A Brief Report on the Explosion on 13 June 2021 at a Market in Shiyan, China

<jats:p>A huge gas explosion occurred on 13 June 2021 in Shiyan City, China, resulting in 25 casualties and serious injuries to 37 people. The main victims of this explosion were stall keepers and customers buying breakfast and fresh vegetables in the food market. There is a continuous need to enhance the understanding of such unfortunate events, given the dangers they pose. This study analyzes the causes of this accident considering the general background and scenes of the explosion, and then describes the rescue operations undertaken. The investigation results revealed that the explosion was caused by the poor maintenance of gas facilities and negligence of safety regulations. It is, therefore, recommended that the control of these two main aspects be strengthened to reduce the recurrence of such unfortunate accidents.</jats:p>

section_content: With the development of China's economy, the rate of urban construction has increased considerably in recent years [1]. The rapid development of underground transit systems [2], infrastructures [3] and buildings [4] is observed in many cities. However, some areas in these cities have experienced a rather slow urban transformation owing to various reasons, including the historical value of the existing buildings, lack of capital, and regional development plans. This state of play brings about clearly evident challenges and risks associated with the construction and maintenance of certain facilities [5]. Particularly, the maintenance of existing equipment and facilities, such as gas installations, is extremely worrying owing to the explosion risks involved [6]. Gas explosions usually occur unexpectedly and cause casualties as well as severe damage to the surrounding areas. 

For instance, on 24 November 2013, a gas pipeline explosion occurred at a crossroads in Wenzhou, resulting in three injuries and material damage (four cars burned and nearby lamps destroyed) [7]. This accident originated from damage to the pipeline caused by a working excavator. It was recommended to carry out a comprehensive inventory of buried facilities prior to construction works and strengthen the protective measures around construction sites [8]. On 11 June 2016, an explosion in a canteen of an office building of a gas company in Suzhou led to the collapse of approximately 400 m 2 of the threestory building, causing 11 deaths [9]. In this case, a cook forgot to cut off the gas before leaving the kitchen, resulting in the leakage of gas throughout the room [10]. There was another massive explosion at a chemical warehouse in the port city of Tianjin in 2015, which killed 165 people, most of whom were firefighters and police officers. The blast was ascribed to the illegal construction and unsafe storage of volatile materials. Particularly, the combination of excessive heat and loss of wetting agent of chemicals (nitrocellulose) stored in containers contributes to lit a fire, which later evolved into explosions [11, 12]. There are many other related works from other countries, such as the collapse of the Plasco building in Tehran as reported in [13], the assessment of the Murray Building bombing in Oklahoma City [14], and the performance analysis of fire behavior for underground parking structures [15]. These examples emphasize the importance of strengthening the management of the aforementioned facilities and equipment. Although many studies have investigated this issue [16] [17] [18] [19], there is a continuous need to enhance the understanding of such unfortunate events, given the dangers they pose. Recently, an explosion caused by a gas pipeline leak happened in Shiyan City, causing several casualties. 

Shiyan City is located in central China's Hubei Province. Figure 1 shows the geographical location of the gas explosion site, which is intrinsic to the Yanhu Community of Zhangwan District. Specifically, the accident occurred in an old two-story building surrounded by residential buildings. The first floor mainly consisted of 19 shops (mostly eateries, pharmacies, and other businesses), while other activities were carried out on the second floor. Additionally, there were approximately 46 convenient stalls across the road. The market had already opened at the time of the incident, i. e., several people were present, buying and selling vegetables and having their breakfast [20]. 

Safety 2021, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 10 many other related works from other countries, such as the collapse of the Plasco building in Tehran as reported in [13], the assessment of the Murray Building bombing in Oklahoma City [14], and the performance analysis of fire behavior for underground parking structures [15]. These examples emphasize the importance of strengthening the management of the aforementioned facilities and equipment. Although many studies have investigated this issue [16] [17] [18] [19], there is a continuous need to enhance the understanding of such unfortunate events, given the dangers they pose. Recently, an explosion caused by a gas pipeline leak happened in Shiyan City, causing several casualties. Shiyan City is located in central China's Hubei Province. Figure 1 shows the geographical location of the gas explosion site, which is intrinsic to the Yanhu Community of Zhangwan District. Specifically, the accident occurred in an old two-story building surrounded by residential buildings. The first floor mainly consisted of 19 shops (mostly eateries, pharmacies, and other businesses), while other activities were carried out on the second floor. Additionally, there were approximately 46 convenient stalls across the road. The market had already opened at the time of the incident, i. e., several people were present, buying and selling vegetables and having their breakfast [20]. 

This article reports a recent explosion accident in Shiyan City, Hubei Province. The main objective is to contribute to the knowledge in this field by providing some lessons learned from this accident. The background of this incident is first introduced. Then, the specificities of the explosion and rescue operation are presented. Finally, the potential sources of the explosion are discussed, and effective measures are suggested for mitigating similar accidents.
section_name: Introduction

section_content: Explosions are very dangerous sudden events that require timely and efficient rescue operations to mitigate damage and reduce casualties. This section presents the specificities of the Shiyan market gas explosion, as well as rescue operations that were undertaken immediately after the incident.
section_name: Explosion Incident and Rescue Operations

section_name: Explosion Incident

section_content: Figure 2 shows the buildings and pipelines arrangement before the explosion. It can be seen that the market building was surrounded by relatively high residential buildings. This two-story steel-concrete structure was illegally constructed on a river bed in 1991 [21]. Thenceforth, the lower ground floor of the building and the river below formed a closed space from North to South and partially blocked from East to West (the space was This article reports a recent explosion accident in Shiyan City, Hubei Province. The main objective is to contribute to the knowledge in this field by providing some lessons learned from this accident. The background of this incident is first introduced. Then, the specificities of the explosion and rescue operation are presented. Finally, the potential sources of the explosion are discussed, and effective measures are suggested for mitigating similar accidents.
section_name: Buildings and Pipelines Involved in the Explosion

section_content: Figure 2 shows the buildings and pipelines arrangement before the explosion. It can be seen that the market building was surrounded by relatively high residential buildings. This two-story steel-concrete structure was illegally constructed on a river bed in 1991 [21]. Thenceforth, the lower ground floor of the building and the river below formed a closed space from North to South and partially blocked from East to West (the space was about 107 m long and 14 m wide, the height from east to west is reduced from 4. 0 m to 2. 7 m, and the volume was about 5300 m 3 ) [21]. Moreover, the west end of the building was adjacent to the Yanhu bridge, while its east end was close to (6. 2 m) the Yanhu community building No. 26. A convenient path was built with a cement plate between this residential Safety 2021, 7, 81 3 of 9 building and the one that exploded, causing another enclosed space below the ground surface (Figure 3a ). 

Furthermore, it can be observed that the gas pipeline network in the explosion area was mainly composed of low-and medium-pressure steel pipes with various diameters. Particularly, the pipeline at the origin of the explosion (represented in red in Figure 2b ) was a medium pressure pipe with a diameter of 57 mm. It can also be seen that these pipelines were conserved in a rather inadequate environment. Under the above-mentioned conditions, the steel pipe experienced severe corrosion over time (Figure 3b ), resulting in cracking and gas leakage (the leakage point was located under the building that exploded). The leaked natural gas gathered and spread to the first and second floors, which was aided by poor ventilation of the confined space below the building, given that the leaked gas quickly became concentrated. Therefore, upon reaching the explosion limit, it detonated on contacting a fire source [22]. The blast hit shortly after 6 a. m., the time at which some residents were going to restaurants in the market for breakfast, among whom some died, while others were injured. According to some witnesses, the explosion was huge, and the resulting flying de- Furthermore, it can be observed that the gas pipeline network in the explosion area was mainly composed of low-and medium-pressure steel pipes with various diameters. Particularly, the pipeline at the origin of the explosion (represented in red in Figure 2b ) was a medium pressure pipe with a diameter of 57 mm. It can also be seen that these pipelines were conserved in a rather inadequate environment. Under the above-mentioned conditions, the steel pipe experienced severe corrosion over time (Figure 3b ), resulting in cracking and gas leakage (the leakage point was located under the building that exploded). The leaked natural gas gathered and spread to the first and second floors, which was aided by poor ventilation of the confined space below the building, given that the leaked gas quickly became concentrated. Therefore, upon reaching the explosion limit, it detonated on contacting a fire source [22].
section_name: Buildings and Pipelines Involved in the Explosion

section_content: The blast hit shortly after 6 a. m., the time at which some residents were going to restaurants in the market for breakfast, among whom some died, while others were injured. According to some witnesses, the explosion was huge, and the resulting flying debris might have caused more injuries. In fact, according to the technical audit performed by the local government [21], the volume of natural gas accumulated in the confined space, i. e., the bottom of the accident building was approximately 600 m 3. Yet, the energy of the explosion was equivalent to 225 kg TNT [21]. Figure 4 shows some pictures illustrating the severity of the explosion. It can be seen that the entire market building was overturned [22]. The ground floor slab on the first and second floors collapsed and fell into the river below, while the building walls and the roof were completely demolished. The explosion not only destroyed the market building but also affected the surrounding environment. Debris and fragments from the explosion were spread over a wide area, mainly due to the impact of the explosion, causing to the surrounding buildings. The doors and windows of the surrounding residential buildings (Furong residential community, Yanhu residential community, and Yu Long-ge building) were seriously damaged, affecting approximately 1678 residents. Further, several shops installed in front (North direction) of the market building, as well as cars parked in its vicinity were mostly destroyed. However, the environmental protection department confirmed that the accident did not cause any surrounding environmental pollution [21]. Similar explosion outcomes were reported by recent studies, and the reader can refer to them for a more comprehensive understanding [23] [24] [25].
section_name: Range and Damages of the Explosion

section_content: As the leaked gas accumulated in the confined space below the building, its strong smell alerted the residents, who transmitted their concern to the relevant authorities and gas company. The gas company inspected the building on 3 June; however, they found no illegal equipment or major hidden dangers. A possible reason for this oversight was that the marketplace was an overhead construction with a quasi-hidden underground section, which was basically closed (unreachable). However, according to the requirements of the code for the design of town gas (GB 50028) [26], no underground gas pipelines shall pass under buildings and large structures.
section_name: Pre-Explosion Management

section_content: Figure 5 illustrates the firefighters in action, searching for and rescuing the wounded. In fact, an important task force (comprising all fire rescue personnel) was mobilized by the local government in a timely and efficient response to the blast. Specifically, the authorities established an accident rescue headquarters with eight working groups. About 913 residents and businesses at the scene of the accident were evacuated. Figure 5 shows some firefighters climbing over damaged concrete slabs to reach people trapped below. Sniffer dogs were also used in the search and rescue process, as well as for detecting other dangers. It should be noted that nearby cadres and groups also actively participated in the rescue operation, searching for survivors in the rubble [27]. The latter were taken to ambulances and dispatched to hospitals depending on the seriousness of their injuries. Moreover, all major hospitals in Shiyan city actively provided treatment to the injured. Because of the excessive number of injured people and insufficient storage at government blood banks, many citizens had volunteered to donate blood. 

Safety 2021, 7, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 10 which was basically closed (unreachable). However, according to the requirements of the code for the design of town gas (GB 50028) [26], no underground gas pipelines shall pass under buildings and large structures.
section_name: Rescue Operation

section_content: Figure 5 illustrates the firefighters in action, searching for and rescuing the wounded. In fact, an important task force (comprising all fire rescue personnel) was mobilized by the local government in a timely and efficient response to the blast. Specifically, the authorities established an accident rescue headquarters with eight working groups. About 913 residents and businesses at the scene of the accident were evacuated. Figure 5 shows some firefighters climbing over damaged concrete slabs to reach people trapped below. Sniffer dogs were also used in the search and rescue process, as well as for detecting other dangers. It should be noted that nearby cadres and groups also actively participated in the rescue operation, searching for survivors in the rubble [27]. The latter were taken to ambulances and dispatched to hospitals depending on the seriousness of their injuries. Moreover, all major hospitals in Shiyan city actively provided treatment to the injured. Because of the excessive number of injured people and insufficient storage at government blood banks, many citizens had volunteered to donate blood.
section_name: Rescue Operation

section_name: Discussion

section_content: The primary cause of the accident was found to be a gas pipeline leak. The external surface of the pipeline experienced electrochemical corrosion (Figure 3b ) as a result of long exposure to a humid environment. Indeed, much research has experimentally
section_name: Cause Analysis and Reflections

section_content: The primary cause of the accident was found to be a gas pipeline leak. The external surface of the pipeline experienced electrochemical corrosion (Figure 3b ) as a result of long exposure to a humid environment. Indeed, much research has experimentally demonstrated the influence of environmental conditions on the corrosion behavior of pipeline steel [28, 29]. Further, the technical audit revealed that the external anti-corrosion of the pipeline elbow was not manufactured according to the anti-corrosion specifications; yet, despite a recent reform aimed at improving the condition of gas pipelines, corroded pipelines were not attended to in this specific area [21]. Therefore, this is a typical case in which an instance of inefficient management of alarm bells and/or risks has evolved into a major disaster. Before the explosion, the relevant department had already received calls from residents complaining about a strong smell of gas nearby. Subsequently, the gas company inspected the neighborhood on June 3; however, they did not find any illegal gas storage facilities or equipment. In other words, when the gas leakage occurred, no adequate measures were undertaken by the relevant entities [21], which made the residents believe that there were no risks and they could normally proceed with their daily cooking activities. Consequently, the explosion occurred as a result of the gas build-up reaching its limit in a confined space. 

Moreover, the investigation results also revealed that there was a lack of information monitoring methods. At the time of the explosion, the gas company did not have online and real-time monitoring systems (in that specific area) for pressure, flow rate as those in jet grouting construction [30]. Hence, the problem can also be posed in terms of manual investigation or maintenance methods, which were very obsolete [31]. 

It is suggested to strengthen the safety awareness of local residents so as to enable them to take remedial measures when there are alarming signs. In the vicinity of hazardous equipment (such as pipelines for transporting flammable and explosive gases), strict requirements of the working environment should be specified. For instance, when installed underground, such equipment should be ventilated, and the warning range should be marked near the ground. Regular inspections are also needed to guarantee the integrity of the equipment and surrounding environment. For major safety inspections, it is recommended to set up a multi-layered mutual supervision model, in which the responsibilities are shared to ensure the implementation of regular inspections.
section_name: Cause Analysis and Reflections

section_content: As previously discussed, many surrounding apartments were affected by the gas explosion. On the other hand, these apartment buildings (concrete structures) were relatively close to the building that exploded. It is therefore legitimate to question the effect of the explosion on the surrounding buildings, particularly with respect to the safety and construction materials used in that area. To a large extent, because of recurrent explosions in metropolitan areas, the blast community is increasing its attention on the protection of existing buildings, which are often built with the most common construction materials, such as masonry or poorly reinforced concrete [32] [33] [34]. From the blast-response standpoint, unreinforced masonry (as in the case reported herein) has a very brittle behavior under blast loads [15, 34], which arguably explains the considerable quantity of debris generated during the explosion, as well as a large number of victims in the surrounding. On the contrary, cast masonry can supply a high level of explosion protection due to the ductility of reinforcement. It is also primordial to keep a certain safety distance between consecutive buildings, given the high temperature and energy generated by gas explosions [32]. At the same time, design procedures must consider the nature and characteristics of building materials, as well as their capacity to resist explosion [14, 35]. The current state-of-the-art research mainly focuses on the effects of duration, amplitude, and range of air-blast loads induced by explosives. Future research should be directed towards an in-depth analysis of these behaviors, especially for gas explosions.
section_name: Safety of Surrounding Buildings

section_content: In addition to the administrative and technical measures to prevent gas explosion accidents, it is important to improve the efficiency of search and rescue (SAR) operations. This is particularly relevant as in many countries, including China, available SAR frameworks are primarily circumscribed to earthquake accidents, which are arguably different from gas explosion accidents. Figure 6 depicts a technical framework of SAR operations for gas explosions established based on the present case study. Typically, the proposed framework can be divided into three main stages, namely the risk reduction stage, emergency response stage, and recovery stage [36] [37] [38]. In the first stage, people trapped under rubble must be rescued, while at the same time, the residual risks of the explosion (structure collapse, fire, electrocution, intoxication, respiratory distress) should be suitably assessed and tackled. For instance, it is not recommended to use much heavy machinery at this stage to enable the rescue of victims who might still be alive under the rubble. The second stage primarily involves health care and safety control. Particularly, strengthening the on-site monitoring is critical to avoid secondary disasters. The relevant authorities should pay attention to strengthening this aspect and make sure that the professional and volunteer fighters do not become victims while on duty. As advocated by the national emergency plan of China [38], maintaining the social order (i. e., avoiding panic and chaos) is quite determinant during the second stage and when entering the third stage. Social mobilization should be systematically coordinated. Finally, it is recommended to collect all data relevant to the explosion and conduct a thorough investigation, based on which lessons and prevention measures should be drawn.
section_name: Technical Framework for SAR Operations

section_content: This paper discusses the causes of a gas explosion that occurred on 13 June 2021 in Shiyan City. The main conclusions are as follows:

(1) The explosion occurred as a result of gas leakage from a corroded pipe installed below an unreachable part of the building. The infringement of construction regulations for pipelines and oversight of relevant services were the main causes of this incident;

(2) The rescue operation was performed rapidly and in a timely manner, thanks to efficient management of logistics. The injured were dispatched to hospitals according to their vital prognostics, while many citizens came forward enthusiastically to help and donate blood; (3) In the future, it is imperative to increase the budget for the repair and daily check of engineering equipment, such as pipelines, as well as strengthen residents' safety
section_name: Conclusions

section_content: This paper discusses the causes of a gas explosion that occurred on 13 June 2021 in Shiyan City. The main conclusions are as follows:

(1) The explosion occurred as a result of gas leakage from a corroded pipe installed below an unreachable part of the building. The infringement of construction regulations for pipelines and oversight of relevant services were the main causes of this incident; (2) The rescue operation was performed rapidly and in a timely manner, thanks to efficient management of logistics. The injured were dispatched to hospitals according
section_name: Conclusions

section_content: to their vital prognostics, while many citizens came forward enthusiastically to help and donate blood;

(3) In the future, it is imperative to increase the budget for the repair and daily check of engineering equipment, such as pipelines, as well as strengthen residents' safety awareness and improve escape routes in case of emergencies.

section_content: Funding: This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42102308 ) and the Research Funding of Shantou University for New Faculty Member (Grant No. NTF21008-2021 ).

section_name: Conflicts of Interest:

section_content: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
section_name: Conflicts of Interest: