Gap junction beta-3 protein (Cx31) (Connexin31)
Type: Family

The connexins are a family of integral membrane proteins that oligomerise to form intercellular channels that are clustered at gap junctions. These channels are specialised sites of cell-cell contact that allow the passage of ions, intracellular metabolites and messenger molecules (with molecular weight less than 1-2kDa) from the cytoplasm of one cell to its opposing neighbours. They are found in almost all vertebrate cell types, and somewhat similar proteins have been cloned from plant species. Invertebrates utilise a different family of molecules, innexins, that share a similar predicted secondary structure to the vertebrate connexins, but have no sequence identity to them .

Vertebrate gap junction channels are thought to participate in diverse biological functions. For instance, in the heart they permit the rapid cell-cell transfer of action potentials, ensuring coordinated contraction of the cardiomyocytes. They are also responsible for neurotransmission at specialised 'electrical' synapses. In non-excitable tissues, such as the liver, they may allow metabolic cooperation between cells. In the brain, glial cells are extensively-coupled by gap junctions; this allows waves of intracellular Ca
2+
to propagate through nervous tissue, and may contribute to their ability to spatially-buffer local changes in extracellular K
+
concentration .

The connexin protein family is encoded by at least 13 genes in rodents, with many homologues cloned from other species. They show overlapping tissue expression patterns, most tissues expressing more than one connexin type. Their conductances, permeability to different molecules, phosphorylation and voltage-dependence of their gating, have been found to vary. Possible communication diversity is increased further by the fact that gap junctions may be formed by the association of different connexin isoforms from apposing cells. However, in vitro studies have shown that not all possible combinations of connexins produce active channels .

Hydropathy analysis predicts that all cloned connexins share a common transmembrane (TM) topology. Each connexin is thought to contain 4 TM domains, with two extracellular and three cytoplasmic regions. This model has been validated for several of the family members by
in vitro
biochemical analysis. Both N-and C-termini are thought to face the cytoplasm, and the third TM domain has an amphipathic character, suggesting that it contributes to the lining of the formed-channel. Amino acid sequence identity between the isoforms is ~50-80%, with the TM domains being well conserved. Both extracellular loops contain characteristically conserved cysteine residues, which likely form intramolecular disulphide bonds. By contrast, the single putative intracellular loop (between TM domains 2 and 3) and the cytoplasmic C terminus are highly variable among the family members. Six connexins are thought to associate to form a hemi-channel, or connexon. Two connexins then interact (likely via the extracellular loops of their connexins) to form the complete gap junction channel.

NH2-*** *** *************-COOH
** ** ** **
** ** ** ** Cytoplasmic
---**----**-----**----**----------------
** ** ** ** Membrane
** ** ** **
---**----**-----**----**----------------
** ** ** ** Extracellular
** ** ** **
** **

Two sets of nomenclature have been used to identify the connexins. The first, and most commonly used, classifies the connexin molecules according to molecular weight, such as connexin43 (abbreviated to Cx43), indicating a connexin of molecular weight close to 43kDa. However, studies have revealed cases where clear functional homologues exist across species that have quite different molecular masses; therefore, an alternative nomenclature was proposed based on evolutionary considerations, which divides the family into two major subclasses, alpha and beta, each with a number of members . Due to their ubiquity and overlapping tissue distributions, it has proved difficult to elucidate the functions of individual connexin isoforms. To circumvent this problem, particular connexin-encoding genes have been subjected to targeted-disruption in mice, and the phenotype of the resulting animals investigated. Around half the connexin isoforms have been investigated in this manner . Further insight into the functional roles of connexins has come from the discovery that a number of human diseases are caused by mutations in connexin genes. For instance, mutations in Cx32 give rise to a form of inherited peripheral neuropathy called X-linked dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease . Similarly, mutations in Cx26 are responsible for both autosomal recessive and dominant forms of nonsyndromic deafness, a disorder characterised by hearing loss, with no apparent effects on other organ systems.

Gap junction beta-3 protein (also called connexin31, or Cx31) is a connexin of 270 amino acid residues, and belongs to a family that also includes Cx26, Cx31.1 and Cx32. At the mRNA level, it has been found to be expressed in the skin, ear, placenta and eye. Mutations in Cx31 have been found to be responsible for two quite different inherited human diseases: erythro-keratomdermia variablis and autosomal dominant hearing impairment. The former is a hereditary skin disease characterised by transient figurate red patches of skin and hyperkeratosis. In the Cx31 molecule of these patients, either a conserved glycine has been substituted by a charged residue, or a cysteine has been changed to a to serine residue . In the latter, mutations in Cx31 result in high-frequency hearing impairment, making it the second connexin molecule (together with Cx26) in which mutations have been found to be responsible for an inherited hearing disorder.