Reduced Percentage of CD14dimCD16+SLAN+ Monocytes Producing TNF and IL-12 as an Immunological Sign of CLL Progression

<jats:p>Monocytes are one of the least studied immune cells with a potentially important role in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Nevertheless, data regarding the role of subpopulations of monocytes in the CLL microenvironment are still limited. For the very first time, this study presents an assessment of monocyte subsets divided according to SLAN and CD16 expression in CLL patients. The study involved 70 freshly diagnosed CLL patients and 35 healthy donors. Using flow cytometry, monocyte subpopulations were assessed among PBMCs. CD14+ monocytes can be divided into: “classical” (CD14+CD16−SLAN−), “intermediate” (CD14+CD16+SLAN−) and “non-classical” (CD14dimCD16+SLAN+). In our study, we noted an increased percentage of non-classical monocytes with intracellular expression of TNF and IL-12. On the other hand, among the intermediate monocytes, a significantly higher percentage of cells synthesizing anti-inflammatory IL-10 was detected. The percentage of CD14dimCD16+SLAN+ monocytes producing TNF and IL-12 decreased with the stage of CLL and inversely correlated with the expression of the prognostic factors ZAP-70 and CD38. Moreover, the percentage of CD14dimCD16+SLAN+ monocytes producing TNF and IL-12 was lower in CLL patients requiring treatment. This may indicate the beneficial effect of non-classical monocytes on the anti-tumor response.</jats:p>

section_content: In CLL, one may observe several immune abnormalities, among which one can find changes in monocyte count and function. Initial studies have shown that the population of peripheral blood monocytes is heterogeneous due to the different expression of surface markers, namely CD14 and CD16 (FcγRIII) [1, 2]. CD14 is a receptor for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that binds to the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and is involved in the detection of the aforementioned LPS [3, 4]. On the other hand, CD16 is a receptor for the IgG Fc fragment of immunoglobulin (FcγRIII), which in humans occurs in two variants: CD16a (FcγRIIIa) and CD16b (FcγRIIIb) [5]. The transmembrane isoform (FcγRIIIa) is located on monocytes, macrophages and NK cells and is involved in the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) mechanism [6, 7], while the FcγRIIIb form is present on the surface of neutrophils [8]. In 2010, the International Consortium under the auspices of the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS) and the World Health Organization (WHO) developed a unified nomenclature of monocyte subpopulations [2]. The most abundant subpopulation is the one without the expression of the CD16 molecules, referred to as "classical" monocytes (CD14 ++ CD16 -), while all the remaining groups of monocytes express CD16 on their surface [2, 9]. In the current project, we proved that, within CD16-positive monocytes, it is possible to distinguish cells with similar levels of expression of CD14 and CD16 molecules (CD14 + CD16 + ). They were identified as the so-called intermediate monocytes. The second subpopulation of CD16-positive monocytes was found to be characterized by a very low expression of the CD14 molecule and a high expression of CD16 (CD14 low /CD16 ++ ) [2, 10]. In the following years, numerous attempts were made to understand the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of each of the three discovered monocyte subpopulations [3, 11]. 

In 2015, a divergence in the presence of the SLAN (6-sulfo LacNAc) molecule, an O-carbohydrate residue linked via 6-O-sulfotransferase to the glycoprotein ligand for P-selectin-PSGL-1, on the surface of CD16-positive cells, was observed [12]. In the same year, the nomenclature of CD16-positive monocytes was modified-the so-called "SLANdependent" monocytes were introduced. The CD16-positive monocyte population was divided into SLAN-positive non-classical monocytes (CD14 + CD16 ++ SLAN + ) and SLANnegative intermediate monocytes (CD14 ++ CD16 + SLAN -) [13]. The functional properties among individual subpopulations of CD16-positive SLAN-positive and CD16-positive SLAN-negative monocytes are still not fully understood. Understanding of the sophisticated interplay between aforementioned cells involved in antitumor response could be substantial for the diagnosis and successful treatment of CLL. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the role of CD16-positive monocytes, with or without the expression of SLAN, as a part of the tumor microenvironment of CLL.
section_name: Introduction

section_name: Results

section_content: Flow cytometry analysis was used to identify the subpopulation of monocytes with and without SLAN expression (Figure 1A-E ). After the gating of a singlet, the selection of PBMC and the discrimination of live and dead cells (Figure 1A-C ), among the CD14 + monocytes (Figure 1D ), non-classical (CD14 dim CD16 + SLAN + ), intermediate (CD14 + CD16 + SLAN -) and classical monocytes (CD14 + CD16 -SLAN -) were featured (Figure 1E ). 

Classical monocytes were the most numerous among the CD14 + monocytes, both in the control group and the study group (Figure 2A ). The percentage of classical (CD14 + CD16 -SLAN -) monocytes was significantly lower in CLL patients (median; IQR), at 85. 37 (77. 98-90. 69%), as compared to the control group (median; IQR), with a percentage of 90. 06 (86. 69-92. 00%) (p < 0. 01) (Figure 2A ). On the contrary, the percentage of CD14 + CD16 + SLAN -intermediate monocytes was significantly higher in CLL patients, at (median; IQR) 5. 18 (3. 62-8. 30%) as compared to 4. 05 (2. 96-5. 48%) in healthy volunteers (p < 0. 01) (Figure 2B ). Similarly, in the group of CLL patients, a significantly higher percentage of CD14 dim CD16 + SLAN + non-classical monocytes (median; IQR), namely 8. 19 (5. 11-12. 61%), was found as compared to that of the control group (median; IQR), 5. 20 (3. 10-9. 27%) (p < 0. 01) (Figure 2C ).
section_name: The Percentage of the SLAN-Positive and SLAN-Negative CD16 + Monocytes Is Increased in CLL

section_content: A dependence between the percentage of CD14 + CD16 -SLAN -classical monocytes and the clinical stage of CLL according to Rai was noted; the percentage of CD14 + CD16 -SLAN - monocytes increased with disease progression, the lowest value was noted in the lowrisk group (median (IQR) 81. 14 (74. 48-86. 88)%). The percentage of classical monocytes was significantly lower in Rai stage 0, both compared to the intermediate risk group (median (IQR) 86. 87 (80. 43-91. 55)%; p < 0. 01) and the high-risk group (median (IQR) 90. 53 (87. 71-91. 15)%; p < 0. 01) (Figure 3A ). Classical monocytes were the most numerous among the CD14 + monocytes, both in the control group and the study group (Figure 2A ). The percentage of classical (CD14 + CD16 -SLAN -) monocytes was significantly lower in CLL patients (median; IQR), at 85. 37 (77. 98-90. 69%), as compared to the control group (median; IQR), with a percentage of 90. 06 (86. 69-92. 00%) (p < 0. 01) (Figure 2A ). On the contrary, the percentage of CD14 + CD16 + SLAN -intermediate monocytes was significantly higher in CLL patients, at (median; IQR) 5. 18 (3. 62-8. 30%) as compared to 4. 05 (2. 96-5. 48%) in healthy volunteers (p < 0. 01) (Figure 2B ). Similarly, in the group of CLL patients, a significantly higher percentage of CD14 dim CD16 + SLAN + non-classical monocytes (median; IQR), namely 8. 19 (5. 11-12. 61%), was found as compared to that of the control group (median; IQR), 5. 20 (3. 10-9. 27%) (p < 0. 01) (Figure 2C ).
section_name: SLAN-Positive Monocytes Percentage Decreases with Disease Progression

section_content: A dependence between the percentage of CD14 + CD16 -SLAN -classical monocytes and the clinical stage of CLL according to Rai was noted; the percentage of CD14 + CD16 -SLAN -monocytes increased with disease progression, the lowest value was noted in the low-risk group (median (IQR) 81. 14 (74. 48-86. 88)%). The percentage of
section_name: SLAN-Positive Monocytes Percentage Decreases with Disease Progression

section_content: A significantly higher percentage of classical monocytes was observed in ZAP-70positive patients (Figure 4A ). Intermediate monocytes did not differ between the ZAP-70positive (median (IQR) 4. 76 (3. 45-7. 72)%) and ZAP-70-negative (median (IQR) 5. 34 (3. 68-8. 44)%) groups (Figure 4B ). A significantly higher percentage of non-classical monocytes was noted in the ZAP-70-negative group (median (IQR) 9. 22 (6. 08-15. 33)%) as compared to the ZAP-70-positive group (median (IQR) 6. 25 (4. 23-9. 75)%; p < 0. 01) (Figure 4C ). 

No significant differences in the percentage of classical, intermediate and nonclassical monocytes between the groups of CD38-positive and CD38-negative patients were observed (Figure 4D-F ). (IQR) 90. 53 (87. 71-91. 15)%; p < 0. 01) (Figure 3A ). 

CLL patients in stage 0 showed a higher percentage of intermediate monocytes (CD14 + CD16 + SLAN -) (median (IQR) 6. 54 (3. 87-8. 30)%) as compared to both patients with stage I/II (median (IQR) 5. 12 (3. 29-8. 58)%) and III/IV (median (IQR) 4. 63 (4. 04-5. 98)%), but the difference was not significant (Figure 3B ). 

CD14 dim CD16 + SLAN + monocytes differed significantly between the patients of different risk groups. The percentage of non-classical monocytes decreased significantly with increased disease severity. Furthermore, in stage 0 according to Rai, the percentage of nonclassical monocytes was significantly higher (11. 87 (8. 17-19. 41%)) than in stage I/II (median (IQR) 6. 77 (4. 46-11. 11 )%) (p < 0. 01) or stage III/IV (median (IQR) 4. 92 (3. 83-5. 63)%) (p < 0. 001) (Figure 3C ).
section_name: SLAN-Positive Monocytes Are Less Numerous in CLL Patients with Negative Prognostic Factors

section_content: A significantly higher percentage of classical monocytes was observed in ZAP-70positive patients (Figure 4A ). Intermediate monocytes did not differ between the ZAP-70positive (median (IQR) 4. 76 (3. 45-7. 72)%) and ZAP-70-negative (median (IQR) 5. 34 (3. 68-8. 44)%) groups (Figure 4B ). A significantly higher percentage of non-classical monocytes was noted in the ZAP-70-negative group (median (IQR) 9. 22 (6. 08-15. 33)%) as compared to the ZAP-70-positive group (median (IQR) 6. 25 (4. 23-9. 75)%; p < 0. 01) (Figure 4C ). 

No significant differences in the percentage of classical, intermediate and non-classical monocytes between the groups of CD38-positive and CD38-negative patients were observed (Figure 4D-F ). CLL patients in stage 0 showed a higher percentage of intermediate monocytes (CD14 + CD16 + SLAN -) (median (IQR) 6. 54 (3. 87-8. 30)%) as compared to both patients with stage I/II (median (IQR) 5. 12 (3. 29-8. 58)%) and III/IV (median (IQR) 4. 63 (4. 04-5. 98)%), but the difference was not significant (Figure 3B ). 

CD14 dim CD16 + SLAN + monocytes differed significantly between the patients of different risk groups. The percentage of non-classical monocytes decreased significantly with increased disease severity. Furthermore, in stage 0 according to Rai, the percentage of non-classical monocytes was significantly higher (11. 87 (8. 17-19. 41%)) than in stage I/II (median (IQR) 6. 77 (4. 46-11. 11)%) (p < 0. 01) or stage III/IV (median (IQR) 4. 92 (3. 83-5. 63)%) (p < 0. 001) (Figure 3C ).
section_name: SLAN-Positive Monocytes Are Less Numerous in CLL Patients with Negative Prognostic Factors

section_content: A significantly higher percentage of classical monocytes was observed in ZAP-70-positive patients (Figure 4A ). Intermediate monocytes did not differ between the ZAP-70-positive (median (IQR) 4. 76 (3. 45-7. 72)%) and ZAP-70-negative (median (IQR) 5. 34 (3. 68-8. 44)%) groups (Figure 4B ). A significantly higher percentage of non-classical monocytes was noted in the ZAP-70-negative group (median (IQR) 9. 22 (6. 08-15. 33)%) as compared to the ZAP-70-positive group (median (IQR) 6. 25 (4. 23-9. 75)%; p < 0. 01) (Figure 4C ). 

No significant differences in the percentage of classical, intermediate and non-classical monocytes between the groups of CD38-positive and CD38-negative patients were observed (Figure 4D-F ). 

The percentages of classical, intermediate and non-classical monocytes were compared between the groups of patients with and without the negative cytogenetic aberrations The percentages of classical, intermediate and non-classical monocytes were compared between the groups of patients with and without the negative cytogenetic aberrations del(11q22. 3) and/or del(17p13. 1). No significant differences between those groups were noted (Figure 5A-C ). (CD14 + CD16 + SLAN -) (median (IQR) 6. 54 (3. 87-8. 30)% stage I/II (median (IQR) 5. 12 (3. 29-8. 58)%) and III/IV ( the difference was not significant (Figure 3B ). 

CD14 dim CD16 + SLAN + monocytes differed signific ent risk groups. The percentage of non-classical mon increased disease severity. Furthermore, in stage 0 acc classical monocytes was significantly higher (11. 87 (8 dian (IQR) 6. 77 (4. 46-11. 11)%) (p < 0. 01) or stage III/IV < 0. 001) (Figure 3C ).
section_name: SLAN-Positive Monocytes Are Less Numerous in CLL Patients with Negative Prognostic Factors

section_content: A significantly higher percentage of classical m positive patients (Figure 4A ). Intermediate monocytes positive (median (IQR) 4. 76 (3. 45-7. 72)%) and ZAP-70 8. 44)%) groups (Figure 4B ). A significantly higher pe was noted in the ZAP-70-negative group (median (IQ to the ZAP-70-positive group (median (IQR) 6. 25 (4. 2 No significant differences in the percentage of cl cal monocytes between the groups of CD38-positive a served (Figure 4D-F ). The percentages of classical, intermediate and non-classical monocytes were compared between the groups of patients with and without the negative cytogenetic aberrations del(11q22. 3) and/or del(17p13. 1). No significant differences between those groups were noted (Figure 5A-C ). 3A ). CLL patients in stage 0 showed a higher percentage of intermediate monocytes (CD14 + CD16 + SLAN -) (median (IQR) 6. 54 (3. 87-8. 30)%) as compared to both patients with stage I/II (median (IQR) 5. 12 (3. 29-8. 58)%) and III/IV (median (IQR) 4. 63 (4. 04-5. 98)%), but the difference was not significant (Figure 3B ). 

CD14 dim CD16 + SLAN + monocytes differed significantly between the patients of different risk groups. The percentage of non-classical monocytes decreased significantly with increased disease severity. Furthermore, in stage 0 according to Rai, the percentage of nonclassical monocytes was significantly higher (11. 87 (8. 17
section_name: SLAN-Positive Monocytes Are Less Numerous in CL Prognostic Factors

section_content: A significantly higher percentage of classical monocytes was observed in ZAP-70positive patients (Figure 4A ). Intermediate monocytes did not differ between the ZAP-70- No significant correlation was noted between the percentage of classical monocytes (CD14 + CD16 -SLAN -) and laboratory parameters (WBC, lymphocytosis, LDH activity, hemoglobin concentration and β2-microglobulin concentration) in the serum of CLL patients (p > 0. 05). However, a positive correlation was observed between the percentage of intermediate monocytes and WBC (r = 0. 299; p < 0. 05) and lymphocytosis (r = 0. 291; p < 0. 05). There was also a positive correlation between the percentage of intermediate monocytes (CD14 + CD16 + SLAN -) and the percentage of CD5 + CD19 + CLL cells (r = 0. 318; p < 0. 05). A negative correlation was observed between the percentage of nonclassical monocytes (CD14 dim CD16 + SLAN + ) and lymphocytosis (r = -0. 365; p < 0. 05), WBC (r = -0. 373; p < 0. 05) and the percentage of CD5 + CD19 + leukemic lymphocytes (r = -0. 304; p < 0. 05).
section_name: SLAN-Positive Monocytes Are Less Numerous in CLL Patients with Negative Prognostic Factors

section_content: A significantly lower percentage of non-classical monocytes was observed in CLL patients who required cytostatic treatment (median (IQR) 6. 49 (4. 15-11. 35)%) during the follow-up period (median (IQR) 8. 37 (5. 13-12. 56)%; p < 0. 05) (Figure 6C ). No significant correlation was noted between the percentage of classical monocytes (CD14 + CD16 -SLAN -) and laboratory parameters (WBC, lymphocytosis, LDH activity, hemoglobin concentration and β2-microglobulin concentration) in the serum of CLL patients (p > 0. 05). However, a positive correlation was observed between the percentage of intermediate monocytes and WBC (r = 0. 299; p < 0. 05) and lymphocytosis (r = 0. 291; p < 0. 05). There was also a positive correlation between the percentage of intermediate monocytes (CD14 + CD16 + SLAN -) and the percentage of CD5 + CD19 + CLL cells (r = 0. 318; p < 0. 05). A negative correlation was observed between the percentage of non-classical monocytes (CD14 dim CD16 + SLAN + ) and lymphocytosis (r = -0. 365; p < 0. 05), WBC (r = -0. 373; p < 0. 05) and the percentage of CD5 + CD19 + leukemic lymphocytes (r = -0. 304; p < 0. 05).
section_name: SLAN-Positive Monocyte Subpopulation Was Decreased in CLL Patients Who Require Therapy

section_content: A significantly lower percentage of non-classical monocytes was observed in CLL patients who required cytostatic treatment (median (IQR) 6. 49 (4. 15-11. 35)%) during the follow-up period (median (IQR) 8. 37 (5. 13-12. 56)%; p < 0. 05) (Figure 6C ).
section_name: SLAN-Positive Monocyte Subpopulation Was Decreased in CLL Patients Who Require Therapy

section_content: Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was used to calculate the most significant cut-off value of the non-classical monocytes (CD14 dim CD16 + SLAN + ) percentage that best distinguished ZAP-70-positive and ZAP-70-negative cases. Since ZAP-70 was previously proven to be one of the most powerful prognostic factors, it was used in ROC curve analysis. An area under the curve (AUC) was also estimated. The optimum CLL patients in stage 0 showed a higher percentage of inte (CD14 + CD16 + SLAN -) (median (IQR) 6. 54 (3. 87-8. 30)%) as compared stage I/II (median (IQR) 5. 12 (3. 29-8. 58)%) and III/IV (median (IQR) 4 the difference was not significant (Figure 3B ). 

CD14 dim CD16 + SLAN + monocytes differed significantly between ent risk groups. The percentage of non-classical monocytes decreas increased disease severity. Furthermore, in stage 0 according to Rai, th classical monocytes was significantly higher (11. 87 (8. 17-19. 41%)) th dian (IQR) 6. 77 (4. 46-11. 11)%) (p < 0. 01) or stage III/IV (median (IQR) < 0. 001) (Figure 3C ).
section_name: The Percentage of SLAN-Positive Monocyte Subpopulations and the Time-to-Treatment

section_content: A significantly higher percentage of classical monocytes was positive patients (Figure 4A ). Intermediate monocytes did not differ positive (median (IQR) 4. 76 (3. 45-7. 72)%) and ZAP-70-negative (med 8. 44)%) groups (Figure 4B ). A significantly higher percentage of non was noted in the ZAP-70-negative group (median (IQR) 9. 22 (6. 08-1 to the ZAP-70-positive group (median (IQR) 6. 25 (4. 23-9. 75)%; p < 0. 

No significant differences in the percentage of classical, interme cal monocytes between the groups of CD38-positive and CD38-negat served (Figure 4D-F ). 

represents the interquartile range (IQR).
section_name: SLAN-Positive Monocytes Are Less Numerous in CLL Patients with N Prognostic Factors

section_content: Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was used to calculate the most significant cut-off value of the non-classical monocytes (CD14 dim CD16 + SLAN + ) percentage that best distinguished ZAP-70-positive and ZAP-70-negative cases. Since ZAP-70 was previously proven to be one of the most powerful prognostic factors, it was used in ROC curve analysis. An area under the curve (AUC) was also estimated. The optimum threshold for the percentage of CD14 dim CD16 + SLAN + associated with ZAP-70 above 20% was 6. 37% (AUC, 0. 742; sensitivity, 87%; specificity, 55%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0. 627-0. 857; p < 0. 0001) (Figure 7A ). 

threshold for the percentage of CD14 dim CD16 + SLAN + associated with ZAP-70 above 20% was 6. 37% (AUC, 0. 742; sensitivity, 87%; specificity, 55%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0. 627-0. 857; p < 0. 0001) (Figure 7A ). The Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to assess the likelihood of the necessity to start cytostatic treatment (Figure 7B ). 

For the purposes of this study, the authors introduced the abbreviation nMo, which refers to a subpopulation of SLAN-positive non-classical monocytes (CD14 dim CD16 + SLAN + ). In the nMo high group (>6. 37%), 21. 62% of the patients required treatment during the follow-up period, while in the nMo low group (≤6. 37%), 44. 48% of patients required treatment (Table 1 ). 

There was a significant association between CD14 dim CD16 + SLAN + monocytes percentage above 6. 37% and longer TTT (hazard ratio (HR) = 3. 12; 95% CI, 1. 33-7. 34; p < 0. 01, median TTT: 39 months vs. 35 months in nMo low ) (Figure 7, Table 2 ). Univariate Cox analysis selected ZAP-70, CD38 and B2M disruption as risk factors for shorter TTT, and these three parameters went for multivariate analysis. However, in multivariate analysis, a shorter TTT was not significantly associated with the CD14 dim CD16 + SLAN + percentage (HR, 2. 26; 95% CI, 0. 98-5. 23; p = 0. 055) (Table 2 ). 

The characteristics of patients from the non-classical low and high groups are presented in Table 1. In the nMo high group, the percentage of CD19 + /CD5 + /ZAP-70 + was significantly lower than in the nMo low group (p < 0. 01). No significant differences were found in the percentage of CD19 + /CD5 + /CD38 + cells between nMo high and nMo low groups (Table 1 ). The analysis of laboratory parameters did not show any significant differences in platelets, hemoglobin levels, β2-microglobulin levels and serum LDH activity between the nMo high and nMo low groups. The nMo low group was characterized by significantly higher monocytosis compared to the nMo high group (p < 0. 05) (Table 1 ). The Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to assess the likelihood of the necessity to start cytostatic treatment (Figure 7B ). 

For the purposes of this study, the authors introduced the abbreviation nMo, which refers to a subpopulation of SLAN-positive non-classical monocytes (CD14 dim CD16 + SLAN + ). In the nMo high group (>6. 37%), 21. 62% of the patients required treatment during the followup period, while in the nMo low group (≤6. 37%), 44. 48% of patients required treatment (Table 1 ). There was a significant association between CD14 dim CD16 + SLAN + monocytes percentage above 6. 37% and longer TTT (hazard ratio (HR) = 3. 12; 95% CI, 1. 33-7. 34; p < 0. 01, median TTT: 39 months vs. 35 months in nMo low ) (Figure 7, Table 2 ). Univariate Cox analysis selected ZAP-70, CD38 and B2M disruption as risk factors for shorter TTT, and these three parameters went for multivariate analysis. However, in multivariate analysis, a shorter TTT was not significantly associated with the CD14 dim CD16 + SLAN + percentage (HR, 2. 26; 95% CI, 0. 98-5. 23; p = 0. 055) (Table 2 ). The characteristics of patients from the non-classical low and high groups are presented in Table 1. In the nMo high group, the percentage of CD19 + /CD5 + /ZAP-70 + was significantly lower than in the nMo low group (p < 0. 01). No significant differences were found in the percentage of CD19 + /CD5 + /CD38 + cells between nMo high and nMo low groups (Table 1 ). The analysis of laboratory parameters did not show any significant differences in platelets, hemoglobin levels, β2-microglobulin levels and serum LDH activity between the nMo high and nMo low groups. The nMo low group was characterized by significantly higher monocytosis compared to the nMo high group (p < 0. 05) (Table 1 ).
section_name: The Percentage of SLAN-Positive Monocyte Subpopulations and the Time-to-Treatment

section_content: In order to understand the functional activity of individual monocyte subpopulations, the ability of these cells to produce selected pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines was assessed immediately after blood sampling from CLL patients (ex vivo). Intracellular expression of IL-10, TNF and IL-12 were assessed. Intermediate monocytes were skewed towards IL-10 production while non-classical ones were skewed towards TNF and IL-12. (Figure 8 ). The highest percentage of TNF+ cells was observed among the non-classical monocytes (median (IQR) 5. 23 (2. 32-10. 51)%), while the lowest among the intermediate ones (median (IQR) 3. 36 (1. 62-7. 40)%; p < 0. 05). Additionally, the percentage of non-classical monocytes with intracellular expression of IL-12 (CD14 dim CD16 + SLAN + IL-12 + ) was significantly higher (median (IQR) 2. 63 (1. 13-8. 69)%) than that of intermediate monocytes (median (IQR) 1. 87 (0. 91-3. 96)%) and classical monocytes (median (IQR) 1. 04 (0. 36-3. 82)%; p < 0. 05) (Figure 8 ). TTT, time-to-treatment; β2M, β2 microglobulin; nMo, SLAN-positive non-classical monocytes; HR, hazard ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval. Only variables with p < 0. 05 in the univariate analysis were added to the multivariate analysis.
section_name: Intracellular Expression of Cytokines in SLAN-Positive and SLAN-Negative Monocytes

section_content: In order to understand the functional activity of individual monocyte subpopulations, the ability of these cells to produce selected pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines was assessed immediately after blood sampling from CLL patients (ex vivo). Intracellular expression of IL-10, TNF and IL-12 were assessed. Intermediate monocytes were skewed towards IL-10 production while non-classical ones were skewed towards TNF and IL-12. (Figure 8 ). The highest percentage of TNF+ cells was observed among the non-classical monocytes (median (IQR) 5. 23 (2. 32-10. 51)%), while the lowest among the intermediate ones (median (IQR) 3. 36 (1. 62-7. 40)%; p < 0. 05). Additionally, the percentage of non-classical monocytes with intracellular expression of IL-12 (CD14 dim CD16 + SLAN + IL-12 + ) was significantly higher (median (IQR) 2. 63 (1. 13-8. 69)%) than that of intermediate monocytes (median (IQR) 1. 87 (0. 91-3. 96)%) and classical monocytes (median (IQR) 1. 04 (0. 36-3. 82)%; p < 0. 05) (Figure 8 ).
section_name: Intracellular Expression of Cytokines in SLAN-Positive and SLAN-Negative Monocytes

section_content: Individual subpopulations of monocytes have not been the subject of in-depth studies in CLL patients so far. The present study showed that despite the dominance of classical monocytes in CLL patients, the percentage of CD16-positive (intermediate and non-classical) monocytes increased in the course of CLL. As a result, the percentage of both intermediate and non-classical monocytes was significantly higher in CLL patients compared to the control group. A significant increase in the percentage of non-classical monocytes (defined as CD14 + CD16 ++ cells) in CLL patients was also demonstrated before [14]. Nevertheless, Maffei et al. reported that the percentage of intermediate monocytes was higher in the group of healthy volunteers than in the group of CLL patients [14]. This discrepancy may be attributed to an updated method used in our study, namely with SLAN staining to quantify non-classical monocytes. Maffei et al. identified them only as CD14 low CD16 high cells [14]. Damasceno et al. showed that that the qualification of monocytes to a subpopulation of intermediate monocytes or non-classical monocytes on the basis of the SLAN expression significantly increases the percentage of intermediate monocytes (SLAN-) [15]. Contrary to the current study, Maffei et al. found no correlation between the percentage of individual subpopulations and the stages of CLL, the number of white blood cells or the expression of CD38 or ZAP-70 [14]. Neither did they observe a
section_name: Discussion

section_content: Individual subpopulations of monocytes have not been the subject of in-depth studies in CLL patients so far. The present study showed that despite the dominance of classical monocytes in CLL patients, the percentage of CD16-positive (intermediate and non-classical) monocytes increased in the course of CLL. As a result, the percentage of both intermediate and non-classical monocytes was significantly higher in CLL patients compared to the control group. A significant increase in the percentage of non-classical monocytes (defined as CD14 + CD16 ++ cells) in CLL patients was also demonstrated before [14]. Nevertheless, Maffei et al. reported that the percentage of intermediate monocytes was higher in the group of healthy volunteers than in the group of CLL patients [14]. This discrepancy may be attributed to an updated method used in our study, namely with SLAN staining to quantify non-classical monocytes. Maffei et al. identified them only as CD14 low CD16 high cells [14]. Damasceno et al. showed that that the qualification of monocytes to a subpopulation of intermediate monocytes or non-classical monocytes on the basis of the SLAN expression significantly increases the percentage of intermediate monocytes (SLAN-) [15]. Contrary to the current study, Maffei et al. found no correlation between the percentage of individual subpopulations and the stages of CLL, the number of white blood cells or the expression of CD38 or ZAP-70 [14]. Neither did they observe a relationship between the percentage of classical, intermediate or non-classical monocyte subpopulations and gene mutation status for IgVH. It should be noted, however, that Maf-fei et al. conducted their studies on a significantly smaller group of CLL patients (n = 26) than in the current study (n = 70) [14]. 

In this study, a negative correlation was found between the percentage of monocytes with the phenotype CD14 dim CD16 + SLAN + and lymphocytosis, WBC and the percentage of CD5 + CD19 + leukemic lymphocytes. It can be assumed that this subpopulation may be related to the pathogenesis of CLL. In addition, a significantly higher percentage of non-classical monocytes was observed in CLL patients who, until the end of the follow-up, remained free from disease progression and did not require any therapy. This suggests that a lower percentage of non-classical monocytes may be associated with a more aggressive course of CLL. 

It is still disputed whether different subsets of monocytes may express different cytokines [16] [17] [18]. In our study, the expression of TNF, IL-12 and IL-10 in intermediate, classical and non-classical monocytes was assessed using flow cytometry and RT-qPCR. Non-classical monocytes are the main producers of TNF and IL-12, which seems to confirm the reports of other authors in which it is claimed that SLAN-positive monocytes are pro-inflammatory by nature [17, 19, 20]. The anti-tumoral properties of SLAN-positive nonclassical monocytes suggest their involvement in NK cells' recruitment and inhibition of Tregs [21]. 

In contrast, intermediate monocytes seem to mainly produce anti-inflammatory IL-10 [21]. Similarly, Ahmad et al. found that circulating non-classical monocytes have the ability to produce TNF and IL-12 [19]. These observations are also consistent with the reports of Murkherjee et al. who performed cytometric analysis of IL-1β, TNF and IL-10 expression in classical, intermediate and non-classical monocytes in healthy individuals [17]. Nevertheless, both our own results as well as those of Murkherjee et al. differ significantly from the previous report by Cros et al. [16, 17]. According to Cros et al., IL-1β and TNF production in response to LPS stimulation is limited to CD14 + CD16 + double-positive monocytes [16]. However, it should be noted that Cros et al. used purified subpopulations of monocytes obtained from the peripheral blood of healthy people for their analysis [16]. However, in our study, intracellular cytokines were measured immediately after the collection of peripheral blood (ex vivo). 

Another interesting observation was the increased expression of IL-10 in intermediate monocytes. Those results are again in line with those obtained by Murkherjee et al. [17]. However, they differ from the results of Cros et al. and Wong et al. [16] [17] [18]. Both teams identified classical monocytes as the main producers of IL-10. In contrast, the CD14 + CD16 - and CD14 + CD16 + subpopulations showed a moderate synthesis of anti-inflammatory IL-10 [16, 18]. It should be noted that the assessment of whole blood (despite LPS stimulation) performed in the study by Murkherjee et al. is closer to physiological conditions (as opposed to the use of isolated cells) [17]. The discrepancy between our research and that presented by Murkherjee et al. and the analysis by Cros et al. and Wong et al. may also be due to the difference in the method used to measure cytokines [16] [17] [18]. Cros et al. and Wong et al. measured the secreted cytokines with ELISA [16, 18]. In this study and the study by Murkherjee et al., the expression of intracellular cytokines was assessed by flow cytometry and also confirmed by RT-qPCR [17]. One of the major limitations of in vitro assessment is the inability to properly mimic the conditions prevailing in vivo. It should also be noted that the intracellular expression of cytokines does not imply the ability to secrete them. In addition, most of the studies reported in the literature involved 18-h [16, 18] or 4-h [17] stimulations followed by cytokine analysis. Besides, Ahmad et al. found that SLAN-positive monocytes are particularly sensitive to flow cytometric sorting as they undergo apoptosis rapidly as a result [19]. 

We showed a significant difference in the percentage of intermediate and non-classical monocytes. The median percentage of non-classical monocytes was significantly higher than the percentage of intermediate monocytes. During acute inflammation such as sepsis, both CD16 + subpopulations increase equally with a concomitant decrease in the proportion of classical monocytes [17]. In contrast, in a chronic inflammatory response such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a subpopulation of non-classical monocytes becomes dominant over intermediate monocytes [17]. However, it is unclear whether the increase in the number of pro-inflammatory non-classical monocytes is a cause or a consequence of the disease. Indeed, an increase in intermediate monocytes may be a factor in differentiating acute and chronic inflammation [17]. 

In the current study, the percentage of CD14 dim CD16 + SLAN + monocytes producing TNF and IL-12 decreased with the stage of CLL and inversely correlated with the expression of the prognostic factors ZAP-70 and CD38. Moreover, it was found to be lower in patients requiring treatment. These observations may suggest that the decrease in the number of CD14 dim CD16 + SLAN + is related to the progression of CLL. It is worth noting the frequent coexistence of neoplasms and chronic inflammation, as well as the similar mechanisms of their development [22, 23].
section_name: Discussion

section_name: Materials and Methods

section_content: The study group consisted of 70 patients with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia diagnosed in the Department of Haematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, according to the criteria of the International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (IWCLL) [24]. The ages of the patients ranged from 37 to 85 years (median: 65). 

The study group included 44 males (63%) and 26 females (37%) (M:F-1. 69). Patients were divided into 3 groups based on the Rai classification [25, 26] : the low-risk group (stage 0 by Rai)-28 patients; the intermediate-risk group (stage I/II by Rai)-34 patients; and the high-risk group (stage III/IV according to Rai)-8 patients. 

The control group consisted of 35 healthy volunteers (20 men, 15 women). The ages of the donors ranged from 35 to 82 years (median: 58). 

Approximately 5 mL of peripheral blood was collected from CLL patients and control group subjects into EDTA-3K coated tubes (S-Monovette, SARSTEDT, Numbrecht, Germany). The peripheral blood sample was used for isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). 

The time of observation of CLL patients ranged from 0. 5 to 48 months (median: 38 months). During the follow-up period, 24 patients required therapy. Characteristics based on clinical and laboratory aspects of the group of assessed CLL patients are presented in Table 1.
section_name: Study and Control Groups

section_content: The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Bioethics Committee of the Medical University of Lublin (No. KE-0254/49/2016, date of approval: 25 February 2016; KE-0254/239/2017, date of approval: 28 September 2017). All patients gave written informed consent to participate in the research.
section_name: Ethical Approval

section_content: Peripheral blood samples, collected in EDTA-3K coated tubes, were used for mononuclear cells' separation by density gradient centrifugation on Gradisol L (Cat No. : 9003. 1, Aqua-Med, Łódź, Poland) for 20 min at 700× g at room temperature. A layer of PBMCs was harvested as the interphase between Gradisol L and the diluted plasma. Isolated PBMCs were washed twice in PBS, and then their numbers (in a Neubauer chamber) and viability were assessed. Viability below 95% disqualified PBMCs from further studies.
section_name: Isolation of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC)

section_content: BD Horizon Fixable Viability Stain 510 (FVS510) (Cat No. : 564406; BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) was used in order to distinguish dead cells, based on multicolor flow cytometry. Suspensions of cells with a density of 1 × 10 6 cells were incubated for 15 min at room temperature in the darkness. As the next step, cells were washed twice (Stain Buffer; Cat No. : 554657, BD Biosciences) and stained with monoclonal antibodies.
section_name: Flow Cytometry Analysis of Cell Viability

section_content: After labeling cells viability dye (as described in point 4. 4), 1 × 10 6 PBMCs were incubated with monoclonal antibodies: Mouse Anti-Human CD14 V450 (clone: MϕP9, Cat No. : 560349, BD Biosciences) and Mouse Anti-Human CD16 FITC (clone 3G8, Cat No. : 555406, BD Biosciences). Prepared cells were incubated for 10 min at room temperature, after which the incubation with Mouse Anti-Human SLAN APC (M-DC8) (clone: DD-1; Cat No. : 130-119-865, Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, NRW, Germany) was continued at 2-8 • C for another 10 min. Then, cells were washed 2 times with PBS (5 min; 700× g) and subjected to cytometric analysis using a FACSCanto II flow cytometer with FACSDiva Software (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). Kaluza 2. 1. 1 (Beckman Coulter, Miami, FL, USA) was used to analyze and graphically present the collected data.
section_name: Flow Cytometry Analysis of Subpopulations of Monocytes

section_content: Monocyte subpopulations, after staining with the anti-CD14, anti-CD16 and anti-SLAN antibodies, were sorted using BD FACSAria II (BD Biosciences). Anti-CD14 PE (clone MϕP9, Cat No. 345785, BD Biosciences) and anti-CD16 FITC (clone 3G8, Cat No. 555406, BD Biosciences) and anti-SLAN APC (M-DC8) (clone DD-1, Cat No. 130-119-865, Miltenyi Biotec) monoclonal antibodies were used to identify individual subpopulations. CD14 + CD16 -SLAN -, CD14 + CD16 + SLAN -and CD14 dim CD16 + SLAN + subpopulations were collected with a purity above 95%. The purity of each sort was assessed shortly afterwards. RNA was isolated from classical, intermediate and nonclassical monocytes cleared in the sorting process. Total RNA was isolated using the QIAamp RNA Blood Mini Kit (Cat No. : 52304; Qiagen, Inc., Valencia, CA, USA).
section_name: SLAN-Positive and SLAN-Negative Monocytes Sorting for RT-qPCR

section_content: Sorted CD14 + CD16 -SLAN, CD14 + CD16 + SLAN -and CD14 dim CD16 + SLAN + monocytes were analyzed for TNF, IL-12 and IL-10 mRNA expression in 20 randomly selected CLL patients' samples. The Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) method was performed as previously described [27]. All molecular tests were based on TaqMan Gene Expression Assays (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Applied Biosystems, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) using the following assays: Hs00174128_m1 probe for TNFalpha, Hs01073447_m1 probe for IL-12A and Hs00961622_m1 probe for IL10. TaqMan Gene Expression Master Mix (Cat No. : 4369016) was used for all reactions. In this study, β-actin (Human ACTB (Beta Actin) Endogenous Control, Cat No. : 4310881E, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Applied Biosystems, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) was used for normalization. Data are presented as 2 -∆Cq.
section_name: RT-qPCR for TNF, IL-12 and IL-10

section_content: The statistical analysis was carried out using Statistica 13. 0 software (StatSoft, Cracow, Poland). The GraphPad software version 5. 0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA) was used for the graphic presentation of the obtained results. For data description, the median and interquartile range (IQR: 25% percentile and 75% percentile) were used. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare two independent groups, Wilcoxon's pairwise test was used to compare related variables within groups, and Spearman's rank correlation test was used to assess the dependence between the variables. The ROC (Receiver Operating Curve) graphs were used to determine the optimal cut-off points that could be a prognostic factor for the time-to-treatment-initiation. The Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to assess the probability of the need to start cytostatic treatment. The log-rank test was used to assess the difference in time from disease diagnosis to time-to-treatment (TTT) between groups. Cox regression analysis was constructed to determine the hazard ratio (HR). The level of significance was set at p-value ≤ 0. 05.
section_name: Statistical Analysis

section_name: Conclusions

section_content: In conclusion, this paper presents the characteristics of individual subpopulations of monocytes and their relation to the clinical course of CLL. Our results indicate that the SLAN-negative population of monocytes has anti-inflammatory characteristics, while the SLAN-positive population has anti-tumor characteristics in the CLL microenvironment.
section_name: Conclusions

section_name: Data Availability Statement:

section_content: The data presented in this study are available within the article. Other data that support the findings of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.
section_name: Data Availability Statement:

section_name: Conflicts of Interest:

section_content: Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

section_content: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
section_name: Conflicts of Interest: