TP53 Mutations Identified Using NGS Comprise the Overwhelming Majority of TP53 Disruptions in CLL: Results From a Multicentre Study

<jats:p>Limited data exists to show the correlation of (tumour protein 53) <jats:italic>TP53</jats:italic> mutation detected by Next generation sequencing (NGS) and the presence/absence of deletions of 17p13 detected by FISH. The study which is the largest series to date includes 2332 CLL patients referred for analysis of del(17p) by FISH and <jats:italic>TP53</jats:italic> mutations by NGS before treatment. Using a 10% variant allele frequency (VAF) threshold, cases were segregated into high burden mutations (≥10%) and low burden mutations (&amp;lt;10%). <jats:italic>TP53</jats:italic> aberrations (17p [del(17p)] and/or <jats:italic>TP53</jats:italic> mutation) were detected in 320/2332 patients (13.7%). Using NGS analysis, 429 <jats:italic>TP53</jats:italic> mutations were identified in 303 patients (13%). Of these 238 (79%) and 65 (21%) were cases with high burden and low burden mutations respectively. In our cohort, 2012 cases did not demonstrate a <jats:italic>TP53</jats:italic> aberration (86.3%). A total of 159 cases showed <jats:italic>TP53</jats:italic> mutations in the absence of del(17p) (49/159 with low burden <jats:italic>TP53</jats:italic> mutations) and 144 cases had both <jats:italic>TP53</jats:italic> mutation and del(17p) (16/144 with low burden mutations). Only 17/2332 (0.7%) cases demonstrated del(17p) with no <jats:italic>TP53</jats:italic> mutation. Validated NGS protocols should be used in clinical decision making to avoid missing low-burden <jats:italic>TP53</jats:italic> mutations and can detect the vast majority of <jats:italic>TP53</jats:italic> aberrations.</jats:p>

section_content: Deletion of chromosome 17p [del(17p)] and TP53 mutation (TP53 mut) referred to as TP53 aberrations can be found in 8%-10% of previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) patients and in up to 30%-40% of relapsed/refractory cases. TP53 aberrations represent the most relevant risk factors for both progression free and overall survival following chemoimmunotherapy (1, 2). The introduction of small molecule inhibitors has led to enhanced response rates in patients with TP53 aberrations (3) (4) (5). Therefore, the identification of TP53 aberrations is essential for determining treatment decisions in CLL (6, 7). Historical data using Sanger sequencing suggests that approximately 80% of patients with del (17p) also carry a mutation in the second allele (8). A subset of patients also exhibits TP53 mut without del(17p) (8). 

The assessment of del(17p) is routinely performed by Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The cut-off for a positive result varies within laboratories with the threshold >20% of cells with del(17p) deemed to be a clinically relevant clone (9). However, it is recognized that a subset of patients with del(17p) have stable disease without the need for treatment (10). 

Sanger sequencing is widely used for TP53 mutational analysis, however it may misclassify cases of TP53 mutations as wildtype when variants with allelic frequencies below the detection limit of Sanger sequencing are present. Recent studies using next generation sequencing (NGS) have shown that TP53 mutations can be present at low clonal abundance in tumour cell populations, termed low-burden and have in certain studies the same detrimental effect on disease course (11) (12) (13). Therefore updated guidelines from the TP53 network of ERIC (European Research Initiative on CLL-www. ericcll. org) suggest a threshold of 10% allelic burden for reporting mutations detected by NGS segregating these into high burden (≥10 variant allele frequency (VAF)) and low burden (<10% VAF) mutation (6). In the literature, contradictory results exist regarding the biological relevance of low burden mutations in CLL. This in part may be due to various sequencing strategies. 

Therefore, the aim of this study, which is the largest cohort to date, was to investigate the presence of low and high burden TP53 mutations in a "real-world" cohort of 2332 CLL cases using sensitive NGS and to correlate results with FISH data.
section_name: INTRODUCTION

section_content: Pretreatment peripheral blood samples from 2332 CLL patients referred for analysis of del(17p13) by FISH and TP53 mutations by NGS were available for the present study diagnosed between 2015-2019. A retrospective audit of TP53 status was undertaken. Best practice in the UK follows established guidelines, meaning that TP53 testing is recommended prior to each line of treatment but not at diagnosis. As participants are part of Specialized HaemOnc Diagnostics services, requests for TP53 testing in newly diagnosed patients would automatically be rejected. 

The study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki. Patients were diagnosed according to iwCLL guidelines (14). In all cases, analysis was performed on DNA obtained from >50% tumour cells. FISH analysis for del(17p13) was performed using Vysis Probes with a 10% cut-off for a positive result. TP53 mutation screening was performed by NGS with a panel covering exons 2-11 as previously described (15) or by an Illumina amplicon-based strategy. Briefly, the amplicon-based panel was a bespoke assay and amplicon libraries for are generated by Reverse Complement PCR (RC-PCR) technology. The technique permits both the amplification and the ability to append sequences or functional domains of choice independently to either end of the generated amplicons in a single closed tube reaction. Primers for the TP53 assay were designed in house and sequencing was performed on the Miseq using Illumina chemistry. Raw data was aligned using GATK. Indels are realigned using GeminiMulti indel realigner and Pisces is used for variant calling (both Illumina). Normally analyses with read depths below 5000 are failed. 

A VAF cut-off of 1% was used to exclude false positive variants within the cohorts. Pathogenicity assessment of all variants was performed according to ERIC guidelines (6).
section_name: METHODS

section_content: Altogether 2332 patients entering first line treatment were included in this study with TP53 aberrations detected in 320/ 2332 patients (Figures 1A, B ). Using NGS analysis, 429 TP53 mutations were identified in 303 patients (13%). More than one TP53 mutation was detected in 76 patients (2-8 mutations per patient, Supplementary Table 1 ). When considering all 429 TP53 mutations in the cohort the VAF ranged from 1-97%; mean 28%. Using the 10% VAF threshold, cases were segregated into high burden mutations (≥10%) and low burden mutations (<10%). The high and low burden separation was based on the VAF of the most prevalent TP53 mutation. 271 (63%) were classified as high burden mutations (VAF range: 10-97%; mean 42%). 158 were classified as low burden mutations (VAF range: 1-9%; mean 5%) (Figure 2 ). This translated into 238 patients classified as high burden cases and 65 identified as low burden cases (Supplementary Table 1 ). The needle plot graphs demonstrated no differences in TP53 coding mutations between high and low burden cases (Figures 3A, B ). The mutation profile revealed that the majority of mutations were missense mutations followed by frameshift, splicing and nonsense mutations and is in keeping with previous reports (Figure 3C ) (16, 17). No significant difference within mutation type existed between the low and high burden groups (P=0. 5). The amino acid most frequently mutated were at positions 175, 209, 234, 248 and 273 indicating the classical hot spot mutations in CLL. Codons 175, 209, 234, 248 and 273 represented 110/429 (25%) mutations in the total cohort and showed similar allocation in low and high burden case (Figures 3A, B ). Combining FISH data on del(17p) with TP53 mutation data in our cohort, 2012 cases did not demonstrate a TP53 aberration (86. 3%). However, 17 cases demonstrated del(17p) only (0. 7%). Average del(17p) was 40% (range 10-91%) in del(17p) only cases and was significantly higher in del(17p)/TP53 mut cases (55% (range 10-100%: p<0. 05). One hundred and fifty-nine patients (159) were TP53 mutated only cases (49/159 with low burden TP53 mutations) and 144 cases with both del(17p) and TP53 mutation (16/144 with low burden mutations, Figure 1B ).
section_name: RESULTS

section_content: In this study, which is the largest study to date assessing TP53 aberrations for both del(17p) and TP53 mutation by NGS in cases of treatment naïve CLL. Using NGS analysis, 429 TP53 mutations were identified in 303 patients (13%). Current guidelines from the TP53 network of ERIC suggest a threshold of 10% allelic burden for reporting mutations detected by NGS ( 6 ). An acknowledgement is made in reference to cases with 5-10% VAF. In this study we employed a threshold of 10% VAF separating the cohort into high and low burden subgroups. High burden mutations were evident in 10. 2% (238 cases) and low burden mutations in 2. 8% (65 cases). This figure is lower than that reported in other studies and is likely due to the threshold of 1% used in this study (12, 13). Even with this threshold, 49 cases [TP53 mut/del (17p) wt] in this cohort would have been misclassified as TP53 proficient cases. This is an important observation given the recent publication that clearly demonstrates a shorter survival in cases with VAFs of 5-10% (13). This study again questions the threshold of 10% VAF and the impact this has in the misclassification of TP53 aberrations. 

Whilst most tumour suppressors are inactivated by frameshift or nonsense mutations, the most frequent mode of inactivation of TP53 in CLL is by missense mutations which is a unique phenomenon. The mutation profile of the cohort did not differ when separated into high and low burden mutations. The vast majority of mutations were missense and no significant differences were observed between the low and high burden cohorts (Figures 3A-C ). Unique to CLL is the presence of a specific hot spot variant leading to premature termination [p. (R209Kfs*6)]. This specific variant was demonstrated both in low and high burden cases highlighting the similar mutation profile between the cohorts (Figures 3A, B ). The majority of TP53 mutations are located within the DNA binding domain of the gene and hot spot mutations are frequently observed in CLL. This study showed an enrichment of mutations in codons 175, 209, 234, 248 and 273 representing (25%) of all mutations in the total cohort. A similar pattern was evident in both low and high burden subgroups confirming the disease specific TP53 mutation profile in CLL (Figures 3A, B ) (16). 

Combining FISH data on del(17p) with TP53 mutation data in our cohort, 2012 cases did not demonstrate a TP53 aberration (86. 3%) whereas TP53 aberrations were detected in 13. 7% of patients. This is in keeping with recent data from independent groups that utilized various NGS strategies and bioinformatics pipelines (11, 13, 18). 

In this study we have demonstrated the existence of del(17p) in the absence of a TP53 mutation in 17/2332 (0. 7%) which is in keeping with the literature (1, 13). The average del(17p) clone was 40% with a range of 10-91% (Supplementary Table 1 ) with 8/17 cases having a del(17p) clone less than 25%. Patients in population based cohorts are still routinely screened for del(17p) by FISH, whilst testing for TP53 mutations can vary substantially by institution. This is despite very clear guidelines to the contrary (6, 14). Screening for only del(17p) in our study would have missed 50% of the alterations in the cohort (159/320). The relevance of FISH only based studies in the era of NGS is questionable as only a minority of p53 deficient cases are missed by NGS. In this series 0. 7% of p53 deficient cases were missed by NGS of which 8 cases had a del(17p) clone size of less than 25%. Also recent data showing low-frequency del(17p) sub clones (<25% of CLL cells) in the absence of a TP53 mutation has been demonstrated to mirror that of cases with no del(17p) in the chemoimmunotherapy setting (12, 19). In the study by Do et al. 15/20 (75%) patients demonstrated a low frequency subclone of del(17p) (<25)). This is a well recognized phenomena in the literature with subset of patients with low frequency del(17p) clones having enhanced progression free survival (10). This subgroup of patients is enriched with a mutated IGHV gene and relatively few copy number alterations. The study by Do et al. represents a surprisingly high percentage of low level del (17p) not previously described and likely reflects the genomic composition of the elderly trial cohort in the study. In the current study, we demonstrated 28/144 (19%) cases where del(17p) <25% with 17 cases demonstrating a high burden (≥10%) mutations and 11 cases with low burden mutations (Figure 1B ). Unfortunately clinical data was not available in this study to ascertain the IGHV status in the cohort of del(17p) subclones. 

TP53 aberrations are still relevant in the era of novel therapies. Long term survival outcomes remain inferior in cohorts of patients with TP53 aberrations (20, 21). This is likely attributable to the role of p53 in the maintenance of genomic stability. It is well recognized that mutations in TP53 occur early in the disease progression proceeding the genomic instability generated by chromosomal abnormalities. 

This has been further addresses in a recent study demonstrating that patients treated with single-agent ibrutinib carrying only a single TP53 hit have a superior long term response while multi-hit TP53 is associated with a shorter progression free and overall survival (22). In this scenario single hit CLL can be classified by the presence of either del (17p) or TP53 mut. Multi hit CLL arises when either del(17p) and TP53 mut occur together or when greater than one TP53 mutation is found. Whilst this is of interest it has yet to be verified in larger cohorts or indeed in separate treatment regimens. In our current study 55% (176/320) were single hit with 45% (144/320) of cases demonstrating a multi hit CLL. In this study ≥2 TP53 mutations were detected in 76 patients with the majority of cases in the TP53 mut/del(17p) wt cohort (46/76) with the remaining 30 cases in the TP53 mut/no del(17p) cohort. This reinforces the need to redefine a VAF threshold to aid in the selection of TP53 mutated patients benefiting from targeted treatments. 

In conclusion, in the largest series to date we have demonstrated the presence of low and high burden TP53 mutations in a series of CLL cases. The use of NGS prevents cases being misclassified as normal TP53 due to its enhanced sensitivity. In the investigation of TP53 aberrations, NGS is an important strategy for patient management in this setting.
section_name: DISCUSSION

section_name: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

section_content: The authors acknowledge Dr Karol Pal for his assistance in the preparation of figures.
section_name: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

section_name: DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

section_content: The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author/s.
section_name: DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

section_name: ETHICS STATEMENT

section_content: Using the NHS Health Research Authority decision tools this study classes as clinical audit (i. e., no randomization of patients, no alteration to standard clinical care and informs practice in our setting) and therefore formal research ethics is not required.
section_name: ETHICS STATEMENT

section_name: AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

section_content: Author SL has received honoraria from Abbvie, Janssen, BMS/Celegene and Sanofi. DG has received honoraria, consultancy and/or research funding from Roche, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Janssen, Elli Lilly, Incyte, Promega and Illumina and is founder of Univ8 Genomics Ltd. Author NC has received honoraria from Novartis, Incyte and Astellas and research support from Novartis. Author AS received honoraria from Astra Zeneca, Janssen, Roche, Adaptive Biotechnology, Exact Sciences and AbbVie, and received nonrestricted educational grants from Astra Zeneca and Janssen and in-kind contributions from Illumina and Oxford Nanopore technologies. Author FF received honoraria from Abbvie, Janssen-cilag, Beigene, Astra-Zeneca and BC platform. 

The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. 

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section_name: Conflict of Interest: