credit risk management philosophy and the parameters within which credit risk is to controlled. Specific credit risk management measures typically include three kinds of policies. One set of policies includes those aimed to limit or reduce credit risk, such as policies on concentration and large exposures, adequate diversification, lending to connected parties or over-exposures. 

The second set includes policies of asset classification. These mandate periodic evaluation of the collectability of the portfolio of loans and other credit instruments, including any accrued and unpaid interest which exposes a bank to credit risk. The third set includes policies of loss provisioning or the making of allowances at a level adequate enough to absorb anticipated loss not only on the loan portfolio, but also on all other assets that are subject to losses.
section_name: INTRODUCTION

section_content: http://www. ijmp. jor. br v. 7, n. 2, April -June 2016 ISSN: 2236-269X DOI: 10. 14807/ijmp. v7i2. 406 Profitability in the form of retained earnings is typically one of the key sources of capital generation. A sound banking system is built on profitable and adequately capitalized banks. Profitability is a revealing indicator of a bank's competitive position in banking markets and of the quality of its management. It allows a bank to maintain a certain risk profile and provides a cushion against short-term problems. 

Interest income is a major source of bank profitability and is dependent on performing loans. Interest income originates from loans and all advances extended by a bank such as working capital overdrafts, among others. It also includes interest received on bank's deposits kept with other financial institutions. Interest income is often eroded when a bank accumulates a large stock of nonperforming loans that do not yield income. 

There is a growing body of empirical evidence to suggest that nonperforming loans (NPLs) have adverse effects on bank profitability that often lead to bank failures. Profitability is an indicator of a bank's capacity to carry risks and / or to increase its capital. The capital adequacy of a bank is generally gauged by the extent to which owners' funds provide cover for depositors in the event of loans and advances becoming nonperforming. 

It is often the practice to measure capital adequacy by the extent to which the prescribed ratio is realized. Also, it is common to examine the extent to which shareholders' funds cover nonperforming loans. For example, during the Nigerian banking crisis in the 1990s, while the total loans and advances in1990s was about N30bn, about N12bn, representing about 44 percent of the total was nonperforming. 

The level of deterioration in loan quality contributed to low profitability and bank distress (NDIC, 1991). As the distress syndrome became wide-spread, the distressed banks' total nonperforming loans and leases stood at N40. 33 billion which represented about 55. 69 percent of the total nonperforming loans and leases of the banking industry in December 1996 compared to N35. 20billion or about 60. 82 percent of the industry total as at the end of December 1995. 

The distressed banks ratio of nonperforming loans and leases to total loans and leases increased from 68. 87 percent to about 79. 77 percent while the industry ratio stood at about 33. 90 percent in 1996. These represent empirical indicators of declining profitability and potential bank failures (NDIC, 1996) DOI: 10. 14807/ijmp. v7i2. 406 portfolio usually represents the largest risk asset of a bank, bank regulation always undertakes an appraisal of the lending culture of banks. 

One of the principal objectives of such appraisal is to verify the quality of the credit portfolio and make a quantitative assessment on potential nonperforming loans or possible losses, and recommending remedial actions so as to ensure that the banks remain profitable. This is against the backdrop that profit is the bottom line performance result showing the net effects of bank policies and activities in a financial year, and nonperforming loans portfolio is not usually an indicator of bank profitability (ADHIKARI, 2007; MATYSZAK, 2007; ALLI, 2011; BARLTROP; MCNAUGHTON, 1997).
section_name: INDEPENDENT JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & PRODUCTION (IJM&P)

section_content: Banks are susceptible to many risks including credit risk that usually brings about nonperforming loans. Credit crystallizes when loans and other advances become nonperforming and almost irrecoverable. 

During the financial crises of the late 1980s, 1990s and beyond, many banks collapsed mainly due to huge nonperforming, loans indicating that nonperforming loans portfolio is rather a sign of pending bank failure than a pointer to bank profitability. 

For example, in 1993 insolvent banks accounted for about 20 percent of banking system assets and about 22 percent of deposits. DOI: 10. 14807/ijmp. v7i2. 406 countries prove that nonperforming loans portfolio was responsible for bank failures in many countries. For example, in 1988-90, in Benin, all The issues of nonperforming loans portfolio and negative bank profit can be traced to insider abuse, compromise of sound credit risk procedures, overtrading, incompetence, complacency, inadequate supervision, among other shortcomings of corporate governance.
section_name: Statement of the Problem

section_content: The study was designed to explore the effect of NPL portfolio on bank profitability.
section_name: Objective of the study

section_content: The study was delimited to commercial banks as financial intermediaries.
section_name: Delimitation of study

section_content: The study was constrained by lack of research grant and dearth of current literature. However, these limitations did not dilute the academic quality of the study.
section_name: Limitations of the study

section_content: Based on the objective of the study, two hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0. 05 level of significance to check the assumptions. 

 Ho: Nonperforming loans portfolio has no negative effect on bank profitability  Hi: Nonperforming loans portfolio has negative effect on bank profitability
section_name: Hypothesis

section_content: Although banks are susceptible to credit risk the high incidence of nonperforming loans portfolio is exacerbated by poor risk appetite. According to Greuning and Bratanovic (2003), this tendency typically involves the extension of loans which initially send financial risk to a level beyond the reasonable payment capacity of the borrower. 

Poor selection of risks also involves loans based on the expectation of successful completion of a business transaction, rather than on the borrower's credit worthiness, and loans made for the speculative purchase of securities or goods like the case in Nigeria where huge loans were dished out by most of the failed banks on questionable and speculative basis, and most of which became nonperforming (NWAZE, 2006). 

Self-dealing, and loans predicted on collateral of problematic liquidation value or loans that lack adequate security margins are sources of high nonperforming loans and bank profit. For example, some former directors and chief executive officers of failed banks in Nigeria are on trail for creating huge nonperforming loans. (JIBUEZE, 2011). 

During the banking sector crisis in Nigeria in the 1990s and 2000s, promoters and executives of some of the failed banks were known to have been engaged in lending to themselves for the acquisition of their bank shares contrary to the law. Such loans became nonperforming and now subject to legal tussles. For example, shareholders of failed banks such as Afribank, Oceanic, Intercontinental, etc, that had high NPLs portfolio sought the help of the court on how to sale the sick banks. 

(JIBUEZE, 2014). 

According to McNaughton & Dietz (1997) the collapse of citibank's credit culture led to asset deterioration in one of the most well managed institutions in the world. According to them, pressure to make high profits led to a tendency to overlook well-documented credit standards during the 1980s. 

By definition, loans to related companies are not made objectively according to banks' normal risk-acceptance criteria. For that reason, and because a high percentage of bank failures have been caused by insider lending, bank regulators tend to restrict and monitor loans to related companies, so as to ensure good credit risk management.
section_name: LITERATURE REVIEW

section_content: According to McNaughton and Dietz (1997), although banks initially emerged as deposit takers, they soon matured into intermediators of funds, thereby assuming credit risk. Credit became "the business of banking, and the primary basis on which a bank's quality and performance are judged. 

According to them, the credit risk management process deserves special emphasis, because proper credit risk management quality influences the success or failure of financial institutions. Studies of banking crises throughout the world show that the most frequent factor in the failure of banks has been poor asset, usually loan, quality. 

To this extent many bankers and regulators believe that an understanding of a bank's credit risk management process provides a leading indicator of the quality of a bank's loan portfolio. The asset quality, in terms of performing and nonperforming categories, directly reflects the quality of management and the ability of the bank to earn profit. Minimizing nonperforming loans and increasing bank profitability require good loan management because many good credits can become problem loans because of inadequate monitoring or supervision. 

Loan supervision requires monitoring borrowers closely to detect signs that the borrower may have difficulty in repaying the loan. Such warnings are necessary to maximize the effect of corrective action and to minimize potential losses. In a study of many countries Caprio and Klingebiel (2002) find that nonperforming loans portfolio is the frequent determinant of bank failures. 

They posit for example, in 1999, Indonesia closed 61 banks and nationalized 54, of a total of 240. Nonperforming loans for the banking system was estimated at about 65 -75 percent of total loans. Also many banks were liquidated in Japan in the 1990s due to nonperforming loans portfolio put at $1trillion. loans of the DMBs by AMCON that allowed some of the banks to return to the path of profitability. In many parts of the world nonperforming loans portfolio is known to have negative effect on bank profitability. 

According to Lata (2014) nonperforming loans in Bangladesh has become a problem that has significant negative impact on bank profitability. He posits that nonperforming loans is a topic of great concern in Bangladesh. He states that for the last eight years, loan default as a percentage of outstanding loans in state owned commercial banks were 50 percent or above where private commercial banks and foreign commercial banks hold maximum 5 -10 percent of the total. 

To this extent, Banks in Bangladesh have been given ultimatum to bring down their soaring nonperforming loans to below 10 percent of their respective outstanding loans. The causes of nonperforming loans are usually attributed to the lack of effective monitoring and supervision on the part of banks, lack of effective lenders' recourse, weaknesses of legal infrastructure, and lack of effective credit recovery strategies (HANEEF; RIAZ, 2012). 

Despite the activities of AMCON the ratio of NPLs to total loans in Nigeria remains high at 5. 82 percent as at 2011, and short of the global best practice of 3 percent. In view of the worrisome situation, the CBN has ordered commercial banks to double provisions on performing loans (PLs) to 2 percent from 1 percent, to build adequate buffers against unexpected losses (Abioye, 2015). 

To this extent, lending institutions like the Bank of Industry (BOI) is paying greater attention to the recovery of NPLs. The bank reports that it has hastened the pace of recovery of NPLs that yielded N1. 3billion as at December 31, 2014. 

According to Olaoluwa (2015) as at December 31, 2013, the bank's NPL ratio was 12. 98 percent. 

And by the end of 2014, the ratio improved to 5. 81 percent and by March, 2015 it further improved to 4. 09 percent. The bank states that its target is to reduce the NPLs ratio to not more than 3 percent, in "accordance with the global best practice". The amount of nonperforming loans recovered by the bank between January and March 2015 was N403 million.
section_name: INDEPENDENT JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & PRODUCTION (IJM&P)

section_name: METHODOLOGY

section_content: http://www. ijmp. jor. br v. 7, n. 2, April -June 2016 ISSN: 2236-269X DOI: 10. 14807/ijmp. v7i2. 406
section_name: INDEPENDENT JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & PRODUCTION (IJM&P)

section_content: The exploratory research design was adopted for the study. By this method, the researcher studied a sample of the target population (Nachmias & Nachmais, 1976)
section_name: Research design

section_content: The target population comprised all the 20 Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) in Nigeria.
section_name: Population of the study

section_content: Among the 20 DMBs, 3 banks were selected for the study through the judgmental method. The sample is adequate, based on the 1/10th principle.
section_name: Sample of the study

section_content: Information about nonperforming loans, credit risk policy, credit recovery system as well as default rate are usually confidential to commercial banks in Nigeria. 

Therefore data for the study were obtained through Annual Reports and Statement of Accounts of the Nigeria Deposit Insurance Corporation, Central Bank of Nigeria, Journals, Newspapers, among other financial reports. To ensure consistency and accuracy, data collected were organized and coded before they were classified.
section_name: Data collection procedure

section_content: Data were analyzed through descriptive and regression statistical methods using the statistical package for the social sciences for the regression. The The results were presented is tables.
section_name: Data analysis procedure

section_name: INDEPENDENT JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & PRODUCTION (IJM&P)

section_content: In table 5, R2 = 0. 043, this value was not adequate at 5% level of significance. 

In table 6, the regression was not significant in other words, Nonperforming loans portfolio has negative effect on bank profitability. 

In table 7, the regression coefficients calculated using the equation stated was shown as in table 8. The slope coefficient, b, was not significant at 5% level. So, we accepted Hi and concluded that NPL has negative effect on bank profitability. This result supports the findings of Lata (2014) that nonperforming loans are negatively related to banks' profitability.
section_name: Interpretation of regression result

section_name: Discussion

section_content: http://www. ijmp. jor. br v. 7, n. 2, April -June 2016 ISSN: 2236-269X DOI: 10. 14807/ijmp. v7i2. 406 Research evidence regarding identification, measurement, effect and cause of bank failure suggests that NPLs rate is the most important issue that has negative effect on bank profitability and inability to survive. This is true because NPLs have serious negative impact on loan growth rate; in which case, there will be a negative effect on banks profitability as it reduces loan amount and interest income of the banks simultaneously. 

In the 1990s and up to 2011, banks in Nigeria almost operated without a responsive corporate governance mechanism which is frequently critical for the profitability and survival of any corporate organization. A sound corporate governance structure is a vehicle for formulating necessary policies for the proper management of a bank. 

Bank directors are expected to review policies, including credit risk policies, and responsibilities. That enables the banks to operate in a safe and profitable manner. But it is unfortunate to note that the accumulation of NPLs by many Nigerian banks and poor loan recovery strategies and scams have been attributable to incompetent board of directors. 

Experience has also shown that no matter the quality of regulation, it does not substitute for the role of an active and efficient board of directors of a bank. To reduce NPLs, make profit and survive, banks require a competent board to ensure the highest level of confidence of the members of the public. 

An important way of ensuring the profitability and survival of banks is for their board to show the highest sense of discipline, integrity, stead fastness and tenacity of purpose. Over the years, the regulatory and supervisory agencies in Nigeria had continually raised issues bordering on corporate governance breaches in some of the banks that could impair their viability and stability. 

But rather than work on improvement, some of them worked hard to undermine laid down rules and regulations, which invariably led to the creation of huge NPLs that had negative effect on their profitability. Huge nonperforming loans portfolio erodes the ability of banks to make profit. 

In the 1990s and beyond many Nigerian banks were weak and unprofitable due to nonperforming loans that led to their demise. A major challenge of the banking
section_name: INDEPENDENT JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & PRODUCTION (IJM&P)

section_content: http://www. ijmp. jor. br v. 7, n. 2, April -June 2016 ISSN: 2236-269X DOI: 10. 14807/ijmp. v7i2. 406 sector in Nigeria is poor credit risk management. There are instances where bank promoters and executives collude with both insiders and outsiders alike to create risk assets without complying with laid down lending principles. 

Such risk assets often become nonperforming and irrecoverable leading to huge losses. For example, the ratio of nonperforming loans to shareholders' funds deteriorated from 89 percent in 2002 to 108 percent in 2004. This suggests that most banks were reporting huge losses and that stakeholders funds had been completely erased by nonperforming loans portfolio. 

The banks had no profits to support their capital funds which were so low and unable to absorb losses arising from nonperforming risk assets. Despite the injection of cash by the CBN to revive badly managed banks, sound regulatory measures to arrest the incidence of inept corporate governance that contributes to poor credit appraisal and nonperforming loans portfolio did not help matters. This result support empirical evidence to confirm that nonperforming loans portfolio has negative effect on bank profitability.
section_name: INDEPENDENT JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & PRODUCTION (IJM&P)

section_content:  Insider dealing should be outlawed in banks in Nigeria. This was a major source of huge nonperforming loans portfolio in 1990s. Over extension of loans to promoters, directors and other large shareholders is often done at the detriment of depositors because such funds often become irrecoverable. 

 Banks must endeavour to comply with both internal and external lending procedures. Most failed banks were victims of compromising of lending principles because loans that were granted with full knowledge of the violation of sound banking and credit risk principles are hardly repaid. 

 In attempts to outperform others in the market place most failed banks were over ambitious over profitability and growth. A situation where appetite over earnings outweighs the soundness of lending decisions leads to bad lending and multiplication of nonperforming loans. 

 Loans ought to be made on the basis of sound collateral. Even though not a condition for sound lending, it could serve as a soft cushion for the recovery of nonperforming loans.
section_name: Recommendations

section_content: http://www. ijmp. jor. br v. 7, n. 2, April -June 2016 ISSN: 2236-269X DOI: 10. 14807/ijmp. v7i2. 406  Regular regulatory supervision is imperative for sound banking. This will expose lapses of technical incompetence on the part of management and enforce disclosure of vital information needed for the evaluation of the state of the bank.
section_name: INDEPENDENT JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & PRODUCTION (IJM&P)

section_content: Further study should examine the effect of poor corporate governance on bank stability. This is necessary as an attempt to finding a solution to the problems of bank failures in Nigeria.
section_name: Scope for further study

section_content: Although there may be other causes of bank losses and failures, the bank failure phenomenon in Nigeria in the 1990s, and beyond was caused mainly by huge nonperforming loans portfolio created by bank promoters and management which had negative effect on the profitability of the banks. 

To clean up the banking system and return banks to the paths of sound management and profitability the CBN had to replace some bad management teams with Interim Management Boards (IMBs) among other regulatory actions. With the regression result of Y = 78. 353-4. 04x it was found that nonperforming loans portfolio has negative effect on bank profitability. This result supports Lata (2014) that nonperforming loans portfolio does not explain bank profitability. This is the crux of the study.
section_name: CONCLUSION