Effect of Preparation Method on Catalytic Properties of Double Perovskite Oxides LaSrFeMo&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;0.9&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;Co&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;0.1&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;6&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; for Methane Combustion

The double perovskite oxides  LaSrFeMo0.9Co0.1O6 was prepared by co-precipitation method and sol-gel method. The title  catalysts were calcined at 800°C and characterized by XRD H2-TPR,  SEM and TG-DTA techniques. The catalytic activity was evaluated for methane  combustion. The specific surface area of them was calculated by BET model. The  samples exhibit significant catalytic activity for methane combustion at 800°C.  Upon calcination at 800°C, the LaSrFeMo0.9Co0.1O6 prepared by sol-gel method retains a specific surface area of 24 m2.g-1 and shows an excellent activity for methane combustion  (the conversion of 10% and 90% are obtained at 505°C and 660°C, respectively).

section_content: We know nature gas is an important economical energy. Catalytic combustion of nature gas is a crucial technology both for energy production and for environmental pollution abatement [1] - [4]. For heat generation process, using natural gas as fuel, catalytic combustion instead of the conventional combustion has several advantages, such as high efficiency and lower temperature which effectively suppresses thermal NO x formation. For the effective and stable catalytic combustion process, suitable catalysts play a crucial role. Generally, supported noble metal oxides, particularly palladium oxide, are excellent catalysts for lower temperature combustion, but noble metals are expensive and prone to deactivation owing to sintering, decomposition and undesirable interaction with supports under hydrothermal situations encountered in combustion [5] - [7]. A variety of in-expensive transition metal oxide catalysts, such as solid solution oxides, perovskites, pyrochloresand hexaaluminates have been explored for catalytic combustion of methane [8] - [11]. 

The perovskite-type oxides have been extensively investigated as catalysts for the combustion of methane with their tailored catalytic property and thermal stability by versatile substitution of A-and/or B-sites. It is well-known that the catalytic properties of perovskites are mainly determined by the nature, oxidation states and relative arrangements of B-site cations. As a subclass of perovskite oxides ABO 3, the double perovskites A 2 B'B''O 6 have attracted considerable interest due to their unique structural [12] - [15]. For the double perovskiteoxides, two different B' and B'' cations occupy the B sublattice. They have more variations than the single perovskite-type oxides. The greater variation may promote catalytic chemistry for double perovskite type catalysts. Nevertheless, very few works have been reported in the last decade on exploring the catalytic properties of double perovskites. The double perovskite-oxides A 2 FeMoO 6 (A = Ca, Sr and Ba) were studied as catalysts for catalytic combustion of methane in 2004 [16] [17]. Now few papers had been reported the effect of B'' site substitution in the double perovskites A 2 B'B''O 6 for methane catalytic combustion. 

We report here a new double perovskites LaSrFeMo 0. 9 Co 0. 1 O 6 prepared by co-precipitation method and solgel method to catalyze combustion of methane. The properties of these catalysts were characterized by XRD, low temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption (BET), TPR, SEM and TG-DTA techniques. Their catalytic activities were evaluated for methane combustion in a fix bed micro-reactor.
section_name: Introduction

section_name: Experimental

section_name: Preparation of Materials

section_content: LaSrFeMo 0. 9 Co 0. 1 O 6 double perovskite was prepared by co-precipitation method (carbonates route). The stoichiometric amounts of analytical grade La(NO 3 ) 3 •6H 2 O, Sr(NO 3 ) 2, Fe(NO 3 ) 3 •6H 2 O and Co(NO 3 ) 2 •6H 2 O solution were prepared separately by dissolving nitrates in distilled water and MoO 3 in ammonia. The solutions were mixed and added into a well-stirred container by addition of (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 at constant temperature (80˚C) and pH value of 7 -8. After filtering and washing with water several times, the solid product was dried at 120˚C for 12 h and then calcined at 800˚C in Muffle furnace for 4 h under air. The sample thus prepared is referred to as C1 hereafter.
section_name: Co-Precipitation Method

section_content: The same ingredient LaSrFeMo 0. 9 Co 0. 1 O 6 sample was prepared by sol-gel method. The stoichiometric amounts of analytical grade La(NO 3 ) 3 •6H 2 O, Sr(NO 3 ) 2, Fe(NO 3 ) 3 •6H 2 O and Co(NO 3 ) 2 •6H 2 O solution were prepared separately by dissolving nitrates in distilled water and MoO 3 in ammonia. The solutions were mixed and added into a well-stirred container by addition of citric acid at constant temperature (60˚C) The final solution was evaporated until a gel was formed and then the gel was kept in an oven at 120˚C to obtain powder. The resulting powder was calcined at 800˚C in Muffle furnace for 4 h under air to form mixed oxide. The sample thus prepared is referred to as S1 hereafter.
section_name: Sol-Gel Method

section_content: The phase composition of the calcined samples was determined by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) using a Ni filter and CuKα radiation, at 40 kV and 30 mA. The data were collected between 15˚ and 70˚. 

The specific surface areas of the samples were measured on a Gemini V 2380 Series Instrument using N 2 adsorption at liquid N 2 temperature. The specific surface area was determined according to the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller theory. 

H 2 -TPR measurements were carried out in a flow reactor equipped with a thermal conductivity detector. The samples of 0. 05 g were previously pretreated in helium at 400˚C for 30 min, and then they were cooled to room temperature. A 5 vol% H 2 /N 2 stream (20 ml/min) was passed over the sample while it was heated from 40˚C to 800˚C at the heating rate of 10˚C/min. 

The micro-morphologies of testing samples were scrutinized on a field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM, JEOL JSM-6510LV). 

TG and DSC were carried out on a SDT-Q600 thermal analyzer. Samples were tested over the temperature range from room temperature up to 700˚C at the constant heating rate of 10˚C/min in air.
section_name: Characterization

section_content: The reaction of methane combustion was carried out in a conventional microreactor under atmospheric pressure. Catalyst (300 mg, 420 -841 μm) was loaded in a quartz reactor (i. d. 8 mm), with quartz wool sealed at both ends of the catalyst bed. A mixture of 1 vol% methane and 99 vol% air was fed into the catalyst bed at GHSV = 50,000 h -1. The output gas compositions were analyzed by an on-line gas chromatography (GC9890) with a capillary column and a flame ionization detector (Temperature of column: 150˚C, Temperature of sample injector: 200˚C, Temperature of detector: 230˚C).
section_name: Catalytic Activity Test

section_name: Results and Discussion

section_content: The XRD patterns of two catalysts are shown in Figure 1. It can be seen that the sample have diffraction peaks at 2θ = 25˚, 30˚, 33˚, 46˚, and 58˚, which are typical double perovskite diffraction peaks. The ordered double perovskites LaSrFeMo 0. 9 Co 0. 1 O 6 may be regarded as a regular arrangement of alternating FeO 6 and MoO 6 /CoO 6 corner-shared octahedra, with La and Sr cations occupying the voids in between the octahedral. A single perovskites of LaCoO 3, LaMoO 3, SrMoO 3 and SrCoO 3 can be seen in the Figure 1. It is worthy of notice that those spinel can form double perovskites via solid state reactions. Compared with the sample C1, The catalyst S1 has lower intensity. This implies that the preparation method is important in the formation of double perovskites crystal. Sol-gel method renders the precursor mixture homogenous and enables facile mass transfer, resulting in a formation of pure double perovskites during subsequent calcination at 800˚C. 

The specific surface areas (SSA) of the LaSrFeMo 0. 9 Co 0. 1 O 6 samples after calcination at 800˚C are shown in Table 1. We can see the SSA of S1(24 m 2 ⋅g -1 ) is larger than that of C1(16 m 2 ⋅g -1 ). This it is due to sol-gel method makes the precursor mixture homogenous and enables facile mass transfer.
section_name: Crystalline Phases and Specifics Surface Area

section_content: The H 2 -TPR profiles of two samples are plotted in Figure 2 to compare their redox properties. It is impossible to reduce the La 3+ and Sr 2+ ions at A-site under H 2 -TPR condition, the H 2 consumption peaks displayed on the TPR diagrams of the oxides come from the reduction of B site ions [13]. The curves of LaSrFeMo 0. 9 Co 0. 1 O 6 prepared by sol-gel method have two peaks at 407˚C, 575˚C, corresponding to Fe 3+ → Fe 2+, MoO 3 → MoO 2 and Co 2+ → Co. By contrast, the peak area of C1 is smaller than that of S1. It suggests there has more active oxygen species available for the oxidation reaction of S1. It is in line with the characterization of activity.
section_name: Temperature-Programmed Reduction by Hydrogen

section_content: TG-DSC results of C1 and S1 after 120˚C ageing are shown in Figure 3. When the samples are heated from room temperature to 800˚C at a constant heating rate of 10˚C⋅min -1, C1 and S1 loose about 30% and 70% of weight, respectively. It shows that more organic compounds such as citric acid are removed during the sol-gel process. The samples of C1 and S1 behave differently. For C1 sample, DSC curve presents two lower endothermic peaks and a stronger exothermic peak before 600˚C. The first endothermic peak between 250˚C and 450˚C is due to the removal of the adsorbed water and the decomposition of SrMnCO 3, MnCO 3 and so on. The loss of weight is above 20% when the temperature is from 100˚C to 450˚C. The second peak appears when the temperarure is above 550˚C. However, the loss of weight is only 6. 4%. By contrast, For S1 sample, DSC curve presents three endothermic peaks before 700˚C. The first endothermic peak below 150˚C is due to the removal of the excess citric acid and adsorbed water. The second peak between 300˚C and 450˚C corresponds to the decomposition of carbonate such as MnCO 3 and so on. At the same time the loss of weight is 20% when the temperature is from 300˚C to 500˚C. When the temperature is above 450˚C, there is a bigger endothermic peak. However, only 7% weight loss is observed. 

So we think, in the process of transformation to form double perovskite oxide, all the losses of weight are due to the removal water, citric acid and the carbonate decomposition. When the temperature is above 550˚C, it begins to form double perovskite oxide. In the process of transformation to form double perovskite oxide, it will absorb heat, but no loss arises.
section_name: TG-DSC Analysis

section_content: Figure 4 presents the SEM images of the catalysts. The catalysts all had the layered structure which can retard the sintering of the material. It was noted that the product of this reaction displayed different particle morphologies with the change in preparation method, from flakes to irregular grains. They were composed of plate-like particles, which were 5 -10 nm in thickness. From Figure 4, we can see the sample S1 like chrysanthemum. There are lots of honeycombs in the sample S1. It can result that the sample S1 has the higher specific surface areas.
section_name: Morphology of Catalysts

section_content: The catalytic behaviors for methane combustion over catalysts are shown in Figure 5 and Table 1. All the cata- lysts, tested under identical experimental conditions, exhibit the S-shaped profiles for CH 4 conversion as a function of reaction temperature. Usually, the activity of methane catalytic combustion was characterized by T 10%, T 50% and T 90% representing the reaction temperature at methane conversion of 10%, 50% and 90% respectively. The T 10% and T 90% of C1 catalyst are 530˚C and 684˚C, respectively. Compared with the C1 catalyst, the S1 catalyst shows higher activity, its T 10% and T 90% are 505˚C and 660˚C, respectively. Its light-off temperature T 10% decreases by 25˚C and total conversion temperature T 90% decreases by 24˚C, respectively. It is obvious that the difference in catalytic activity is attributed to the difference in the preparation. Thus we believe that LaCoO 3 and SrCoO 3 is existed in C1, when the temperature is higher, it will be sintered. Sol-gel method renders the precursor mixture homogenous.
section_name: Catalytic Activity

section_content: The effect of preparation method on the catalytic activity of double perovskite oxides LaSrFeMo 0. 9 Co 0. 1 O 6 for methane combustion was investigated. The results showed that LaSrFeMo 0. 9 Co 0. 1 O 6 prepared by sol-gel method has better catalytic activity than that prepared by co-precipitation. The catalyst LaSrFeMo 0. 9 Co 0. 1 O 6 prepared by sol-gel method possesses the higher specific surface area (24 m 2 •g -1 ) and has the lowest temperature for initial and complete conversion of methane than those prepared by co-precipitation method. It could be concluded that preparation method has a great impact on the catalytic activity.
section_name: Conclusion

section_name: Acknowledgements

section_content: We are very grateful to the Education Department Natural Science of Anhui Province ( KJ2012A213 ), Project of Teaching Research ( 2012jyxm534 ) and the project of Chu Zhou University ( 2014CXXL054 ) for the financial support.
section_name: Acknowledgements