Comparative Analysis of Grid Connected Transformerless Photovoltaic Inverters for Leakage Current Minimization

Objectives: To make a comparative analysis of four transformerless topologies namely H5, H6, oH5 and H-Bridge Zero Voltage State Rectifier (HBZVR) in terms of leakage current and THD. Methods/Statistical Analysis: H5, H6, oH5 and HBZVR topologies have been simulated. Then these topologies are compared in terms of leakage current and THD. Based on the comparative analysis, the topology with less leakage current and THD has been chosen for photovoltaic interface. The interfacing circuit is simulated and realized as prototype to validate the results practically. Findings: It is found from the review that HBZVR topology has less leakage current and THD. This topology employs both galvanic isolation and Common Mode Voltage (CMV) clamping. It is found that the common mode voltage in HBZVR is almost eliminated. The conclusion derived from this paper may be helpful in selecting proper topology for PV interface. Application/ Improvements: Generally, in grid connected PV inverters, transformers provide galvanic isolation between the two electrical circuits, thus preventing the flow of leakage current between the stray capacitance of PV and ground. But, ransformers reduce the overall efficiency of the system, which lead to the development of transformerless PV system. Galvanic connection exists between the PV and grid in transformerless inverter, which leads to the presence of leakage current. So, to reduce leakage current, many topologies are introduced which employs either dc-decoupling or ac-decoupling to provide galvanic isolation. The HBZVR topology provides proper isolation for PV interface where the capacitance of the panel with respect to ground is large.   Keywords: Comparison, Leakage Current, Isolation, Transformerless PV Inverters, THD

section_content: ▪ Researchers should present their results clearly, honestly, and without fabrication, falsification, or inappropriate data manipulation. ▪ Researchers should strive to describe their methods clearly and unambiguously so that their findings can be confirmed by others. ▪ Researchers should adhere to publication requirements that submitted work is original, is not plagiarized, and has not been published elsewhere. ▪ Authors should take collective responsibility for submitted and published work. ▪ The authorship of research publications should accurately reflect individuals' contributions to the work and its reporting. ▪ Funding sources and relevant conflicts of interest should be disclosed. VIII. Ethical Clearance iSEE insists the authors to get necessary approval from the Institutional Ethics Committees/Institutional Review Boards/Ethics Committees (ECs). For Experiments involving humans or human samples or Data. The authors need to disclose such approval by indicating the Reference number and date of issue. The Ethical approval level may vary as per the geographical jurisdiction, but iSEE insists authors to follow the SCOPE guidelines for ethical clearance Experiments involving Cell lines:

When cell lines of cancer derivatives used, the authors should disclose the source of supply with reference number; if gifted by someone, the original source should be disclosed; a written consent should be provide if it is of human origin. In all these cases, an Institutional ethical committee's approval must be obtained.

section_content: iSEE recommends for authors to comply with Convention on the Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and the Convention on Biological diversity when wild and endangered plants are used as study materials. Necessary National or institutional permission should have obtained while using infected plants or infecting the plants with endemic pathogens.
section_name: Experiments involving Plant:

section_content: Clinical study-based manuscripts should SPIRIT (http://www. spirit-statement. org/) protocols Clinical Trial Policy iSEE publication follows World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines for a clinical study: "Any research study that prospectively assigns human participants or groups of humans to one or more health-related interventions to evaluate the effects on health outcomes. Interventions include but are not restricted to drugs, cells, and other biological products, surgical procedures, radiological procedures, devices, behavioural treatments, process-of-care changes, preventive care, etc. This definition includes Phase I and Phase IV trials".
section_name: For Clinical Protocols

section_content: iSEE supports transparency in publication and endorses the need for Research data publicly available. Hence, the authors are suggested to make data availability statement in the manuscript which includes the details on what data and where it is available. The sharing of research data on public domain may include what modifications made in the protocol or algorithms, codings, software, raw data obtained, questionnaires used in data collection, sequencing of genetic materials or peptides etc. We also encourage authors to deposite/ archive their research data for public domain. In case of ethical or privacy issues, those data should not be shared but authors should make known the limitations or exceptions clearly in the Data Availability Statement. However, the authors need to include the essential data or experimental protocol information or key modification of the existing algorithms or codes that may be felt as minimum requirement in the manuscript for publication. iSEE encourages the authors to make use of Open Science Framework to deposit data and archive in Zenodo. Also encouraged to follow the Data Availability Statement guidelines provided by NatureResearch or MDPI
section_name: IX. Data sharing policy

section_content: They must ensure that:

▪ The submitted manuscript undergoes Double -blind peer review before publishing ▪ They will strive to prevent any conflict of interest between the author and editorial and review personnel ▪ All the information related to the submitted manuscript is kept confidential prior to publishing from competitive, collaborative or any other relationships or connections with institutions connected to the paper will not be considered. In case, plagiarism is detected during review/editorial process, such manuscript(s) will be rejected immediately and we can also consider other steps depending upon the seriousness of the case. If the plagiarism is proven after publication, such manuscript(s) will be removed from our website and appropriate announcement will be placed in this regards. 

Further, Indian Society for Education and Environment or its Journal's Editorial Board representative can bring such instances to the notice of author's funding agencies, author's institutes (where they work) and to the original authors whose work has been plagiarized. Please report the plagiarism to indjst@gmail. com or indjst@iseeadyar. org Editorial board or Publisher of the Journals reserves the right to verify the originality of research content submitted for publication with organization where the research reportedly carried out.
section_name: X. Editor's Responsibility

section_content: Indian Journal of Science and Technology upholds the quality objectives laid by DOAJ for 'Special issue publication'. "Journals that publish special issues or other content curated by guest editors must adhere to these additional criteria:

 The Editor-in-Chief must be responsible for the content of the entire journal, including all special issues, which must fall within the scope of the journal  Special issue articles must have the same editorial oversight as regular papers, including external peer review, and be clearly labelled  Journals must ensure that guest editors' credentials are checked and approved  The Editor-in-Chief or dedicated board members must oversee the guest editors  Papers submitted to a special issue by the guest editor(s) must be handled under an independent review process and make up no more than 25% of the issue's total"
section_name: XII. Special Issue

section_content: Authors must abide by these policies after submission of their manuscript. Authors must provide their consent to publish their manuscript prior to peer-review process. Withdrawing an already confirmed manuscript after it has been accepted would attract a minimal article handling charge. 

If the author withdraws the article after acceptance of the manuscript and payment has also been made, there will be NO REFUND of the Article Processing Charge (APC) already paid. If a Manuscript is withdrawn over indexing issues, NO REFUND will be made.
section_name: XIII. Manuscript Withdrawal Policy

section_content: Indian society for Education and Environment as publisher may grant the partial/full waiver in article processing charges to those authors who are unable to pay the APCs due to financial crisis. Only the authors from low income countries can apply for waiver. Waiver is applicable for one article per year for each submitting author. Please send your waiver requests along with abstract to indjst@gmail. com, for confirmation before submission.
section_name: XIV. Waiver Policy

section_content: The author(s) of each article appearing in iSee's Journal is/are solely responsible for the content thereof; neither the Publisher nor the journal editors or anyone else involved in creating, producing or distribution assumes any liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information provided in the Journal (s), nor shall they be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, consequential or punitive damages arising out of the use of the journal content.
section_name: XV. Disclaimer

section_content: For every Journal, the peer review process is at the heart of the success of publishing. As part of our commitment to the protection and enhancement of the peer review process, The Indian society for Education and Environment would like to ensure that all published articles are within the accepted level of plagiarism. The publisher uses the very well and widely accepted Plagiarism Detection tool, iThenticate alone or in combination with other tools. All submitted Manuscripts are first subjected to Plagiarism check and then the Publishing cycle begins. 

In case, plagiarism is detected during review/editorial process, such manuscript(s) will be rejected immediately and we can also consider other steps depending upon the seriousness of the case. If the plagiarism is proven after publication, such manuscript(s) will be removed from our website and appropriate announcement will be placed in this regards. Further, the publisher or Journal Editor can bring such instances in notice of author's funding agencies, author's institutes (where they work) and to the original authors whose work has been plagiarized. Please report the plagiarism to indjst@gmail. com
section_name: XVI. Plagiarism

section_content: Editor's decision is the decisive factor for all scholarly publications. However, this decision is based on Editorial Policies -which includes plagiarism, copyright etc are in tune with the recommendations of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) for retraction. It becomes important to retain the Published articles as it is -without any alterations. However, owing to certain circumstances, a published article may at times be retracted, removed or may require a change. Retraction could be due to: Plagiarism Bogus Authorship Fraudulent Data Correction in Publication Standards for Article Retraction at Indian Society for Education and Environment Journals are: The article PDF will remain available with the watermark "Retracted" available on it. Only in case of legal/controversial/incorrect PDF, they will be replaced or removed completely from the website with a note.
section_name: XVII. Article Retraction

section_content: ISee, in all its publications, maintains its geopolitical neutrality; any trans boundary rights of sovereign States and their representations and institutional affiliations are solely the representative of the authors only.
section_name: XVIII. Geopolitical neutrality

section_content: What information do we collect? We collect information from you when you register on the site, place an order, respond to a survey or communication such as e-mail, or participate in other site promotions. 

When ordering or registering, we may ask you for your name, date of birth, e-mail address, mailing address, phone number, credit card information or other information. 

How do we use your information? We may use the information we collect from you when you register, purchase products, Article Processing Charge (APC), enter a contest or promotion, respond to a survey or marketing communication, browse the website, or use certain other site features in the following ways:

To quickly and securely process transactions To administer promotions, surveys or other site features To allow us to better service you in responding to your customer service requests

If you have opted-in to receive Indian Society for Education and Environment (iSee) e-mails and its product information/newsletters, we may send you periodic e-mails from iSee. If you would no longer like to receive iSee e-mails or newsletters, please free to unsubscribe via the option below each mailer. 

Visitors who register or participate in other site features such as marketing programs will be given a choice whether they would like to be on our e-mail list and receive e-mail communications from us. How do we protect visitor/Author information? We implement a variety of security measures to maintain the safety of your personal information. Your personal information is contained behind secured networks and is only accessible by a limited number of persons who have special access rights to our systems, and are required to keep the information confidential. When you place orders or access your personal information, we use a secure server. All sensitive/credit information you supply is transmitted via Secure Socket Layer (SSL) technology and then encrypted into our databases to be only accessed as stated above. Do we disclose the information we collect to outside parties? We do not sell, trade, or otherwise transfer to outside parties your personally identifiable information unless we provide you with advance notice, except as described below. The term "outside parties" does not include website hosting partners and other parties who assist us in operating our website, conducting iSee business/publications, or servicing you, so long as those parties agree to keep this information confidential. We may also release your information when we believe release is appropriate to comply with the law, enforce our site policies, or protect ours or others' rights, property, or safety. Nonpersonally identifiable visitor/author information may be provided to other parties for marketing, advertising, academic or other uses. 

How can you opt-out, remove or modify information you have provided to us? To modify your email subscriptions or completely opt-out of receiving iSee or its publication product e-mails please let us know by emailing us at indjst@iseeadyar. org and simply ask us to remove your company, name or account from our email list. Please note that due to email production schedules you may receive any emails already in production. 

If we decide to change our privacy policy, we will post those changes on this page. Policy changes will apply only to information collected after the date of the change. This online privacy policy applies only to information collected through our website and not to information collected offline.
section_name: Privacy Policy:

section_content: This website is owned and operated by Indian Society for Education and Environment (iSee), as "Publisher". By accessing or using our website in any way, you agree to comply with the following Website terms and conditions of use, Privacy Policy, and iSee Policy (collectively our "Website Conditions"), as well as any other laws or regulations which apply to this website. In addition, when you make an enquiry or submit articles for publication or order any products or services through this website, you will do so subject to the terms and conditions on this page, iSee policy, subject to all our other website conditions and such further terms and conditions as may be notified to you. By using this website, you acknowledge that you have read and understood all of the website conditions and agree to be bound by them. However, if you do not or cannot accept our website conditions in totality and without modification, you must stop using our website immediately. 

We may revise and update our website conditions at any time and your continued usage of this website means you accept those changes. While iSee aims to ensure that the information in this website is correct, sometimes errors do occur for which we apologize. Please refer back to these website terms & conditions of use from time to time so that you are aware of the revised and current terms and conditions.
section_name: WEBSITE TERMS & CONDITION