Field Experiments on 10 kV Switching Shunt Capacitor Banks Using Ordinary and Phase-Controlled Vacuum Circuit Breakers

<jats:p>During the switching on/off of shunt capacitor banks in substations, vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs) are required to switch off or to switch on the capacitive current. Therefore, the VCBs have to be operated under a harsh condition to ensure the reliability of the equipment. This study presents a complete comparison study of ordinary and phase-controlled VCBs on switching 10 kV shunt capacitor banks. An analytical analysis for switching 10 kV shunt capacitor banks is presented on the basis of a reduced circuit with an ungrounded neutral. A phase selection strategy for VCBs to switch 10 kV shunt capacitor banks is proposed. Switching on current waveforms and switching off overvoltage waveforms with, and without, phase selection were measured and discussed by field experiments in a 110 kV substation in Chongqing, China. Results show that the operation of phase-controlled VCBs for 10 kV switching shunt capacitor banks is stable, and phase-controlled VCBs can be used to implement the 10 kV switching on/off shunt capacitor banks to limit the transient overvoltage and overcurrent. The values of overvoltage and inrush current using phase-controlled VCBs are all below those with ordinary VCBs.</jats:p>

section_content: Switching shunt capacitor banks is the most widespread method for the compensation of reactive power or for the stabilization of voltage for power quality reasons [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]. Circuit breakers are usually switched to adjust the reactive power capacity according to the load change. Capacitive switching is conducted with an almost daily frequency according to an inquiry performed by the CIGRE (International Council on Large Electric systems) Working Group 13. 04 in 1999 [7]. About 60% of all capacitor banks are switched up to 300 times a year, and an additional 30% are switched up to 700 times a year. Capacitor-switching transients have caused many problems for the past few years [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]. Among these problems, the capacitors bearing switching overvoltage may be the most direct and severe one. Thus, studying the effect of capacitor-switching transients on capacitors is essential. 

In China, some 220 kV power substations (especially in Hainan, an island in Southern China) or most 500 kV series compensation station do not directly offer power supply to the users, and their 10 kV busbars are not usually connected to the industry loads or the other loads. Substation transformer and reactive compensation equipment are connected to 10 kV busbars in most of these substations. According to the fault statistics report from Chongqing electric power corporation, the faults caused by 10 kV switching transients are always under the condition with no load or light loads. Thus, the condition of no load or light loads will be more severe to the safety of power system and equipment during the switching transients. 

In a 10 kV ungrounded neutral system, switching shunt capacitor banks often caused severe insulation faults of shunt capacitor banks or dry type transformers in China in recent years [15, 16]. For example, in our previous work on switching shunt capacitor banks and shunt reactors [15, 16], 12 kV vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs) were used, and capacitor explosion occurred during our field experiments on switching 10 kV shunt capacitor banks using ordinary VCBs in Chongqing, China, as shown in Figure 1. After checking the burnt capacitor body, we found that the failure was caused by a breakdown between the two terminals of the capacitors. Overvoltage was deemed as the main reason of this accident. Therefore, based on our previous study and experience in this field, in a 10 kV ungrounded system, we proposed that the VCBs with phase selection was a potential and alternative method to limit the overvoltage and overcurrent caused by switching shunt capacitor banks. 

Energies 2016, 9, 88 loads. Thus, the condition of no load or light loads will be more severe to the safety of power system and equipment during the switching transients. 

In a 10 kV ungrounded neutral system, switching shunt capacitor banks often caused severe insulation faults of shunt capacitor banks or dry type transformers in China in recent years [15, 16]. For example, in our previous work on switching shunt capacitor banks and shunt reactors [15, 16], 12 kV vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs) were used, and capacitor explosion occurred during our field experiments on switching 10 kV shunt capacitor banks using ordinary VCBs in Chongqing, China, as shown in Figure 1. After checking the burnt capacitor body, we found that the failure was caused by a breakdown between the two terminals of the capacitors. Overvoltage was deemed as the main reason of this accident. Therefore, based on our previous study and experience in this field, in a 10 kV ungrounded system, we proposed that the VCBs with phase selection was a potential and alternative method to limit the overvoltage and overcurrent caused by switching shunt capacitor banks. Even though the transient duration is usually very short, switching shunt capacitor banks produces harmful transients which can reduce the life of the devices [17, 18]. Conventionally, pre-insertion resistors or inductors, and R-C snubber circuits, have been applied to limit the switching transients during opening or closing shunt capacitor banks [19, 20]. These methods may have reduced or limited the switching overvoltage and transients to some extent. However, pre-insertion resistors will dissipate energy and release a large amount of heat, and the operation of pre-insertion inductors may cause electric sparks and bring about resonance. Pre-insertion resistors or inductors will also result in increasing equipment costs and may not provide appreciable transient reduction [18, 21]. The method of R-C snubber circuits may bring about severe harmonic distortion [21, 22]. Thus, an alternative, more economical, and effective approach to reduce and limit the switching overvoltage and transients is phase-controlled switching. The significant advantages of phase-controlled switching include limitation of closing inrush currents, suppression of switching overvoltages, lower rate of power equipment failures and less maintenance of frequently used circuit breakers [17, 19, 23]. CIGRE Working Group A3-07 presented a series of studies on the development and application of VCBs with phase selection [17, 24]. According to their statistical data, circuit breakers with phase selection have been widely used in 26. 4-800 kV power systems, and about 64% of all circuit breakers with phase selection are applied to switch shunt capacitor banks. Many theoretical and simulation studies on the overvoltage and insulation failures caused by switching shunt capacitor banks have been reported [25] [26] [27] [28]. However, only a few studies have been done on the comparison and application of ordinary and phase-controlled VCBs in substation by field tests. For this reason, field measurements of switching 10 kV shunt capacitor banks have been conducted with the use of both ordinary VCBs and phase-controlled VCBs to compare the opening overvoltage and closing current caused by 10 kV switching shunt capacitor banks. Even though the transient duration is usually very short, switching shunt capacitor banks produces harmful transients which can reduce the life of the devices [17, 18]. Conventionally, pre-insertion resistors or inductors, and R-C snubber circuits, have been applied to limit the switching transients during opening or closing shunt capacitor banks [19, 20]. These methods may have reduced or limited the switching overvoltage and transients to some extent. However, pre-insertion resistors will dissipate energy and release a large amount of heat, and the operation of pre-insertion inductors may cause electric sparks and bring about resonance. Pre-insertion resistors or inductors will also result in increasing equipment costs and may not provide appreciable transient reduction [18, 21]. The method of R-C snubber circuits may bring about severe harmonic distortion [21, 22]. Thus, an alternative, more economical, and effective approach to reduce and limit the switching overvoltage and transients is phase-controlled switching. The significant advantages of phase-controlled switching include limitation of closing inrush currents, suppression of switching overvoltages, lower rate of power equipment failures and less maintenance of frequently used circuit breakers [17, 19, 23]. CIGRE Working Group A3-07 presented a series of studies on the development and application of VCBs with phase selection [17, 24]. According to their statistical data, circuit breakers with phase selection have been widely used in 26. 4-800 kV power systems, and about 64% of all circuit breakers with phase selection are applied to switch shunt capacitor banks. Many theoretical and simulation studies on the overvoltage and insulation failures caused by switching shunt capacitor banks have been reported [25] [26] [27] [28]. However, only a few studies have been done on the comparison and application of ordinary and phase-controlled VCBs in substation by field tests. For this reason, field measurements of switching 10 kV shunt capacitor banks have been conducted with the use of both ordinary VCBs and phase-controlled VCBs to compare the opening overvoltage and closing current caused by 10 kV switching shunt capacitor banks. 

The main contribution of this study is to investigate and demonstrate the potential effects and advantages of phase-controlled VCBs in 10 kV switching transients instead of 110 kV system, when compared with the ordinary VCBs. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the overvoltage and the overcurrent of switching 10 kV Y-connected shunt capacitor banks are analyzed by analytical method based on a simplified circuit. In Section 3, a phase-selecting control strategy for VCBs to switch on or to switch off capacitor banks is proposed. In Section 4, six typical cases of field experiments are compared and discussed. Lastly, the conclusion is presented in Section 5.
section_name: Introduction

section_content: The analytical analysis of switching shunt capacitor banks is studied. Figure 2a illustrates the switching shunt capacitor bank circuit for an ungrounded power system with Y-connected shunt capacitor banks. U sa (t), U sb (t), and U sc (t) are the power sources. R is the internal resistance of source. K a, K b, and K c are the circuit breakers. L is the series inductance, and C are the shunt capacitor banks. In a 10 kV ungrounded neutral system, the typical values of these parameters are as follows: U sa (t) = 8. 165sin(100πt) kV, U sb (t) = 8. 165sin(100πt + 120 ˝) kV, U sc (t) = 8. 165sin(100πt ´120 ˝) kV, R = 0. 2 Ω, C = 27. 14 µF, L = 9. 90 mH. The reduced circuit in Figure 2b can be obtained with the assumption of simultaneous switching on/off for the three-phase circuit breakers. 

Energies 2016, 9, 88 The main contribution of this study is to investigate and demonstrate the potential effects and advantages of phase-controlled VCBs in 10 kV switching transients instead of 110 kV system, when compared with the ordinary VCBs. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the overvoltage and the overcurrent of switching 10 kV Y-connected shunt capacitor banks are analyzed by analytical method based on a simplified circuit. In Section 3, a phase-selecting control strategy for VCBs to switch on or to switch off capacitor banks is proposed. In Section 4, six typical cases of field experiments are compared and discussed. Lastly, the conclusion is presented in Section 5.
section_name: Analytical Analysis

section_content: The analytical analysis of switching shunt capacitor banks is studied. Figure 2a illustrates the switching shunt capacitor bank circuit for an ungrounded power system with Y-connected shunt capacitor banks. Usa(t), Usb(t), and Usc(t) are the power sources. R is the internal resistance of source. Ka, Kb, and Kc are the circuit breakers. L is the series inductance, and C are the shunt capacitor banks. In a 10 kV ungrounded neutral system, the typical values of these parameters are as follows:
section_name: Analytical Analysis

section_content: According to the principle of Kirchhoff's voltage law and initial conditions, Equation (1) can be obtained as:

where, the solutions for Equation (1) are given as follows:

where U0 is the value of the initial capacitor voltage, Ucm is the steady voltage of capacitor

, and 0 ω is the oscillation frequency. The amplitude of the closing current and voltage are given as:
section_name: Closing Operation

section_content: According to the principle of Kirchhoff's voltage law and initial conditions, Equation (1) can be obtained as:

where U s ptq " U sm sinpωt `θc q, ω is the angular frequency of source, θ c is the closing phase angle, and U sm is the source voltage amplitude. With θ c " 90 o, the solutions for Equation ( 1 ) are given as follows:

where U 0 is the value of the initial capacitor voltage, U cm is the steady voltage of capacitor

, ω 0 " 1{ a pLCq, and ω 0 is the oscillation frequency. The amplitude of the closing current and voltage are given as:

where I cm is the steady current of capacitor banks

, f 0 " ω 0 {2π, and f 0 ě 500 Hz in the most serious case. Thus, the closing overvoltage is below 2. 0U cm, and the closing current may reach 11 I cm in the most serious case. With θ c " 0 o, the amplitude of the closing current and voltage are given in the same way as:

where I 0 is the value of the initial capacitor current. Therefore, closing at θ c " 0 o significantly decreases the closing current by comparing Equation (7) with Equation (5).
section_name: Closing Operation

section_content: When the moving and static contacts are separated, U c ptq is almost equal to U s ptq because the arc voltage and inductance voltage are very low (jωL " 1{jωC ˆ5%). The capacitor voltage will be maintained at U sm after arc extinguishing if capacitor the discharge is ignored. The transient recovery voltage of the circuit breaker contacts will be as follows:

U r ptq is equal to ´2U sm after half a cycle (ωt " π). If the dielectric recovery voltage is less than 2U sm at this moment, the re-striking and subsequent high-frequency oscillation will occur. The high-frequency voltage and current of the capacitor are given as follows:

The overvoltage of the capacitor is equal to 3U sm at i c (t) initially crossing zero during high-frequency oscillation. In the same moment, the overvoltage of capacitor will be maintained at 3U sm if the arc extinguishes. After a half cycle, the transient recovery voltage of the contacts reaches 4U sm. If re-striking occurs again, the maximum value of U c (t) will reach 5U sm. With this analogy, the overvoltage of the capacitor becomes 3 p. u., 5 p. u., 7 p. u., and so on. 

It should be noted that, however, in practical switching operation, the switching operation time cannot be completely consistent because of the switching time scatter of three-phase vacuum breakers. In a 10 kV ungrounded system, shunt capacitor banks are always in Y-type ungrounded neutral in China; random non-simultaneously switching generally will result in a shift of the voltage of the neutral point of the capacitor banks, higher overvoltage and overcurrent on capacitors and circuit breakers, and more complicated oscillation [29, 30]. In particular, the overvoltage and overcurrent of the last switching pole will be affected by the switching angle, delay time and line-to-line voltage of the other two phases [29, 30]. Thus, in 10 kV ungrounded system, the phase-controlled switching method is proposed in this study to limit the overvoltage and transients.
section_name: Opening Operation

section_content: The structure of phase-controlled VCBs used in this experiment (MDS2B-12) is presented. As depicted in Figure 3, the MDS2B-12 mainly consists of a separate three-pole permanent magnetic actuator VCB, a three-pole phase selection intelligent controller, a power supply, a potential transformer testing capacitance residual voltage, and a telecommunications system. 

The strategies and processes of switching shunt capacitor banks based on the phase-controlled methodology are analyzed, as shown in Figures 4 and 5. To reduce the closing inrush current for ungrounded shunt capacitor banks, the strategy for closing capacitor banks is to close the two phases while their phase voltages are equal and then to close the third phase while its phase voltage crosses zero (5 ms later than the above two phases). Figure 4 shows the sequence of closing capacitor banks with phase selection. Taking the line voltage of phase A and phase B as reference, the breaker receives the closing signal at t 0, the breakers of phase A and phase B close at t ab, and the breaker of phase C closes at t c. t Ad, t Bd, and t Cd are the closing delay times, respectively. 

Energies 2016, 9, 88 zero (5 ms later than the above two phases). Figure 4 shows the sequence of closing capacitor banks with phase selection. Taking the line voltage of phase A and phase B as reference, the breaker receives the closing signal at t0, the breakers of phase A and phase B close at tab, and the breaker of phase C closes at tc. tAd, tBd, and tCd are the closing delay times, respectively. Energies 2016, 9, 88 zero (5 ms later than the above two phases). Figure 4 shows the sequence of closing capacitor banks with phase selection. Taking the line voltage of phase A and phase B as reference, the breaker receives the closing signal at t0, the breakers of phase A and phase B close at tab, and the breaker of phase C closes at tc. tAd, tBd, and tCd are the closing delay times, respectively. Energies 2016, 9, 88 zero (5 ms later than the above two phases). Figure 4 shows the sequence of closing capacitor banks with phase selection. Taking the line voltage of phase A and phase B as reference, the breaker receives the closing signal at t0, the breakers of phase A and phase B close at tab, and the breaker of phase C closes at tc. tAd, tBd, and tCd are the closing delay times, respectively. The breakers should start to open a little earlier than the phase current crosses zero to ensure sufficient circuit breaker fracture gap distance (∆t b as shown in Figure 5 ). The strategy for opening capacitor banks is to open one phase and then to open the other two phases when the current of the first-pole-to-clear reaches zero (5 ms later than the first phase). Figure 5 shows the sequence of opening capacitor banks with phase selection. The breaker receives the opening signal at t 0, the breaker of phase B opens at t b, and breakers of phase A and phase C opens at t ac. t Ad, t Bd, and t Cd are the opening delay times, respectively. t Ao, t Bo, and t Co are the times between the moving contact starting to move and the moment the moving and static contacts are completely separated.
section_name: Phase-Selecting Control Strategy for 10 kV Ungrounded Capacitor Banks

section_content: The field test of 10 kV switching shunt capacitor banks is conducted on the 10 kV side of a 110 kV substation in Chongqing, China. The short circuit capacity for the 10 kV system is 245 MVA, and the system short circuit reactance is 0. 45 Ω. Figure 6 shows the site layout of the field experiment, and Figure 7 presents the corresponding test circuit. #653 represents the ordinary VCBs, and #65301, #65302, and #65303 represent the three groups of phase-controlled VCBs, respectively. The layout of the voltage measurement points (VMPs) and the current measurement points (CMPs) in the field test are also shown in Figure 7. The divider ratio of the capacitor voltage dividers is 350:1, and the frequency bandwidth of the capacitor dividers is from 50 Hz to 50 MHz. The current measurement range and the frequency bandwidth of the Rogowski coils are 0-6 kA and 30 Hz-1 MHz, respectively. The parameters of the capacitors and inductors are shown in Table 1. 

During the operation of ordinary VCBs and phase-controlled VCBs switching on and off the corresponding shunt capacitor banks, the signals from the Rogowski coils and capacitor voltage dividers are transferred to the signal processing unit. The signals are sampled and stored through a multichannel high-speed frequency conversion data acquisition card (maximum sampling frequency of up to 40 MHz) of a computer. 

Energies 2016, 9, 88 The breakers should start to open a little earlier than the phase current crosses zero to ensure sufficient circuit breaker fracture gap distance (Δtb as shown in Figure 5 ). The strategy for opening capacitor banks is to open one phase and then to open the other two phases when the current of the first-pole-to-clear reaches zero (5 ms later than the first phase). Figure 5 shows the sequence of opening capacitor banks with phase selection. The breaker receives the opening signal at t0, the breaker of phase B opens at tb, and breakers of phase A and phase C opens at tac. tAd, tBd, and tCd are the opening delay times, respectively. tAo, tBo, and tCo are the times between the moving contact starting to move and the moment the moving and static contacts are completely separated.
section_name: Field Test Results and Discussion

section_content: The field test of 10 kV switching shunt capacitor banks is conducted on the 10 kV side of a 110 kV substation in Chongqing, China. The short circuit capacity for the 10 kV system is 245 MVA, and the system short circuit reactance is 0. 45 Ω. Figure 6 shows the site layout of the field experiment, and Figure 7 presents the corresponding test circuit. #653 represents the ordinary VCBs, and #65301, #65302, and #65303 represent the three groups of phase-controlled VCBs, respectively. The layout of the voltage measurement points (VMPs) and the current measurement points (CMPs) in the field test are also shown in Figure 7. The divider ratio of the capacitor voltage dividers is 350:1, and the frequency bandwidth of the capacitor dividers is from 50 Hz to 50 MHz. The current measurement range and the frequency bandwidth of the Rogowski coils are 0-6 kA and 30 Hz-1 MHz, respectively. The parameters of the capacitors and inductors are shown in Table 1. 

During the operation of ordinary VCBs and phase-controlled VCBs switching on and off the corresponding shunt capacitor banks, the signals from the Rogowski coils and capacitor voltage dividers are transferred to the signal processing unit. The signals are sampled and stored through a multichannel high-speed frequency conversion data acquisition card (maximum sampling frequency of up to 40 MHz) of a computer. The switching of the shunt capacitor banks are conducted 10 times by using phase-controlled VCBs (#65301), and are conducted 12 times by ordinary VCBs (#653). The operation of opening shunt capacitor banks is implemented after 5 min of closing the shunt capacitor banks. However, the operation of closing is conducted after 10 min of opening the shunt capacitor banks to fully discharge the capacitor banks. Six different typical cases are analyzed and discussed, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 8 9 10 11 12 13. It should be noted that, in Cases 2 and 5, the three groups of capacitor banks are simultaneously switched. The main reason of these two cases is to make a comparison with Cases 1 and 4, in which the shunt capacitors are also switched by ordinary VCBs, to investigate the impact of capacitor compensation capacity on the switching overvoltage, overcurrent, and transient. The switching of the shunt capacitor banks are conducted 10 times by using phase-controlled VCBs (#65301), and are conducted 12 times by ordinary VCBs (#653). The operation of opening shunt capacitor banks is implemented after 5 min of closing the shunt capacitor banks. However, the operation of closing is conducted after 10 min of opening the shunt capacitor banks to fully discharge the capacitor banks. Six different typical cases are analyzed and discussed, as shown in Table 2 and Figures 8 9 10 11 12 13. It should be noted that, in Cases 2 and 5, the three groups of capacitor banks are simultaneously switched. The main reason of these two cases is to make a comparison with Cases 1 and 4, in which the shunt capacitors are also switched by ordinary VCBs, to investigate the impact of capacitor compensation capacity on the switching overvoltage, overcurrent, and transient. The peak line-to-neutral voltage of 10 kV power systems is as follows [16, 31] :

U peak " 10 ˆ?2{ ? 3 " 8. 165 kV (10)
section_name: Field Test Results and Discussion

section_content: Before the switching-on operations in Case 1, #65302 and #65303 are opened, and #65301 is closed. The circuit breaker of this switching operation is #653. Figure 8a shows the closing current waveform of Case 1 without phase selection. The maximum value of the closing current in this case occurs in phase B, and its value is 0. 63 kA (4. 04 p. u. ). The duration of the closing shunt capacitor banks' current transient is about 110-120 ms, and the high-frequency oscillation frequency of the closing shunt capacitor banks' current is about 198 Hz. The peak line-to-neutral voltage of 10 kV power systems is as follows [16, 31] :
section_name: Case 1

section_content: Before the switching-on operations in Case 1, #65302 and #65303 are opened, and #65301 is closed. The circuit breaker of this switching operation is #653. Figure 8a shows the closing current waveform of Case 1 without phase selection. The maximum value of the closing current in this case occurs in phase B, and its value is 0. 63 kA (4. 04 p. u. ). The duration of the closing shunt capacitor banks' current transient is about 110-120 ms, and the high-frequency oscillation frequency of the closing shunt capacitor banks' current is about 198 Hz.
section_name: Case 1

section_content: Before the switching-on operations in Case 2, #65301, #65302, and #65303 are all closed. The circuit breaker of this switching operation is also #653. Figure 9a shows the closing current waveform in Case 2 without phase selection but with three groups of shunt capacitor banks. The maximum value of the closing current in this case occurs in phase A, and its value is -2. 09 kA (4. 49 p. u. ). The duration of the closing shunt capacitor banks' current transient is about 90-100 ms, and the high-frequency oscillation frequency of the closing shunt capacitor banks' current is about 192 Hz in this case. 

Figure 9b illustrates the corresponding closing voltage waveforms in Case 2. The maximum of the closing voltage also occurs in phase A, and its value is 14. 25 kV (1. 75 p. u. ). The voltage transient reaches the steady state after about 20 ms.
section_name: Case 2

section_content: Before the switching-on operations in Case 2, #65301, #65302, and #65303 are all closed. The circuit breaker of this switching operation is also #653. Figure 9a shows the closing current waveform in Case 2 without phase selection but with three groups of shunt capacitor banks. The maximum value of the closing current in this case occurs in phase A, and its value is ´2. 09 kA (4. 49 p. u. ). The duration of the closing shunt capacitor banks' current transient is about 90-100 ms, and the high-frequency oscillation frequency of the closing shunt capacitor banks' current is about 192 Hz in this case. 

Figure 9b illustrates the corresponding closing voltage waveforms in Case 2. The maximum of the closing voltage also occurs in phase A, and its value is 14. 25 kV (1. 75 p. u. ). The voltage transient reaches the steady state after about 20 ms.
section_name: Case 2

section_content: Before the switching-on operations in Case 3, #653 is closed, and #65302 and #65303 are opened. The circuit breaker of this switching operation is #65301. Figure 10a shows the closing current waveform in Case 3 with phase selection. The strategy of the closing shunt capacitor banks with phase selection is addressed in Section 2. The maximum value of the closing current in this case occurs in phase A, and its value is 0. 33 kA (2. 12 p. u. ). The duration of the closing shunt capacitor banks' current transient is about 100-110 ms, and the high-frequency oscillation frequency of the closing shunt capacitor banks' current is about 206 Hz in this case. 

Figure 10b illustrates the corresponding closing voltage waveforms. As shown in Figure 10b, phase A and phase B are closed at t1 when their line voltage Uab crosses zero, and then phase C is closed after 5 ms at t2 when its phase voltage crosses zero. The transient voltage of phase C from t1 to t2 is equal to the neutral voltage of the shunt capacitor banks. Thus, the zero-crossing switching strategy is achieved. Almost no high-frequency voltage oscillation occurs in this case, and the corresponding maximum of the high-frequency oscillation voltage is very low (about 0. 76 p. u. ). The time error of the phase-controlled circuit breaker for closing the shunt capacitor banks is below ±0. 2 ms.
section_name: Case 3

section_content: Before the switching-off operations in Case 4, #65302 and #65301 are opened, and #65301 is closed. The circuit breaker of the switching operation is #653. Figure 11a shows the opening current waveform in Case 4 without phase selection. The breaker contacts of phase B start to separate at t3, and phase B is the first-pole-to-clear. The transient currents of phase A and phase C are always equal, but in the opposite direction, after the current of phase B decreases to zero at the moment of t4, which is also the time of the contacts of phase A and phase C start to separate. The breaking arc duration of phase B is Δt1 = 1. 7 ms (Δt1 = t4 -t3). After a quarter of a cycle (5 ms), the currents of phase A and phase C both reach zero at the moment of t5. Thus, the phenomenon of the power frequency extinguishing arcing is observed. Statistical results according to our field tests show that the breaking arc duration of the first-pole-to-clear (phase B in this test) is almost 1. 0-4. 5 ms.
section_name: Case 4

section_content: Before the switching-on operations in Case 3, #653 is closed, and #65302 and #65303 are opened. The circuit breaker of this switching operation is #65301. Figure 10a shows the closing current waveform in Case 3 with phase selection. The strategy of the closing shunt capacitor banks with phase selection is addressed in Section 2. The maximum value of the closing current in this case occurs in phase A, and its value is 0. 33 kA (2. 12 p. u. ). The duration of the closing shunt capacitor banks' current transient is about 100-110 ms, and the high-frequency oscillation frequency of the closing shunt capacitor banks' current is about 206 Hz in this case. 

Figure 10b illustrates the corresponding closing voltage waveforms. As shown in Figure 10b, phase A and phase B are closed at t 1 when their line voltage U ab crosses zero, and then phase C is closed after 5 ms at t 2 when its phase voltage crosses zero. The transient voltage of phase C from t 1 to t 2 is equal to the neutral voltage of the shunt capacitor banks. Thus, the zero-crossing switching strategy is achieved. Almost no high-frequency voltage oscillation occurs in this case, and the corresponding maximum of the high-frequency oscillation voltage is very low (about 0. 76 p. u. ). The time error of the phase-controlled circuit breaker for closing the shunt capacitor banks is below ˘0. 2 ms.
section_name: Case 3

section_content: Before the switching-off operations in Case 4, #65302 and #65301 are opened, and #65301 is closed. The circuit breaker of the switching operation is #653. Figure 11a shows the opening current waveform in Case 4 without phase selection. The breaker contacts of phase B start to separate at t 3, and phase B is the first-pole-to-clear. The transient currents of phase A and phase C are always equal, but in the opposite direction, after the current of phase B decreases to zero at the moment of t 4, which is also the time of the contacts of phase A and phase C start to separate. The breaking arc duration of phase B is ∆t 1 = 1. 7 ms (∆t 1 = t 4 ´t3 ). After a quarter of a cycle (5 ms), the currents of phase A and phase C both reach zero at the moment of t 5. Thus, the phenomenon of the power frequency extinguishing arcing is observed. Statistical results according to our field tests show that the breaking arc duration of the first-pole-to-clear (phase B in this test) is almost 1. 0-4. 5 ms. 

Figure 11b illustrates the corresponding opening voltage waveforms in Case 4. The maximum of the opening voltage in this case occurs in the first-pole-to-clear (phase B), and its value is 18. 45 kV (2. 26 p. u. ). Residual charge of the capacitors remains more than 30 power frequency cycles after the capacitors are disconnected. Thus, the switching off operation is 10 min later. 

Figure 11b illustrates the corresponding opening voltage waveforms in Case 4. The maximum of the opening voltage in this case occurs in the first-pole-to-clear (phase B), and its value is 18. 45 kV (2. 26 p. u. ). Residual charge of the capacitors remains more than 30 power frequency cycles after the capacitors are disconnected. Thus, the switching off operation is 10 min later. Energies 2016, 9, 88 Figure 11b illustrates the opening voltage waveforms in Case 4. The maximum of the opening voltage in this case occurs in the first-pole-to-clear (phase B), and its value is 18. 45 kV (2. 26 p. u. ). Residual charge of the capacitors remains more than 30 power frequency cycles after the capacitors are disconnected. Thus, the switching off operation is 10 min later.
section_name: Case 4

section_content: Before the switching-off operations in Case 5, #65301, #65302, and #65303 are all closed. The circuit breaker of this switching operation is still #653. Figure 12a shows the opening shunt capacitors banks' current waveform in Case 5 without phase selection but with three groups of shunt capacitor banks. The breaker contacts of phase B start to separate at t 6, and phase B is also the first-pole-to-clear. The breaking arc duration of phase B is ∆t 2 = 4. 1 ms (∆t 2 = t 7 ´t6 ). The currents of phases A and C are equal but opposite in direction from t 7 to t 8, during which the current of phase B reaches zero. After t 8, the currents of the three phases remain zero. 

Figure 12b shows the opening voltage waveforms in Case 5. The maximum value of the opening voltage is ´18. 20 kV (2. 23 p. u. ), and it still occurs in the first-pole-to-clear (phase B) in this case. 

Energies 2016, 9, 88
section_name: Case 5

section_content: Before the switching-off operations in Case 5, #65301, #65302, and #65303 are all closed. The circuit breaker of this switching operation is still #653. Figure 12a shows the opening shunt capacitors banks' current waveform in Case 5 without phase selection but with three groups of shunt capacitor banks. The breaker contacts of phase B start to separate at t6, and phase B is also the first-pole-to-clear. The breaking arc duration of phase B is Δt2 = 4. 1 ms (Δt2 = t7 -t6). The currents of phases A and C are equal but opposite in direction from t7 to t8, during which the current of phase B reaches zero. After t8, the currents of the three phases remain zero. 

Figure 12b shows the opening voltage waveforms in Case 5. The maximum value of the opening voltage is -18. 20 kV (2. 23 p. u. ), and it still occurs in the first-pole-to-clear (phase B) in this case.
section_name: Case 5

section_content: Before the switching-off operations in Case 6, #653 is closed, and #65302 and #65303 are opened. The circuit breaker of this switching operation is #65301. Figure 13a shows the opening current waveforms in Case 6 with phase selection. The strategy for opening shunt capacitor banks with phase selection is also addressed in Section 2. The breaker contacts of phase B start to separate 2. 67 ms (Δt3 = 2. 67ms) later than its last current zero-crossing point at t9, and phase B is the first-pole-to-clear. The transient currents of phase A and phase C are always equal, but in the opposite direction, after the current of phase B decreases to zero at the moment of t10, which is also the time that the contacts of phase A and phase C start to separate. The breaking arc duration of phase B is Δt4 = 7. 4 ms (Δt4 = t10 -t9). After a quarter of a cycle (5 ms), the currents of phase A and phase C both reach zero at the moment of t11. Therefore, the power frequency extinguishing arcing still occurs in this case. Statistical results according to our field tests indicate that the breaking arc duration of the first-pole-to-clear (phase B in this test) is about 7. 5 ms, and the time error of the phase-controlled circuit breaker for opening shunt capacitor banks is below ±0. 3 ms. 

Figure 13b illustrates the opening voltage waveform in Case 6. The maximum of the opening voltage in this case occurs in the first-pole-to-clear (phase B), and its value is -12. 83 kV (1. 57 p. u. ).
section_name: Case 6

section_content: Before the switching-off operations in Case 6, #653 is closed, and #65302 and #65303 are opened. The circuit breaker of this switching operation is #65301. Figure 13a shows the opening current waveforms in Case 6 with phase selection. The strategy for opening shunt capacitor banks with phase selection is also addressed in Section 2. The breaker contacts of phase B start to separate 2. 67 ms (∆t 3 = 2. 67ms) later than its last current zero-crossing point at t 9, and phase B is the first-pole-to-clear. The transient currents of phase A and phase C are always equal, but in the opposite direction, after the current of phase B decreases to zero at the moment of t 10, which is also the time that the contacts of phase A and phase C start to separate. The breaking arc duration of phase B is ∆t 4 = 7. 4 ms (∆t 4 = t 10 ´t9 ). After a quarter of a cycle (5 ms), the currents of phase A and phase C both reach zero at the moment of t 11. Therefore, the power frequency extinguishing arcing still occurs in this case. Statistical results according to our field tests indicate that the breaking arc duration of the first-pole-to-clear (phase B in this test) is about 7. 5 ms, and the time error of the phase-controlled circuit breaker for opening shunt capacitor banks is below ˘0. 3 ms. 

Figure 13b illustrates the opening voltage waveform in Case 6. The maximum of the opening voltage in this case occurs in the first-pole-to-clear (phase B), and its value is ´12. 83 kV (1. 57 p. u. ). The residual charge of capacitors remains more than 30 power frequency cycles after the capacitors are disconnected. 

Energies 2016, 9, 88 The residual charge of capacitors remains more than 30 power frequency cycles after the capacitors are disconnected.
section_name: Case 6

section_content: Based on our previous work in this field [15, 16], this study presents a complete comparison between ordinary VCBs and phase-controlled VCBs in the application of switching 10 kV shunt capacitor banks through field tests. The following conclusions are drawn:  The overcurrent of closing 10 kV shunt capacitor banks was about 2. 12 p. u. with phase selection, and it was far below than those of ordinary VCBs (4. 04 p. u. for Case 1 and 4. 49 p. u. for Case 2). Moreover, high-frequency voltage oscillation did not occur for switching on shunt capacitor banks when phase-controlled VCBs were used.  The overvoltage of opening 10 kV shunt capacitor banks was about 1. 57 p. u. with phase selection, and it was below those of ordinary VCBs (2. 26 p. u. for Case 4 and 2. 23 p. u. for Case 5).  The arc duration of closing shunt capacitor banks without phase selection was about 1. 0-4. 5 ms. 

However, for the phase-controlled VCBs, the circuit breaker of the first-pole-to-clear was opened 2-3 ms later than its last current zero-crossing point, which result in an average of 7. 5 ms arc duration of first-pole-to-clear.  The time error of phase-controlled VCBs for opening and closing shunt capacitor banks was below ± 0. 3 ms. Furthermore, the higher arc duration increased the fracture gap distance of phase-controlled VCB contacts, and the probability of prestrike and re-ignition was reduced. This can contribute to keeping the power system safe and achieving steady operation.
section_name: Conclusions

section_content: Based on our previous work in this field [15, 16], this study presents a complete comparison between ordinary VCBs and phase-controlled VCBs in the application of switching 10 kV shunt capacitor banks through field tests. The following conclusions are drawn:
section_name: Conclusions

section_content: The overcurrent of closing 10 kV shunt capacitor banks was about 2. 12 p. u. with phase selection, and it was far below than those of ordinary VCBs (4. 04 p. u. for Case 1 and 4. 49 p. u. for Case 2). Moreover, high-frequency voltage oscillation did not occur for switching on shunt capacitor banks when phase-controlled VCBs were used.
section_name: "

section_content: The overvoltage of opening 10 kV shunt capacitor banks was about 1. 57 p. u. with phase selection, and it was below those of ordinary VCBs (2. 26 p. u. for Case 4 and 2. 23 p. u. for Case 5).
section_name: "

section_content: The arc duration of closing shunt capacitor banks without phase selection was about 1. 0-4. 5 ms. However, for the phase-controlled VCBs, the circuit breaker of the first-pole-to-clear was opened 2-3 ms later than its last current zero-crossing point, which result in an average of 7. 5 ms arc duration of first-pole-to-clear.
section_name: "

section_content: The time error of phase-controlled VCBs for opening and closing shunt capacitor banks was below ˘0. 3 ms. Furthermore, the higher arc duration increased the fracture gap distance of phase-controlled VCB contacts, and the probability of prestrike and re-ignition was reduced. This can contribute to keeping the power system safe and achieving steady operation.
section_name: "

section_content: Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 51177182 ), the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 51477018 ), the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 51507019 ), and the Funds for Innovative Research Groups of China ( 51321063 ). Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 51177182 ), the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 51477018 ), the National Natural Science Foundation of China ( 51507019 ), and the Funds for Innovative Research Groups of China ( 51321063 ).

section_name: Conflicts of Interest:

section_content: Author Contributions: Wenxia Sima contributed to the research idea and theoretical analysis of switching shunt capacitor banks. Mi Zou designed the experiments, and drafted the manuscript. Qing Yang, Ming Yang and Author Contributions: Wenxia Sima contributed to the research idea and theoretical analysis of switching shunt capacitor banks. Mi Zou designed the experiments, and drafted the manuscript. Qing Yang, Ming Yang and Licheng Li worked on the data analysis and revision of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

section_content: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
section_name: Conflicts of Interest: