{"text": "急性胰腺炎@有研究显示，进行早期 ERCP （24 小时内）可以降低梗阻性胆总管结石患者的并发症发生率和死亡率； 但是，对于无胆总管梗阻的胆汁性急性胰腺炎患者，不需要进行早期 ERCP。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ERCP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断】 根据疾病诊断和统计手册第4版标准，焦虑情绪持续6个月以上，并至少下述4项症状： 1.担忧将来的意外事件； 2.担忧自己的能力； 3.担忧过去的行为； 4.躯体不适症状； 5.自我意识（对主体的自我认识）； 6.不断需要得到他人的确认； 7.持续紧张和（或）不能放松； 广泛性焦虑症影响社会交往，与分离性焦虑症比较，更多伴有其他焦虑症，如惊恐发作或单纯性恐怖症。 （二）社交性焦虑 尽管两种疾病均害怕在公众场合下说话，但广泛性焦虑也害怕对过去和将来情形的焦虑。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "广泛性焦虑症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "社交性焦虑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "广泛性焦虑症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "分离性焦虑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "骨性关节炎@在其他关节（如踝关节和腕关节），骨性关节炎比较少见，并且一般有潜在的病因（如结晶性关节病、创伤）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "踝关节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腕关节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结晶性关节病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "创伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "胆囊炎@如果胆囊穿孔，死亡率为 30%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "死亡率", "subject": "胆囊穿孔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "30%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "乙型肝炎@## 患者指导 HBsAg阳性的人性交时如果对方未接种疫苗或无自然免疫应采取防护，不应与他人共用牙刷或剃须刀，应遮盖开放的割伤和擦伤，使用漂白剂或洗涤剂清洁溢出血液，不献血、不捐献器官或精液。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不献血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不捐献器官或精液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@ 现有的抗心绞痛药物 * 抗心绞痛药物的主要目标是减少心绞痛症状，改善生活质量。稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@ * β受体阻滞剂是一线用药，尤其是对于既往有心肌梗死或左心功能不全史的患者，因为β受体阻滞剂可降低这些患者未来心肌梗死或死亡的风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "β受体阻滞剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@引起 ICU 中感染性心内膜炎的最常见病原体是葡萄球菌，其次是链球菌。感染性心内膜炎@ICU 中感染性心内膜炎的另外一个专有特点是真菌性感染性心内膜炎的发生率增高，因此，如果出现对抗生素治疗无反应的情况时，应考虑真菌性感染性心内膜炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "链球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@ * 所有年龄超过 21 岁、LDL 大于或等于 190 的患者都应当接受高强度他汀类药物治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高强度他汀类药物治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "营养性巨幼细胞性贫血（nutritional megaloblastic anemia)是由于维生素B12和（或）叶酸缺乏所致的一种大细胞性贫血。 维生素B12和叶酸治疗 有神经精神症状者,应以维生素Bl2治疗为主,如单用叶酸反而有加重症状的可能。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "营养性巨幼细胞性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素B12"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "营养性巨幼细胞性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "叶酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "营养性巨幼细胞性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "nutritional megaloblastic anemia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "营养性巨幼细胞性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素B12和（或）叶酸缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "原发性高血压@ 因此，适量的咖啡因摄入量是可以接受的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "原发性高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "适量的咖啡因摄入量"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@肥胖与缺乏活动也导致高血压增多。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肥胖", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "口咽癌@### 定义 口咽癌绝大多数是鳞状细胞癌（90%），出现在口咽部的以下亚区：舌根，软腭，腭扁桃体窝和腭弓，咽外侧壁及咽后壁。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "舌根"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "软腭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腭扁桃体窝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腭弓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽外侧壁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽后壁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "【病因和发病机制】 （一）急性 TIN 在小儿由全身性感染和药物引起者为主。前者如细菌、钩端螺旋体、分枝杆菌、CMV病毒、Hanta病毒以及多瘤病毒等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性 TIN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性 TIN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钩端螺旋体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性 TIN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "分枝杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性 TIN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CMV病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性 TIN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Hanta病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性 TIN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多瘤病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性 TIN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身性感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性 TIN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 尤因肉瘤的治疗通常采用联合治疗的方法。过去，放射治疗应用较多，原因是高度增长扩大的尤文肿瘤，对于放射线有着较为敏感的反应，甚至有时简单的X线摄片都会引起肿瘤生长的暂时性停顿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "尤因肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放射治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "治疗后症状", "subject": "尤因肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肿瘤生长的暂时性停顿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "尤因肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "X线摄片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "失眠症@对于那些维持睡眠困难的患者，适合已知能够减少入睡后觉醒的安眠药，包括半衰期较长的安眠药以及延长药物作用时间的制剂。失眠症@这些药物包括唑吡坦（缓释剂）和艾司佐匹克隆。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "唑吡坦（缓释剂）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "艾司佐匹克隆"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "半衰期较长的安眠药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@### 恶心和呕吐 非特异性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "小婴儿有时仅表现为激惹、睡眠规律紊乱和喂养困难。 根据病理组织学和病情发展，肝功能衰竭可以分为急性肝衰竭（acute hepatic failure，AHF）、亚急性肝衰竭（subacute hepatic failure，SHF）、慢加急性肝衰竭（acute-on-chronic hepatic failure，ACHF）和慢性肝衰竭（chronic hepatic failure，CHF）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝功能衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "激惹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝功能衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睡眠规律紊乱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝功能衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喂养困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肝功能衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢加急性肝衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肝功能衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "亚急性肝衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肝功能衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性肝衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急性肝衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "acute hepatic failure"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急性肝衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "AHF"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "亚急性肝衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "subacute hepatic failure"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "亚急性肝衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "SHF"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "慢加急性肝衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "acute-on-chronic hepatic failure"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "慢加急性肝衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ACHF"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "慢性肝衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "chronic hepatic failure"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "慢性肝衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CHF"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肝功能衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性肝衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "骶髂关节炎是明确诊断JAS的关键条件。若有肋椎关节病变会使胸部扩张度减小。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "JAS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部扩张度减小"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "膀胱癌@[ 肾细胞癌 ](/topics/zh-cn/261) ### 肾尿路上皮癌 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 肾盂和输尿管移行细胞癌的病因和症状与膀胱移行上皮细胞癌类似：血尿和少见得多的排尿困难。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "膀胱癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾尿路上皮癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "消化性溃疡病@常见的临床表现有消化不良，集中于上腹的慢性的、周期性的疼痛或不适。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "消化性溃疡病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "（三）右肺静脉与下腔静脉 相连所有右肺静脉（偶可为右肺中、下叶的肺静脉）汇入下腔静脉，此类型不多见。因在胸片上右肺下野见一特征性新月形阴影，故又可称“弯刀综合征”。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "右肺静脉与下腔静脉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新月形阴影"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠胆汁淤积@[HELLP 综合征] ### 急性妊娠期脂肪肝 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 患者感觉不适，常见表现为全身乏力、恶心，很多具有先兆子痫、凝血功能异常和肾脏损伤的典型症状。妊娠胆汁淤积@肝脏活检见脂肪浸润，但一般诊断过程中极少进行活检。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脏活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HELLP 综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身乏力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先兆子痫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "凝血功能异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾脏损伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@## 鉴别诊断 ### 查看全部  ### 急性淋巴细胞白血病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 临床上不能与 AML 鉴别。 急性髓性白血病@检查 骨髓活检、外周血涂片、免疫表型和免疫化学可能有助于确定诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外周血涂片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫表型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫化学"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性淋巴细胞白血病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "曲恩汀也是一种络合剂，可促进铜的排出，有时可作为伴有神经系统症状的WD患者的一线药物，对各型患者均有效，一般剂量为40～50mg/（kg•d）。 其他排铜药物：二巯基丙醇（因副作用大已少用）、二巯基丁二酸钠、二巯基丁二酸胶囊以及二巯基丙磺酸钠等重金属离子鳌合剂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "WD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "二巯基丙醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "WD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "二巯基丁二酸钠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "WD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "二巯基丁二酸胶囊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "WD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "二巯基丙磺酸钠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【实验室检查】 1.染色体核型分析 临床确诊TS的关键检测手段，用外周血淋巴细胞培养技术进行核型分析，先天性卵巢发育不全综合征的异常核型有以下类型： （1）单体型，45，X是最多见的一种，约占60%。 2.内分泌激素检查 垂体促性腺激素黄体生成激素（LH）及促卵泡生长激素（FSH）明显升高，E2降低，提示卵巢功能衰竭。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "TS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内分泌激素检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "TS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "E2降低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "TS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "染色体核型分析"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "前列腺癌@凯格尔运动可以有效的加强盆腔底部肌肉。前列腺癌@ ### 放疗导致的尿急症状 | 短期 | 中 由膀胱内壁刺激引起。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿急"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "免疫学分型:应用单克隆抗体检测淋巴细胞表面抗原标记,一般可将急性淋巴细胞白血病分为T、B两大系列。 B系急性淋巴细胞白血病（B-ALL):约占小儿ALL的80% ~ 90%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "B系急性淋巴细胞白血病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "B系急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "B-ALL"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【实验室检査】 1.生长激素刺激试验 生长激素缺乏症的诊断依靠GH水平的测定。 胰岛素样生长因子（IGF-1)和IGFBP-3的测定 IGF-1主要以蛋白结合的形式（IGFBPs)存在于血液循环中，其中以IGFBP-3为主(95%以上）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "生长激素缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰岛素样生长因子"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "生长激素缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生长激素刺激试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "胰岛素样生长因子", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "IGF-1"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "缺血性卒中@一些专门的卒中治疗中心使用MRI取代CT作为初始的首选影像学检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@### 局灶性神经功能障碍 包括失语、偏盲、偏瘫、共济失调、腱反射减弱、巴彬斯基征、颅神经功能缺陷（可见于 HHV-6，结核病、梅毒、布氏菌病、急性播散性脑脊髓炎、西尼罗河病毒、圣路易斯脑炎病毒、水痘带状疱疹病毒、乙型疱疹病毒、狂犬病）；震颤（虫媒病毒）；肌阵挛（亚急性硬化性全脑炎）；感觉异常（科罗拉多蜱热、狂犬病）；全身虚弱（西尼罗河病毒、狂犬病）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "局灶性神经功能障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "失语"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "偏盲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "偏瘫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "共济失调"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腱反射减弱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "巴彬斯基征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅神经功能缺陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "结核病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅神经功能缺陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "布氏菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅神经功能缺陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性播散性脑脊髓炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅神经功能缺陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅神经功能缺陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌阵挛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感觉异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身虚弱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "亚急性硬化性全脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌阵挛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感觉异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身虚弱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "骨性关节炎@比如，膝关节骨性关节炎，膝内翻和膝外翻与关节结构变质的风险相关。 骨性关节炎@这些会进一步使关节局部环境恶化，并使其更倾向于受到外部创伤和力学负荷，从而导致一个恶性循环最终使关节功能失效。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "膝内翻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "人蛔虫病是世界上流行最广的人类蠕虫病,据世界卫生组织（WHO)估计全球有13亿患者，儿童，特别是学龄前儿童感染率高。轻者无任何症状，大量蛔虫感染可引起食欲缺乏或多食易饥，异食癖;常腹痛，位于脐周， 喜按揉，不剧烈;部分患者烦躁易惊或萎靡、磨牙;虫体的异种蛋白可引起荨麻疹、哮喘等过敏症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "人蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "人蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多食易饥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "人蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "异食癖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "人蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烦躁易惊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "人蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "萎靡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "人蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "荨麻疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "人蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "哮喘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "人蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童，特别是学龄前儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "人蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "人蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "学龄前儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "垂体功能减退@### 下丘脑疾病 与直接影响垂体的疾病不同，下丘脑疾病还能减少血管加压素的分泌，引起尿崩症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "下丘脑疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿崩症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下丘脑疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "类癌综合征@### 罕见 查看全部   ### 喘息 相对于中肠类癌更常发生于支气管类癌的患者中。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中肠类癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喘息"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管类癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喘息"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@### 呼吸困难 许多患者出现了呼吸困难。急性髓性白血病@由骨髓浸润、贫血或全身炎性细胞因子相关性作用所致。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨髓浸润"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "B族链球菌感染@脓毒症 * 一线疗法：青霉素或氨苄西林。B族链球菌感染@ * 青霉素过敏患者：二代或三代头孢菌素（可能适用，具体取决于过敏反应类型）或者万古霉素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脓毒症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "二代或三代头孢菌素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脓毒症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "万古霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脓毒症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脓毒症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氨苄西林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "狂犬病@可能有蝙蝠咬伤或接触史。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "蝙蝠咬伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "患者常由于吮吸乏力、气道不畅或容易疲劳导致营养不良和生长障碍。 脊柱侧弯是SMA最为严重的骨骼畸形，不能行走的患者会更早地发展为脊柱畸形，大部分的畸形位于胸腰部。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "SMA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吮吸乏力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "SMA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气道不畅"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "SMA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "容易疲劳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "SMA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "营养不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "SMA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生长障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "SMA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脊柱侧弯"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "SMA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脊柱畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "骨骼畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脊柱畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "脊柱畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸腰部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "SMA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨骼畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（四）其他的冠状动脉异常 单支冠状动脉 ：除了如发生冠状动脉粥样化出现相应症状外，这些患儿偶可猝死，这常发生在单支血管走行于主肺动脉间。可有心肌缺血症状或猝死。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "单支冠状动脉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌缺血症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "其他的冠状动脉异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单支冠状动脉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "单支冠状动脉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冠状动脉粥样化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "单支冠状动脉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "猝死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "食管癌@ ### 吞咽困难 吞咽困难是食管癌最常见的症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "食管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吞咽困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "胃癌@## 鉴别诊断 ### 查看全部  ### 消化性溃疡病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 消化道出血、消瘦、饱腹感、腹部可触及肿块或肿大淋巴结、黄疸、进行性吞咽困难、反复呕吐、癌症家族史或者>55岁出现症状增加了癌症发生的可能性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "消化性溃疡病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化道出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "（一）早期处理 小面积烧烫伤，治疗重点在创面本身。处理时应注意保护创面，保持呼吸道通畅，并迅速建立静脉输液通道，使用镇静和止痛药物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "烧烫伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "保护创面"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "烧烫伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "保持呼吸道通畅"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "烧烫伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "镇静和止痛药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "（二）对症治疗 有荨麻疹或血管神经性水肿时，应用抗组胺药物和钙剂；腹痛时应用解痉剂，消化道出血时应禁食，可静脉注射西咪替丁20～40mg/（kg•d），必要时输血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "荨麻疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗组胺药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "血管神经性水肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钙剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "腹痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "解痉剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "禁食"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "西咪替丁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "输血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "真菌性脑膜炎@检查 特异性血清学检查（ _伯氏疏螺旋体菌_ 、 _布鲁氏菌_ 、 _钩端螺旋体_ 、 _梅毒螺旋体_ ）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "特异性血清学检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "垂体功能减退@低剂量辐射后会发生单纯生长激素缺乏，而高剂量辐射后会发生全垂体功能减退。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高剂量辐射"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "单纯生长激素缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低剂量辐射"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "癫痫持续状态@咪达唑仑是最佳首选药物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咪达唑仑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "登革热@结果 升高 ### 血清白蛋白水平 检查 结果 检查 在资源匮乏地区和富足地区，对有症状患者均应早期检测。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清白蛋白水平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "前列腺癌@ 前列腺癌是起源于前列腺腺细胞的恶性肿瘤，因此95％为腺癌。 前列腺癌@结果 2个不同的样品中发现异常细胞（Gleason评分2~10） ### 需要考虑的检查 ### 查看全部   ### 骨扫描 检查 结果 检查 考虑到早期疾病患者发生骨转移的风险较低，因此很少使用骨扫描，除非PSA是>20微克/升（20ng/mL）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "第三节 室间隔缺损 室间隔缺损（ventricular septal defect，VSD）是最常见的先天性心血管畸形，可占先心病人的20%。 有中至大型左向右分流，产生心力衰竭的婴儿，当可能出现缺损部分或完全自然关闭时，也可最初以药物治疗：①利尿剂降低心脏负荷和体循环静脉的充血状况。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "室间隔缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "利尿剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "室间隔缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ventricular septal defect"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "室间隔缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "VSD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "室间隔缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性心血管畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "三尖瓣闭锁@ 【辅助检查】 （一）胸部 X线 肺血流量少者，肺野肺血减少，肺动脉干凹陷，心胸比值正常或轻度增大，右房缘凸出明显。 三尖瓣闭锁@ （二）心电图 该病心电图特点是：QRS额面电轴偏左上，右心房肥大，右心室电势减小或消失（图9-9）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "三尖瓣闭锁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "三尖瓣闭锁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部 X线"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "三尖瓣闭锁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺野肺血减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "三尖瓣闭锁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺动脉干凹陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "三尖瓣闭锁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "右房缘凸出明显"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【定义】 新生儿全血血清葡萄糖>7. 0mmol/L(125mg/dl),或血清葡萄糖水平>8. 40mmol/L(150mg/dl)为新生儿高血糖（neonatal hyperglycemia)的诊断标准。轻度、短暂(24 -48小时）高血糖可通过减慢葡萄糖输注速率纠正;治疗原发病、纠正脱水及电解质紊乱。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "新生儿高血糖", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "治疗原发病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "新生儿高血糖", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "纠正脱水及电解质紊乱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "新生儿高血糖", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "neonatal hyperglycemia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "感觉障碍包括麻木感、蚁行感、针刺感，以及烧灼感。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "感觉障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "麻木感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "感觉障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "蚁行感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "感觉障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "针刺感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "感觉障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烧灼感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "颅内肿瘤引起继发性尿崩症，除尿崩症外可有颅压增高表现，如头痛、呕吐及视力障碍等。 【实验室检查】 1.尿液检查 尿量多，尿色清淡无气味、尿比重低，一般为1. 001～1. 005（约50～200mmol/L），而尿常规、尿蛋白、尿糖及其他均为阴性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿液检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视力障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "垂体功能减退@内分泌替代疗法旨在避免过度治疗的同时尽可能模仿正常激素环境，从而改善症状。垂体功能减退@例如，用皮质类固醇而不是促肾上腺皮质激素替代。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮质类固醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内分泌替代疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "心力衰竭@ 【辅助检查】 （一）胸部 X线摄片 胸部X线片检查均表现为心影扩大，限制性心肌病和缩窄性心包炎例外。 心力衰竭@ （三）实验室检查 由于肺静脉严重淤血，血气分析示动脉氧分压降低和呼吸性酸中毒。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "心力衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "实验室检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "心力衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部 X线摄片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "带菌妇女所分娩的婴儿约有1%～2%发生早发GBS感染。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "早发GBS感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1%～2%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "白内障@## 案例 ### 案例 #1 一位 65 岁男性患者主诉总体视力下降，且夜间对于迎面而来的车灯产生眩光，导致难以驾驶。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "总体视力下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "磨牙症@他在清醒和睡眠时均意识到自己有磨牙习惯。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "磨牙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "普通感冒@[ Otitis media ](/topics/zh-cn/39) ### 哮喘急性发作 | 短期 | 低 气短、喘鸣、咳嗽和胸闷等症状进行性加重。 普通感冒@给予支气管扩张剂和皮质类固醇以减轻气流阻塞。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "哮喘急性发作", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管扩张剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "哮喘急性发作", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮质类固醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "哮喘急性发作"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "哮喘急性发作", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气短"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "哮喘急性发作", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喘鸣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "哮喘急性发作", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "哮喘急性发作", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸闷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 （一）皮肤 几乎每个MCTD患者都有皮肤受累。 （四）肺 呼吸困难，肺弥散功能降低，少数伴胸膜炎，非间质纤维化，肺动脉高压。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "MCTD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "MCTD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺弥散功能降低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "MCTD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "少数伴胸膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "MCTD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺动脉高压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "MCTD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非间质纤维化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "喉癌@ 声带发育不良可能也与喉癌发生有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "声带发育不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "如隐血试验阳性则提示肉芽肿性结肠炎或溃疡性结肠炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "肉芽肿性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "隐血试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "隐血试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "疟疾感染@在恢复期，血清学抗体滴度较急性升高，但在疾病早期无帮助 [ 流感 ](/topics/zh-cn/6) ### 伤寒（伤寒菌感染） 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 在印度最常见。疟疾感染@常伴腹痛和头痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "伤寒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "伤寒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "伤寒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "印度"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "伤寒菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "印度"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "多发性骨髓瘤@### 其他表现 骨痛和贫血症状仍是最常见的特征，影响 80% 的患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "（三）化疗 目前，对肾母细胞瘤疗效最佳，可显著控制局部复发和转移的药物为放线菌素D、长春新碱和阿霉素等。 2.长春新碱（VCR）术后当日开始，每周静脉注射1. 5mg/m2。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肾母细胞瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "长春新碱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "长春新碱", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "VCR"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 药物性肾损害可表现为各种临床综合征，与药物种类、损害机制、使用时间及机体状况有关。 （七）梗阻性肾损害 主要由大量磺胺结晶阻塞肾小管引起，肿瘤化疗药物也可引起尿酸结晶阻塞肾小管。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "药物性肾损害", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "梗阻性肾损害"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "梗阻性肾损害", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿酸结晶阻塞肾小管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "类癌综合征@## 鉴别诊断 ### 查看全部  ### 肠易激综合征 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 常表现为慢性间歇性腹泻。 类癌综合征@检查 尿 5-羟吲哚乙酸 (5-HIAA) 和嗜铬粒蛋白 A 是正常的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "肠易激综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿 5-羟吲哚乙酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "肠易激综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜铬粒蛋白 A"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "尿 5-羟吲哚乙酸", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "5-HIAA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠易激综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠易激综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性间歇性腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "痛风@该病通常应用水合作用治疗，使用别嘌呤醇预防。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "别嘌呤醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "转移性乳腺癌@[ Pleural effusion ](/topics/zh-cn/287) ### 体重减轻 | 存在差异 | 中 全身性疾病的表现。 转移性乳腺癌@常与食欲减退有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "体重减轻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲减退"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重减轻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "类风湿关节炎@开始DMARD治疗前需检查乙型肝炎及丙型肝炎、纯化蛋白衍生物（PPD）、全血细胞计数和肝功能。类风湿关节炎@在起始治疗的每4-8周应进行FBC和LFT的实验室监测。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "FBC和LFT的实验室监测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全血细胞计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝功能"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "DMARD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "纯化蛋白衍生物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PPD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乙型肝炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "丙型肝炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠期高血压@[子痫前期] ### 子痫 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 子痫是产前，产时或产后，在子痫前期的基础上出现癫痫发作和痉挛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "子痫前期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "子痫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "子痫前期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "子痫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "子痫前期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癫痫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "子痫前期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "痉挛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "消化性溃疡病@如果患者有报警症状，则需要在治疗前行内镜检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "消化性溃疡病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@ 应在咨询血液学专家后进行血浆置换。脑炎@通常隔日进行 4-5 次血浆置换。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血浆置换"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "肠套叠（intussusception)系指部分肠管及其肠系膜套人邻近肠腔所致的一种肠梗阻，是婴幼儿时期常见的急腹症之一。80%的患儿年龄在2岁以内，男孩发病率多于女孩，约为3:1 ~2:1。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "2岁以内"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男孩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "intussusception"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "子宫内膜癌@ ### 复发或不可治愈肿瘤 多数在两年内复发 提示肿瘤复发的症状和体征包括：阴道出血、腹痛或盆腔疼痛、持续咳嗽、不能解释的体重减轻以及新发的神经系统症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阴道出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "盆腔疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "持续咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不能解释的体重减轻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "麻风病@## 鉴别诊断 ### 查看全部  ### 银屑病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 症状为皮肤泛发的鳞屑性斑块，尤其是在关节伸侧。麻风病@可能累及指甲且出现关节炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "银屑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "银屑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "指甲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "银屑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤泛发的鳞屑性斑块"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "银屑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "银屑病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@对于胆汁性急性胰腺炎患者，不常规使用 ERCP，但对于有胆管炎或者在给予最大支持治疗后的最初 48 小时内病情加重的胆汁性急性胰腺炎患者，应在病程早期实施该检查，因为这些患者可能有胆总管结石嵌塞。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ERCP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "第七节 主动脉弓异常 主动脉弓异常（abnormalities of the aortic arch）指主动脉弓及其分支发育异常。 图9-21 正常大动脉发育 一、血管环 血管环（vascular ring）最常见类型是主动脉双弓及右位主动脉弓伴迷走左锁骨下动脉及左侧动脉导管或动脉韧带，多为单独畸形，占先天性心脏病1%以下。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "主动脉弓异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血管环"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "美国1971年调查，学龄儿童中现患率为5%～10%；而用DSM-IV诊断标准在学龄儿童中公认的现患率为3%～5%。我国对注意缺陷多动障碍流行病学调查地区很广，次数很多，所得的现患率差异也很大，约为3%～10%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "注意缺陷多动障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "3%～5%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "注意缺陷多动障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "3%～10%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "营养性巨幼细胞性贫血（nutritional megaloblastic anemia)是由于维生素B12和（或）叶酸缺乏所致的一种大细胞性贫血。因使用抗叶酸代谢药物而致病者，可用亚叶酸钙（calc leucovorin)治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "营养性巨幼细胞性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "亚叶酸钙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "营养性巨幼细胞性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "nutritional megaloblastic anemia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "营养性巨幼细胞性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素B12和（或）叶酸缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "亚叶酸钙", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "calc leucovorin"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@遗传性胰腺炎的发病年龄高峰为10-14岁，青少年特发性慢性胰腺炎为19-23岁，酒精性慢性胰腺炎为36-44岁，而老年特发性慢性胰腺炎为56-62岁。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "酒精性慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "36-44岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "10-14岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "传染性单核细胞增多症（infectious mononucleosis,IM)是由 EB 病毒（Epstein-Barr virus,EBV)所致的急性感染性疾病,主要侵犯儿童和青少年,临床上以发热、咽喉痛、肝脾和淋巴结肿大、外周血中淋巴细胞增多并出现异型淋巴细胞等为特征。虽然也在妇女生殖道内发现EBV，但垂直传播问题尚有争议。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "传播途径", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "垂直传播"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "infectious mononucleosis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "IM"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "infectious mononucleosis", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "IM"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "由 EB 病毒（Epstein-Barr virus,EBV)所致"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽喉痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脾和淋巴结肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青少年"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@骨质疏松或具有低创伤性骨折的患者，应通过筛查确定引起的低骨密度的其他原因，检查项目包括全血细胞计数、总血清碱性磷酸酶水平，钙水平，肌酸酐水平，25-（OH）维生素D水平，蛋白电泳和睾酮水平（男性）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全血细胞计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌酸酐水平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "总血清碱性磷酸酶水平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钙水平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "25-（OH）维生素D水平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "蛋白电泳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睾酮水平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@研究同时表明：支气管内超声波检查法和内镜超声结合起来将带来更好的生活质量和更具成本效益。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管内超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内镜超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（4）抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体（ANCA）： ANCA是近年研究较多的自身抗体之一，ANCA主要有两个亚型，即抗蛋白酶3（PR3）抗体，称为胞浆型ANCA（C-ANCA）和抗髓过氧化物酶（MPO）抗体，称为核周型ANCA（P-ANCA）。 临床检测自身抗体要注意3点：①自身抗体有生理性与病理性之分，生理性自身抗体不但效价低，产生机制也可能不同；②多数自身抗体特异性欠佳，要特别强调临床综合分析；③自身抗体检测并非仅用于风湿性疾病诊断，在一些非风湿性疾病中也通过自身抗体检测获取临床信息，如肺癌诊断，淋巴细胞白血病分型等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "风湿性疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "ANCA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@但是，非 ST 段抬高型心肌梗死与不稳定型心绞痛可根据心脏生物标志物水平升高进行区分。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "非 ST 段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不稳定型心绞痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@## 并发症 ### 查看全部   并发症 table 并发症 | 时间表 | 可能性 ---|---|--- ### 瘢痕形成 | 长期 | 高 切除肿瘤并且修复缺损后将最终形成瘢痕。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瘢痕形成"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "切除肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瘢痕形成"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瘢痕"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（二）实验室检查 转移性骨肿瘤的诊断假如是在原发肿瘤的诊断之后，相对容易。但有些以骨肿瘤为首发症状的转移性骨肿瘤在诊断上往往要依赖于各种实验室检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "转移性骨肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "实验室检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@双能X线吸收仪（DXA）扫描应根据危险因素的评估结果选择性进行。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双能X线吸收仪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "DXA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "双能X线吸收仪", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "DXA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "慢性肾病@## 鉴别诊断 ### 查看全部  ### 糖尿病肾病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 血糖未有效控制的糖尿病病史5~10年。 慢性肾病@[ 缺血性肾脏病 ](/topics/zh-cn/26) ### 梗阻性尿路病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 在男性和老年人中更常见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "慢性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "梗阻性尿路病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "慢性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖尿病肾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性白血病占90% ~95%,慢性白血病仅占3% ~5%。 遗传素质 在某些患遗传性疾病的患儿中，如唐氏综合征、先天性睾丸发育不全症、先天性再生障碍性贫血伴有多发畸形(Fanconi贫血）、先天性远端毛细血管扩张性红斑症（Bloom综合征）以及严重联合免疫缺陷病等，其白血病的发病率比一般儿童明显增高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "遗传素质"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "唐氏综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性睾丸发育不全症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "严重联合免疫缺陷病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "如果女性对任何一个初始问题回答“是”，则存在出现心理健康问题的风险，或有临床问题，应考虑： * 使用爱丁堡产后抑郁症量表 (EPDS) 或 * 使用患者健康问卷 (PHQ-9) 作为全面评估的一部分或 * 将女性转诊至其 GP，或如果怀疑存在重度心理健康问题，则将其转诊至心理健康专家。产后抑郁症@ 有建议指出，应至少在入院时和产后（分娩后第一年）询问抑郁症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "就诊科室", "subject": "产后抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "GP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "第四章 肾小管-间质疾病 第一节 肾小管性酸中毒 肾小管性酸中毒（renal tubular acidosis，RTA）是由于远端肾小管上皮细胞排泌氢离子和（或）近端肾小管上皮对HCO3的重吸收障碍所导致的临床综合征。其临床表现以阴离子间隙正常的高氯性代谢性酸中毒、肾钙化及肾结石为特征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "肾小管性酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高氯性代谢性酸中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "肾小管性酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾钙化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "肾小管性酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾结石"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（4）阿米洛利（amiloride）： 每天0. 4～0. 625mg/kg，每天1次，每天最大量不超过20mg。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "阿米洛利", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "amiloride"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "病毒性脑膜炎@西尼罗河病毒 1999 年出现在美国，2002 年导致将近 3000 例脑膜炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "西尼罗河病毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "狂犬病@如果解剖结构允许，应在伤口和伤口周围注入尽可能多的抗体。狂犬病@如果解剖结构不允许，应将剩余的hRIG通过肌肉注射。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "hRIG"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "肥厚型心肌病@室间隔酒精消融(ASA)仅在成人中是外科手术的替代。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "肥厚型心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "室间隔酒精消融"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "高血压急症@硝普钠可强效扩张动静脉，降低心脏后负荷及前负荷。 高血压急症@### 主动脉夹层 查看全部   首选 –   拉贝洛尔或艾司洛尔 #### 第一选择 [ 拉贝洛尔 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 根据治疗反应，每 10 min 静注 20 mg，总剂量上限 300 mg，或 0.5 至 2 mg/min 静脉输注。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "高血压急症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "拉贝洛尔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "流行性腮腺炎（mumps，epidemic parotitis)是由腮腺炎病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病,最常影响 5~ 15岁的儿童。 【病原与流行病学】 腮腺炎病毒属于副黏病毒科副黏病毒属的单链RNA病毒。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腮腺炎病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "mumps"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "epidemic parotitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5~ 15岁的儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "腹主动脉瘤@### 身高增长 身高增长是一个独立的相关危险因素，但根据年龄和性别调整后，相关性并不显著。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "身高增长"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "早产@只有在那些孕周较早时反复发生早产的女性中，其未来发生早产的风险才会＞50%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "＞50%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "1%～2%ALL患者有Burkitt淋巴瘤的形态学及免疫学特征（即FAB形态学分类中的L3型），常伴有腹部或其余部位的包块性疾病，可以将之视为极晚期Burkitt淋巴瘤，对这类患儿应采用晚期Burkitt淋巴瘤的治疗方案。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "Burkitt淋巴瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "LL"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "ALL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Burkitt淋巴瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "口腔黏膜炎@临床检查发现，右侧口腔黏膜发红，同时右侧舌缘和口咽部可见大面积溃疡，表面覆盖假膜。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "口腔黏膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口腔黏膜发红"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "口腔黏膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大面积溃疡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "口腔黏膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "表面覆盖假膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "第五节 心房扑动 心房扑动（简称房扑）系由于激动在心房内快速环形运动所产生的一种主动性快速而规则的心律失常。心脏正常的新生儿患儿，如对地高辛有效，应用药6～12个月，然后停药。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "心房扑动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "地高辛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "心房扑动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "房扑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "狂犬病@### 疾病史 弄清患者是否有明确或可疑已知传播媒介接触史非常重要。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "传播媒介接触史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "③磁共振成像（MRI):无放射线损伤,对脑灰质、白质的分辨率异常清晰，且轴位、矢状位及冠状位成像，能清晰显示B超或CT不易探及的部位,对于矢状旁区损伤尤为敏感,为判断足月儿和早产儿脑损伤的类型、范围、严重程度及评估预后提供了重要的影像学信息。 脑电生理检查 ①脑电图:HIE表现为脑电活动延迟（落后于实际胎龄）、异常放电，背景活动异常（以低电压和爆发抑制为主）等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "HIE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "磁共振成像"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "磁共振成像", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "HIE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "急性咽喉炎@口服头孢菌素并未被证明对咽部淋病绝对有效，但可以在试验性治疗时使用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头孢菌素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "结节型多动脉炎@ 【病因和发病机制】 病因不明，乙型肝炎病毒可能与PAN发生相关；其他病毒、细菌、真菌及寄生虫等感染以及药物、血清等抗原物质接触也可能有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "结节型多动脉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乙型肝炎病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "结节型多动脉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "结节型多动脉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "结节型多动脉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "真菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "结节型多动脉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "寄生虫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "结节型多动脉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "结节型多动脉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "过敏性紫癫（anaphylactoid purpura)又称亨-舒综合征（Henoch-Schonlein syndrome, Henoch-Schon- lein pmpura,HSP),是以小血管炎为主要病变的系统性血管炎。多发生于2 ~8岁的儿童，男孩多于女孩;一年四季均有发病,以春秋二季居多。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "过敏性紫癫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "2 ~8岁的儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "过敏性紫癫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男孩多于女孩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "过敏性紫癫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "anaphylactoid purpura"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "过敏性紫癫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "亨-舒综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "亨-舒综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Henoch-Schonlein syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "亨-舒综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Henoch-Schon- lein pmpura"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "亨-舒综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HSP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "持续性抑郁症@然而，对于出现躯体疾病并发抑郁的个体患者，证实药物治疗并不比安慰剂更有效。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "安慰剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "前列腺癌@它可能会引起糖尿病、中风和心血管疾病的较高发病率，尽管一些研究对此存在争议。前列腺癌@ ### 放疗、手术或雄激素不等疗法引起的勃起功能障碍(ED) | 存在差异 | 高 在接受放疗或手术的患者中，勃起功能障碍(ED)可能由阴茎球或神经血管束受损引起。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "勃起功能障碍(ED)"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "在高渗性脱水，水从细胞内转移至细胞外使细胞内外的渗透压达到平衡，其结果是细胞内容量降低。由于细胞内缺水，患儿常有剧烈口渴、高热、烦躁不安、肌张力增高等表现，甚至发生惊厥。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "高渗性脱水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "剧烈口渴"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "高渗性脱水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "高渗性脱水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烦躁不安"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "高渗性脱水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌张力增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "高渗性脱水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "惊厥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "溶血性贫血@### 巴贝虫病 传染性病原体和红细胞的直接相互作用会导致溶血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "巴贝虫病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "急性阑尾炎@应该立即开始静脉使用抗生素（例如头孢西丁、替卡西林/克拉维酸或哌拉西林/他唑巴坦）。急性阑尾炎@根据当地细菌敏感性和诊疗方案，可能使用抗生素联合治疗方案。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素联合治疗方案"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素联合治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头孢西丁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "替卡西林/克拉维酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "哌拉西林/他唑巴坦"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@结果 尿素正常或升高 ### 尿液检查 检查 结果 检查 脓毒性栓子是感染性心内膜炎的常见并发症，尿液检查可以检测到活性沉积物以协助临床诊断。 感染性心内膜炎@结果 红细胞管型；白细胞管型；蛋白尿；脓尿 ### 血培养 检查 结果 检查 为确保最大的检测阳性率，通常建议在开始抗生素治疗之前做间隔1小时的3组血培养。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "蛋白尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿液检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "脓尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿液检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脓毒性栓子"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿液检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "肝硬化@目前推荐所有肝硬化患者筛查骨矿物密度 (bone mineral density, BMD)，其中双能X线骨密度吸收仪 (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, DXA) 最为常用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "筛查骨矿物密度"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "bone mineral density", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "筛查骨矿物密度"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "双能X线骨密度吸收仪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "DXA", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "双能X线骨密度吸收仪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "转移性乳腺癌@## 新兴疗法 ### 新型联合治疗 一项 Ⅱ 期临床试验的数据表明，依维莫司加曲妥珠单抗和紫杉醇在高度耐药的人表皮生长因子受体-2 (HER2) 阳性晚期乳腺癌患者中，表现出了喜人的活性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "晚期乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "紫杉醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 输尿管重复畸形常因上输尿管开口异位或膨出而产生症状。 异位开口的输尿管开口处常有狭窄，输尿管和其引流的上部肾常扩张积水，患儿可有腹痛、恶心及呕吐等症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "输尿管重复畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上部肾常扩张积水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "输尿管重复畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "输尿管重复畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "输尿管重复畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@ 皮质类固醇治疗无效时，可以考虑进行血浆置换或使用免疫球蛋白治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血浆置换"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "一、类脂性肺炎 类脂性肺炎（lipoid pneumonia）系鱼肝油、石蜡油、油性滴鼻剂等油脂性物质吸入造成的一种肺炎，病理特征为慢性间质性肺炎。一般无发热。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "类脂性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "类脂性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "lipoid pneumonia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "类脂性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性间质性肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "麻风病@ * 少菌型 (PB) 麻风包括 Ridley-Jopling 分类中的未定类麻风 (I)、极性结核样型麻风 (TT) 和界线类偏结核样麻风 (BT)，定义为最多有 5 处皮肤病损，且皮肤涂片（如开展）呈阴性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "少菌型 (PB) 麻风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Ridley-Jopling 分类中的未定类麻风 (I)"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "少菌型 (PB) 麻风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "极性结核样型麻风 (TT)"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "少菌型 (PB) 麻风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "界线类偏结核样麻风 (BT)"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Ridley-Jopling 分类中的未定类麻风 (I)", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤病损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "极性结核样型麻风 (TT)", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤病损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "少菌型 (PB) 麻风"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "磨牙症@主要由于中枢神经系统功能异常（压力、情感、个性、睡眠调节、自主神经系统）而非周围神经系统功能或牙齿形态与咬合异常导致本病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "牙齿形态与咬合异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "口咽癌@在发展中国家，口咽癌与咀嚼烟草和槟榔相关，即使现在咀嚼槟榔已是公认的口腔癌症危险因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咀嚼烟草"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "槟榔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咀嚼槟榔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "前置胎盘@### 窥器检查发现无宫颈/阴道原因导致的出血 对于临产早期出现轻度出血的女性，可非常小心地进行窥器检查，以排除由于宫颈或阴道的原因导致的出血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "窥器检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "窥器检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "新生儿甲亢较少见，大多属暂时性，常见于患有甲亢的孕妇。多数新生儿甲亢在出生时即有症状，表现为突眼、甲状腺肿大、烦躁、多动、心动过速、呼吸急促，严重可出现心力衰竭，血T3、T4升高，TSH下降。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿甲亢", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "突眼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿甲亢", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲状腺肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿甲亢", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烦躁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿甲亢", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿甲亢", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心动过速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿甲亢", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸急促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿甲亢", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿甲亢", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血T3、T4升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿甲亢", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "TSH下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿甲亢", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "暂时性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "九、恶性间皮瘤 恶性间皮瘤（malignant mesothelioma），儿童罕见，有家族发病的报道，也有人认为其发生与接触石棉、二氧化钍有关。肿瘤有局部严重浸润的倾向，沿浆膜面广泛扩展，儿童患者有血行转移趋向，至肺、脑等部位。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "恶性间皮瘤（", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺、脑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "恶性间皮瘤（", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "malignant mesothelioma"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "恶性间皮瘤（", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童罕见"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "恶性间皮瘤（", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "家族发病的报道"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "malignant mesothelioma", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "接触石棉、二氧化钍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "类风湿关节炎@## 新兴疗法 ### Sarilumab Sarilumab 是一种与白介素-6 (IL-6) 受体结合的人源性单克隆抗体。类风湿关节炎@该药已被美国食品药品监督管理局 (Food and Drug Administration, FDA) 批准用于对一种或多种改善病情抗风湿药（例如甲氨蝶呤）反应不足或不耐受的风湿性关节炎成年患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲氨蝶呤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Sarilumab"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "急性咽喉炎@ 病毒性咽炎： * 常见的致病病毒包括 EB 病毒（单核细胞增多症）、腺病毒、肠道病毒、A 型和 B 型流感病毒以及副流感病毒 * 可有或没有咽分泌物 * 传染性单核细胞增多症通常伴有淋巴结肿大和脾肿大 * 培养阴性可支持诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒性咽炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "病毒性咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "EB 病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "病毒性咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单核细胞增多症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "病毒性咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腺病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "病毒性咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "A 型和 B 型流感病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "病毒性咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "副流感病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淋巴结肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "培养阴性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "病毒性咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠道病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脾肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "子宫内膜癌@### 宫腔镜，诊刮术及组织病理学检查 检查 结果 检查 在手术室中进行宫腔镜及内膜活检术，若不能行活检术，可行诊刮术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "子宫内膜癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内膜活检术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "子宫内膜癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "诊刮术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "破伤风@在高风险地区，通过补充免疫接种活动 (supplemental immunisation activity, SIA) 向所有育龄期女性（包括妊娠女性）提供3剂量的破伤风类毒素，进行破伤风免疫接种。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "育龄期女性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "大动脉转位除合并卵圆孔、动脉导管未闭外不伴有其他心血管畸形时称为单纯型大动脉转位，半数的大动脉转位的患儿均属于此类型。另约40%～45%的患儿伴有室间隔缺损，同时伴有室间隔缺损及明显左室流出道梗阻者约占10%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "大动脉转位", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "室间隔缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "大动脉转位", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "左室流出道梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "白内障@[ 视神经炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/966) ### 玻璃体出血 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 可能有外伤或糖尿病控制不佳的病史。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视神经炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肥厚型心肌病@提倡针对特定患者群体进行治疗以减轻症状（可能继发于主动脉瓣下梗阻、舒张功能障碍或心肌缺血）和减少 HCM 最严重的并发症：即猝死。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "主动脉瓣下梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肥厚型心肌病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "舒张功能障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肥厚型心肌病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "心肌缺血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肥厚型心肌病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "HCM", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "猝死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "中耳炎@48 到 72 小时后仍有症状的患者可能需要采用广谱抗生素治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "广谱抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "胆囊炎@常见发热和右上腹痛，疼痛持续超过 3 至 6 小时。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "右上腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "新生儿乳糜胸多见于男性，多数发生在生后1周内，其中半数发生在生后24小时以内，可伴Down综合征及母亲羊水过多等。 多数学者主张乳糜胸患儿应给予低脂肪、高蛋白质、高热量饮食，适当限制盐的摄入。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "乳糜胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "适当限制盐的摄入"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "乳糜胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "口腔黏膜炎@与较长时间静脉输注的方案相比，静脉推注氟尿嘧啶更易引起黏膜炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "黏膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "静脉推注氟尿嘧啶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "口腔黏膜炎@对于接受化疗的患者，病损可为单侧或双侧，通常局限于非角化的口腔黏膜。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "口腔黏膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非角化的口腔黏膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@### 男性 男性是稳定缺血性心脏疾病的危险因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "引起小儿呼吸、心搏骤停的病因如下： （一）呼吸系统疾病 如上气道阻塞（如异物、反流、喉痉挛、喉水肿等）、下气道疾病（如继发于呼吸衰竭或呼吸停止的疾病）。 （三）中毒与药物过敏 如药品（麻醉性抑制剂、镇静剂、抗节律不齐药物中毒）、农药、有害气体中毒、青霉素过敏等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中毒与药物过敏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "药品"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "麻醉性抑制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "镇静剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗节律不齐药物中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "农药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "有害气体中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青霉素过敏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸系统疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上气道阻塞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "异物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反流"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喉痉挛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喉水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下气道疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "急性膀胱炎@ 性生活后排尿可能有帮助。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "性生活后排尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "口咽癌@由于存在肿瘤易发区域，患者有第二原发癌风险，应向其提供戒烟及饮酒咨询。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "戒烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "登革热@## 治疗步骤 依据世界卫生组织（WHO）和其他区域具体部门的指南，登革热感染的治疗主要是支持性治疗，没有特定的抗病毒治疗可用于登革热感染。 登革热@针对登革热，唯一公认的治疗方式是的维持和补充充足的水分，和针对DHF和DSS的补液疗法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支持性治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "补液疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "DHF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "补液疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "DSS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "补液疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "仅有不到10%的儿童NHL为缺乏表面免疫球蛋白的早前B细胞肿瘤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "儿童NHL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "缺乏表面免疫球蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "儿童NHL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "B细胞肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "产后抑郁症@ 在一个低收入黑人女性样本中，社会隔离感对产后期抑郁有较强的预测作用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "产后抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "社会隔离感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "局部皮肤感染引起的皮疹等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "局部皮肤感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（二）获得性或成人型 PAP 在儿童期较少见。典型X线胸片改变为弥漫性羽毛状浸润，从肺门弥散到肺周缘。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "获得性或成人型 PAP", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "X线胸片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（二）慢性再障治疗 慢性再障的发病机制以造血微循环的缺陷为主，其中一部分发展成重型再障（SAA-Ⅱ型），则与免疫紊乱抑制造血功能有关。 （4）莨菪浸膏片：每次10mg，每日3次，口服，每日递增10～20mg至每次240～300mg，30日为一疗程，休7日后重复。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "莨菪浸膏片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "慢性再障治疗", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "重型再障"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "慢性再障治疗", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "造血微循环"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "真菌性脑膜炎@在特定环境中的其他免疫抑制患者中，伊曲康唑预防治疗可能也适用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伊曲康唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "腹主动脉瘤@对有症状的未破裂 AAA 实施传统的紧急开放式修复术会增加发病率和死亡率（死亡率处于 AAA 破裂修复术和择期修复术之间）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "有症状的未破裂 AAA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "紧急开放式修复术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "肺结核@HIV 感染者是原发性结核和复燃的高危人群。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "肾小球肾炎@根据肾小球肾炎的病因选择皮质类固醇。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮质类固醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@附加 –   环孢素或英夫利昔单抗 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [ 环孢素 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 向专家咨询指导剂量 #### 第二选择 [ 英夫利昔单抗 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 5 mg/kg，静脉使用，最初在第 0 周、第 2 周和第 6 周各一次，接着 5 mg/kg，每 8 周一次 如果患者在72小时内对静脉皮质类固醇治疗反应不佳，且患者足够稳定、可推迟手术，应考虑加用环孢素或英夫利昔单抗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "环孢素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "英夫利昔单抗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮质类固醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "散发性甲低是由于先天性甲状腺发育不良、异位或甲状腺激素合成途径缺陷所致；地方性甲低多见于甲状腺肿流行的地区，系由于地区性水、土和食物中碘缺乏所致。 【病因】 先天性甲低可分为2大类：散发性先天性甲低和地方性先天性甲低。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "地方性甲低", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "地方性先天性甲低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "广泛性焦虑障碍@[ 创伤后应激障碍 ](/topics/zh-cn/430) ### 躯体形式障碍 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 焦虑症状与特异的躯体不适主诉有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "躯体形式障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性咽喉炎@检查 直视会厌（在手术室内进行，一旦气道闭锁可立即插管）或行颈部侧位X光检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "直视"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈部侧位X光检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "膀胱癌@良性前列腺肥大和膀胱过度活动症是尿频的常见原因，但若未确定这些良性病因和/或对相关治疗无反应，则进行尿液细胞学和膀胱镜检查。膀胱癌@ ### 随后的诊断性检查 膀胱镜检查是诊断的关键。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "膀胱癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膀胱镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "分为上尿路和下尿路感染。前者指肾盂肾炎，后者指膀胱炎和尿道炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "下尿路感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膀胱炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "下尿路感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿道炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "细菌感染(本节中不包括法定传染病） 1)致腹泻大肠埃希菌:根据引起腹泻的大肠埃希菌不同致病毒性和发病机制,已知菌株可分为5大组:①致病性大肠埃希菌(enteropathogenic E. coli，EPEC):为最早发现的致腹挥大肠埃希菌。⑤黏附-集聚性大肠埃希菌（enteroadherent-aggregative E. coli, EAEC )： 以集聚方式黏附于下段小肠和结肠黏膜致病，不产生肠毒素，亦不引起组织损伤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黏附-集聚性大肠埃希菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "致病性大肠埃希菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "致病性大肠埃希菌", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "enteropathogenic E. coli"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "致病性大肠埃希菌", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "EPEC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "黏附-集聚性大肠埃希菌", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "enteroadherent-aggregative E. coli"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "黏附-集聚性大肠埃希菌", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "EAEC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "肝硬化@### 胸痛 可出现于门脉性肺动脉高压。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@易感基因 ApoE-4（第 19 号染色体）可导致散发的迟发型 AD。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "散发的迟发型 AD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易感基因 ApoE-4"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "肠梗阻@持续性术后肠梗阻（长达 3 天以上）患者可能禁食数星期，在此期间需要营养支持。肠梗阻@若患者 7-10 天以上明显无法进食，建议肠外营养。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠外营养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "禁食"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "(二）腺病毒肺炎（adenovirus pneumonia) 腺病毒肺炎为腺病毒（ADV)感染所致，ADV共有42个血清型,引起儿童肺炎最常见的为3、7型。症状表现为:①发热:可达39°C以上，呈稽留热或弛张热，热程长，可持续2 ~ 3周;②中毒症状重: 面色苍白或发灰,精神不振，嗜睡与烦躁交替；③呼吸道症状:咳嗽频繁，呈阵发性喘憋，轻重不等的呼吸困难和发甜;④消化系统症状:腹泻、呕吐和消化道出血;⑤可因脑水肿而致嗜睡、昏迷或惊厥发作。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腺病毒肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "腺病毒肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "adenovirus pneumonia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 溃疡性结肠炎和克罗恩病共同临床特征有:多呈亚急性或慢性起病，近年也可见部分以急性暴发型起病者。均可表现有腹胀、腹痛、腹泻;大便呈黏液稀便、黏液脓便或脓血便，甚至血水样便以及可能有里急后重。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹胀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大便呈黏液稀便"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黏液脓便"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脓血便"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血水样便"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹胀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大便呈黏液稀便"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黏液脓便"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脓血便"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血水样便"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "消化性溃疡病@如果患者对青霉素过敏，则可以用甲硝唑替代阿莫西林。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "消化性溃疡病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲硝唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "消化性溃疡病@对于ICU患者，预防性使用PPI是合适的，特别是那些需要机械通气和凝血障碍的患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "消化性溃疡病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PPI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "白内障@## 治疗流程 请注意，同一药物不同名称的剂型和剂量可能不同： [ 参见免责声明 ](https://bestpractice.bmj.com/info/disclaimer/) 急性 ### 非诱导型眼部病变 查看全部   无功能性视力损害 首选 –   观察 此组患者不需要治疗。白内障@推荐每年进行一次眼部检查，以追踪晶状体混浊的进展并且检测是否存在功能性视力缺损。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "无功能性视力损害", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼部检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "细菌性脑膜炎@## 检查 ### 首要检查 ### 查看全部   ### CSF 细胞计数及分类 检查 结果 检查 当疑诊细菌性脑膜炎时，腰椎穿刺术脑脊液检查是最重要的检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CSF 细胞计数及分类"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腰椎穿刺术脑脊液检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "肺结核@英国指南和世界卫生组织 (WHO) 指南推荐了一个补充治疗选择，即给予异烟肼和利福平，每日一次，持续 3 个月。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "异烟肼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "利福平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "对伴有骨病者可应用维生素D制剂，如维生素D（5000～10 000U/d）、1，25-（OH）2-D3（Rocaltrol，0. 25μg/ d）治疗，应注意高钙血症发生。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "骨病者", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素D制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "登革热@孕妇进行血浆漏出液（例如腹水和胸腔积液）检查困难，建议早期使用超声检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "2.扎那米韦 用于治疗甲型和乙型流感。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "甲型和乙型流感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "扎那米韦"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "③真菌性肠炎:多为白念珠菌所致，2岁以下婴儿多见。病程迁延，常伴鹅口疮。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "真菌性肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鹅口疮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "真菌性肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白念珠菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "真菌性肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "2岁以下婴儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@然而，对于仅存在分支胰管受损的轻中度慢性胰腺炎患者，MRCP诊断的敏感性较低。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "轻中度慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "分支胰管受损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "肛门癌@ 另一项研究发现，有肛裂或肛瘘病史的男性同性恋者发生肛门直肠鳞状细胞癌的风险升高 (RR: 9.1)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "肛门直肠鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肛裂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "肛门直肠鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肛瘘病史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "心电图早期示非特异性ST-T变化;心包炎时可有广泛ST段抬高和低电压;心肌梗死时ST 段明显抬高、T波倒置及异常Q波。 【诊断和鉴别诊断】 诊断标准（表7-8) 表7-8川崎病的诊断标准 发热5天以上,伴下列5项临床表现中4项者，排除其他疾病后，即可诊断为川崎病： 四肢变化:急性期掌跖红斑，手足硬性水肿;恢复期指趾端膜状脱皮 多形性皮疹 眼结合膜充血，非化脓性 唇充血皲裂，口腔黏膜弥漫充血,舌乳头突起、充血呈草莓舌 (5)颈部淋巴结肿大 注:如5项临床表现中不足4项,但超声心动图有冠状动脉损害,亦可确诊为川崎病 IVIG非敏感型KD也称IVIG无反应型KDJVIG耐药型KD、难治型KD等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@降低死亡率：低质量证据表明普洛萘尔与安慰剂比较，能够降低使用最佳剂量硝酸酯和硝苯地平不稳定型心绞痛患者的30 d死亡率、心肌梗死发生率以及需行冠状动脉旁路移植术或经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的几率。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "不稳定型心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硝苯地平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硝苯地平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "不稳定型心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冠状动脉旁路移植术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "不稳定型心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "经皮冠状动脉介入治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病@[ 充血性心力衰竭 ](/topics/zh-cn/61) ### 支气管扩张症 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 儿童期可能有反复感染病史。 慢性阻塞性肺疾病@检查 胸部 CT 提示支气管扩张和支气管壁增厚。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "支气管扩张症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部 CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管扩张症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "细菌性脑膜炎@在老年脑膜炎患者中，表现出的体征通常只有意识模糊或神志改变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "意识模糊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神志改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@ 满足急性、演变或近期心肌梗死定义的标准包括： 1. 心肌坏死生化标志物的典型升高和逐渐下降（肌钙蛋白）或迅速上升或下降CK-MB，合并至少一项下列表现： * 缺血症状 * 新的或推定为新的提示缺血的心电图变化（左束支传导阻滞、ST 段抬高或压低） * 心电图上病理性Q波 * 心脏影像证实心肌坏死或局部室壁活动异常 * 血管造影术或尸检检测到冠脉内血栓 2. 急性心肌梗死的病理性发现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "缺血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血管造影术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尸检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@动物咬伤/接触与狂犬病、布鲁氏菌病、 _巴尔通氏体_ （猫）、 _弓形虫_ 、Q 热和疱疹 B 病毒（灵长类动物）有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "动物咬伤/接触"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "布鲁氏菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "动物咬伤/接触"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "小儿哮喘@ 在大部分呼吸科检查室，可以给5岁以上儿童做这个检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "就诊科室", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸科检查室"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "（二）儿童期 随着病情进展，逐步出现一项或多项Fanconi综合征表现，因此临床上多表现为不完全性Fanconi综合征。 （三）成年期 随着疾病进一步发展，患者可在成年期出现不同程度的肾功能减退，并且因肾衰竭、营养不良及严重感染等并发症而死亡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "不完全性Fanconi综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾功能减退"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 脓毒性休克的临床分期： 休克代偿期 以脏器低灌注为主要表现。呼吸、心率代偿性增快，血压正常或略低。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "休克代偿期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸、心率代偿性增快"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "休克代偿期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血压正常或略低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "脓毒性休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "休克代偿期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "休克代偿期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脏器低灌注"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "肾小球肾炎@就全球而言，肾小球肾炎是终末期肾病的首要原因。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "终末期肾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【实验室检査】 由于先天性甲低发病率高，在生命早期对神经系统功能损害严重，且其治疗容易、疗效佳，因此早期诊断、早期治疗至为重要。 21-三体综合征 患儿智能及动作发育落后，但有特殊面容:眼距宽、外眼眦上斜、鼻梁低、舌伸出口外，皮肤及毛发正常,无黏液性水肿,且常伴有其他先天畸形。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "先天性甲低", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "21-三体综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "在我国广东，还发现另一种变异型，称为G-6-PD Canton（广东型），区域发病率可高达5%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "G-6-PD Canton", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "广东"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "无症状性低血糖但能进食的患儿可先进食,并密切监测血糖，低血糖不能纠正者可静脉输注葡萄糖，按6 ~8mg/(kg • min)速率输注，每小时监测血糖1次，并根据血糖测定结果调节输糖速率，稳定24小时后逐渐停用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "无症状性低血糖", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "葡萄糖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "前置胎盘@通过急救未能控制病情 – 联合 –   急诊剖宫产 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 如果出血未得到控制，应立即实施剖宫产。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急诊剖宫产"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "剖宫产"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "表13-13 急性胰腺炎的症状和体征 4.诊断 水肿性胰腺炎的诊断并不困难，根据临床上剧烈腹痛、恶心、呕吐、发热等和血、尿淀粉酶测定来诊断。典型胰腺炎往往左上腹痛，而小儿腹痛常为全腹性甚至伴明显肌卫，易并发腹膜炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "水肿性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "左上腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "水肿性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上剧烈腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "水肿性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "水肿性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "水肿性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "水肿性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血、尿淀粉酶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "早产@多种生化检测可用于预测早产的可能性，包括 IGFBP-1（胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-1）和胎儿纤连蛋白。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "IGFBP-1"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胎儿纤连蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "小肠结肠炎是最严重的巨结肠并发症，可致全身性中毒，危及生命。 肛指检查可发现肛门括约肌痉挛与直肠壶腹部空虚感。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "直肠壶腹部空虚感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小肠结肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身性中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "产后抑郁症@检查 女性Hb（血红蛋白）<12g/dL 尿药物筛查阳性提示物质滥用并有助于鉴别物质种类。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "产后抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "女性Hb（血红蛋白）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "产后抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿药物筛查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "【分类】 根据溶血因素存在的部位不同，可将溶血性贫血分为红细胞内和红细胞外两大类。 （3）戊糖磷酸盐通路及谷胱苷肽代谢有关的酶缺乏： 1）葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶（G-6-PD）缺乏。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶（G-6-PD）缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红细胞内"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红细胞外"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "疟疾感染@## 病因学 疟疾是由疟原虫感染所致。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疟原虫感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "心房扑动@### 房间隔缺损 可导致心房扩张。心房扑动@扩张的心房促进折返环的形成和维持。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "心房扑动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心房扩张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "心房扑动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "房间隔缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "只具备内脏易位和支气管扩张者，称为不全性Kartagener综合征。主要症状为随年龄增加而加重的咳嗽、咳痰和咯血，以早晨更明显，伴头昏、流涕等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "不全性Kartagener综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "不全性Kartagener综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳痰"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "不全性Kartagener综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咯血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "不全性Kartagener综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头昏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "不全性Kartagener综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流涕"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "成人哮喘@虽然指南有推荐，但流感疫苗接种并没有被证明能预防哮喘发作。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流感疫苗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "囟门闭合过晚或囟门过大可见于脑积水及软骨营养不良等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "囟门闭合过晚"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "囟门过大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "软骨营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "囟门闭合过晚"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "软骨营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "囟门过大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 典型RS呈“双相期”疾病特征。3～7天后突发高烧、频繁呕吐、惊厥和意识障碍（昏睡或昏迷）等脑病症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "RS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "突发"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "RS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "频繁呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "RS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "惊厥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "RS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "意识障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "RS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "RS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏迷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "尘肺@已确定煤炭开采是矽肺和煤工患尘肺的高风险因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "矽肺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "煤炭开采"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "煤工患尘肺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "煤炭开采"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "糖原贮积症（glycogen storage disease,GSD)是一组由于先天性酶缺陷所造成的糖原代谢障碍性疾病。根据临床表现和受累器官分为肝糖原贮积症和肌糖原贮积症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "糖原贮积症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝糖原贮积症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "糖原贮积症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌糖原贮积症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "糖原贮积症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "GSD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "糖原贮积症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性酶缺陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "糖原贮积症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "glycogen storage disease"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@部分患者不存在局部解剖异常，无法通过内科或外科手段解除疼痛，对这部分患者可在手术前考虑进行腹腔神经丛阻滞术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹腔神经丛阻滞术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "真菌性脑膜炎@### 中心静脉导管 存在血管内导管的患者具有较高的念珠菌血症发生风险。 真菌性脑膜炎@### 静脉注射药物滥用 静脉注射药物滥用者具有因 _白色念珠菌_ 引发的慢性中性粒细胞性脑膜炎的风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "念珠菌血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "静脉注射药物滥用"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "据报道，我国为儿童亚临床型维生素A缺乏的国家，城市学龄前儿童亚临床型维生素A缺乏发生率约20%，农村约45%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "维生素A缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "20%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "维生素A缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "45%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "急性枕骨大孔疝主要特点为剧烈头痛，反复呕吐，突然昏迷，双瞳孔先变小后变大。很快出现呼吸障碍，呼吸慢、不规则或出现呼吸暂停，血压上升，脉搏变快，此时循环障碍不如呼吸障碍明显，呈现出呼吸障碍与循环障碍的分离现象，是急性枕骨大孔疝死亡前的特征性表现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性枕骨大孔疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性枕骨大孔疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸慢"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性枕骨大孔疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸暂停"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性枕骨大孔疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血压上升"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性枕骨大孔疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脉搏变快"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性枕骨大孔疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "剧烈头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性枕骨大孔疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反复呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性枕骨大孔疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "突然昏迷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性枕骨大孔疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双瞳孔先变小后变大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "1.遗传学说 在神经外科领域中，某些肿瘤具有明显的家族倾向性，如视网膜母细胞瘤、血管网织细胞瘤、多发性神经纤维瘤等，一般认为它们均为常染色体显性遗传性肿瘤，外显率很高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "视网膜母细胞瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "常染色体显性遗传"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "血管网织细胞瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "常染色体显性遗传"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "多发性神经纤维瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "常染色体显性遗传"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "（二）海绵状血管瘤 （cavernoma） 是由大量充满血液的腔隙或窦形成，腔壁上有内皮细胞层。可发生于身体任何部位，以四肢、躯干多见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "海绵状血管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "身体任何部位"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "海绵状血管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "四肢"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "海绵状血管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "躯干"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "海绵状血管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "cavernoma"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肛门癌@但对于 3 +级急性毒性反应（中性粒细胞减少、血小板减少症、皮肤破溃、肛门/直肠疼痛）者，可能需要间断治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中性粒细胞减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血小板减少症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤破溃"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肛门/直肠疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "小儿哮喘@结果 正常 ### 痰培养 检查 结果 检查 当怀疑肺部细菌感染时做此项检查 结果 感染时有细菌生长 ### 电子显微镜下纤毛检查 检查 结果 检查 当怀疑患者患有Kartagener综合征时做此项检查（伴有罕见的胃转位的全内脏转位） 结果 正常 ### 皮肤点刺试验 检查 结果 检查 可能用于支持过敏状态的存在 结果 可能异常 ### FeNO 检查 结果 检查 激素治疗儿童气道嗜酸粒细胞聚集会使呼出气一氧化氮值增加。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "痰培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤点刺试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "3.临床表现 急性胰腺炎的小儿有持续的中上腹和脐周剧烈腹痛、呕吐，且常有发热。在此期间，呕吐亦趋频繁，往往需要住院输液治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中上腹和脐周"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "剧烈腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "食管癌@ 男性 * 男性的发病率远高于女性，比率为7:1，不能被充分解释。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "食管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@ * 对于无法耐受高强度他汀类药物的患者，可以尝试中等强度他汀类药物。稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@还应当仔细评估患者的依从性和耐受性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中等强度他汀类药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "胃肠道内镜检查 疑似IBD患儿就诊时均应完善全面的内镜检查及活检，包括食管胃十二指肠镜和结肠镜检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "IBD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃肠道内镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "IBD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "IBD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "IBD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食管胃十二指肠镜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "IBD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结肠镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（三）免疫缺陷儿童 EBV感染 包括遗传性免疫缺陷，主要指X连锁淋巴细胞淋巴细胞增生综合征和获得性免疫缺陷患儿。常发生致死性单核细胞增多症、继发性低或无免疫球蛋白血症、恶性多克隆源性淋巴瘤、再生障碍性贫血、慢性淋巴细胞性间质性肺炎等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "EBV感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "致死性单核细胞增多症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "EBV感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶性多克隆源性淋巴瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "EBV感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "再生障碍性贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "血吸虫病@在血吸虫病流行国家，并长时间暴露于高风险水域的人们，应在返途中服用预防剂量的吡喹酮。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吡喹酮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "肥厚型心肌病@也可使用磁共振成像 (MRI) 评估收缩与舒张功能。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肥厚型心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "磁共振成像"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "磁共振成像", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "急性咽喉炎@对青霉素治疗无反应史也应引起怀疑。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "溶血性贫血@结果 血液试纸阳性，无红细胞 ### 需要考虑的检查 ### 查看全部   ### 直接抗球蛋白试验（DAT 或 Coombs） 检查 结果 检查 该检查用于检测与红细胞表面结合的 IgG 或补体。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "直接抗球蛋白试验（DAT 或 Coombs）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "同一系列（T或B）的白血病或淋巴瘤在病理/细胞形态学、免疫学、生物遗传学均无法鉴别白血病还是淋巴瘤，但临床上前者骨髓原发，而后者骨髓外局部原发。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨髓原发"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "淋巴瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨髓外局部原发"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@### 人格改变 在那些肺癌患者出现人格改变强烈怀疑脑转移 ### 恶心及呕吐 可能暗示脑转移 ### 头痛 可能暗示脑转移 ### 吞咽困难 如果肿瘤本身或纵膈淋巴结肿大对食道有明显压迫时，可能发生吞咽困难。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "人格改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "人格改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心及呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吞咽困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "八、滑膜肉瘤 滑膜肉瘤（synovial sarcoma）的确切来源不明，可能源自向滑膜细胞分化的间叶组织。一般主张切除肿瘤，还要切除肿瘤附近的肌群或做截肢，区域淋巴结清扫。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "滑膜肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "区域淋巴结清扫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "垂体功能减退@ 7.垂体手术 8.其他 * 外伤性脑损伤：外伤性脑损伤可能会导致一种或多种垂体激素缺乏，在较年轻的人群中尤其常见。垂体功能减退@ * 空蝶鞍综合征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "外伤性脑损伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "垂体功能减退"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "垂体手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "根据统计，治疗后弥漫性毒性甲状腺肿每2年只有25%的缓解率，因此药物治疗可能必须维持达5年或更久。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "弥漫性毒性甲状腺肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "每2年只有25%的缓解率"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "唇腭裂@ ### 伤口感染 | 短期 | 低 唇裂或腭裂手术伤口感染是极其严重的，因为它会导致伤口裂开，过度的疤痕，和肌肉功能受损。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伤口感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "胆管癌@### 酒精性肝病 酒精性肝病增加了肝内胆管癌的风险，OR值7.4，95%CI为4.3-12.8。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "肝内胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "酒精性肝病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "患儿在无溶血时出现持续性间接胆红素升高提示Criger-Najjar综合征，该病的高胆红素血症是由于葡萄糖醛酸转移酶部分或全部缺乏造成。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Criger-Najjar综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "持续性间接胆红素升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "另外，反复的呼吸道感染、呛咳、声音嘶哑、屏气，年长儿支气管哮喘发作等都与之有关。在新生儿及婴幼儿中，GERD极易引起吸入性肺炎，有时甚至导致吸入性窒息、早产儿或婴儿猝死综合征的严重后果。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "GERD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反复的呼吸道感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "GERD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呛咳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "GERD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "声音嘶哑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "GERD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "屏气"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "GERD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸入性窒息"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "GERD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早产儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "GERD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "婴儿猝死综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "GERD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸入性肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@认知症状和功能：低质量证据表明，对于中度至重度或轻度至中度 AD 患者，与应用安慰剂相比，应用美金刚可使 24-28 周的认知功能评分和整体功能评分出现轻微改善。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "美金刚"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "第三节 病毒性脑炎与脑膜脑炎 【临床表现】 病毒性脑炎大多同时累及脑膜，如脑膜炎的表现较为明显则称为脑膜脑炎。在疾病早期即可出现严重的颅内压增高，可见视乳头水肿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "病毒性脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "严重的颅内压增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "破伤风@[ 脑膜炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/111) ### 儿童癫痫大发作 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 在新生儿中鉴别癫痫发作和破伤风可能尤其困难。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童癫痫大发作"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "前置胎盘@除此之外，还可以进行MRI检查，以明确胎盘确切的解剖学位置。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRI检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎（infective endocarditis，IE ) 80%以上由链球菌和葡萄球菌所致,其他尚有真菌、衣原体、立克次体及病毒等。 原有的心脏杂音加重,出现新的心脏杂音，或心功能不全。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "原有的心脏杂音加重"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心脏杂音"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心功能不全"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "链球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "葡萄球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "真菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "衣原体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "立克次体及病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "infective endocarditis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "IE"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "四、咬指甲 咬指甲（nail-biting）多见于学龄期儿童，30%～60%的10岁儿童有该行为，青少年期，咬指甲可减少至20%，成人期为10%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "咬指甲", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "学龄期儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "咬指甲", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "30%～60%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "咬指甲", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "20%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "咬指甲", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "10%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "### 完全性和部分性前置胎盘（足月） 一般而言，在 35 周后，任何程度的覆盖都是将剖宫产作为分娩途径的适应证。 前置胎盘@因此，在这个日期，应为所有完全性和部分性前置胎盘患者安排剖宫产手术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "部分性前置胎盘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "部分性前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "剖宫产手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "部分性前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "剖宫产"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断】 破伤风的症状最有特征性，根据消毒不严的接生史、出生后典型发作表现，一般容易诊断；早期尚无典型表现时，可用压舌板检查患儿咽部，若越用力下压，压舌板反被咬得越紧，也可确诊。 （四）抗生素 青霉素：能杀灭破伤风梭菌，10万～20 万U/（kg•d），每天分2次，疗程10天左右。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "小儿哮喘@过敏原的免疫治疗方法可以分为皮下免疫疗法(SCIT)和舌下免疫疗法(SLIT)。小儿哮喘@ 脱敏疗法适用于常见的过敏原，如花粉、屋尘螨和猫毛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脱敏疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮下免疫疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "舌下免疫疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "舌下免疫疗法", "subject_type": "其他治疗", "object": {"@value": "SLIT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "过敏原"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "花粉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "屋尘螨"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "猫毛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@有些慢性稳定型心绞痛患者会出现抑郁症状，除了给他们进行心理咨询，也应该提供药物治疗。 稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@[ 成人抑郁 ](/topics/zh-cn/55) 。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "慢性稳定型心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抑郁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "抑郁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心理咨询"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "【病理】 APSGN的早期肾活检主要为弥漫性毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎。 （四）链球菌感染的证据 可进行皮肤病灶或咽部拭子细菌培养以发现A组β溶血性链球菌，或者检查血清中抗链球菌溶血素或酶的抗体。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "APSGN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽部拭子细菌培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "APSGN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "胃炎@酒精相关胃炎应该鼓励患者减少或停止饮酒。胃炎@ 对于必须服用NSAID的患者来说，使用H2受体拮抗剂或PPI进行对症治疗有效，同时也有必要。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "减少或停止饮酒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "使用H2受体拮抗剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PPI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@结果 炎症斑块吸收增加 ### 血流储备分数 (FFR)-CT 和 FFR-MRI 检查 结果 检查 冠脉病变功能性检查的无创选择。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血流储备分数 (FFR)-CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "FFR-MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@结果 评估臂丛神经、锁骨下血管，和/或临近椎体的侵犯情况 ### PET-CT 检查 结果 检查 PET-CT是CT检查的补充，进一步准确评估局部、区域和远处侵犯情况。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PET-CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "浆膜炎:如胸膜炎及心包炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "浆膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "浆膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心包炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "尘肺@从事铍相关工作的人可能无症状，就诊时需要进行铍淋巴细胞增殖试验 (beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test, BeLPT)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "尘肺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "铍淋巴细胞增殖试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "垂体功能减退@胰岛素耐量试验是肾上腺储备的确定性试验。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰岛素耐量试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "痛风@ 别嘌呤醇减少尿酸的生成。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "别嘌呤醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@鳞状细胞癌是全球第二常见的非黑色素瘤皮肤癌（仅次于基底细胞癌）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "非黑色素瘤皮肤癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鳞状细胞癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非黑色素瘤皮肤癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "病毒性脑膜炎@## 一级预防 * 肠病毒通过粪口途径传播，洗手有助于预防感染。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "肠病毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "洗手"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "转移性乳腺癌@因转移性疾病而接受双膦酸盐或德尼单抗治疗的患者也应补充钙剂和维生素 D（例如麦角钙化醇或胆骨化醇）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素 D"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "麦角钙化醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆骨化醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "口咽癌@由于HPV-16阳性肿瘤数量的增加，HPV感染已被广泛一致地认为是一种肿瘤致病因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "HPV感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口咽癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "脑脓肿在任何年龄均可发病，以青壮年最常见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "脑脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青壮年"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "脊膜膨出和脊髓脊膜膨出的治疗原则是早期手术治疗。切除脊膜膨出囊和修补软组织缺损，单纯性脊膜膨出经此手术可以治愈。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "脊膜膨出", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "切除脊膜膨出囊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "脊髓脊膜膨出", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "切除脊膜膨出囊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "脊髓脊膜膨出", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "修补软组织缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "脊膜膨出", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "修补软组织缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "单纯性脊膜膨出", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "切除脊膜膨出囊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "维生素K缺乏症是由于维生素K缺乏引起的凝血障碍性疾病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "维生素K缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "凝血障碍性疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "维生素K缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素K缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "血涂片显微镜检查可见数目不等的球形红细胞，MCV、MCH多数正常，MCHC增加（360～380g/L），红细胞直径缩短，但体积正常。 HS须与其他有球形红细胞的溶血性贫血病症鉴别。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "HS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血涂片显微镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "急性咽喉炎@### 儿童或青少年 急性 A 型 _链球菌_ (GAS) 咽炎常见于 5-15 岁的儿童和青少年中。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "急性 A 型 _链球菌_ (GAS) 咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5-15 岁的儿童和青少年"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "睾丸癌@但是，超过10%的睾丸癌也可以伴随外伤病史。 睾丸癌@### 精液囊肿 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 查体可以发现精液囊肿可与睾丸分开，并且是靠近上极的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "睾丸癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精液囊肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@胸痛往往由胸膜炎所致，平卧位加重，坐起缓解。 稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@检查 心电图显示弥漫性ST段抬高及PR段压低。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "平卧位加重"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "坐起缓解"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "胃炎@### 化脓性胃炎 化脓性胃炎是一种罕见却威胁生命的胃黏膜下和肌层的感染，见于虚弱的患者。胃炎@ 胃肠减压可减轻症状，并且可以采集胃液进行培养。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "化脓性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃肠减压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@结果 心电图：ST段压低>1 mm (0.1 mV); 核成像：可逆或固定的灌注缺损 ### 冠状动脉CT血管造影(CCTA) 检查 结果 检查 可对冠状动脉解剖和动脉粥样硬化进行无创评估。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冠状动脉CT血管造影"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "冠状动脉CT血管造影", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "CCTA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@临时起搏器用于心力衰竭、晕厥或发生心绞痛的患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "心力衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "临时起搏器"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "临时起搏器"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "晕厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "临时起搏器"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "脓胸（empyema) 临床表现有高热不退、呼吸困难加重;患侧呼吸运动受限;语颤减弱；叩诊呈浊音;听诊呼吸音减弱，其上方有时可听到管状呼吸音。胸部叩诊积液上方呈鼓音，听诊呼吸 音减弱或消失。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "脓胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "听诊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "脓胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "empyema"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脓胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高热不退"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脓胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难加重"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脓胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸运动受限"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脓胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "语颤减弱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脓胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "叩诊呈浊音"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "急性膀胱炎@### 过去 1 年内更换性伴侣 在过去 1 年内更换性伴侣的女性相比对照组泌尿系感染发生率高 2.2 倍。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "过去 1 年内更换性伴侣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "病毒性脑膜炎@结果 儿童和成人白血球计数＞5 cells/mm^3，新生儿＞20 cells/mm^3 ### CSF 革兰氏染色 检查 结果 检查 病毒性脑膜炎的 CSF 革兰氏染色呈阴性；CSF 革兰氏染色阳性结果表明疾病为细菌性脑膜炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "病毒性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CSF 革兰氏染色"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CSF 革兰氏染色"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "垂体功能减退@### 案例 #2 一名 32 岁女性，患有 10 个月的抑郁、潮热、体重增加、性欲减退、嗜睡、怕冷以及闭经。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "垂体功能减", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抑郁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "垂体功能减", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "潮热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "垂体功能减", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重增加"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "垂体功能减", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "性欲减退"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "垂体功能减", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "垂体功能减", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "怕冷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "垂体功能减", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "闭经"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "患者外周血淋巴细胞培养上清液经尾静脉注射可致小鼠发生大量蛋白尿和肾病综合征的病理改变,表明T淋巴细胞异常参与本病的发病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肾病综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "T淋巴细胞异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@SVCS可表现为面部和上肢水肿，呼吸困难，咳嗽和端坐呼吸。非小细胞肺癌@体格检查可见面部充血和颈静脉怒张，胸部静脉曲张，偶可见腹壁静脉曲张。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "SVCS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体格检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "SVCS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "面部充血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "SVCS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈静脉怒张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "SVCS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部静脉曲张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "SVCS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹壁静脉曲张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "SVCS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上肢水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "SVCS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "SVCS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "端坐呼吸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "SVCS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "新生儿窒息多为产前或产时因素所致，产后因素较少。 4.分娩因素 如难产、高位产钳、臀位、胎头吸引不顺利；产程中麻醉药、镇痛药及催产药使用不当等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿窒息", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "分娩因素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 FNS对肾上腺皮质激素治疗反应差，常表现为对肾上腺皮质激素抵抗。 （五）近年有报告应用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂 （ACEI），也有报告伴用吲哚美辛（消炎痛），可减轻其蛋白尿者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "FNS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吲哚美辛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "吲哚美辛", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "消炎痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "急性咽喉炎@### 夏季/秋季（见于肠道病毒性咽炎） 肠道病毒性咽炎在夏秋两季较为常见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠道病毒性咽炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "13-三体综合征@第12肋骨发育不良或缺如。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "13-三体综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "第12肋骨发育不良或缺如"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "染色体疾病@ 【实验室检查】 1.外周血细胞染色体核型分析 按染色体核型分析可将21-三体综合征患儿分为三型： （1）标准型： 患儿体细胞染色体为47条，有一个额外的21号染色体，核型为47，XX（或XY），+21，此型占全部病例的95%。 染色体疾病@ （3）嵌合体型（mosaic） 此型约占2%～4%，患者体内具有两种以上细胞系，由于受精卵在早期分裂过程中发生了21号染色体不分离，患儿体内存在两种细胞系，一种为正常细胞，一种为21-三体细胞，形成嵌合体，90%其核型为46，XY（或XX）/47，XY（或XX），+21。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "21-三体综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嵌合体型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "21-三体综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "标准型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（一）遗传因素 遗传流行病学资料发现SLE具有家族聚集倾向，同卵双生子SLE发病一致率达25%～70%，明显高于异卵双生子（2%～9%）。本病患者近亲发病率也高，国外报道12%SLE患儿近亲中患有同类疾病，其他自身免疫性疾病发病率也高于人群总发病率。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "SLE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "近亲发病率也高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "SLE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "25%～70%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "急性淋巴细胞白血病@干细胞往往从骨髓或外周血中获得。 急性淋巴细胞白血病@或 [ 泊沙康唑 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 200 mg，口服（混悬液），每日 3 次；在移植或化疗前开始，持续服用到嗜中性粒细胞计数复原 \\-- 和 -- [ 阿昔洛韦 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 200~400mg，口服，一天四次 中性粒细胞减少、CD4淋巴细胞数目少、抗体缺陷，和/或移植后多种免疫缺陷的患者，具有感染的高危风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CD4淋巴细胞数目少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗体缺陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "移植后多种免疫缺陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "广泛性焦虑障碍@大部分时间还存在以下情感、躯体或认知症状中的至少3条：坐立不安或神经质、易疲劳、注意力难以集中、易激惹、肌肉紧张或睡眠障碍。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "坐立不安"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经质"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易疲劳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "注意力难以集中"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易激惹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌肉紧张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睡眠障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "（五）胆红素脑病 新生儿溶血病可发生胆红素脑病，足月儿胆红素超过18～20mg/dl，早产儿胆红素超过8～10mg/dl就要警惕发生胆红素脑病。开始表现为神萎、吸吮反射和拥抱反射减弱、肌张力低下，历时0. 5～1天，如病情进展，出现发热、两眼凝视、肌张力增高、抽搐、角弓反张等，此时常称核黄疸，可因呼吸衰竭或肺出血死亡，存活者在数月后出现后遗症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿溶血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神萎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿溶血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸吮反射"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿溶血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "拥抱反射减弱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿溶血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌张力低下"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿溶血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿溶血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "两眼凝视"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿溶血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌张力增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿溶血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抽搐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿溶血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "角弓反张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "新生儿溶血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆红素脑病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "但患儿常有窒息、感染或使用激素等原发病史，一般情况较差，腹部体征明显，易与新生儿出血症 鉴别。 【治疗】 给予维生素K11 ~2mg静脉滴注，出血可迅速停止,通常数小时内凝血因子水平即可上升，24小时完全纠正。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "新生儿出血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素K1"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "钡剂造影可发现小结肠，超声或静脉尿路造影可发现肾盂积水和巨膀胱，以此与HD鉴别。 【治疗】 包括胃肠减压、造瘘术及根治手术等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "HD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃肠减压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "HD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "造瘘术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "HD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "根治手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "白内障@### 微创青光眼手术 (MIGS) 白内障手术也成为降低眼内压的治疗，特别是在闭角型青光眼患者中。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "微创青光眼手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MIGS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "失眠症@### 体检 体检是会诊的重要组成部分，因为它可帮助识别并存内科疾病或其他可能与从睡眠中觉醒相关的睡眠障碍，如睡眠呼吸暂停或甲状腺功能亢进症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "睡眠障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睡眠呼吸暂停"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "睡眠障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲状腺功能亢进症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@既往没有糖尿病的患者应每3年进行一次空腹血糖测定，以筛查新发糖尿病。稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@应根据临床需要测定血脂，确定是否达到降低 LDL 胆固醇的预期目标和/或检查依从性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "测定血脂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "空腹血糖测定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "图12-2 Bartter综合征的诊断步骤 【鉴别诊断】 1.原发性醛固酮增多症 可出现低血钾和高醛固酮血症，但有高血压和低肾素血症，对血管紧张素反应敏感。 3.前列腺素合成酶抑制剂 如吲哚美辛、布洛芬及阿司匹林，可改善临床症状，纠正高肾素血症和高醛固酮血症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "Bartter综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前列腺素合成酶抑制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "Bartter综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吲哚美辛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "Bartter综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "布洛芬"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "Bartter综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿司匹林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "Bartter综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "原发性醛固酮增多症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肝硬化@在重度低钠血症患者中，使用伐普坦类治疗可能使血清钠水平增高， 但应用伐普坦类药物并不能减少死亡、肝脏并发症或肾衰竭的发生。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "重度低钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伐普坦"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "重度低钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伐普坦类药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "慢性肾病@蛋白尿或血尿，和/或肾小球滤过率 (glomerular filtration rate, GFR) 下降超过3个月 最常见的病因是糖尿病 (diabetes mellitus, DM) 和高血压 (hypertension, HTN)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性肾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性肾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性非淋巴细胞白血病（acute non-lymphocytic leukemia, ANLL) 形态学分型（FAB分型） 原粒细胞微分化型(MO):骨髓中原始细胞≥90%，无Auer小体。 急性巨核细胞白血病（M7):骨髓中原始巨核细胞>30% ;外周血有原始巨核细胞。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急性非淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性巨核细胞白血病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急性非淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性巨核细胞白血病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急性非淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "acute non-lymphocytic leukemia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急性非淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "原粒细胞微分化型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "原粒细胞微分化型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MO"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急性巨核细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "M7"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肾血管性高血压（renovascular hypertension，RVH）即为其中之一。 （二）体征 1.高血压 几乎一半的患儿在常规体检时发现高血压。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肾血管性高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肾血管性高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "renovascular hypertension"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "renovascular hypertension", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "RVH"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "登革热@### 肝功能检验（LFTs） 检查 结果 检查 在资源匮乏地区和富足地区，对有症状患者均应早期检测。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝功能检验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肝功能检验", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "LFTs"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "NHL的现代分类方案包含了淋巴细胞性白血病，从而确认了NHL与ALL之间的紧密关系，并认识到从骨髓浸润的程度区别ALL和NHL并不合理。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "NHL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淋巴细胞性白血病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "NHL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ALL"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "病原学检査 微生物血培养是临床诊断脓毒症的重要手段，血培养检测的重要指征包括:发热（体温≥38℃或≤36℃;寒战；白细胞计数大于10. 0x109/L;皮肤黏膜出血、昏迷、多脏器功能衰竭; 血压降低、呼吸加快及C反应蛋白升高;血液患者出现粒细胞减少;血小板减少或同时具备上述几种特征而临床怀疑脓毒症，应采集血培养）。为提高病原菌检出率,尽量于早期、抗菌药物治疗之前多次于发热和寒战发作期间采血,建议留取2个或2个以上不同部位的至少2套血培养标本，以提高培养的敏感性，不同部位的血培养应同时留取。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脓毒症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "寒战"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "脓毒症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "微生物血培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脓毒症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤黏膜出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脓毒症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏迷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脓毒症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸加快"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脓毒症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白细胞计数大于10. 0x109/L"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脓毒症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多脏器功能衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脓毒症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血压降低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脓毒症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "C反应蛋白升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脓毒症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "粒细胞减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脓毒症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血小板减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "HELLP 综合征@血小板计数＜25×10^9/L(＜25,000/μL)（或者如果出血、大量输血或手术，则＜30×10^9/L[＜30,000/μL]）时 –联合 –  输注血小板±抗 D 免疫球蛋白 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [抗 D 免疫球蛋白]:请专科医生会诊，指导给药 输注血小板的作用仅是暂时的，因为迅速发生消耗。HELLP 综合征@一袋标准包装的血小板通常是6个单位，估计能使血小板计数增加30,000/mm^3。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血小板计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗 D 免疫球蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "白喉@对成人的伤口处理时，如果最后 1 剂 Td 是在 5 年前或更早接种，Td 疫苗优于单独的破伤风类毒素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Td"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Td 疫苗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "心肌病@ 【治疗】 扩张性心肌病的临床特征为心输出量减少、液体潴留及血管收缩活性增加，后者为神经体液因素作用以维持足够的灌注压。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "扩张性心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心输出量减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "白喉@疾病第四天，患者出现寒战、出汗、烦躁不安、吞咽和呼吸困难、恶心和呕吐而回到急诊。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "寒战"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出汗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烦躁不安"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吞咽和呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "18-三体综合征@第二节 18-三体综合征第十四篇 遗传性疾病 第三章 染色体疾病【概述】 【流行病学】 【病理生理和发病机制】 【临床表现】 1.生长发育障碍 2.多发畸形 （1）颅面部： （2）胸部： （3）腹部： （4）四肢： （5）生殖器： （6）内分泌系统： （7）皮肤： （8）X线检查： 【实验室检查】 1.外周血淋巴细胞染色体核型分析 2.羊水细胞培养染色体检查 【诊断】 【预后】 【预防】18 -三体综合征是1960年由Edwards等人发现的，又称Edwards综合征，患者成活率极低，存活2年的病例罕见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "18-三体综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "18 -三体综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "18 -三体综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Edwards综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "18-三体综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生长发育障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "18-三体综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多发畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "痛风@他既往有痛风史，但是之前并没有这些症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "痛风史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "癫痫持续状态@### 单纯部分性 SE 单纯部分性 SE 的患者，常常在感觉中枢清晰的情况下，表现持续性单边或局灶阵挛性发作。癫痫持续状态@在一些案例中，脑电图有助于确诊。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "单纯部分性 SE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单纯部分性 SE"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@脑膜炎症患者会出现脑膜脑炎体征，如头痛、畏光、颈项强直。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "畏光"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈项强直"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜脑炎体征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "4.当慢性再障在病程中病情恶化临床表现、血象及骨髓象与急性再障相同时，称为重型再障Ⅱ型（SAA-Ⅱ）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "重型再障Ⅱ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "SAA-Ⅱ"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "慢性再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "重型再障Ⅱ型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "普通感冒@## 监测 多数患者不需要监护。普通感冒@如有明确慢性阻塞性肺疾病病史或既往肺炎病史，需高度警惕重叠感染或伴有肺癌等严重并发症的可能。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病病史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "既往肺炎病史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "病毒性脑膜炎@腰椎穿刺可确诊病毒性脑膜炎，从而停止抗生素治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "病毒性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "病毒性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腰椎穿刺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "前列腺癌@## 病史和查体 ### 关键诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部   ### 存在的危险因素 主要危险因素包括年龄大于50岁，黑人和有前列腺癌的家族史。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "年龄大于50岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黑人"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "3.睾丸旁 睾丸旁横纹肌肉瘤占7%，占儿童阴囊肿瘤的12%，就诊时多为Ⅰ级，预后较其他部位要好，大多数属于胚胎型，以梭状细胞为主。经上述手术，存活率为50%；如术后化疗，或在有淋巴结转移和肿瘤残留的情况下放疗，存活率可达90%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "睾丸旁横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "50%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "睾丸旁横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "90%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病@### 白种人 美国研究显示白人患者对黑人患者的比率为 1.48，白人患者对西班牙裔患者的比率为 2.31。 慢性淋巴细胞白血病@### CLL 家族史 6% 的案例有家族性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CLL 家族史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白种人"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "手足口病（hand,foot and mouth disease,HFMD)是由肠道病毒引起的急性发热出疹性疾病,发病人 群以5岁以下儿童为主，同一儿童可因感染不同血清型的肠道病毒而多次发病。大多数患者症状轻微，主要表现为口腔和四肢末端的斑丘疹、疱疹，少数病例可出现无菌性脑膜炎、脑干脑炎、脑脊髓炎、急性弛缓性麻痹、神经源性肺水肿或肺出血、心肺功能衰竭等重症表现,病情进展迅速甚至导致死亡’给儿童的生命健康带来严重威胁。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口腔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "四肢末端"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "斑丘疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疱疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无菌性脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑干脑炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑脊髓炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性弛缓性麻痹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经源性肺水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肺功能衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "死亡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "hand,foot and mouth disease"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HFMD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠道病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5岁以下儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "（一）肾小球性酸中毒 既往有肾脏疾病史，有明显尿异常，常伴贫血与高血压，血Cl-多正常而血肌酐增高，血与尿pH一致性降低。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "肾小球性酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾脏疾病史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肾小球性酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "明显尿异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肾小球性酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贫血与高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肾小球性酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血Cl-多正常而血肌酐增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肾小球性酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血与尿pH一致性降低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "额叶脑脓肿常见病原是微需氧葡萄球菌、厌氧菌和肠杆菌。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "额叶脑脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "微需氧葡萄球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "额叶脑脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "厌氧菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "额叶脑脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "持续性抑郁症@ 另一项研究报告终身患病率大约为 6%，女性比男性更容易发病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "患病率大约为 6%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "女性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "食物中毒@### 重度疾病 查看全部   首选 –   静脉补液 乳酸林格液或生理盐水溶液。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "静脉补液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "B族链球菌感染@### 晚期肾病 此类人群的患病风险增加可能与免疫抑制、存在留置装置（例如中心静脉导管、腹膜透析管）、经常需要住院和存在其他危险因素（例如糖尿病、外周血管病）有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "晚期肾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫抑制"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "存在留置装置"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中心静脉导管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖尿病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外周血管病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@然而，肺癌可以表现为X射线或CT检查偶然发现的肿块而不伴有临床症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "X射线"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "肝硬化@### 胃食管静脉曲张 50%的肝硬化患者合并静脉曲张，静脉曲张出血是肝硬化最常见的致死性并发症，6周时的死亡率达20%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃食管静脉曲张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "静脉曲张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "静脉曲张出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肾细胞癌@### 历史因素 超过一半的 RCC 为偶然发现，而且肾脏肿块通常仅在疾病后期出现症状。肾细胞癌@血尿、腰肋疼痛和腹部肿块是典型的三联征，但并不常见 (10%)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "RCC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "RCC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腰肋疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "RCC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部肿块"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "第七章 气管、支气管疾病 第一节 先天性气道畸形 一、气管软化 气管软化（tracheomalacia）因气管软骨先天发育不良所致，可同时伴有喉软化（laryngomalacia），两者是先天性喉喘鸣的主要原因。 本病以保守疗法为主，包括增强营养、适当补充维生素D及钙剂，保持呼吸道通畅。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "气管软化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "增强营养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "气管软化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "适当补充维生素D及钙剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "气管软化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "保持呼吸道通畅"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "气管软化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气管软骨先天发育不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "气管软化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性喉喘鸣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "喉软化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性喉喘鸣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "普通感冒@## 案例 ### 案例 一个 30 岁男性出现流鼻涕和喉咙痛 2 天。普通感冒@他自觉发热与出汗、轻度头痛、咳清痰和肌肉酸痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出汗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "轻度头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳清痰"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌肉酸痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流鼻涕"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喉咙痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "立克次体感染@此外，一般症状包括头痛、腰背痛、食欲缺乏、呕吐、腹泻、腹胀、黄疸。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "立克次体感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "立克次体感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腰背痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "立克次体感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "立克次体感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "立克次体感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "立克次体感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹胀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "立克次体感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄疸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "4.抗环瓜氨酸抗体（ACCP） 研究表明109名JIA患儿中只有2名ACCP为阳性，发生率不足2%，远低于成年（63%）。也有人发现13%的多关节型JRA和2%的其他类型JRA血清中ACCP抗体为阳性，健康对照仅0. 6%阳性，其中RF阳性多关节型JIA患儿中57%ACCP抗体为阳性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "抗环瓜氨酸抗体", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "ACCP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "JIA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗环瓜氨酸抗体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "转移性乳腺癌@结果 可能为雌激素受体及孕激素受体阳性或阴性、人表皮生长因子受体-2 (HER2) 阳性或阴性 ### 多门控捕获 (MUGA) 扫描 检查 结果 检查 下一步治疗中如果应用多柔比星或曲妥珠单抗，应慎重考虑。转移性乳腺癌@这类药物导致射血分数下降，多门控捕获扫描 (MUGA) 可在治疗开始之前给出心功能基础值。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多柔比星"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "曲妥珠单抗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠期高血压@每次产检时，均需进行母胎评估，包括 FBC、LFT 和必要时行 24 小时尿蛋白检测。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿蛋白检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "骨性关节炎@### 骨畸形 骨畸形在手部特别常见，并可导致近指间关节增大（布夏得结节）、远指间关节增大（希伯登结节），以及拇指基底部（第一腕掌关节）变成方形。骨性关节炎@在晚期膝关节骨性关节炎中，同样存在新骨的形成，导致膝关节周围骨肿胀。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "远指间关节增大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "希伯登结节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断】 1.临床诊断 长期动物性食物摄入不足，有各种消化道疾病或慢性消耗性疾病史,急性传染病史等情况下应高度警惕维生素A缺乏症。 1.调整饮食、去除病因 提供富含维生素A的动物性食物或含胡萝卜素较多的深色蔬菜，有条件的地方也可以采用维生素A强化的食品如婴儿的配方奶粉和辅食等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "维生素A缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "调整饮食"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "维生素A缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素A强化的食品"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "维生素A缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性传染病史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "图14-5 糖原分解、合成的代谢途径 （1）淀粉-（1，4→1，6）转葡萄糖苷酶 （2）糖原合成酶 （3）尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶 （4）磷酸葡萄糖变位酶 （5）磷酸己糖异构酶 （6）己糖激酶 （7）葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶 （8）淀粉-1，6-葡萄糖苷酶（脱支酶）（9）磷酸化酶 （10）磷酸葡萄糖变位酶；糖（11）磷酸己糖异构酶 （12）磷酸果糖激酶 GSD目前分为11型。 【实验室检查】 1.生化异常 包括低血糖、酮症酸中毒、乳酸血症、高尿酸血症及高脂血症，肝功能多数有改变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "GSD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低血糖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "GSD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "酮症酸中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "GSD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乳酸血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "GSD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高尿酸血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "GSD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高脂血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "其他 血培养:对所有疑似化脓性脑膜炎的病例均应做血培养’以帮助寻找致病菌。 皮肤瘀点、瘀斑涂片:是发现脑膜炎双球菌重要而简便的方法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤瘀点、瘀斑涂片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "### 妊娠期高血压的严重程度分级 * 轻度：BP测量值在140/90mmHg和160/110mmHg之间。 1.病史 有本病高危因素及上述临床表现，特别注意有无头痛、视力改变、上腹不适等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视力改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上腹不适"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "BP测量值在140/90mmHg和160/110mmHg之间"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "肥厚型心肌病@需要监测地高辛水平。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肥厚型心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "地高辛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "* *10%iv 30’，90%23. 5h，42h后四氢叶酸钙（CF）解救，剂量根据甲氨蝶呤血浓度调整，48小时MTX浓度应＜1μmol/L，1～2μmol/L时CF剂量为24mg/m2，q6h，2～3μmol/L时CF剂量为36mg/m2，以此类推。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "后四氢叶酸钙", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "CF"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "普通感冒@[ 慢性鼻窦炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/15) ### 链球菌性扁桃体 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 使用麦克伊萨克评分 (Mcisaac) 评估有助于判断病情；2或3分应行咽拭子检查。 普通感冒@颈部腺体触痛、扁桃体肿胀或有分泌物、无咳嗽、体温大于38°C (>100.4°F)、年龄15岁以下。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "链球菌性扁桃体", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈部腺体触痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "链球菌性扁桃体", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "扁桃体肿胀或有分泌物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "链球菌性扁桃体", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "链球菌性扁桃体", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "年龄15岁以下"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性鼻窦炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "链球菌性扁桃体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@酒精性慢性胰腺炎最常见的致死因素是心血管疾病，其次为胰腺炎并发症；遗传性胰腺炎最常见的致死因素为恶性肿瘤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "酒精性慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心血管疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "酒精性慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰腺炎并发症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "遗传性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶性肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "广泛性焦虑障碍@结果 正常窦性心律 ### 超声心动图 检查 结果 检查 对心脏听诊异常、存在症状或风险因素、有晕厥或强阳性心脏疾病家族史的患者因完善本检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声心动图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "脑膜炎的治疗应用大剂量的青霉素，也可用氨苄西林加庆大霉素，疗程2～3周。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氨苄西林加庆大霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "许多有恐怖症的儿童往往不寻求医疗，因为患儿采取躲避性行为，不与引起恐怖的事物接触，然而，只有当患儿的恐怖导致拒绝上学才引起父母和教师的关注，要求治疗。主要采取行为干预，包括逐步想象或趋近恐怖的事物或场所而脱敏；指导父母对患儿的鼓励和支持、不能用强制的方法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "恐怖症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "行为干预"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "HIV 感染@结果 阳性 ### 血清 HIV 快速检测 检查 结果 检查 床旁检测。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清 HIV 快速检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "疟疾感染@因此如果临床高度怀疑，建议连续3天每天行疟原虫血涂片检测。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疟原虫血涂片检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "根据国际出生缺陷监测情报所统计资料，世界20多个国家近20年左右的NTDs发病率波动在0. 3‰～2. 1‰，据此推算全世界每年大约有30万～40万NTDs病例发生，其中女性发病要多于男性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "NTDs", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "每年大约有30万～40万"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "NTDs", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "女性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@由 _金黄色葡萄球菌_ 引起的心内膜炎感染往往进展迅速，死亡率超过 45%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "心内膜炎感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "金黄色葡萄球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "子宫内膜癌@ ## 病理生理学 子宫内膜癌相关的病理生理学因素众多，这些综合征包括： * 雌激素：雌激素作为丝裂原的能力已明确，但它作为突变原刺激细胞分裂和器官生长的能力存有争议。子宫内膜癌@ * K-ras 基因突变：子宫内膜样腺癌为雌激素依赖性（占所有子宫内膜癌的 80%），20% 病例含 K-ras 基因突变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "子宫内膜癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "子宫内膜样腺癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性膀胱炎@### 尿急 典型症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿急"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "五、CVS的治疗 因CVS的病因和发病机制尚未完全明确，目前尚无特殊治疗方法证明对CVS绝对有效。 （一）急性发作期治疗 1.支持治疗 给予舒适安静的环境，避免光及强声刺激等不良触发因素，补液，纠正水电解质紊乱和酸碱平衡，保证热量供应。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "CVS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "舒适安静的环境"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "CVS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "避免光及强声刺激"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "CVS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "，补液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "CVS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "纠正水电解质紊乱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "CVS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "酸碱平衡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "CVS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "保证热量供应"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "胆管癌@95%以上的胆道癌是腺癌。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "胆道癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腺癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@### 癫痫发作 脑转移的症状 ### 颈部或锁骨上淋巴结肿大 区域传播最常见的部位是肺门纵隔。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "侵及周围组织转移的症状", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癫痫发作"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "第八节 阿米巴病 【病原】 阿米巴病（amoebiasis）是由溶组织阿米巴原虫所引起的疾病。包囊携带者和慢性患者为主要传染源，通过粪-口传播。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "传播途径", "subject": "阿米巴病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "通过粪-口传播"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "（三）伴随症状 所有川崎病的相关症状都提示有多脏器受累（表9-9）。在急性期，小关节可有关节炎的表现，而大关节受累多在起病后第二和第三周。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "百日咳@### 咳嗽 感染后1-2周，所有患者都会出现咳嗽。 百日咳@### 吸气时鸡鸣音 它在婴幼儿、青少年和成人患者中并不常见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "百日咳", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸气时鸡鸣音"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "百日咳", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "破伤风@镇静剂有助于减轻自主神经失调，苯二氮卓类药物和硫酸吗啡均具有这一作用。破伤风@硫酸吗啡可减少心脏和血管系统的交感神经张力，改善心血管稳定性，而不影响心脏功能。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "自主神经失调", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硫酸吗啡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "自主神经失调", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苯二氮卓类药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "自主神经失调", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "镇静剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "我国有不同地区的学者通过对正常新生儿血清胆红素水平的动态监测，证实我国正常新生儿生理性黄疸时其血清胆红素峰值高于传统的诊断水平，故需要进行更大样本的前瞻性研究，才能得出我国新生儿生理性黄疸的诊断标准。 2.血清蛋白联结运送不足 新生儿刚出生后存在或多或少的酸中毒，故常显示胆红素与清蛋白的联结不足，特别是早产儿清蛋白水平偏低，如用药不当，医源性地加入了争夺清蛋白的物质，使胆红素运送受阻。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿生理性黄疸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清蛋白联结运送不足"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "心肌炎@结果 早期整体增强提示心肌炎，晚期钆增强提示心肌缺血或瘢痕；存在并发的心包增厚或炎症 ### 新兴检查 ### 查看全部   ### MRI引导的EMB 检查 结果 检查 仍处于开发阶段，需要在更大规模的研究中进行验证。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瘢痕"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRI引导的EMB"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌缺血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "成人哮喘@哮喘患者中大约有 50%~60% 会发生运动性哮喘。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "运动性哮喘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "食管癌@鳞状细胞癌是食管上段到中段的一种疾病，最常与吸烟和饮酒相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "饮酒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "已证实可表现为瑞氏综合征的遗传代谢病包括尿素循环障碍、某些亚型糖原累积病、原发性肉碱缺陷、遗传果糖不耐症、甲基丙二酸血症、3-羟-3-戊二酶血症及脂肪酸β氧化缺陷等。此后由于慎用阿司匹林，发病人数逐渐下降，死亡率也下降至10%～20%，目前Reye综合征已经十分罕见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "死亡率", "subject": "瑞氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "10%～20%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "瑞氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿素循环障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "瑞氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "亚型糖原累积病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "瑞氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "原发性肉碱缺陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "瑞氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "遗传果糖不耐症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "瑞氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲基丙二酸血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "瑞氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "3-羟-3-戊二酶血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "瑞氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脂肪酸β氧化缺陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "帕金森病@如果根据发病年龄进行描述，则适用如下分类： * 青少年型帕金森病：21 岁以下 * 青年型帕金森病：年龄在 21 至 40 岁之间。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "青少年型帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "21 岁以下"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "青年型帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "21 至 40 岁之间"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "第七章 神经母细胞瘤第十一篇 儿童常见肿瘤【发病率】 【病理学】 【临床表现】 【实验室检查】 【诊断及分期】 【预后】 （一）分期及年龄 （二）生物学特征 （三）病理型别 【治疗】神经母细胞瘤（ neuroblastoma ， NB ）从原始神经嵴细胞演化而来，交感神经链、肾上腺髓质是最常见的原发部位。病人＜ 1岁，或Ⅰ 、 Ⅱ期，以OPEC 、 OPAC治疗为主，化疗剂量减25% 。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "神经母细胞瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Ⅰ"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "神经母细胞瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Ⅱ期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "神经母细胞瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "以OPEC 、 OPAC治疗为主，化疗剂量减25%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "神经母细胞瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾上腺髓质"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "神经母细胞瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "neuroblastoma"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "神经母细胞瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "NB"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "neuroblastoma", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "NB"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "胆管癌@结果 大于40 kIU/L ### 血清CA-125 检查 结果 检查 65%的患者中可被检测到。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清CA-125"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "先天性睾丸发育不全综合征@国内目前较常用的是十一酸睾酮（testosterone undecanoate）又称安雄（andriol），为睾酮的衍生物，有较强的雄激素作用和蛋白同化作用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "十一酸睾酮", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "testosterone undecanoate"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "安雄", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "andriol"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "testosterone undecanoate", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "安雄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "十一酸睾酮", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "安雄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@普瑞巴林（一种可有效治疗其他原因所致的中枢神经性疼痛的加巴喷丁类似物）与安慰剂相比，可以更好地缓解慢性胰腺炎患者的疼痛症状， 尽管它尚未获准用于此类治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "普瑞巴林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "胆囊炎@## 病史和查体 ### 关键诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部   ### 曾发作胆道疼痛 曾发作过一次胆道疼痛的患者约一半将在 1 年内再次发作。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "曾发作胆道疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 中枢神经系统肿瘤的发病机制及其临床表现，具有缓慢进行性加重的特征。在学龄期儿童多表现为间隙性头痛、学习成绩下降、易疲劳及性格改变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中枢神经系统肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "间隙性头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中枢神经系统肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "学习成绩下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中枢神经系统肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易疲劳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中枢神经系统肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "性格改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "念珠菌病@ （3）两性霉素B：用于全身性深部念珠菌病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "全身性深部念珠菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "两性霉素B"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "个别患者发生急性肌炎，以腓肠肌和比目鱼肌受累多见，常发生于病后1周，临床症状改善不久。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "急性肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "比目鱼肌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "急性肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腓肠肌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 因21-羟化酶缺乏症缺乏程度不同，可分为典型的单纯男性化型、失盐型和非典型（迟发型或轻型）三种。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "21-羟化酶缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单纯男性化型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "21-羟化酶缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "失盐型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "21-羟化酶缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非典型（迟发型或轻型）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@### 自体和人工瓣膜：肠球菌 对肠球菌心内膜炎的治疗类似于对草绿色链球菌的治疗，基于对青霉素敏感性的检查结果。感染性心内膜炎@治疗选择包括一种 β-内酰胺或万古霉素加庆大霉素（或在一些患者中使用链霉素），或者使用双重 β-内酰胺方案。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肠球菌心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "万古霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肠球菌心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "链霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "7.金黄色葡萄球菌肠炎 很少为原发性，多继发于应用大量广谱抗生素后或继发于慢性疾病基础上。大便镜检有大量脓细胞及革兰阳性菌。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "金黄色葡萄球菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大便镜检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "窦性心动过缓是由于窦房结冲动发放缓慢。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理生理", "subject": "窦性心动过缓", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "窦房结冲动发放缓慢"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "如有缺氧、酸中毒、低蛋白血症、前一胎为Rh溶血病者，应放宽指征。 6.换血并发症 库血未经复温而立即输入，可致低体温、心血管功能异常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "Rh溶血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心血管功能异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断】 找到蛲虫卵或发现蛲虫成虫即可确诊蛲虫病。 5.枸橼酸哌嗪 50～60mg/（kg•d），早晚分2次口服，连服7～10天，1天总量不超过2g，以后每周服药2天，剂量同上，可防止再感染，共服4周。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "蛲虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "枸橼酸哌嗪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "狂犬病@## 分类 ### 临床分类 脑炎型狂犬病（躁狂型） * 前驱期出现发热症状，随后出现行为改变，包括激越和常态交替出现、失眠症、幻觉等。狂犬病@可发生感觉异常和瘫痪。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感觉异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瘫痪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑炎型狂犬病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前驱期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "行为改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "失眠症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "幻觉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【病因】 （一）日光照射不足 1，25（OH）2维生素D3可由皮肤经日照产生，如日照不足，尤其在冬季，需定期通过膳食补充。 （四）钙、磷、维生素D需要量增多 早产儿因生长速度快和体内储钙不足而易患佝偻病；婴儿生长发育快，对维生素D和钙的需要量增多，故易引起佝偻病；2岁后因生长速度减慢，且户外活动增多，佝偻病的发病率逐渐减少。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "日光照射不足"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钙、磷、维生素D需要量增多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "口咽癌@扁桃体癌的治疗正在改变，最近研究表明，活检标本HPV阳性患者接受放疗的预后可能更好。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "扁桃体癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "广泛性焦虑障碍@抗精神病药物不应作为GAD的一线治疗使用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "GAD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗精神病药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "肾细胞癌@ 目前，对于局部晚期 RCC 患者，尤其是难以实施肾切除或肾切除不成功的患者，应考虑参加新辅助治疗的临床试验。肾细胞癌@但是，通常只有体能状况良好的患者才符合手术指征，尤其是仅存在几处独立远端转移病变的患者，减瘤性肾切除术仍然是原发性肿瘤的一种治疗选择。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "肾细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "减瘤性肾切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "乙型肝炎@肝硬化似乎是肝细胞癌发展中的最大的危险因素，尽管30%至50%的乙肝相关的肝癌不合并肝硬化。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "肝细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝硬化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "百日咳@对于有明显禁忌证或不能耐受大环内酯类药物的患儿，推荐使用甲氧嘧啶/磺胺甲基异恶唑。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "百日咳", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大环内酯类"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "急性膀胱炎@对于怀疑复杂性膀胱炎的患者，需要进行尿常规和尿培养检查进一步明确诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "复杂性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿常规"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "复杂性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "慢性肾病@## 鉴别诊断 ### 查看全部  ### 糖尿病肾病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 血糖未有效控制的糖尿病病史5~10年。慢性肾病@常常同时伴有糖尿病性视网膜病变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "糖尿病肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖尿病性视网膜病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "慢性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖尿病肾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "4.低钙血症和低镁血症 一般不会出现。原有营养不良及佝偻病时更易出现，少数患儿可出现低镁血症，表现为手足震颤，舞蹈病样不随意运动，易受刺激，烦躁不安，严重者可发生惊厥，补充钙剂后症状无改善。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低镁血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手足震颤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低镁血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "舞蹈病样不随意运动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低镁血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易受刺激"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低镁血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烦躁不安"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低镁血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "惊厥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "（2）抗心肌M受体抗体： 抗心肌抗体的靶抗原十分复杂，可针对肌纤维、肌动蛋白、肌凝蛋白及Z带等抗原成分，因此在心肌梗死、风湿性心肌炎、病毒性心肌炎、心肌病、冠状动脉硬化性心脏病，甚至心脏手术之后，均可检出抗心肌抗体。 临床检测自身抗体要注意3点：①自身抗体有生理性与病理性之分，生理性自身抗体不但效价低，产生机制也可能不同；②多数自身抗体特异性欠佳，要特别强调临床综合分析；③自身抗体检测并非仅用于风湿性疾病诊断，在一些非风湿性疾病中也通过自身抗体检测获取临床信息，如肺癌诊断，淋巴细胞白血病分型等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "风湿性疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗心肌M受体抗体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "多发性骨髓瘤@已在一项比较高剂量马法兰后自体干细胞移植和化疗巩固（环磷酰胺和地塞米松）+来那度胺的研究中得到证实。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "环磷酰胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "地塞米松"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "来那度胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "第三节 钩虫 病 钩虫病（hookworm diseases）的病原体是钩虫，钩虫共有3种，即十二指肠钩虫、美洲钩虫和锡兰钩虫，其中以前两者引起人类感染最为重要。一般采用粪便直接涂片法，可于镜下发现虫卵。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "钩虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "粪便直接涂片法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "病毒抗原检测:采取咽拭子、鼻咽分泌物、气管吸取物或肺泡灌洗液涂片,或快速培养后细胞涂片，使用病毒特异性抗体(包括单克隆抗体）免疫荧光技术、免疫酶法或放射免疫法可发现特异性病毒抗原。 【诊断】 支气管肺炎的诊断比较简单,一般有发热、咳嗽、呼吸急促的症状，肺部听诊闻及中、细湿啰音和 (或)胸部影像学有肺炎的改变均可诊断为支气管肺炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒抗原检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸急促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺部听诊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "肾前性 任何原因引起有效循环血容量降低，使肾血流量不足、肾小球滤过率（GFR)显著降低所致。 常见的原因包括呕吐、腹泻和胃肠减压等胃肠道液体大量丢失、大面积烧伤、手术或创伤出血等 引起的绝对血容量不足;脓毒症、休克、低蛋白血症、严重心律失常、心包填塞和心力衰竭等引起的相对血容量不足。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肾前性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肾前性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肾前性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃肠减压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肾前性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃肠道液体大量丢失"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肾前性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大面积烧伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肾前性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手术或创伤出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肾前性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "绝对血容量不足"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "脓毒症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾前性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾前性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "低蛋白血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾前性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "严重心律失常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾前性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "心包填塞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾前性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "心力衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾前性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "磨牙症@成人 – 附加 –   温和的止痛药 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [ 对乙酰氨基酚 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 需要时每次口服 500-1000 mg，每 4-6 小时一次，最多 4000 mg/日 或 [ 布洛芬 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 需要时每次口服 300-400 mg，每 6-8 小时 1 次，最多 2400 mg/日 对于有显著的颌肌疼痛，且对其他治疗没有反应的患者，可使用短期温和的止痛药以缓解疼痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "温和的止痛药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "对乙酰氨基酚"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "布洛芬"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "1.非血管源性消化道出血（溃疡性出血） （1）抑制胃酸分泌： 患儿仅有出血而无血流动力学的改变，且出血能自行停止者，只需给予抑酸药。 （2）内镜治疗： 当患儿有急性、持续性或再发性出血，存在血流动力学改变，以及病因不明时应做内镜治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "非血管源性消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内镜治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "非血管源性消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溃疡性出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "非血管源性消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抑制胃酸分泌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "（三）宫内获得性感染 先天性弓形虫感染较后天性感染严重。在妊娠最初3个月内获得和传播的感染常引起婴儿出生时伴有严重的眼和中枢神经系统表现，如脉络膜视网膜炎、脑积水和颅内钙化。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "先天性弓形虫感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脉络膜视网膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "先天性弓形虫感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑积水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "先天性弓形虫感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅内钙化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "破伤风@潜伏期通常为3-21天，但根据伤口情况与中枢神经系统 (CNS) 之间的距离，也可能为1天（头部破伤风）至数月。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CNS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中枢神经系统"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "中枢神经系统", "subject_type": "部位", "object": {"@value": "CNS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@肺炎患者通常出现呼吸困难、发烧、咳嗽、咳痰。 稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@查体局部可发现支气管呼吸音及叩诊呈浊音。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "叩诊呈浊音"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管呼吸音"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发烧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳痰"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "表11-21 单、双侧肾母细胞瘤之不同点 肾母细胞瘤有一定的家族性发生倾向，发生率约为1%～2%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "肾母细胞瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1%～2%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "B族链球菌感染@ * 因此，孕妇还可能出现以下体征（具体取决于感染的病灶部位）：耻骨上压痛或肋椎角压痛（尿路感染）；心动过速、低血压、呼吸急促或毛细血管再充盈不佳（脓毒症）；边缘清晰分明的红斑凸起或边缘模糊不清的斑疹性红斑（蜂窝织炎）；子宫压痛、恶臭或严重化脓的羊水或者胎心过速和心率变异性减弱（绒毛膜羊膜炎）；或者子宫压痛（产后子宫内膜炎）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "耻骨上压痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心动过速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸急促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "子宫压痛、恶臭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "严重化脓的羊水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胎心过速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "3.睾丸旁 睾丸旁横纹肌肉瘤占7%，占儿童阴囊肿瘤的12%，就诊时多为Ⅰ级，预后较其他部位要好，大多数属于胚胎型，以梭状细胞为主。但如怀疑有淋巴结浸润或原发肿瘤切除不完整，还是做系统的腹膜后淋巴结检查为好。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "睾丸旁横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹膜后淋巴结检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@可能的原因为β- 淀粉样蛋白诱发脑细胞损伤，包括细胞内钙沉积、氧自由基和一氧化氮产生以及炎性病变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细胞内钙沉积"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "炎性病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "溶血性贫血@自身免疫性溶血性贫血 (AIHA) – 联合 –   皮质类固醇 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [ 泼尼松龙 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 1 mg/kg/天，口服，直至见效，随后 1-2 个月缓慢减少剂量 或 [ 地塞米松 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 40 mg，口服，每天一次，连服 4 天，每月重复一次，持续 6 个月 使用皮质类固醇的目的是减少抗体生成。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "自身免疫性溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "AIHA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "自身免疫性溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮质类固醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "自身免疫性溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泼尼松龙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "自身免疫性溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "地塞米松"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "乙型肝炎@服用替诺福韦的患者必须每 12 周检测血清肌酐。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清肌酐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "【辅助检查】 除了上述血生化及尿生化的改变外，胱氨酸病还可进行以下辅助检查。 （四）肾活体组织检查 发现近端小管鹅颈样变形、胱氨酸结晶体及黑细胞等改变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "胱氨酸病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾活体组织检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "甲状腺癌@ * 随访过程中最重要的是临床查体和甲状腺球蛋白测定。甲状腺癌@甲状腺球蛋白升高提示可能存在肿瘤复发，多数发生在颈中部或侧颈部。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "肿瘤复发", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲状腺球蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "第四节 先天性巨结肠 【发病率】 先天性巨结肠（Hirschsprung’s disease，HD）是一种比较常见的小儿消化道畸形，国外统计发病率为1/5000，其中男孩占70%～80%。 （一）蠕动反射 肠蠕动是由位于肠腔内容团块上方的环肌收缩，而位于下端的肠段反射性松弛，以及肠管纵形肌同时收缩并向远端传递所构成。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理生理", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "蠕动反射"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Hirschsprung’s disease"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "HD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Hirschsprung’s disease"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1/5000"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男孩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "DiGeorge综合征是以先天性甲状旁腺功能减退和胸腺发育不良所致的细胞免疫缺陷为特征的一类染色体微缺失综合征。多重连接探针扩增 (MLPA)和微阵列比较基因组杂交技术（aCGH)也是常用检测手段。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "DiGeorge综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多重连接探针扩增"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "DiGeorge综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸腺发育不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "DiGeorge综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细胞免疫缺陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "多重连接探针扩增", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "MLPA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "HIV 感染@在 20 岁时接受的 HIV 检测为阴性。HIV 感染@对其进行 CD4 计数，确定分期为 WHO 1 期。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CD4 计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "急性膀胱炎@## 病因学 最常见的病原体是 _大肠杆菌_ ，见于约 80% 的病例。急性膀胱炎@ 其他相对少见的病原体包括 _腐生葡萄球菌_ 、 _肺炎克雷伯菌_ 、 _变形杆菌_ 和其他细菌，如： _假单胞杆菌_ 、 _肠球菌_ 、 _肠杆菌_ 和 B 型链球菌。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腐生葡萄球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎克雷伯菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "变形杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "假单胞杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "B 型链球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大肠杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "乳腺原位癌@ 对于 60 岁以下的绝经后女性和血栓栓塞风险增加的女性，认为芳香化酶抑制剂（例如阿那曲唑）是一线治疗。 乳腺原位癌@### 小叶原位癌 治疗包括观察和咨询，联合或不联合长期选择性雌激素受体调节剂或双侧预防性（预防性）乳房切除术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "乳腺原位癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "雌激素受体调节剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "婴儿猝死综合征@与婴儿同屋但不同床睡（例如让婴儿睡在靠近父母睡床的婴儿床或摇篮中）能降低 SIDS、窒息、勒颈和陷入床栏间隙的风险，比同床睡安全 也比让婴儿单独睡（即让婴儿单独在另一房间睡）更为安全。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "SIDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "与婴儿同屋但不同床睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "血吸虫病@如果在再次治疗后症状仍持续，应注意其他疾病的鉴别诊断（如膀胱癌或炎症性肠病）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膀胱癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "炎症性肠病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "癫痫持续状态@地西泮直肠给药能快速干预长时间癫痫发作（5-10 分钟）或期间无意识恢复的反复癫痫发作。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "地西泮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "长时间癫痫发作（5-10 分钟）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "Findlay等应用牛肺肺表面活性物质制剂（Survanta）随机对照治疗40例MAS得到显著临床效果。 （六）吸入一氧化氮 由于窒息导致的持续肺血管痉挛，可以发展成持续肺动脉高压症，表现为机械通气依赖＞60%氧供 ，动脉导管和卵圆孔出现右向左分流、三尖瓣反流等，可以经床旁彩超测定出。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "MAS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸入一氧化氮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "转移性乳腺癌@HER2-阳性：绝经前 – 第二 –   曲妥珠单抗emtansine #### 第一选择 [ 曲妥珠单抗emtansine ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 参考当地专科医生治疗方案作为剂量指导 曲妥珠单抗 emtansine 是一种结合了曲妥珠单抗 HER2 靶向抗肿瘤特性与微管抑制剂 DM1（一种美登素衍生物）细胞毒性的人表皮生长因子受体-2 (HER2) 抗体的偶联药物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "曲妥珠单抗emtansine"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "食管癌@### 贲门失弛缓（鳞癌） 贲门失弛缓使食管鳞癌和腺癌的发病风险增加了大约10倍。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "食管鳞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贲门失弛缓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "骨髓象 国外学者不建议常规做骨髓细胞学检査。 血小板抗体测定 主要是PAIgG增高,但PAIgG增高并非ITP的特异性改变,其他免疫性疾病亦可增高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "ITP", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨髓象"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "ITP", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血小板抗体测定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "肠梗阻@某些药剂（如阿片类药物、抗胆碱能类药物）会使胃肠动力减少，可引发肠梗阻，因此应停用或减少使用这些药物。 肠梗阻@电解质失调可能与肠梗阻有关，尤其是高镁血症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高镁血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿片类药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗胆碱能类药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@期待疗法在急性胰腺炎急性发作后形成囊肿的前 6~12 周内非常重要。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "期待疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "肾血管性高血压（renovascular hypertension，RVH）即为其中之一。重症病人可有高血压脑病，有一过性视力障碍及抽搐等，有的可表现为行为异常或好动等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "肾血管性高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血压脑病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肾血管性高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "行为异常或好动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肾血管性高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "renovascular hypertension"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "renovascular hypertension", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "RVH"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "二、血小板无力症第十篇 血液系统疾病 第四章 出血性疾病 第二节 血小板功能异常性疾病【发病机制】 【临床表现】 【实验室检查】 【诊断】 （一）临床表现 （二）实验室检查瑞士医师Glanzmann于1918年首先报道本病，故又称Glanzmann thrombasthenia （ GT ） 。杂合子出血症不明显，纯合子则可表现皮肤、黏膜的自发出血甚至内脏出血，如皮肤瘀点、瘀斑、鼻出血、牙龈出血、月经过多、血尿、胃肠道出血等，罕见颅内出血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "Glanzmann thrombasthenia", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "Glanzmann thrombasthenia", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黏膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "Glanzmann thrombasthenia", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内脏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Glanzmann thrombasthenia", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤瘀点"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Glanzmann thrombasthenia", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瘀斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Glanzmann thrombasthenia", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Glanzmann thrombasthenia", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "牙龈出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Glanzmann thrombasthenia", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "月经过多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Glanzmann thrombasthenia", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Glanzmann thrombasthenia", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃肠道出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Glanzmann thrombasthenia", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅内出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "血液系统疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血性疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "出血性疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血小板功能异常性疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "Glanzmann thrombasthenia", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "GT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@ * 营养不良：因疼痛而惧怕进食、吸收障碍以及酗酒引起的进食减少是造成营养不良的常见因素。慢性胰腺炎@ 约10%-15%的患者需要营养补充剂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "营养补充剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "营养不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "进食减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "绝大多数先天性脑积水系因脑脊液循环阻塞所致的非交通性脑积水。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "非交通性脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑脊液循环阻塞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "先天性脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非交通性脑积水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性淋巴细胞白血病@ 预防性抗真菌药物（例如：氟康唑、伊曲康唑或泊沙康唑）可联合使用治疗单纯疱疹病毒和水痘带状疱疹病毒的预防性抗病毒药物（例如：阿昔洛韦）。急性淋巴细胞白血病@化疗药物包括替尼泊苷、依托泊苷、安吖啶、米托蒽醌、伊达比星、HDAC（大剂量阿糖胞苷）或中大剂量甲氨蝶呤（HDM）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HDAC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@对于一些患者，尤其是吸烟者，存在一些问题症状且胸部X线检查正常，需要做胸部CT检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部X线"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "登革热@疼痛，特别是背痛，关节痛，肌肉痛，骨痛，很常见。登革热@通常在几天内得到改善。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "背痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌肉痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "高血压急症@测量时上臂应与心脏处于同一水平。 高血压急症@应检查眼底，查找有无小动脉痉挛、视网膜水肿、视网膜出血、视网膜渗出斑、视神经乳头水肿或视网膜静脉充血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "高血压急症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "检查眼底"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@支持治疗措施与90 min内进行PCI的患者相同 ### 持续药物治疗 血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂应尽早使用（例如：当患者血流动力学稳定时，最好从住院第一天开始使用），有助于改善心室重构，特别是对于大面积前壁心肌梗死患者。 ST段抬高型心肌梗死@应当继续他汀类药物和抗血小板治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗血小板治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "他汀类药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "一年四季均有化脓性脑膜炎发生，但肺炎链球菌以冬、春季多见，而脑膜炎球菌和流感嗜血杆菌引起的化脓性脑膜炎分别以春、秋季发病多。合并脑疝时，则有呼吸不规则、突然意识障碍加重及瞳孔不等大等体征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑疝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "突然意识障碍加重"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瞳孔不等大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发季节", "subject": "化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冬"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发季节", "subject": "化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "春"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发季节", "subject": "化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "秋"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "慢性髓性白血病@ 见于＜50%的患者 由脾肿大或脾梗死导致。 慢性髓性白血病@### 鼻衄 由血小板减少或血小板功能异常导致。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻衄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "帕金森病@抑郁、疲乏、自主神经系统功能障碍（便秘、失禁、吞咽困难）和睡眠障碍等帕金森病非运动症状甚至可能在运动症状之前出现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睡眠障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吞咽困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "失禁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "便秘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "自主神经系统功能障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疲乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抑郁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "永存动脉干的最常见合并畸形是主动脉弓异常。此外，永存动脉干中有近12%合并有左上腔静脉残存。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "左上腔静脉残存"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "主动脉弓异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "放线菌病@农民及野外作业者较多见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "放线菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "农民及野外作业者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "但安静型梦游活动的复杂性更强，而觉醒紊乱发作中的儿童较少离床走动。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "觉醒紊乱", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童较少离床走动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "口咽癌@ 如老年人（年龄大于60岁）口腔疼痛和体重下降，同时有长时间吸烟及饮酒史时，提示有口咽癌的可能。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口腔疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "饮酒史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "急性淋巴细胞白血病@ 确诊需进行骨髓活检。急性淋巴细胞白血病@骨髓中原始细胞大于25%可明确急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）的诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨髓活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨髓活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "【病因】 癫痫的病因复杂多样，构成癫痫发作的因素包括遗传因素、脑内致痫性损伤因素以及诱发性因素等，不同的年龄往往有不同的病因范围。原发性癫痫可表现为全身性发作或部分性发作，但全身性癫痫的遗传性因素高于部分性癫痫。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "原发性癫痫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "遗传因素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑内致痫性损伤因素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "诱发性因素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@强化血糖控制能降低1型和2型糖尿病患者微血管并发症的发病率，包括视网膜病、肾病和神经病变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "2型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视网膜病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "2型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "2型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "唇腭裂@### 积极的产前超声 在大约妊娠18周时可以通过常规产前超声识别有无唇裂的存在。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "唇裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "产前超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "白内障@玻璃体的牵拉可以增加白内障术后发生黄斑水肿的风险和/或增加视网膜裂孔或视网膜脱离的风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄斑水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "增加视网膜裂孔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视网膜脱离"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "结核性脑膜炎（tuberculous meningitis)，是小儿结核病中最严重的类型。 常规检查:脑脊液压力增高，外观无色透明或呈毛玻璃样,蛛网膜下腔阻塞时，可呈黄色,静置 12 ~ 24小时后’脑脊液中可有蜘蛛网状薄膜形成，取之涂片进行抗酸染色,结核分枝杆菌检出率较高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "结核性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "常规检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "结核性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "tuberculous meningitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肥厚型心肌病@胺碘酮是最有效的预防房颤复发的药物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "房颤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胺碘酮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肥厚型心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胺碘酮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "唇腭裂@助听器通常要在手术后咨询耳鼻喉科和听力学家。唇腭裂@ ### 腭瘘 | 存在差异 | 低 大约 10% 至 20% 颚成形术发生腭瘘。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腭瘘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "1.冷凝集素病 常继发于肺炎支原体、EB病毒感染或继发于淋巴增生性疾病，产生识别I/i系统寡糖抗原的抗体，通常为IgM，需补体参与。临床上溶血症状较轻，常伴有雷诺症状，可发生肢端坏死、溃疡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "冷凝集素病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "雷诺症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "冷凝集素病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肢端坏死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "冷凝集素病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溃疡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "冷凝集素病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎支原体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "冷凝集素病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "EB病毒感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "冷凝集素病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淋巴增生性疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "凡符合HLH的临床诊断标准，或髙度怀疑HLH而未完全达到诊断标准且病情进展迅速者，应立即开始治疗。 维持治疗:DEX，每2周1次,静脉滴注或口服,10mg/(m2 • d) x3天;VP-16针剂，每2周1 次,每次150mg/m2 ； CsA，继续口服至40周,血药浓度应维持在200μg/L左右。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "HLH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "DEX"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "HLH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "VP-16"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "HLH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CsA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "前列腺癌@骨转移的患者，可使用这些药物预防骨相关事件。 前列腺癌@附加 –   外照射 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 姑息性剂量的放疗可用于疼痛的骨转移灶。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外照射"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@### 关节炎和脊柱炎 UC还可表现为外周关节炎、强直性脊柱炎和不能区别的脊椎关节病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脊柱炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外周关节炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "强直性脊柱炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脊椎关节病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "缺血性卒中@使用近端球囊引导导管或大口径远端导管联合支架取栓器（而不是单用颈部引导导管）在某些谨慎选择的患者中也可能有帮助。缺血性卒中@另外，如在症状出现 6 小时内使用，使用辅助干预（例如动脉内溶栓）实现可接受的再灌注也可能是合理的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "近端球囊引导导管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "辅助干预"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "肝癌@血小板低提示肝硬化导致的门静脉高压。 肝癌@结果 小细胞性贫血和/或血小板减少症 ### 基础代谢生化检查 (BMP) 检查肝癌-基础代谢生化检查 (BMP)-实验室检查-> 结果 检查 患者可能因容量超负荷或应用利尿剂而导致低钠血症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "肝癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "基础代谢生化检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "肛门癌@5 年生存率也相应降低（T1 期为 95%、T2 期为 79%、T3 期为 53%、T4 期为 19%）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "95%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "79%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "53%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "19%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "胆囊炎@## 鉴别诊断 ### 查看全部  ### 急性胆管炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 典型症状为发热寒战、黄疸和腹痛（夏科三联征）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胆管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胆管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "寒战"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胆管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄疸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胆管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性胆管炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "川崎病@ 【鉴别诊断】 川崎病有许多同其他感染性疾病相似的表现。川崎病@需与其鉴别的有细菌性感染如猩红热，葡萄球菌引起的皮肤症状，中毒性休克，风湿热，洛基山斑疹热和细螺旋体病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "猩红热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中毒性休克"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "风湿热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "洛基山斑疹热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细螺旋体病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "第五节 心房扑动 心房扑动（简称房扑）系由于激动在心房内快速环形运动所产生的一种主动性快速而规则的心律失常。 心房扑动@ 在年长儿，房扑通常发生在有先天性心脏病的基础上。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "心房扑动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性心脏病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "心房扑动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "房扑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠期高血压@妊娠期间，患者需定期监测血压和进行尿液分析以排除子痫前期和妊娠期糖尿病。 妊娠期高血压@轻度高血压可以通过改变生活方式和降压治疗进行处理。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "降压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "改变生活方式"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "子痫前期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "妊娠期糖尿病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "监测血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿液分析"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "妊娠期糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "妊娠期高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "轻度高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "改变生活方式"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "轻度高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "降压治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "第四节 先天性巨结肠 【发病率】 先天性巨结肠（Hirschsprung’s disease，HD）是一种比较常见的小儿消化道畸形，国外统计发病率为1/5000，其中男孩占70%～80%。 （六）结肠结缔组织病 近年来认为结肠结缔组织病是导致神经节细胞异位的原因之一，表现为肠管肌层的结缔组织完全或部分缺损，导致肠道蠕动功能受损。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理生理", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结肠结缔组织病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Hirschsprung’s disease"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "HD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Hirschsprung’s disease"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1/5000"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男孩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "帕金森病@病史将包括提示运动迟缓、强直、静止性震颤和/或姿势不稳的症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "运动迟缓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "强直"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "姿势不稳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【病因和发病机制】 （一）病因 各种病原微生物即为尿感的病因，大肠杆菌占75%～90%，其次为肺炎克雷伯杆菌、变形杆菌、产气杆菌和产碱杆菌，近年来革兰阳性球菌的比例升高，如肠链球菌和葡萄球菌。有器械操作诱发尿感的细菌可为肠道细菌和绿脓杆菌。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "尿感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠道细菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "尿感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "绿脓杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "尿感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "各种病原微生物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "尿感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎克雷伯杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "尿感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "变形杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "尿感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大肠杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "尿感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "产气杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "尿感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "产碱杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "尿感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "革兰阳性球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "尿感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠链球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "尿感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "葡萄球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "MRI可见两类改变：①T2相或增强扫描可见不规则片状高密影，可能系脑胶质增生或脱髓鞘病变；②T1相及增强扫描低密度改变，提示囊性改变。 【诊断】 根据先天性白内障、青光眼、智能及生长发育障碍，Fanconi综合征的典型表现，确诊Lowe眼-脑-肾综合征并不困难，诊断困难往往是因为只发现眼部先天性改变，而脑部与肾脏表现轻微或不典型，此时需作详细的血、尿的生化分析来帮助诊断，必要时动态观察肾脏及脑部的变化，对确立诊断有较大作用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Lowe眼-脑-肾综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "囊性改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "Lowe眼-脑-肾综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Fanconi综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "Lowe眼-脑-肾综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "智能及生长发育障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "Lowe眼-脑-肾综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青光眼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "Lowe眼-脑-肾综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性白内障"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "疟疾感染@[ HIV血清转换 ](/topics/zh-cn/555) ### 阿米巴肝脓肿 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 不到50%的人有细菌性痢疾史。疟疾感染@常伴有触痛性肝肿大和右侧胸腔积液。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "阿米巴肝脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "触痛性肝肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "阿米巴肝脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "右侧胸腔积液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HIV血清转换"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿米巴肝脓肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "阿米巴肝脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细菌性痢疾史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "胸部平片 可示肺部纹理增多、模糊或有片状阴影，心影可扩大。 【诊断和鉴别诊断】 诊断标准（表7-8) 表7-8川崎病的诊断标准 发热5天以上,伴下列5项临床表现中4项者，排除其他疾病后，即可诊断为川崎病： 四肢变化:急性期掌跖红斑，手足硬性水肿;恢复期指趾端膜状脱皮 多形性皮疹 眼结合膜充血，非化脓性 唇充血皲裂，口腔黏膜弥漫充血,舌乳头突起、充血呈草莓舌 (5)颈部淋巴结肿大 注:如5项临床表现中不足4项,但超声心动图有冠状动脉损害,亦可确诊为川崎病 IVIG非敏感型KD也称IVIG无反应型KDJVIG耐药型KD、难治型KD等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部平片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "中毒患儿可出现刺激性呛咳、呼吸困难、发绀、肺水肿及呼吸节律不整，严重者导致呼吸中枢抑制或呼吸肌麻痹以及呼吸衰竭。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "刺激性呛咳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发绀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸节律不整"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸中枢抑制"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸肌麻痹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@### 胰腺功能和结构检查 胰腺功能检查包括直接和间接两种方法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰腺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "痔@痔病表现为无痛性直肠出血或突发的肛周疼痛伴有触痛性包块。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "痔病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无痛性直肠出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "痔病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肛周疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "GSDⅣ型（Andersen病）分支酶缺陷。受累组织主要为肝脏；心脏及肌肉较少累及。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "GSDⅣ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "GSDⅣ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心脏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "GSDⅣ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌肉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "GSDⅣ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Andersen病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "婴儿猝死综合征@已经充分确定了与其他可改变危险因素的相关性，如睡姿、床面、睡眠环境布置、吸烟暴露、无母乳喂养以及未使用橡皮奶嘴等，但是尚未确定直接的致病原因。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睡姿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "床面"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睡眠环境布置"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸烟暴露"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无母乳喂养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "未使用橡皮奶嘴"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "痛风@### 类风湿关节炎 (RA) 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 慢性痛风石性痛风和多关节痛风可与 RA 类似，而且痛风可能被误诊为类风湿性结节。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "类风湿关节炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "RA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性痛风石性痛风"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多关节痛风"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "类风湿性结节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【病因】 （一）消化系统疾病 各种消化系统疾病都可引起呕吐，主要有消化道先天畸形、梗阻、炎症、感染、出血、功能失调等。 4.消化道梗阻 多数为先天畸形所致。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化道梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化系统疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化道先天畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "炎症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "各种消化系统疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "第十一章 颅内出血 颅内出血（intracranial hemorrhage，ICH）又称为出血性脑血管病或出血性卒中，系因脑血管破裂使血液外溢至颅腔所致。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "颅内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "intracranial hemorrhage"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "颅内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ICH"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "颅内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血性脑血管病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "颅内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血性卒中"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "第十一章 系统性红斑狼疮 【概述】 系统性红斑狼疮（systemic lupus erythematosus，SLE）是一种累及多系统的自身免疫性疾病，特征为广泛的血管炎和结缔组织炎症，存在抗核抗体（ANA），特别是抗dsDNA和抗Sm抗体阳性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "系统性红斑狼疮", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "systemic lupus erythematosus"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "系统性红斑狼疮", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "SLE"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "预防和治疗脱水，纠正电解质及酸碱平衡紊乱。 双糖不耐受患儿食用含双糖(包括乳糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖）的饮食可使腹泻加重,其中以乳糖不耐受最多见，治疗中应注意减少饮食中的双糖负荷，如采用不含乳糖代乳品或去乳糖配方奶粉等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "预防和治疗脱水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "真菌性脑膜炎@与隐球菌病及地方性真菌病不同，成人中侵入性念球菌病的主要危险因素为中性粒细胞减少。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "侵入性念球菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中性粒细胞减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "三、急性扁桃体炎 急性扁桃体炎（acute tonsillitis）多伴有不等程度的急性咽炎。下颌角淋巴结肿大。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性扁桃体炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下颌角淋巴结肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急性扁桃体炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "acute tonsillitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "急性扁桃体炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性咽炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "小儿哮喘@根据患儿症状模式、检查时出现的一些体征包括胸壁听诊可闻及广泛多音调的喘鸣音，出现呼吸急促，呼气受限或呼吸肌收缩，依靠辅助肌呼吸等呼吸窘迫症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸急促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼气受限"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸肌收缩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "痔@可伴粘液或血染的分泌物，疼痛，及大便失禁。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "粘液或血染的分泌物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大便失禁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "依据眼底检查情况将小儿高血压分为4度：Ⅰ度：正常眼底；Ⅱ度：有局灶性小动脉收缩；Ⅲ度：有渗出伴有或无出血；Ⅳ度：视神经乳头水肿。疑汞中毒时应行尿汞测定。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "小儿高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿汞测定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@ 胆石性胰腺炎更常见于 60 岁以上的白人女性，尤其是小结石患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "胆石性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "60 岁以上"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "胆石性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白人"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "胆石性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "女性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@ 所有患者都应给予P2Y12受体抑制剂和阿司匹林的双重抗血小板治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿司匹林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "20世纪90年代初期，有学者提出适用于小儿的肝性脑病分级标准： 第1度：意识模糊，有情绪变化。 第2度：嗜睡，有不正常行为。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "有不正常行为"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "意识模糊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "有情绪变化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "我国新生儿败血症的病原菌多年来一直以葡萄球菌最多见,其次为大肠埃希菌等革兰氏阴性杆菌。 晚发型:①出生7天后起病;②感染通常发生在出生后，由水平传播如环境因素等引起，病原菌以葡萄球菌、机会致病菌为主;③常有脐炎或肺炎等局灶性感染,死亡率较早发型低。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "新生儿败血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "晚发型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿败血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "葡萄球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿败血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大肠埃希菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿败血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "革兰氏阴性杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "晚发型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "葡萄球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "晚发型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "机会致病菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "晚发型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脐炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "晚发型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@柳氮磺胺吡啶及美沙拉嗪是一线治疗药物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "柳氮磺胺吡啶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "美沙拉嗪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "食管癌@ 结果 正常或异常 ### 超声心动图 检查 结果 检查 有助于明确术前潜在的心功能异常。食管癌@ 结果 正常或异常 。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "食管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声心动图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "慢性髓性白血病@日本原子弹幸存者及其他因多种疾病（例如宫颈癌、强直性脊柱炎）接受放射治疗的患者，白血病（包括CML）的发生率升高。 慢性髓性白血病@### 男性 男性的发病率稍高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "慢性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "肝硬化@肝硬化的主要并发症与肝功能不全、门脉高压发生/发展有关，包括腹水、静脉曲张出血、黄疸、门体性肝性脑病、肝肾综合征、肝肺综合征和肝细胞癌的发生。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "静脉曲张出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄疸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "门体性肝性脑病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝肾综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝肺综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝细胞癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "小儿哮喘@就小儿哮喘预后而言，每天使用吸入性皮质类固醇的效果优于其作为急救药物使用的效果。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸入性皮质类固醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "腮腺炎脑膜脑炎中晚期可出现脑积水。临床特点是在病情趋于平稳后再次出现进行性颅内压增高的症候，神经影像学检查可见侧脑室和第三脑室扩张。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "侧脑室和第三脑室扩张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "腮腺炎脑膜脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "进行性颅内压增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "腮腺炎脑膜脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑积水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "失眠症@密切接触者近期死亡或患病、换新工作或学校或者最后期限即将到来可能会导致失眠症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "换新工作或学校"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "最后期限即将到来"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "（四）高钠血症的治疗 当高钠血症继发于水丢失大于钠丢失的脱水时，可能有严重的水缺失，但快速以水纠正高钠血症会引起脑水肿、抽搐甚至死亡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "脑水肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "快速以水纠正高钠血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "抽搐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "快速以水纠正高钠血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "死亡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "快速以水纠正高钠血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "肠梗阻@### 其他表现 肠梗阻可能与某些急性系统性疾病并发，如心肌梗塞、代谢紊乱、败血症和胃肠道疾病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌梗塞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "代谢紊乱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "败血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃肠道疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "第六节 脱屑性间质性肺炎 脱屑性间质性肺炎（desquamative interstitial pneumonia）病因不明，可能与腺病毒感染、先天性风疹感染、吸烟、有机尘吸入、应用呋喃旦啶等药物有关。肾上腺皮质激素可使临床及X线改变好转。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脱屑性间质性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾上腺皮质激素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "脱屑性间质性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "desquamative interstitial pneumonia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "脱屑性间质性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腺病毒感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "脱屑性间质性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性风疹感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "脱屑性间质性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "脱屑性间质性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "有机尘吸入"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "脱屑性间质性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "应用呋喃旦啶等药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@心电图可能相对正常，但这无法排除急性冠状动脉综合征 (ACS)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急性冠状动脉综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ACS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "喉癌@## 患者指导 患者应该戒烟戒酒，如果不能停止饮酒也应将饮酒量降到最低。喉癌@众所周知，喉癌复发的高危因素是继续吸烟。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "将饮酒量降到最低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "戒烟戒酒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "继续吸烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "4.阵发性缺氧发作 多见于婴儿，发生的诱因为吃奶、哭闹、情绪激动、贫血、感染等。表现为 阵发性呼吸困难，严重者可引起突然昏厥、抽搐，甚至死亡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阵发性缺氧发作", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阵发性呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阵发性缺氧发作", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏厥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阵发性缺氧发作", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抽搐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "targetUrl=http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.911/full) ## 证据评分 线性生长影响和肾上腺抑制：有高质量的证据表明，吸入性皮质类固醇抑制轻度至中度持续性哮喘和使用高剂量吸入性皮质类固醇的儿童生长。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "轻度至中度持续性哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸入性皮质类固醇抑制"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "轻度至中度持续性哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸入性皮质类固醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "产后抑郁症@自杀风险评估涉及对自杀观念和自杀意图程度的调查， [ Australian Department of Health and Ageing: living is for everyone ](http://www.livingisforeveryone.com.au/) 包括： * 自杀观念：如果存在自杀观念，它们的频率和持续性如何？。 还应考虑到： * 危险因素及保护因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "产后抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "危险因素及保护因素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "（三）混合性高胆红素血症 感染是引起混合性高胆红素血症的重要原因，细菌和病毒都可引起黄疸。治疗主要是积极控制感染，加强支持疗法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "混合性高胆红素血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "积极控制感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "混合性高胆红素血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "加强支持疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "混合性高胆红素血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "黄疸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细菌和病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@尽管根治性手术长时间作为早期外阴鳞状细胞癌的标准治疗方案，但是一篇Cochrane系统综述表明相对于全外阴切除，对于早期外阴鳞状细胞癌患者局部根治术是一种可选择的安全方案，而且腹股沟淋巴结清扫进一步降低了复发率。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "外阴鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "根治性手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "外阴鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全外阴切除"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "外阴鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "局部根治术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "B族链球菌感染@青霉素过敏患者：二代或三代头孢菌素（例如头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟或头孢曲松）可能适用，具体取决于过敏反应类型； 或者万古霉素联用或不联用庆大霉素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "二代或三代头孢菌素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头孢呋辛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头孢噻肟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头孢曲松"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "万古霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "转移性乳腺癌@对于已知转移性乳腺癌患者，尤其是骨转移者，可用于评估治疗效果。 转移性乳腺癌@结果 可能查见摄取增加的异常区域 ### 转移灶活检 检查 结果 检查 证实病变性质。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "转移灶活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "前置胎盘@如果存在弥漫性血管内凝血的证据，则考虑进行 INR/PTT、纤维蛋白原和纤维蛋白原降解产物检测。 * 应考虑输新鲜的冰冻血浆和血小板，这取决于血红蛋白水平、血小板计数和凝血功能障碍的程度。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血红蛋白水平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "早产@硝苯地平（钙离子通道阻滞剂）是常用药物之一。早产@钙通道阻滞剂较其他宫缩抑制剂而言，可更有效地减少妊娠 34 周前的分娩 和新生儿并发症发病率。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钙通道阻滞剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硝苯地平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "（三）抗幽门螺杆菌药物的临床疗效评价 1.单一药物治疗 许多抗生素尽管有较好的抗幽门螺杆菌活性，但却不适合幽门螺杆菌感染的治疗。铋盐、阿莫西林、甲硝唑、他咪唑、呋喃唑酮、呋喃妥因及庆大霉素等对幽门螺杆菌只有部分疗效，对幽门螺杆菌的清除率较高，但根除率不到40%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "铋盐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿莫西林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲硝唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "、他咪唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呋喃唑酮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呋喃妥因"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "庆大霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "在法四型右室双出口，如果存在严重的肺血供不足，可在新生儿期即有青紫表现。伴主动脉下室间隔缺损的右室双出口的典型临床表现是在出生近1月时充血性心力衰竭而无青紫表现，与单纯大型室间隔缺损临床表现相似，如果生后早期出现心力衰竭则应考虑是否同时伴有水肿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "法四型右室双出口"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "严重的肺血供不足"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生儿期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青紫表现"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单纯大型室间隔缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出生近1月时"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伴主动脉下室间隔缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@光动力治疗是一种微创治疗，包括光的相互作用，光敏性药剂，和氧气。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "光动力治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "帕金森病@检查 电解质测试（实验室）将显示异常（即，肝功能障碍、低血糖）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "电解质测试"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "肥厚型心肌病@ * 室间隔酒精消融术 (ASA) 后的室间隔重塑和梗阻缓解一般出现在几个月后，与心肌切除术相比，静息压力梯度的下降幅度较小，但症状缓解程度相似。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "室间隔酒精消融术", "subject_type": "手术治疗", "object": {"@value": "ASA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@ * 微量营养元素缺乏：与营养不良相同，造成微量营养元素缺乏的原因包括（由于疼痛）惧怕进食、吸收障碍、因酗酒造成的进食减少以及静息能量消耗增加。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "微量营养元素缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "惧怕进食"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "微量营养元素缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸收障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "微量营养元素缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "静息能量消耗增加"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "微量营养元素缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "因酗酒造成的进食减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "微量营养元素缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "福建三强生化有限公司生产的CPUT试剂盒属于这种方法，可半定量指示幽门螺杆菌感染的程度（+、++、+++、++++）。 （四）血清学检查 幽门螺杆菌的血清学诊断是非侵袭和间接的方法，主要用于流行病学或筛选，不能单纯作为幽门螺杆菌感染最初的诊断工具。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清学检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "口咽癌@如果颈部肿块活检显示鳞状细胞癌，额外的诊断性检查如单独行PET扫描，或结合CT扫描，可以指示外科医生活检原发部位（舌根，扁桃体）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PET扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "新生儿黄疸@## 检查 ### 首要检查 ### 查看全部   ### 经皮胆红素检测仪 检查 结果 检查 筛查试验。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "新生儿黄疸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "经皮胆红素检测仪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "惊厥（convulsion)是儿科最常见的急症之一,是由于脑大量神经元一过性同步化放电导致的所涉及随意肌的不可控制的抽搐或者肌张力改变，可以是部分身体（局灶性），也可以是全身性的（全面性）。 (2)颅外（全身性）疾病:包括缺氧缺血性脑损伤、代谢性疾病(水电解质紊乱、肝肾衰竭、Reye综合征、遗传代谢性疾病等）、中毒等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "缺氧缺血性脑损伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "代谢性疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抽搐或者肌张力改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "convulsion"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断】 支气管肺炎的诊断比较简单,一般有发热、咳嗽、呼吸急促的症状，肺部听诊闻及中、细湿啰音和 (或)胸部影像学有肺炎的改变均可诊断为支气管肺炎。目前已有的疫苗包括肺炎链球菌疫苗、B型流感嗜血杆菌结合疫苗、流感病毒疫苗等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎链球菌疫苗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流感病毒疫苗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸急促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺部听诊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@ 除了 MMSE 之外，meta 分析证实许多测试，包括简易认知状态评估量表 (Mini-Cog)， [ Alzheimer's Association: Mini-Cog(TM) ](http://www.alz.org/documents_custom/minicog.pdf) 均是极好的筛查工具。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "简易认知状态评估量表"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "简易认知状态评估量表", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "Mini-Cog"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "早产@结果 B型链球菌阳性 ### 需要考虑的检查 ### 查看全部   ### 硝嗪试验 检查 结果 检查 未足月胎膜早破 (PPROM)通常是临床诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "未足月胎膜早破", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硝嗪试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "脑积水晚期或病情严重时，则出现生长发育障碍、智力减退、肢体痉挛性瘫痪及意识障碍等，最终往往是由于营养不良、全身衰竭及合并呼吸道感染等并发症而死亡。 （四）其他 除上述种种表现外，患儿还可表现精神不振、迟钝以及易激惹等，头部因增大过重，则头颈控制力差，一般不能坐及站立，多见于婴幼儿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精神不振"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "迟钝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易激惹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不能坐及站立"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生长发育障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "智力减退"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肢体痉挛性瘫痪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "意识障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "营养不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸道感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断】 破伤风的症状最有特征性，根据消毒不严的接生史、出生后典型发作表现，一般容易诊断；早期尚无典型表现时，可用压舌板检查患儿咽部，若越用力下压，压舌板反被咬得越紧，也可确诊。 2.保证营养和水分供给 后期可鼻饲乳品，如痉挛频繁不能鼻饲，可用静脉营养。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "保证营养和水分供给"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "（三）无创机械通气 （NIV） 可避免气管插管和气管切开引起的并发症；近年来，在成人领域得到了广泛的推广应用，但儿童使用的经验较少，年长儿可考虑使用。一般预计病情能够短期缓解的早期ALI/ARDS患者可考虑应用，合并免疫功能低下的ALI/ARDS患儿者早期可首先试用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "ALI/ARDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无创机械通气"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "无创机械通气", "subject_type": "其他治疗", "object": {"@value": "NIV"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "五、CVS的治疗 因CVS的病因和发病机制尚未完全明确，目前尚无特殊治疗方法证明对CVS绝对有效。5岁或更大儿童推荐用抗抑郁药物如阿米替林。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "CVS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿米替林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "基底细胞癌@澳大利亚的年发病率更高，每100 000男性中2058例，每100 000女性中1195例。基底细胞癌@据评估，在美国，基底细胞癌的年发病率超过一百万例。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "每100 000男性中2058例"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@[ 多脉管炎合并肉芽肿（韦格纳肉芽肿病） ](/topics/zh-cn/327) ### 非霍奇金淋巴瘤 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 侵袭性非霍奇金淋巴瘤（non-Hodgkin's lymphoma，NHL）可表现为发热、夜间盗汗、不适感、体重减轻、咳嗽、气促、腹部不适、头痛、精神状态改变、眩晕、共济失调、胸腔积液、淋巴结病、面色苍白、紫癜、黄疸、肝肿大、脾肿大、皮肤结节和神经系统体格检查异常。 非小细胞肺癌@淋巴结活检加免疫组化检查显示典型细胞。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "侵袭性非霍奇金淋巴瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫组化检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非霍奇金淋巴瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "侵袭性非霍奇金淋巴瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "NHL"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "侵袭性非霍奇金淋巴瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "侵袭性非霍奇金淋巴瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不适感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "侵袭性非霍奇金淋巴瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重减轻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "侵袭性非霍奇金淋巴瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "侵袭性非霍奇金淋巴瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "侵袭性非霍奇金淋巴瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部不适"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "侵袭性非霍奇金淋巴瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "侵袭性非霍奇金淋巴瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精神状态改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "侵袭性非霍奇金淋巴瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眩晕"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "侵袭性非霍奇金淋巴瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "共济失调"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "侵袭性非霍奇金淋巴瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸腔积液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "侵袭性非霍奇金淋巴瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淋巴结病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "侵袭性非霍奇金淋巴瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "面色苍白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "侵袭性非霍奇金淋巴瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "紫癜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "侵袭性非霍奇金淋巴瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄疸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "侵袭性非霍奇金淋巴瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "侵袭性非霍奇金淋巴瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脾肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "侵袭性非霍奇金淋巴瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤结节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "侵袭性非霍奇金淋巴瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经系统体格检查异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "部分患者还可在淹溺时发生脑外伤、骨折等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "淹溺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑外伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "淹溺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨折"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "垂体功能减退@### 垂体手术 垂体瘤手术后应立即进行垂体功能评估。垂体功能减退@已有报道称高达 50% 患者术后垂体功能可部分恢复。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "垂体瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "垂体功能可部分恢复"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "垂体手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "垂体瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "垂体功能评估"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "癫痫持续状态@ 应经常检查脑电图，根据图像显示调整麻醉药物剂量。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "阻断M1及M2受体，抑酸差，解痉镇痛好，限用于DU及少数有痉挛疼痛的GU患者，消化性溃疡有胃排空不良者不用。 （4）前列腺素E（PGE）：人工合成的类似物有米索前列醇（misoprostol）等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "消化性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前列腺素E（PGE）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "（二）Fukuyama先天性肌营养不良（FCMD） 该病主要存在于日本，发病率为7/10万～12/10万。 患者血清CK增高；肌肉活体组织检查显示非特异性表现；头颅MRI显示大脑、小脑小多脑回改变，同时可有脑积水和髓鞘发育不全。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Fukuyama先天性肌营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清CK增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "Fukuyama先天性肌营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "7/10万～12/10万"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "Fukuyama先天性肌营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "日本"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "Fukuyama先天性肌营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "FCMD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病@某些染色体缺失和突变有预后意义。慢性淋巴细胞白血病@白血病细胞存在 del(17p) 的患者预后较差，对标准化疗方案抵抗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "较差"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "4.黏多糖病 本病属遗传性疾病，患儿出生时正常，不久出现症状，表现头大，鼻梁低平，舌、唇厚呈丑陋容貌，角膜混浊，毛发增多，肝脾增大，有脐疝，腹股沟斜疝，X线检查蝶鞍变浅，椎体前部呈楔状，肋骨呈飘带状，长骨骨骺增宽，掌骨及指骨短，智力落后，身材矮小。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出生时正常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻梁低平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "毛发增多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "舌、唇厚呈丑陋容貌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹股沟斜疝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "椎体前部呈楔状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "长骨骨骺增宽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "智力落后"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "失眠症@### 睡眠卫生不佳 睡眠卫生不佳人群可能容易患上失眠症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睡眠卫生不佳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睡眠卫生不佳人群"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "垂体功能减退@垂体卒中（由腺瘤突发出血或梗死引起）后可能发生急性严重垂体功能减退。垂体功能减退@继发于促肾上腺皮质激素的急性减少时，可能会出现恶心、呕吐、疲乏、力弱、头晕和循环衰竭。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "垂体卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "垂体卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "垂体卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疲乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "垂体卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "力弱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "垂体卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头晕"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "垂体卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "循环衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "力弱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "循环衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疲乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头晕"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "垂体卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腺瘤突发出血或梗死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "垂体卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "垂体功能减退"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@结果 可为阳性 ### CT 检查 结果 检查 有助于排除肿瘤、正常压力脑积水、硬膜下血肿或血管疾病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "DiGeorge综合征是以先天性甲状旁腺功能减退和胸腺发育不良所致的细胞免疫缺陷为特征的一类染色体微缺失综合征。 【实验室检査】 大部分22q11.2微小缺失可以通过荧光原位杂交（FISH)的手段检测到。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "DiGeorge综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "荧光原位杂交"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "DiGeorge综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸腺发育不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "DiGeorge综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细胞免疫缺陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "荧光原位杂交", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "FISH"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@感染性食管炎通常发生在免疫功能低下患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "感染性食管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫功能低下患者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "心肌炎@最好用于支持病史与体格检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体格检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "前列腺癌@ ### 排尿困难 低风险疾病中并不常见，如果出现，可能提示有更高的T分期或BPH。前列腺癌@ ### 直肠指诊异常 自从PSA筛查已被广泛采用，因此直肠指检异常已不常见 前列腺不对称、有结节. ### 罕见 查看全部   ### 血尿 低风险疾病中并不常见，如果出现，可能提示有更高的T分期或其他不相关的尿路疾病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "排尿困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@### 所有患者都应进行的诊查 始终要关注的主要问题就是确定患者是否有腰椎穿刺 (LP) 的指征。脑炎@只要没有禁忌症（占位性病变导致可能出现脑疝，凝血功能障碍或穿刺部位皮肤开放性损伤），通常需要进行腰椎穿刺。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腰椎穿刺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "脑疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "占位性病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "凝血功能障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "占位性病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "皮肤开放性损伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "占位性病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑疝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "凝血功能障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "损伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@他还主诉有骨痛。急性髓性白血病@他的左侧肺基底部有捻发音。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "左侧肺基底部有捻发音"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "痛风@具体而言，如果滑液尿酸单钠呈阴性，则从总分中减去 2 分。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "滑液尿酸单钠呈阴性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@除了皮质类固醇，大多数治疗急性发作的用药可用于维持缓解和预防复发，这取决于疾病的严重程度和范围。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮质类固醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "若HPS患儿病程尚短，无脱水表现，血浆电解质、血糖水平及尿量正常，可立即手术。幽门环肌切开术后多见偶发性呕吐，大多无需处理，按计划喂养。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HPS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "偶发性呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "小儿哮喘@哮喘患者进行疫苗接种可以预防哮喘的剂型发作。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疫苗接种"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 肠套叠可致腹部绞痛，表现为原先安静的患儿突然出现明显烦躁不适，可有全身强直，双腿向腹部屈曲，表情痛苦，症状突发突止；无法表达的小婴儿则出现阵发性哭吵，发作间隙表现正常或安静入睡。 【影像学检查】 半数以上病例，腹部平片可有可疑表现，如腹部包块影、气体及粪块分布异常、结肠充气减少以及出现肠梗阻时的液气平面。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结肠充气减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部绞痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "明显烦躁不适"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身强直"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双腿向腹部屈曲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "表情痛苦"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "突发突止"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阵发性哭吵"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "甲状腺癌@## 预后 ### 在过去的40年间，甲状腺癌的发生率增长了14.6%，但是，由于早期诊断和治疗，总生存率得到了改善。甲状腺癌@ 总的来说，甲状腺癌的预后非常好。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "甲状腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "预后非常好"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "早产儿动脉导管未闭的发病率极高。可有呼吸急促及肋间隙凹陷等呼吸系统体征，大量左向右分流时可见哈里森沟。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "动脉导管未闭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸急促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "动脉导管未闭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肋间隙凹陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "动脉导管未闭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早产儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "肥厚型心肌病@ 与心肌切除术相比，ASA 降低的静息态压力梯度幅度较小，但患者症状的缓解程度相似。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "肥厚型心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "类癌综合征@依维莫司和舒尼替尼可用于胰腺 NETs。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "胰腺 NETs", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "依维莫司"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "胰腺 NETs", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "舒尼替尼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "大多数高苯丙氨酸血症为PKU，但部分患者为四氢生物蝶呤（BH4）缺乏症，两类高苯丙氨酸血症治疗方法不同，早期鉴别诊断十分重要。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "高苯丙氨酸血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "四氢生物蝶呤（BH4）缺乏症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "高苯丙氨酸血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PKU"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "四氢生物蝶呤（BH4）缺乏症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "@ 由于腮腺炎病毒对腺体组织和神经组织的亲和性，常侵人中枢神经系统和其他腺体、器官而出现以下并发症： 脑膜脑炎是儿童期最常见的并发症。常在腮腺炎高峰时出现,表现为发热、头痛、呕吐、颈项强直、克氏征阳性等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈项强直"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "克氏征阳性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "癫痫持续状态@ * 如果 SE 持续发作，可额外给药苯巴比妥，但应注意苯二氮卓类药物和巴比妥类药物会导致剂量依赖性意识抑制和呼吸动力减弱。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "SE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苯巴比妥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "SE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "巴比妥类"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "SE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苯二氮卓类药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "慢性腹泻影响叶酸吸收，先天性叶酸代谢障碍（如小肠吸收叶酸缺陷及叶酸转运功能障碍）也可致叶酸缺乏。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "叶酸缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性叶酸代谢障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "叶酸缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小肠吸收叶酸缺陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "叶酸缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "叶酸转运功能障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "造成尿崩症的原因很多，其中较多见的是由于抗利尿激素（antidiuretic hor-mone ，ADH )(又名精氨酸加压素,arginine vasopressin, AVP)分泌或释放不足引起，称中枢性尿崩症。儿童由于烦渴、多饮、多尿可影响学习和睡眠，出现少汗、皮肤干燥苍白、精神不振、食欲低下、体重不增、生长缓慢等症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重不增"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生长缓慢"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "病毒抗体检査对小于18个月龄小儿的诊断存在局限性。若两份血样本检测均呈阳性反应，报告“婴儿 HIV感染早期诊断检测结果阳性”，诊断儿童HIV感染。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "儿童HIV感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒抗体检査"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠胆汁淤积@附加 –   支持治疗 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 确诊重型者，局部涂抹霜和润肤剂效果十分有限。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支持治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@ * 检测血脂：应当在入院最初的 24 小时内评估是否有脂质异常，以此决定是否需要降脂治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "检测血脂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@如果患者24至48小时内治疗无效，应行结肠切除术治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结肠切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "化脓性脑膜炎可发生神经系统后遗症，年幼者更常见，多因延误诊断和治疗不当所致。听力障碍发生率高，脑膜炎球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎链球菌所致后遗症分别占5. 4%、2. 7%、7. 8%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "听力障碍发生率高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "（二）放疗 肾母细胞瘤对放疗相当敏感，但各个肿瘤有所不同，可能与其细胞组织学型有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "肾母细胞瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "帕金森病@ * 出现面具脸，伴表情动作减少、眨眼率降低、说话低沉、吐字欠清。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出现面具脸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "表情动作减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眨眼率降低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吐字欠清"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "说话低沉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@### 罕见 查看全部   ### 心原性休克 相关症状有意识模糊、进行性低血压、急性气促以及即将心脏停搏。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心原性休克"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "意识模糊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "进行性低血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性气促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心脏停搏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "转移性乳腺癌@结合肝功能检查，结果有时可提示癌症是否扩散至了骨骼或肝脏。 转移性乳腺癌@结果有助于确定患者是否能够耐受化疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨骼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "喉癌@ 喉癌患者发生第二次原发肿瘤的风险较高，最常见的是肺癌。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "第二次原发肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喉癌患者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "病毒性脑膜炎@### 弱 查看全部   ### 使用泳池或池塘 肠病毒性脑膜炎的暴发与泳池和池塘的使用相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "病毒性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "使用泳池或池塘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "第六章 上呼吸道疾病 第一节 先天性喉喘鸣 先天性喉喘鸣（congenital laryngeal stridor），常发生于出生后不久，主要症状为吸气时发生喘鸣。适当补充钙及维生素D。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "先天性喉喘鸣", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性喉喘鸣", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸气时发生喘鸣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性喉喘鸣", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "congenital laryngeal stridor"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "胆管癌@最终区分这两种肿瘤的方式为组织病理学检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "组织病理学检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "疟疾感染@[ HIV血清转换 ](/topics/zh-cn/555) ### 阿米巴肝脓肿 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 不到50%的人有细菌性痢疾史。疟疾感染@并可以检测出阿米巴滋养体，PCR检测敏感。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "阿米巴肝脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PCR检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HIV血清转换"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿米巴肝脓肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "阿米巴肝脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细菌性痢疾史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "近年来，我国城市中，儿童肥胖的发病率呈明显的逐年上升趋势，肥胖的发生有遗传和内分泌等生物学因素，但也有现代儿童生活方式改变所引起的多吃少动；学习压力增大、心理负担加重等社会、心理因素的影响。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "肥胖", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多吃少动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "肥胖", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "学习压力增大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "肥胖", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心理负担加重"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "此外PCR-SSCP分析以及单体型连锁分析法也是诊断SMA的有效方法，三者联合使用可相互验证，互为补充，提高产前基因诊断的准确率。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "SMA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PCR-SSCP分析"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "SMA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单体型连锁分析法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "胰腺癌@局部晚期不可切除肿瘤：尽管没有转移证据，但肿瘤侵犯周围组织达到无法切除的程度。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "局部晚期不可切除肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "病毒性脑膜炎@膦甲酸可用于对阿昔洛韦耐药的严重单纯疱疹感染。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "严重单纯疱疹感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膦甲酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "胰腺癌@对无法接受增强CT或ERCP的患者有用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ERCP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（四）实验室检查 营养不良患儿的血糖、血胆固醇水平下降。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血糖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血胆固醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "病理性反流是由于LES的功能障碍和（或）与其功能有关的组织结构异常，以致 LES压力低下而出现反流，可以发生于睡眠、仰卧位及空腹时，引起一系列临床症状和并发症，即胃食管反流病(GERD)。 胃、十二指肠功能失常 胃排空能力低下，使胃内容物及其压力增加,当胃内压增高超过LES 压力时可使LES开放。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病机制", "subject": "胃食管反流病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃、十二指肠功能失常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "病理性反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃食管反流病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "胃食管反流病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "GERD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "慢性心房颤动@ ### 临床表现 慢性心房颤动患者最常见的症状有心悸、气短、乏力、胸痛、头晕，以及与卒中有关的症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性心房颤动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心悸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性心房颤动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性心房颤动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头晕"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性心房颤动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "卒中"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 药物性肾损害可表现为各种临床综合征，与药物种类、损害机制、使用时间及机体状况有关。 （五）单纯性血尿和/或蛋白尿 各种肾毒药物如氨基糖苷、头孢菌素、磺胺、NSAID及抗肿瘤药物均可引起。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "药物性肾损害", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单纯性血尿和/或蛋白尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "单纯性血尿和/或蛋白尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氨基糖苷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "单纯性血尿和/或蛋白尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头孢菌素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "单纯性血尿和/或蛋白尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "磺胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "单纯性血尿和/或蛋白尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "NSAID"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "单纯性血尿和/或蛋白尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗肿瘤药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "骨性关节炎@该研究发现，双氯芬酸最有效，但作者指出，所有药物的安全性都应当考虑。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双氯芬酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "表5-5 新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病临床表现分度 （一）轻度 主要表现为兴奋，易激惹，肌张力正常，拥抱反射活跃，吸吮反射正常，呼吸平稳，无惊厥。 若缺氧缺血发生在出生前几周或几个月时，患儿在出生时可无窒息，也无神经系统症状，但在数天或数周后出现亚急性或慢性脑病的表现，临床上较难与先天性脑畸形或宫内病毒感染相区别。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性脑畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "宫内病毒感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "兴奋"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易激惹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌张力正常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "拥抱反射活跃"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸吮反射正常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸平稳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病@减少急性加重：有高质量的证据证实，β2 受体激动剂在减少 12-52 周急性加重方面比安慰剂更有效。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "β2 受体激动剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@ 然而，与氯吡格雷相比，使用这两种 P2Y12 药物时的出血风险也会增高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氯吡格雷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "支气管肺炎是儿童肺炎链球菌肺炎最常见的病理类型（详见本章第八节）。 胸部X线检査:早期可见肺纹理增强或局限于一个节段的浅薄阴影，以后有大片阴影均匀致密，占全肺叶或一个节段。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肺炎链球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部X线检査"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肺炎链球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "胰腺癌@ CA19-9的敏感性有70%-90%，特异性有90%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CA19-9"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "溶血性贫血@### 由冷暴露引发 可出现 Donath-Landsteiner 抗体（冷凝集素）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出现 Donath-Landsteiner 抗体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "出现 Donath-Landsteiner 抗体", "subject_type": "症状", "object": {"@value": "冷凝集素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "7.婴儿重症肌阵挛癫痫 1978年Dravet首次描述本病，目前明确其致病基因为SCN1A。一般在5～6个月时出现第一次惊厥，往往伴有发热或在惊厥前有感染或预防接种史，初起发作形式为阵挛或强直-阵挛，以后才呈肌阵挛发作，形式多样，可为全身抽动或某个肢体抽动，发作时常摔倒。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "婴儿重症肌阵挛癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "在5～6个月时"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿重症肌阵挛癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿重症肌阵挛癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "惊厥前有感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿重症肌阵挛癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "预防接种史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿重症肌阵挛癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阵挛或强直-阵挛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿重症肌阵挛癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发作时常摔倒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "类癌综合征@通常会表现面色潮红和腹泻。类癌综合征@其他临床症状有喘鸣、心悸、毛细血管扩张、腹痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喘鸣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心悸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "毛细血管扩张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "面色潮红"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "睾丸癌@ 继发性睾丸新生物 * A.网状内皮来源 * B.转移 睾丸旁肿瘤 。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "睾丸癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "继发性睾丸新生物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@通常，编码造血分化重要的转录因子的基因上的协同突变（II 类突变）可导致对分化的抑制。急性髓性白血病@ 在正常核型 AML 中，CEBPA（预后良好）、NPM（在缺乏 FLT3-ITD 时有利）和 FLT3-ITD（预后不良）的点突变可调节结果，在风险分层治疗中应予以考虑。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "良好"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "急性淋巴细胞白血病@ ### 左旋门冬酰胺酶(克立他酶)相关的凝血病 | 短期 | 低 左旋门冬酰胺酶（英国的克立他酶）与肝毒性、中枢神经系统毒性、胰腺炎、高血糖症和AT3与纤维蛋白原清除后的血栓相关。急性淋巴细胞白血病@ 有人建议，凝血因子的靶向替代疗法可以降低发生血栓事件的危险，并且在高危患者中需要进行调整。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝毒性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中枢神经系统毒性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰腺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血糖症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@).一项 meta 分析将酒精（以及吸烟和男性性别）确定为具有单次或多次胰腺炎发作的患者慢性胰腺炎的危险因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "酒精"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "喉癌@ 结果 肿物侵及声带、会厌、杓状软骨或杓会厌皱襞。喉癌@ ### 需要考虑的检查 ### 查看全部   ### 硬质电视动态喉内镜检查 检查 结果 检查 可对声带黏膜活动和声带结构进一步评估，有助于确定有无黏膜下肿瘤浸润。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "声带"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "会厌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "杓状软骨"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "杓会厌皱襞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "B族链球菌感染@### 妊娠期 B族链球菌菌尿症 是细菌严重定植的指标，因而增加了围产期传播和新生儿发生B族链球菌感染的风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "妊娠期 B族链球菌菌尿症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@如果磺达肝癸钠在冠状动脉造影或经皮冠状动脉介入治疗中应用，指南建议加用普通肝素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冠状动脉造影"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "经皮冠状动脉介入治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "血清标志物:抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体（P-ANCA)和抗酿酒酵母抗体 (ASCA)分别为溃疡性结肠炎和克罗恩病的相对特异性抗体,有助于溃疡性结肠炎和克罗恩病的诊断和鉴别诊断。小肠镜检査对发生在小肠的克罗恩病有独特的诊断价值。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "克罗恩病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗酿酒酵母抗体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "P-ANCA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "抗酿酒酵母抗体", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "ASCA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小肠镜检査"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小肠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "麻风病@ * 多菌型 (MB) 麻风包括 Ridley-Jopling 分类中的极性瘤型 (LL)、界线类麻风 (BL) 和中间-界线类 (BB) 病例，定义为有 6 处或更多处皮肤病损，且皮肤涂片（如开展检测）阳性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "多菌型 (MB) 麻风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Ridley-Jopling 分类中的极性瘤型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "多菌型 (MB) 麻风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "界线类麻风"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "多菌型 (MB) 麻风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中间-界线类"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "多菌型 (MB) 麻风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤病损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Ridley-Jopling 分类中的极性瘤型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤病损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "界线类麻风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤病损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中间-界线类", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤病损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多菌型 (MB) 麻风"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性淋巴细胞白血病@ ### 危险因素 ### 强 查看全部   ### 小于6岁的儿童 ALL主要发生于儿童，75%的患者发病年龄小于6岁。急性淋巴细胞白血病@ ### 年龄在35~39岁之间 ALL的发病率在35岁左右达到第二个高峰（2/10万人），在80~84岁达到第三个高峰（2.3/10万人）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小于6岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小于6岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "转移性乳腺癌@[ 肺癌 ](/topics/zh-cn/1082) ### 骨肉瘤 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 更多见于较年轻的患者。 转移性乳腺癌@通常累及承重骨（例如股骨），而肋骨是转移性乳腺癌中骨转移的常见部位。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "骨肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "股骨"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨肉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "另外，由于感染或其他因素所致的肠黏膜屏障功能障碍，使肠道细菌及内毒素或其他肠毒素透过肠道黏膜导致肠道细菌转移或肠源性毒血症，是引发感染性休克的原因之一。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肠源性毒血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠黏膜屏障功能障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肠源性毒血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染性休克"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠道细菌转移"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "喉癌@ 检查 通常临床即可诊断，尽管可通过间接喉镜排除喉癌。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "间接喉镜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "缺血性卒中@高龄、女性和医学共病也与更差的临床结局相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高龄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "女性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "医学共病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "脑室系统与蛛网膜下腔畅通，由于脑脊液的分泌亢进或吸收障碍引起的脑积水称为交通性脑积水。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "交通性脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑脊液的分泌亢进"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "交通性脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸收障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "根据美国20 000例CF患者的调查，表现急性或持续呼吸道症状者占50. 5%，生长发育障碍、营养不良者占42. 9%，大便异常（如脂肪泻）占35. 0%，胎粪性肠梗阻为18. 8%，有家族史者占16. 8%。持续咳嗽是最常见的症状，开始为干咳，以后伴黏稠痰或脓痰，不易咳出。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "CF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "持续咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "CF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "干咳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "CF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黏稠痰"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "CF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脓痰"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "CF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性或持续呼吸道症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "CF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生长发育障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "CF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "营养不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "CF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大便异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "产后抑郁症@### 睡眠障碍 入睡困难存在于56%的发作中，睡眠中断43%，早醒39%，睡眠过多存在于9%的发作中。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "产后抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睡眠障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "睡眠障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "入睡困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "睡眠障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睡眠中断"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "睡眠障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早醒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "睡眠障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睡眠过多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "胆管癌@它们包括局部晚期肿瘤（通常肝门部）累及周围大血管（门静脉，肝动脉），并扩展到二级胆管。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "门静脉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝动脉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "致病性大肠杆菌肠炎大便呈蛋花汤样，腥臭，有较多的黏液，偶见血丝或黏胨便，常伴有呕吐，多无发热和全身症状。临床症状与细菌性痢疾较难区别，需做大便培养鉴别。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "大肠杆菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细菌性痢疾"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "大肠杆菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 很大一部分CNS的患儿有阳性家族史。半数于生后1 ～2周内即见水肿，也可迟至数月后始为家长发现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "CNS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "食物中毒@中度脱水表现为口渴、躁动不安或易激惹的行为、皮肤弹性变差和凹眼。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口渴"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "躁动不安"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤弹性变差"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "凹眼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "（一）急性期 新发病，临床症状明显而多变，病程多不超过6个月。血压低、压差小，肝增大，肺有时有啰音。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血压低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "压差小"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝增大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺有时有啰音"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "小儿哮喘@最近的证据显示，在学龄儿童中，孟鲁斯特作为预防治疗不太可能有益。小儿哮喘@ 在 ICS 基础上加用白三烯受体拮抗剂不会减少口服皮质类固醇紧急治疗、住院治疗或 FEV1。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白三烯受体拮抗剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮质类固醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "（二）多关节型 JIA（polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis） 近35%～40%JIA患儿在病初6个月内病变累及多个关节（≥5个），即多关节型JIA。偶见个别幼儿颌关节炎后导致口腔活动障碍，面部不对称而需要外科手术纠正。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "多关节型 JIA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "活动障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "多关节型 JIA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "麻风病@### 寻常狼疮 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 误认为麻风病病变的可能性极高，抗酸杆菌很难证明两种疾病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "寻常狼疮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "心肌炎@### 体格检查 如有心肺检查发现及可能提示病因的其他一般检查发现，则应进行彻底检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体格检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肺检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "铅中毒@美国和其他发达国家儿童铅中毒的主要风险是含铅涂料和受其污染的土壤和粉尘。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "铅中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "含铅涂料"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "（四）小儿一些常见药物中毒的主要处理原则 1.水杨酸盐 以5%碳酸氢钠或1∶5000高锰酸钾溶液洗胃；5%碳酸氢钠6ml/kg及维生素K110mg，每天1次静滴，补液利尿，碱化尿液。严重者可给予透析治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "透析治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "碳酸氢钠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "多发性硬化症@MS 患者应当限制咖啡因摄入量以及‘维生素水’，因为这些是导致尿频的膀胱刺激的重要来源。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿频"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "磨牙症@### 压力和焦虑 一篇大规模文献综述结果表明，清醒态磨牙症与心理社会和精神病理学因素相关，如压力和焦虑，但是没有确凿证据表明夜磨牙症和心理因素有联系。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "压力和焦虑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "（四）凝血酶原时间和肝促凝血活酶试验 AHF时，凝血酶原时间（prothrombin time，PT）总是延长的。 （一）一般处理 休息、避免外界刺激，积极寻找可能的病因。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "AHF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "休息"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "AHF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "避免外界刺激"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "AHF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "凝血酶原时间"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "AHF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝促凝血活酶试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "第十三章 常见的泌尿外科疾病 第一节 异位 肾 当肾脏未能正常发育到达肾窝的位置，即为肾脏异位。盆腔肾与骶骨相对，位于主动脉分叉水平以下；髂位肾靠骶骨岬，位于髂窝，在髂血管的前方；腹腔肾一般位于髂嵴的上方，靠近第二腰椎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肾脏异位", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "盆腔肾"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肾脏异位", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "髂位肾"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肾脏异位", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹腔肾"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "小细胞肺癌@## 并发症 ### 查看全部   并发症 table 并发症 | 时间表 | 可能性 ---|---|--- ### 阻塞性肺炎/缺氧 | 短期 | 高 在肺癌患者中，肺炎较为常见，经常由巨大的中央阻塞性肿瘤引起。小细胞肺癌@胸部 X 线表现有时候很难能够解释继发的肿瘤相关改变（肺不张）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肿瘤相关改变（肺不张）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中央阻塞性肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阻塞性肺炎/缺氧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "腹主动脉瘤@### 弱 查看全部   ### 高脂血症 在与心血管危险因素和动脉粥样硬化程度无关的 AAA 患者中，脂蛋白升高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高脂血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@如果STEMI需要溶栓治疗，糖蛋白IIb/IIIa受体抑制剂不建议使用。ST段抬高型心肌梗死@ 对于溶栓患者，应当考虑使用低分子肝素，而不是普通肝素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "STEMI", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低分子肝素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "臂丛神经麻痹（brachial plexus palsy)是新生儿周围神经损伤中最常见的一种。由于难产、臀位、或肩娩出困难等因素使臂丛神经过度牵拉受损，足月及大于胎龄儿多见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "臂丛神经麻痹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "难产"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "臂丛神经麻痹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "臀位"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "臂丛神经麻痹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肩娩出困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "臂丛神经麻痹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "足月"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "臂丛神经麻痹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大于胎龄儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "臂丛神经麻痹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "臂丛神经"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "臂丛神经麻痹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "brachial plexus palsy"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "癫痫持续状态@ 全身惊厥性 SE 或非惊厥性 SE 是神经系统急症，需要及时治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "神经系统急症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "惊厥性 SE"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "神经系统急症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身惊厥性 SE"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "铅中毒@### 嗜睡 (儿童) 在儿童铅脑病前出现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "铅中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "痔@除非患者有明显疼痛，否则应做指检及发光肛镜或外部光源辅助肛镜检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "指检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发光肛镜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外部光源辅助肛镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（4）MFS：脱髓鞘改变同AIDP。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "MFS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脱髓鞘改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "慢性髓性白血病@ FBC：血小板计数升高。慢性髓性白血病@ [ 原发性血小板增多症 ](/topics/zh-cn/896) ### PH+急性淋巴细胞白血病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 病程更为快速 患者通常出现贫血及血小板减少。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "慢性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "FBC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "早产@但即便是那些有重大危险因素的女性，例如范围较大的宫颈手术，在经过恰当的处理之后很少有人不能顺利妊娠，这些病例可能适合进行干预，例如宫颈环扎术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "宫颈环扎术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "失眠症@睡眠卫生教育对于预防慢性失眠症非常有用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "慢性失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睡眠卫生教育"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "小儿哮喘@常规使用长效β受体激动剂治疗可能诱发快速耐受，且导致患者对后续使用短效β受体激动剂不敏感。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "短效β受体激动剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "1958 年Horn和Enterline将横纹肌肉瘤分成以下四种亚型：胚胎型、腺泡型、葡萄簇型和多形型。1965年Edland介绍的大剂量放疗成为治疗不能完整切除的肿瘤的标准方法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大剂量放疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胚胎型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腺泡型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "葡萄簇型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多形型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "消化性溃疡病@_幽门螺杆菌_ 阴性： * 应停用包括阿司匹林在内的NSAID，因其为这些患者最可能的病因。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "消化性溃疡病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "NSAID"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "分类:参考上述各型幼年特发性关节炎的分类定义。 与其他风湿性疾病合并关节炎相鉴别：如SLE、MCTD、血管炎综合征（过敏性紫癜、川崎病）等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "幼年特发性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "SLE"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "幼年特发性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MCTD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "幼年特发性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血管炎综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "血管炎综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "过敏性紫癜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "血管炎综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "川崎病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "HELLP 综合征@## 案例 ### 案例 #1 一名36岁的白人初孕妇，孕33周，陈诉头痛、上腹痛、恶心，持续6小时。HELLP 综合征@无发热。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "高血压急症@ 结果 可能出现肌酐升高 ### 尿液镜检分析 检查 结果 检查 肾衰（表现为血尿及蛋白尿）或为高血压急症的唯一迹象。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "高血压急症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "前列腺癌@ ### 体重减轻/厌食 与晚期转移性疾病相关 ### 倦怠 与晚期转移性疾病相关 ### 骨痛 与晚期转移性疾病相关 ### 可扪及的淋巴结肿大 与晚期转移性疾病相关 ### 危险因素 ### 强 查看全部   ### 年龄>50岁 在已知的前列腺癌的危险因素中，年龄是最重要的。 前列腺癌@尸检资料表明，男性80岁以上患前列腺癌的概率为70%；50岁以上为40％。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男性80岁以上"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "（二）病原学 在发达国家，新生儿化脑的主要病原菌仍是B群链球菌（GBS），其次为革兰阴性肠杆菌。院内感染的细菌主要有克雷伯杆菌、沙门杆菌、肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌、黄质菌以及沙雷菌等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "克雷伯杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "沙门杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "绿脓杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄质菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "沙雷菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "B群链球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "革兰阴性肠杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "B群链球菌", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "GBS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "儿童偏头痛@恶心、呕吐、畏光和高声恐怖为其伴随症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "畏光"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高声恐怖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "（二）蚕豆病 （favism） 本病最初因食用蚕豆、及其制品后发生急性溶血性贫血、黄疸而得名，多见于我国南方以及地中海沿岸国家的某些人群。重症者可在短期内出现溶血危象，血红蛋白可下降60%～70%，常有畏寒、发热、恶心、呕吐、腹痛和背痛等，同时出现血红蛋白尿，尿呈酱油色、浓茶色或暗红色。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "蚕豆病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "畏寒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "蚕豆病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "蚕豆病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "蚕豆病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "蚕豆病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "蚕豆病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "背痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "蚕豆病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血红蛋白尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "蚕豆病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食用蚕豆、及其制品"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "蚕豆病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "我国南方"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "肝硬化@[ 肝性脑病 ](/topics/zh-cn/294) ### 肝肾综合征 | 存在差异 | 中 分为两型。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝肾综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病@ 胸部 X 线 (CXR) 检查很少有诊断价值，但可有助于排除其他诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部 X 线"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "胸部 X 线", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "CXR"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "ARDS/ALI的主要临床表现为急性呼吸困难、呼吸急促、严重低氧血症、胸片异常和肺静态顺应性降低。后期呼吸窘迫和发绀加重，肺部浸润可发展成“白肺”，二氧化碳潴留，心脏停搏或多器官衰竭。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "ARDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸窘迫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "ARDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发绀加重"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "ARDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "ARDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸急促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "ARDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "严重低氧血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "ARDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸片异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "ARDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺静态顺应性降低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "真菌性脑膜炎@### 颅神经麻痹 真菌性脑膜炎通常会影响颅底脑膜，并损伤颅神经。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅底脑膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅神经"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@他还主诉有骨痛。急性髓性白血病@经检查发现，患者发热且面色苍白，胸骨和胫骨上有骨压痛感，并且腿部有瘀点。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "面色苍白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腿部有瘀点"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "消化性溃疡病@在不能接受静脉输注的患者中或在没有这种资源的情况下，可以考虑间歇口服治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "消化性溃疡病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "间歇口服治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@炎性指标（血沉和C反应蛋白）可能升高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "炎性指标"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病@### 听诊气流不畅 继发于肺弹性丧失和肺组织破坏。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "听诊气流不畅"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "常见原因可归纳为以下6大类：①外伤性；②血管性如出血性或闭塞性脑血管病；③炎症性如脑炎与脑膜炎等；④先天性如婴儿脑积水或狭颅症等；⑤颅内肿瘤；⑥全身性疾病如窒息、肺炎或中毒性痢疾引起的中毒性脑病。这些疾病可由于上述四种因素之一种或多种因素而产生颅内压增高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "窒息", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅内压增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅内压增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "中毒性痢疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅内压增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "真菌性脑膜炎@## 鉴别诊断 ### 查看全部  ### 结核性脑膜炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 接触史或居住于疫区。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结核性脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性阑尾炎@绝对便秘（absolute constipation；无法排便和排气）是一种晚期表现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "绝对便秘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "绝对便秘", "subject_type": "症状", "object": {"@value": "absolute constipation"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@ 已经证明，在临床心力衰竭患者中，伊伐布雷定能够减少因心力衰竭加重而导致的住院治疗和心血管原因导致的死亡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "心力衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伊伐布雷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@阿片类药物最大的不良反应是药物成瘾。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "药物成瘾"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "第三节 钩虫 病 钩虫病（hookworm diseases）的病原体是钩虫，钩虫共有3种，即十二指肠钩虫、美洲钩虫和锡兰钩虫，其中以前两者引起人类感染最为重要。 （二）成虫引起的症状 主要为失血性贫血，食欲缺乏及消化不良、腹泻而致营养缺乏。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "钩虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "失血性贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "失血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "失血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "失血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "营养缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "二、先天性肺囊肿 先天性肺囊肿（congenital pulmonary cysts）是常见的肺发育异常，系胚胎期肺芽发育障碍所致。若一侧或一叶肺组织大部分或全部被多发的囊肿占据，称为多囊肺。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "先天性肺囊肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多囊肺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性肺囊肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "congenital pulmonary cysts"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@## 治疗步骤 该病为医疗急症；因此，治疗包括：基本急救措施，确保气道通畅、呼吸和循环正常，怀疑病毒性脑炎时，在诊断过程中应根据经验进行抗病毒治疗。脑炎@其他患者，特别是存在并发症的患者（例如，有明显的电解质异常、卒中、颅内压 [ICP] 升高、脑水肿、昏迷、癫痫发作或癫痫持续状态），应收入 ICU，最好是神经重症监护室进行治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "病毒性脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "电解质异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "病毒性脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "卒中"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "病毒性脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "病毒性脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏迷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "病毒性脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癫痫发作"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "有明显的电解质异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅内压 [ICP] 升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏迷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "卒中"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "昏迷", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "电解质异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅内压 [ICP] 升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏迷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癫痫发作"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癫痫持续状态"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "电解质"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎（infective endocarditis，IE ) 80%以上由链球菌和葡萄球菌所致,其他尚有真菌、衣原体、立克次体及病毒等。 其他 血常规可见进行性贫血,多为正细胞性贫血，白细胞数增高，中性粒细胞比例升高，血沉加快,C-反应蛋白阳性,血清球蛋白常增多,免疫球蛋白升高,循环免疫复合物及类风湿因子阳性， 尿常规有红细胞，发热期可出现蛋白尿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血常规"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "正细胞性贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白细胞数增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中性粒细胞比例升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血沉加快"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清球蛋白常增多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫球蛋白升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿常规"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "蛋白尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "C-反应蛋白阳性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "链球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "葡萄球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "真菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "衣原体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "立克次体及病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "infective endocarditis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "IE"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@[ 肠梗阻 ](/topics/zh-cn/877) ### 腹主动脉瘤 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 心血管危险因素：高脂血症、抽烟、糖尿病、高胱氨酸血症。 急性胰腺炎@急性撕裂样腹痛、搏动性腹部肿块、低血压和下肢出现花斑，伴脉搏下降和腹胀。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性撕裂样腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "搏动性腹部肿块"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下肢出现花斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伴脉搏下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹胀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹主动脉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高脂血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖尿病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高胱氨酸血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抽烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@## 患者指导 医师应告知患者体重管理、增加体力活动、饮食调整和戒烟对延缓疾病进展的重要性。 稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@戒烟是最有效的干预，实现这一目标需要在患者身上花费大量的时间和精力。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "戒烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重管理"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "增加体力活动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "饮食调整"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "婴儿猝死综合征@当救护车到达时，婴儿仍无呼吸，无脉搏，心搏停止。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无呼吸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无脉搏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心搏停止"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "乳腺原位癌@## 预后 ### 复发 如果治疗不足或者乳房的治疗部位或其他部位出现未知疾病，则乳腺导管原位癌可能复发。乳腺原位癌@DCIS 的 5 年存活率为 98%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "乳腺原位癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "98%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "子宫内膜癌@### 子宫内膜异位症 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 在年轻的绝经前女性患者中更常见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "子宫内膜异位症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "年轻的绝经前女性患者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "前列腺癌@雄激素剥夺疗法联合放疗时可能存在协同效应。 前列腺癌@≥10年预期生存期 – 首选 –   根治性前列腺切除术±淋巴结清扫术 中等风险患者定义为至少包括以下条件之一：T2b/T2c期，PSA 10~20微克/升 (10~20纳克/卫生)，或者Gleason评分7分。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "根治性前列腺切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淋巴结清扫术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "继发感染者选用适当抗生素。少数情况下，如植物性异物停留时间过长，可能需要肺叶切除。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "继发感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺叶切除"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "继发感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "广泛性焦虑障碍@ * 在4个共包括1383例患者的随机安慰剂对照研究中，单用喹硫平相较安慰剂对GAD有显著疗效。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喹硫平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "安慰剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 随着医学的发展，从20世纪40年代中期开始，肠套叠的死亡率明显下降，且少见重症患儿。若全身情况良好，可即刻行空气或液体（钡剂）灌肠。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "空气或液体（钡剂）灌肠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@适应症是作为特发性胰腺炎的病情检查手段；进行术前评估，以核查创伤性胰腺炎患者的胰胆管状况；评估重症胰腺炎和疑似胆道梗阻（允许进行括约肌切开术、取石、支架植入术、组织诊断），且病情在保守治疗后 24 小时未改善的患者的胰胆管状况。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "括约肌切开术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "取石"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支架植入术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 早发GBS感染约占新生儿GBS感染的80%，常以肺炎、败血症或脑膜炎为临床特征，多在生后12～24小时内出现症状。脑膜炎的发生率低于10%，可以有惊厥、嗜睡、昏迷、前囟隆起等表现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "早发GBS感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低于10%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "惊厥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏迷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前囟隆起"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "早发GBS感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "早发GBS感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "败血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "早发GBS感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "新生儿GBS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早发GBS感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@前壁心肌梗死相关的破裂多发生在心尖部位，而下壁心肌梗死多是与室间隔基底段穿孔有关，预后更差。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "下壁心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "更差"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "胆囊炎@抗生素治疗应使用可以覆盖肠杆菌科微生物的药物（如二代头孢菌素或喹诺酮和甲硝唑联合用药）；抗生素无需覆盖肠球菌。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "食物中毒@## 并发症 ### 查看全部   并发症 table 并发症 | 时间表 | 可能性 ---|---|--- ### 肉毒中毒导致的呼吸衰竭和/或麻痹 | 短期 | 高 如果不立即应用抗毒素，随后可发生呼吸衰竭、麻痹甚至死亡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗毒素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "麻痹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "死亡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@经过3天静脉皮质类固醇治疗，如果大便＞8次/天，或大便3至8次合并C反应蛋白升高>428nmol/L（45mg/L），则上述情况的患者预计85%需要结肠切除术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮质类固醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结肠切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "（五）先天性二尖瓣狭窄 二尖瓣装置的任何单独部分异常或多个部分异常均可导致二尖瓣狭窄，其特征表现可为二尖瓣瓣叶增厚、瓣膜边缘卷曲、腱索增粗缩短、腱索间纤维粘连、腱索异常附着、乳头肌发育不良、乳头肌间距离缩短或乳头肌融合。 1.二尖瓣瓣交界融合 二尖瓣联合无法辨别，腱索发育不良或缺如，瓣膜活动明显受到限制，瓣口明显狭窄。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性二尖瓣狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "二尖瓣瓣交界融合"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "二尖瓣狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "二尖瓣瓣叶增厚"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "二尖瓣狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瓣膜边缘卷曲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "二尖瓣狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腱索异常附着"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "二尖瓣狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乳头肌发育不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "二尖瓣狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乳头肌间距离缩短"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "二尖瓣狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乳头肌融合"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "HELLP 综合征@血细胞比容为37%，血小板计数为81×10^9/L(81,000/μL)，LDH为650IU/L，天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)为93IU/L，丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)为98IU/L。HELLP 综合征@试纸法尿液分析发现，尿蛋白+2，蛋白质与肌酐比值为0.42。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血小板计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "LDH"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "天冬氨酸氨基转移酶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "丙氨酸氨基转移酶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "天冬氨酸氨基转移酶", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "AST"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "丙氨酸氨基转移酶", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "ALT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "肥厚型心肌病@所有的HCM应该： * 避免高强度运动 * 接受系列心脏超声、Holter检查、运动试验、临床评估猝死的风险；高危患者有接受ICD的适应证，以预防猝死。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "肥厚型心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "避免高强度运动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肥厚型心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心脏超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "麻疹感染@发疹第3天发热消退，皮疹及咳嗽持续约一周。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "麻疹感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "麻疹感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "麻疹感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "三尖瓣闭锁@若室间隔完整，右心室发育极其不全甚至缺如，伴肺动脉瓣闭锁；反之，若存在大的室间隔缺损，右心室则发育良好。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "三尖瓣闭锁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺动脉瓣闭锁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断与鉴别诊断】 （一）病史及临床表现 IDA的诊断应结合喂养史、出生体重、发病年龄及临床症状和体征等综合判断。 （五）血生化指标改变 SI明显降低，常低于350μg/L。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "IDA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血生化指标"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "IDA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喂养史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "消化性溃疡病@## 治疗流程 请注意，同一药物不同名称的剂型和剂量可能不同： [ 参见免责声明 ](https://bestpractice.bmj.com/info/disclaimer/) 急性 ### 活动性出血性溃疡 查看全部   首选 –   内镜检查±输血 应停止服用包括阿司匹林在内的非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "活动性出血性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "活动性出血性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "输血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "非甾体抗炎药", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "NSAID"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "第一节 感染性口炎 一、细菌感染性口炎 （一）球菌性口炎 （coccigenic stomatitis） 细菌性口炎以球菌感染多见，常以黏膜糜烂、溃疡伴假膜形成为其特征，又称膜性口炎或假膜性口炎。止痛是对症处理的重要措施，常用2%利多卡因涂患处，外用中药养阴生肌散也能消肿止痛和促进溃疡愈合，口腔局部湿敷也必不可少。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "球菌性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "2%利多卡因"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "球菌性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中药养阴生肌散"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "细菌性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "球菌感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "细菌性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黏膜糜烂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "细菌性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溃疡伴假膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "细菌性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膜性口炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "细菌性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "假膜性口炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "第六节 过敏性紫癜肾炎第十二篇 泌尿系统疾病 第三章 肾小球疾病【病因及发病机制】 【病理】 【临床表现】 （一）肾外表现 1.皮疹 2.关节 3.胃肠道症状 4.其他 （二）肾脏表现 （三）其他表现 【实验室检查】 【诊断和鉴别诊断】 （一）诊断标准 （二）临床分型 【治疗】 （一）一般治疗 （二）肾上腺皮质激素 （三）免疫抑制剂 （四）抗血小板制剂 （五）中医中药 （六）其他 【预后】过敏性紫癜（ anaphylactoid purpura ， AP ） （ henochschonlein purpura ， HSP ）是以皮肤紫癜、出血性胃肠炎、关节炎及肾小球肾炎为主要特点的临床综合征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃肠道症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "过敏性紫癜肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "一般治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "过敏性紫癜肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾上腺皮质激素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "过敏性紫癜肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫抑制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "过敏性紫癜肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗血小板制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "过敏性紫癜肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中医中药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血性胃肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾小球肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤紫癜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "anaphylactoid purpura"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "AP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "henochschonlein purpura"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HSP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "二、新生儿低血糖症 【诊断标准】 新生儿低血糖（neonatal hypoglycemia）指血糖值低于正常同年龄婴儿的最低血糖值。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "新生儿低血糖", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "neonatal hypoglycemia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "白内障@### 黄斑水肿 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 视力模糊或视物变形。 白内障@检查 眼底检查：水肿迹象。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黄斑水肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水肿迹象"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼底检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "黄斑水肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白内障"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黄斑水肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视力模糊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黄斑水肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视物变形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "成人哮喘@尽管先前担心流感疫苗可能会引起哮喘急性发作，但目前的证据表明这种风险很低。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流感疫苗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "广泛性焦虑障碍@### 肌肉紧张 在慢性的过度担心这一背景下，6条核心症状需满足3条才能满足诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌肉紧张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "微波ELISA是ELISA检测方法的改进，是一种快速、高效的血吸虫病免疫学诊断方法，具有实际应用价值。 3.晚期 巨脾、腹水等要与其他病因所致肝硬化鉴别。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝硬化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 1型糖尿病患者起病较急骤,多有感染或饮食不当等诱因。多表现为起病急,进食减少,恶心,呕吐,腹痛，关节或肌肉疼痛，皮肤黏膜干燥，呼吸深长，呼气中带有酮味，脉搏细速，血压下降，体温不升,甚至嗜睡、淡漠、昏迷。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "起病急"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "进食减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤黏膜干燥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸深长"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼气中带有酮味"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脉搏细速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血压下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体温不升"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淡漠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏迷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染或饮食不当"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "胸部X线检査:早期可见肺纹理增强或局限于一个节段的浅薄阴影，以后有大片阴影均匀致密，占全肺叶或一个节段。支气管肺炎则呈斑片状阴影。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部X线检査"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@炎症会促使神经炎斑形成，导致突触和神经炎损伤以及细胞死亡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "炎症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经炎斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "炎症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "突触和神经炎损伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "炎症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细胞死亡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄（congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis)是由于幽门环肌增生肥厚,使幽门管腔狭窄而引起的上消化道不完全梗阻性疾病。 胃食管反流 呕吐为非喷射性，上腹无蠕动波,无右上腹橄榄样肿块。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃食管反流"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "幽门环肌增生肥厚"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胃食管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐为非喷射性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "类风湿关节炎@综合疾病评估源于美国抗风湿联盟（ACR）的核心数据结果，包括关节压痛计数、关节肿胀计数、由健康评估问卷（HAQ）和多维HAQ（MDHAQ）或其衍生量表评估的功能状态、疼痛、患者和医生对病情的整体评估以及ESR和CRP任一炎症评估指标。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节压痛计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节肿胀计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@[ NCCN: current trials at NCCN member institution clinical trials sites ](http://www.nccn.org/clinical_trials/funded_clinical_trials.aspx) ### AML 主要的治疗方案是化疗，具体来说，阿糖胞苷 + 蒽环类药物（例如柔红霉素或伊达比星）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "AML", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "AML", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿糖胞苷 + 蒽环类药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "AML", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "柔红霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "AML", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伊达比星"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "（一）急性期 新发病，临床症状明显而多变，病程多不超过6个月。轻型症状以乏力为主，其次有多汗、苍白、心悸、气短、胸闷、头晕、精神食欲缺乏等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乏力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多汗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苍白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心悸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气短"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸闷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头晕"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精神食欲缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "三、婴儿肌纤维瘤 婴儿肌纤维瘤（myofibroma）首先由Stout在1954年描述，多数为中心型，以后发现有孤立型。 治疗只需切除即可。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "婴儿肌纤维瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "切除"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "肺结核@典型的表现有咯血、盗汗和体重下降，但也可以因缺乏特点而导致结核病的误诊。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "盗汗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咯血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "麻风病@[ 银屑病 ](/topics/zh-cn/74) ### 湿疹 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 以泛发性皮肤干燥和复发性皮疹伴红斑或瘙痒为特征。 麻风病@可能在关节的屈肌侧出现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "湿疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节的屈肌侧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "湿疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瘙痒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "银屑病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "湿疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "湿疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泛发性皮肤干燥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "湿疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "复发性皮疹伴红斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "对小儿（尤其婴幼儿）更为重要，因为相对储备少，易发生营养不良，且营养不良所致的危害也大，甚至为不可逆的，如影响脑的发育而造成永久性的智力发育落后等。常用的评价方法有膳食和疾病史的调查、体格测量和实验室检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "永久性的智力发育落后", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "实验室检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "永久性的智力发育落后", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体格测量"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "永久性的智力发育落后", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膳食和疾病史的调查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "永久性的智力发育落后"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "收治ICU指征为：体温低于32℃；昏迷；持续内环境紊乱；需气管插管或CPAP；心血管功能不稳定；症状体征急剧恶化。文献报道淹溺者中5%患者在数小时后可再次出现病情恶化（称为secondary drowning），淡水淹溺的发作时间约为4小时，海水淹溺约为36小时。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "淹溺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体温低于32℃"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "淹溺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "持续内环境紊乱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "淹溺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "需气管插管或CPAP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "淹溺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心血管功能不稳定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "淹溺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏迷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "注意不同年龄不典型的临床表现： 新生儿化脓性脑膜炎临床表现常不典型，尤其是早产儿，一般表现包括面色苍白、反应欠佳、少哭少动、拒乳或吮乳减少、呕吐和发热或体温不升等。特殊表现有：①神志改变：烦躁易激惹、惊跳、突然尖叫和嗜睡、神萎等；②颅内压增高：前囟紧张、饱满或隆起、骨缝分离，由于新生儿颈肌发育很差，颈项强直较少见；③惊厥：表现不典型，可仅见双眼凝视、斜视、眼球上翻及眼睑抽动，面肌小抽如吸吮状，也可阵发性青紫及呼吸暂停，一侧或局部肢体抽动；④败血症的表现如黄疸、肝大、腹胀及休克等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神志改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烦躁易激惹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "惊跳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "突然尖叫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神萎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅内压增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前囟紧张、饱满或隆起"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨缝分离"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "惊厥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双眼凝视"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "斜视"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼球上翻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼睑抽动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "面肌小抽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阵发性青紫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸暂停"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "面色苍白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反应欠佳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "少哭少动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "拒乳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吮乳减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体温不升"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "败血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄疸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "败血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "败血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹胀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "败血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "休克"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "麻风病@ * 界线类偏结核样 (borderline tuberculoid, BT)：不对称病损、边界清楚的斑疹。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "界线类偏结核样", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不对称病损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "界线类偏结核样", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "边界清楚"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "界线类偏结核样", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "斑疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "麻风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "界线类偏结核样"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "类癌综合征@腹泻常伴有腹部绞痛和排便紧迫感，日间夜间均可发生。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部绞痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "排便紧迫感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "另一类肺血管异常属于亚临床型，是指肺血流较易进入右肺，为左心室流出道位置异常而引起的，但这种异常的肺血流分布对总的临床症状的影响意义不大。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "亚临床型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "另一类肺血管异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "第四章 非青紫型先天性心脏病 第一节 动脉导管未闭 动脉导管是由第六对支气管动脉弓远端演化而成。单纯的动脉导管未闭占所有先天性心脏病的12%，占活产婴儿的0. 04%～0. 06%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "动脉导管未闭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性心脏病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "动脉导管未闭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "0. 04%～0. 06%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "肾小球肾炎@结果 阳性或阴性 ### 抗核抗体 检查 结果 检查 滴度升高提示系统性红班狼疮。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "系统性红班狼疮", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗核抗体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "白喉@### 前往疫区旅行 一些地区仍然有白喉地方性流行： 非洲：阿尔及利亚、安哥拉、埃及、尼日尔、尼日利亚、苏丹和撒哈拉以南的国家 美洲：玻利维亚、巴西、哥伦比亚、多明尼加共和国、厄瓜多尔、海地和巴拉圭 亚洲/南太平洋：阿富汗、孟加拉国、不丹、缅甸、柬埔寨、中国、印度、印度尼西亚、老挝、马来西亚、蒙古、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦、巴布亚新几内亚、菲律宾、泰国和越南 中东：伊朗、伊拉克、沙特阿拉伯、叙利亚、土耳其和也门 欧洲：阿尔巴尼亚，俄罗斯和前苏联其他国家。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前往疫区旅行"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@心绞痛症状是心肌缺血的临床表现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "心肌缺血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心绞痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "13-三体综合征@女性可有双角子宫、阴蒂肥大及双阴道。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "13-三体综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双角子宫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "13-三体综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阴蒂肥大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "13-三体综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双阴道"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "早产@[ 卵巢囊肿 ](/topics/zh-cn/660) ### 卵巢扭转 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 可能类似于早产。早产@可能出现非特异性腹痛或背痛，并可能伴有恶心及呕吐症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "卵巢扭转", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "背痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "卵巢扭转", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "卵巢扭转", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠胆汁淤积@结果 丙型肝炎病毒检测阳性 ### 需要考虑的检查 ### 查看全部   ### 肝活检 检查 结果 检查 非常罕见的指征下进行。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "丙型肝炎病毒检测阳性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "综合征型CNS表现 除上述表现外,还有肾外表现，如WT1突变所致CNS患儿可有Wilms瘤、 男性假两性畸形，其他相关病变,如白内障、角膜混浊、小头、斜视、眼球震颤及眼距过宽等亦可出现。 临床上需与下列类型先天性肾病综合征鉴别： 弥漫性系膜硬化。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "CNS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "弥漫性系膜硬化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "CNS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "WT1突变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "CNS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Wilms瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "CNS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男性假两性畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "CNS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白内障"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "CNS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "角膜混浊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "CNS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小头"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "CNS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "斜视"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "CNS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼球震颤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "CNS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼距过宽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "中耳炎@### 哥哥姐姐 观察研究发现此情况与急性中耳炎发病有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "急性中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "哥哥姐姐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "垂体功能减退@循环抗体引起的巨催乳素血症会导致催乳素水平人为升高，但可在测定前通过聚乙二醇 (PEG) 除去，因此考虑巨催乳素血症的可能非常重要，因为这种情况也会造成催乳素水平的假性升高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "巨催乳素血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "循环抗体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "巨催乳素血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "催乳素水平人为升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "巨催乳素血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【病理】 过敏性紫癜的病理变化为广泛的白细胞碎裂性小血管炎，以毛细血管炎为主，亦可波及小静脉和小动脉。肾脏症状多发生于起病1个月内,亦可在病程更晚期,于其他症状消失后发生,少数则以肾炎作为首发症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "化脓性关节炎常累及髋、膝、踝关节，症状可持续数天。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "化脓性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "髋、膝、踝关节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病@虽然骨髓活组织检查不是诊断所必需的，但强烈建议在开始骨髓抑制性治疗前进行，以对原因不明的血球减少进行诊断评估。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨髓活组织检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨髓活组织检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "(二）B 组链球菌肺炎（group B streptococcal pneumonia ) 是由B组链球菌败血症所致的宫内感染性肺炎。临床表现及X线所见有时与RDS难以鉴别。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "RDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "B 组链球菌肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "B 组链球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "group B streptococcal pneumonia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "B组链球菌败血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "宫内感染性肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断】 溶血性贫血的诊断主要依靠临床表现和实验室检查。 4.粪胆原定量增加。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "粪胆原定量增加"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "慢性髓性白血病@ 外周血涂片：大量不成熟粒细胞及单核细胞。慢性髓性白血病@ FISH很少发现PDGFR基因重排。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "慢性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外周血涂片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "DiGeorge综合征是以先天性甲状旁腺功能减退和胸腺发育不良所致的细胞免疫缺陷为特征的一类染色体微缺失综合征。孕18~22周可通过高分辨超声检查来筛査腭以及心脏等部位的畸形。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "DiGeorge综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高分辨超声检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "DiGeorge综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸腺发育不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "DiGeorge综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细胞免疫缺陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 注意缺陷多动障碍是由生物、心理、社会等因素引起，因此，必须进行综合治疗。 3.三环类抗抑郁药 丙米嗪治疗本症有一定的疗效。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "注意缺陷多动障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "三环类抗抑郁药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "注意缺陷多动障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "丙米嗪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "营养性巨幼细胞性贫血（nutritional megaloblastic anemia)是由于维生素B12和（或）叶酸缺乏所致的一种大细胞性贫血。 神经精神症状 可出现烦躁不安、易怒等症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "营养性巨幼细胞性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烦躁不安"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "营养性巨幼细胞性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易怒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "营养性巨幼细胞性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "nutritional megaloblastic anemia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "营养性巨幼细胞性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素B12和（或）叶酸缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "第二节 支气管炎 一、急性支气管炎 急性支气管炎（acute bronchitis）多继发于上呼吸道感染，并经常同时累及气管。如不及时治疗，可向下蔓延导致肺炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "急性支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性支气管炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@高血压常见远端主动脉夹层。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "远端主动脉夹层"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "口咽癌@ ### 美国东部肿瘤协作组表现情况标准 研究人员使用该标准来评估患者功能状态，并选择合适的治疗。口咽癌@ * 1级：身体剧烈活动受限，但能活动并且能够进行轻的或坐着的工作-例如，少量的家务活，办公室工作。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1级"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "（二）急性运动轴索型神经病（AMAN） 临床表现为急性瘫痪，不伴感觉障碍，恢复较慢，患者在恢复期早期常出现腱反射亢进。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急性运动轴索型神经病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "AMAN"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "急性运动轴索型神经病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性瘫痪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "急性运动轴索型神经病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腱反射亢进"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "中耳炎@### 乳突炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 乳突上有水肿、红斑和压痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "乳突炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "乳突炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "压痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乳突炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "乳突炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乳突"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "乳突炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "前置胎盘@## 案例 ### 案例 一名38岁的女性，孕5产4，主动吸烟者，在第13周接受常规超声检查以确定预产期，发现有前置胎盘 (PP)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "心肌炎@CK和CK-MB水平常常轻度升高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CK和CK-MB水平常常轻度升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "产后抑郁症@### 其他诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部   ### 精神运动性改变 迟滞存在于29%的发作中，激越存在于16%的发作中。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "产后抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精神运动性改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "维生素A缺乏症是一种因体内维生素A缺乏引起的疾病，常伴随蛋白质-能量营养不良。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "维生素A缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体内维生素A缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "维生素A缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "蛋白质-能量营养不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "1.脱水 由于腹泻与呕吐丢失大量的水和电解质，使体内保留水分的能力减低；严重呕吐、禁食、食欲减低或拒食，使食物和液体摄入量均减少；患儿发热、呼吸加快、酸中毒者呼吸加深，使不显性失水增加。 3.低钾血症 腹泻时水样便中钾浓度约在20～50mmol/ L。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低钾血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脱水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脱水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脱水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸加快、"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脱水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "酸中毒者呼吸加深"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断】 真菌检査 因假丝酵母菌是常驻菌，从皮肤、黏膜、痰、粪等标本中査到孢子不能肯定其为致病菌，必须在显微镜下见到出芽的酵母菌与假菌丝，结合临床表现才能确定假丝酵母菌病的诊断： ①病灶组织或假膜、渗液等标本显微镜检查，可见厚膜孢子及假菌丝，多次显微镜检查阳性有诊断意义;②标本真菌培养1周内出现乳白色光滑菌落，菌落数大于50% ,有诊断意义。 血清学检査 血清1,3-β-D葡聚糖测定，简称G实验,血清1,3-β-D葡聚糖是真菌细胞壁的重要组分，血浆1,3-β-D葡聚糖升高即G试验阳性成为侵袭性真菌感染的一个重要标志，但输注白蛋白或球蛋白、标本接触纱布或细菌污染等可出现假阳性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清学检査"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "假丝酵母菌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清学检査"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "真菌检査"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "标本真菌培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "假丝酵母菌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "真菌检査"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "假丝酵母菌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "显微镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "胃炎@化脓性胃炎是一种罕见却威胁生命的胃黏膜下和肌层的感染，见于虚弱的患者。 胃炎@根据当前指南，应视情况使用血管加压药。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "化脓性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血管加压药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "化脓性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃黏膜下"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "化脓性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌层"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 （一）停用引起肾损害的药物 一旦疑诊药物性肾损害，应立即减量甚至停药，患儿肾功能常可迅速恢复，尿改变逐渐消失。 （五）肾小管上皮细胞保护及促进细胞再生药物 可有虫草制剂、大剂量维生素E（100～200mg/次，3次/日）、促肝细胞生长因子及表皮生长因子等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "药物性肾损害", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "虫草制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "药物性肾损害", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大剂量维生素E"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "药物性肾损害", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "促肝细胞生长因子"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "药物性肾损害", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "表皮生长因子"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "药物性肾损害", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "停用引起肾损害的药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "如因6-丙酮酰四氢蝶呤合成酶（PTPS）缺乏时所致的BH4缺乏症，尿中新蝶呤明显增加，生物蝶呤降低，N/B增高，B%＜10%。因特异性酶的测定较为复杂困难，可进一步作BH4负荷试验以助诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "BH4缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "BH4负荷试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "BH4缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿中新蝶呤明显增加"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "BH4缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生物蝶呤降低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "BH4缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "N/B增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "BH4缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "B%＜10%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "卵巢癌@之后开始静脉化疗 对于多数患者，首选的治疗方法是手术加术后化疗。卵巢癌@对于不能手术的患者，应当考虑新辅助化疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "卵巢癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新辅助化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "HELLP 综合征@HELLP 综合征患者的血小板减少症程度对区域麻醉有重要意义。HELLP 综合征@由于硬膜外血肿风险，血小板计数＜80×10^9/L (＜80,000/μL)（尤其是＜50×10^9/L[＜50,000/μL]) 时，禁用区域麻醉。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硬膜外血肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血小板计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血小板减少症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肛门癌@检查 进行结肠镜检查以鉴别直肠中的肿块。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结肠镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "唇腭裂@3 至 7 月龄 – 联合 –   最终唇裂修复±双侧鼓膜切开术和鼓膜管（T管）安置 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 裂隙窄（<1厘米）无需手术前准备约在3个月时行最终唇裂修复术（例如，前外科鼻肺泡造型[PNAM],手术前唇贴，唇粘连）。 唇腭裂@裂隙宽（>1厘米）时行唇裂修复第二阶段的最终唇裂修复，历次PNAM和术前唇盘带进行缩小裂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "唇裂修复术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前外科鼻肺泡造型[PNAM]"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手术前唇贴"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "唇粘连"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "最终唇裂修复"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双侧鼓膜切开术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼓膜管（T管）安置"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PNAM"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "术前唇盘带进行缩小裂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "（一）胎母输血 胎母输血（fetal maternal transfusion）又称经胎盘失血，是指胎儿血通过胎盘进入母血循环，发生率占妊娠的10%，但多数失血量少，仅1%胎儿经胎盘失血量超过50ml。 4.母血 HbF定量测定 正常成人血中HbF＜3%，妊娠妇女可有生理性增高达5. 7%，如母血HbF＞6%提示存在胎母输血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "胎母输血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "母血 HbF定量测定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "胎母输血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "fetal maternal transfusion"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "食物中毒@## 流行病学 英国食品标准局 (Food Standards Agency) 的报告显示在英国每年有 500,000 例食物中毒，其中 280,000 例因弯曲杆菌引起，80,000 例因产气荚膜梭菌引起，74,000 例因诺如病毒引起。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "弯曲杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "产气荚膜梭菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "部分 HLH病人虽有脑炎的表现,脑脊液可正常,或仅有脑脊液压力增高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "HLH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "新生儿筛查即是通过测定血苯丙氨酸，在群体中对每个新生儿进行筛检，使PKU患儿在临床症状尚未出现之前，而其生化等方面的改变已比较明显时得以早期诊断和早期治疗，避免智能落后的发生。 3.血苯丙氨酸测定 有两种方法：①Guthrie细菌抑制法，为半定量法，正常浓度小于120μmol/L（2mg/dl）；②苯丙氨酸荧光定量法，正常值同细菌抑制法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血苯丙氨酸测定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Guthrie细菌抑制法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苯丙氨酸荧光定量法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@## 一级预防 鼓励应用防晒措施来抵御紫外线辐射，包括应用覆盖中长波紫外线谱的防晒产品，防晒霜（例如二氧化钛，二氧化锌），利用衣物帽子进行物理防晒，以及避免日晒。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "一级预防"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "防晒霜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "避免日晒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "卵巢癌@对于多数患者，首选的治疗是手术加术后化疗。卵巢癌@对于不能手术的患者，应当考虑新辅助化疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "卵巢癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新辅助化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@### 支气管囊肿 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 通常确诊于婴幼儿期，50%的患者确诊于15岁以后。非小细胞肺癌@也可能以反复咳嗽和肺部感染/肺炎，上腔静脉综合征，气管压缩以及气胸为特征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管囊肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺部感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "支气管囊肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "支气管囊肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上腔静脉综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "支气管囊肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气胸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管囊肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反复咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管囊肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气管压缩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管囊肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 药物性肾损害可表现为各种临床综合征，与药物种类、损害机制、使用时间及机体状况有关。 （四）肾炎综合征 表现为血尿、蛋白尿及高血压。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "药物性肾损害", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾炎综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "肾炎综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "肾炎综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "蛋白尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "肾炎综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "由血管炎引起的肠壁水肿、出血、坏死或穿孔是产生肠道症状及严重并发症的主要原因。一般以阵发性剧烈腹痛为主，常位于胳周或下腹部,疼痛，可伴呕吐,但呕血少见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "血管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阵发性剧烈腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "血管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠壁水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "血管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "血管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "坏死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "血管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "穿孔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "阵发性剧烈腹痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胳周"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "阵发性剧烈腹痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下腹部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阵发性剧烈腹痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阵发性剧烈腹痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "可伴呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阵发性剧烈腹痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阵发性剧烈腹痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@应隔离脑炎患者，直至病因确定再决定是否取消隔离；根据当地规定，对于可经空气或接触方式传播至免疫功能正常宿主的脑炎患者（单纯疱疹病毒脑炎、水痘、流行性腮腺炎、风疹、肠道、上呼吸道病毒感染），应进行隔离。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "单纯疱疹病毒脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "隔离"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "水痘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "隔离"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "隔离"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "风疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "隔离"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "上呼吸道病毒感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "隔离"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@### 神经系统症状 存在外周神经受累的患者可能会出现神经系统症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经系统症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "成人哮喘@[ 肺栓塞 ](/topics/zh-cn/116) ### 充血性心力衰竭 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 有冠心病或未控制的高血压病史。 成人哮喘@查体可见体位性水肿、颈静脉压升高、肺底部捻发音。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "充血性心力衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体位性水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "成人哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "充血性心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "自身免疫性肝炎@在病情进入缓解期的患者中，20%-100% 的患者会复发，具体取决于停服药物前的组织学检查结果。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "复发"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "（二）克罗恩病 症状取决于病变的部位与炎症的程度。上消化道的CD较少见，但也有经内镜与组织学检查证实胃十二指肠病变，往往难以与其他的疾病如胃食道反流、幽门螺杆菌感染及消化性溃疡等相鉴别。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃食道反流"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "幽门螺杆菌感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化性溃疡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@有证据显示在更晚期的疾病中（不适合根治性治疗），接受培美曲塞和顺铂联合治疗的非鳞癌患者的结局优于鳞状细胞癌患者，吉西他滨联合顺铂在后者中更为有效。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吉西他滨"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "三、食物和呕吐物吸入 除食物本身的刺激外，反流的胃酸亦是肺损伤的重要决定因素。X线胸片多为两侧广泛肺泡性或网状浸润阴影，部分可伴局灶性实变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "食物和呕吐物吸入", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "X线胸片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "疟疾感染@在南美洲，印度，和巴基斯坦，发病率为每2000-3000人年1例。疟疾感染@ 化学预防可显著降低死亡率。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化学预防"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "每2000-3000人年1例"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "食物中毒@抑制胃肠蠕动药或止泻药（例如洛哌丁胺）可以提供给因非复杂性水样腹泻而影响工作能力的患者或有旅行者腹泻的患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "止泻药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "白喉@＜2 岁儿童用 DTP-HBV-HIB（白喉、破伤风、百日咳-乙型肝炎- _B 型流感嗜血杆菌_ ）代替单苗的免疫原性还有待进一步研究。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "DTP-HBV-HIB"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "如新生儿输尿管巨大扩张、肾功能很差，或有反复的尿路感染，可选择做输尿管造瘘，待患儿长大后再做输尿管再植。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "输尿管巨大扩张", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "输尿管造瘘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "输尿管巨大扩张", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "输尿管再植"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "房室间隔缺损可合并其他心内结构的合并畸形，主要包括： 1.心室发育不良 依据两侧心室发育情况，可将房室间隔缺损房室间隔缺损分为均衡、左优势和右优势三个亚型。均衡型：房室瓣均衡与左、右心室连接；左或右优势：一侧心室发育不良。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "心室发育不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "均衡型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "房室间隔缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心室发育不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "心室发育不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "左优势"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "心室发育不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "右优势"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "感染性脑动静脉畸形如颅内细菌性或真菌性动脉瘤，系感染性心内膜炎的感染栓子所致；人类免疫缺陷病毒感染也可导致小儿颅内动脉瘤的发生。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "感染性脑动静脉畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅内细菌性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "感染性脑动静脉畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "真菌性动脉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "疟疾感染@ 其他基线测试 * 基线检测包括全血细胞计数，凝血，肝肾功能，血糖，尿常规。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全血细胞计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "凝血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝肾功能"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血糖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿常规"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "早产@ ## 二级预防 潜在的病因决定治疗，且可能包括宫颈环扎术及孕激素疗法 。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "宫颈环扎术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "孕激素疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "第四节 支原体肺炎 支原体肺炎（mycoplasmal pneumonia）由肺炎支原体（mycoplasma pneumoniae，MP）引起。全年均可发病，以秋、冬季多见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发季节", "subject": "支原体肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "秋、冬季"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "【病理生理】 室间隔缺损引起心脏左向右分流，其分流程度取决于缺损大小及肺循环阻力。 （二）外科治疗 对于不伴其他畸形的单纯室间隔缺损，手术指征为：药物不能控制心力衰竭；有大的左向右分流，出现活动受限、反应差的；肺高压反复肺部感染者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "室间隔缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "喉癌@### 声门型或声门上型喉癌：T1和T2期 T1或T2期：N0M0的治疗包括单独手术或放疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "声门上型喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "T2期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "婴儿胃幽门括约肌发育良好，因自主神经调节功能差，易引起幽门痉挛而出现呕吐。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理生理", "subject": "幽门痉挛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "自主神经调节功能差"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "幽门痉挛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "子宫内膜癌@患者可出现皮疹、恶心、脱发、口腔溃疡、体重减轻、腹痛、出血、腹泻或周围神经病变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "子宫内膜癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "子宫内膜癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "子宫内膜癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脱发"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "子宫内膜癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口腔溃疡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "子宫内膜癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重减轻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "子宫内膜癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "子宫内膜癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "子宫内膜癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "子宫内膜癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "周围神经病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "2.被犬咬伤者不论伤在何处，均应立即进行预防注射狂犬疫苗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "犬咬伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "注射狂犬疫苗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "多年的临床应用表明，肝素有较好的抗凝作用，能阻止凝血酶的形成，阻碍纤维蛋白原变成纤维蛋白，降低血液黏稠度，阻挡高凝状态的进一步发展，在治疗DIC的高凝状态上起到了积极的作用，目前认为下列情况是DIC使用肝素的指征： 1.感染所致的急性、亚急性和慢性DIC，顽固性休克伴微循环衰竭。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "DIC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "自身免疫性肝炎@[ α-1-抗胰蛋白酶缺乏症 ](/topics/zh-cn/1075) ### 肝豆状核变性 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 症状起源于肝脏或中枢神经系统（神经精神性疾病）。 自身免疫性肝炎@Kayser-Fleisher 环通常可见，皮肤色素沉着和指甲根部淡蓝褪色有时可见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝豆状核变性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Kayser-Fleisher 环"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝豆状核变性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤色素沉着"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝豆状核变性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "指甲根部淡蓝褪色"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝豆状核变性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（二）心电图 90%～95%的HCM患儿有12导心电图异常，包括左心室肥大、ST-T变化（如显著的T波倒置）、左心房扩大、异常的深Q波，外侧心前导联R波振幅降低等，但本病无特征性心电图改变。 （三）超声心动图 HCM可见心室壁增厚，其增厚的分布并非匀称。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "HCM", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声心动图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "HCM", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "HIV 感染@ ### HIV 相关的癌症 | 长期 | 低 在 ART 治疗时代，艾滋病定义性癌症（卡波西肉瘤 [Kaposi's sarcoma]、非霍奇金淋巴瘤和宫颈癌）有所减少，但是发病率仍然比一般人群高几倍。HIV 感染@HIV 感染者在 ART 治疗时代罹患非艾滋病定义性癌症的风险/压力增加。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "卡波西肉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非霍奇金淋巴瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "宫颈癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癌症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "13.一氧化碳中毒 开窗通风或脱离中毒环境，吸氧，补充大量维生素C。甘露醇0. 5g/kg静注，每天2～4次，胞磷胆碱每次0. 125～0. 25g，静滴。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胞磷胆碱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "补充大量维生素C"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@结果 特征性改变为主胰管串珠样改变（胰管扩张和狭窄交替出现导致）以及分支胰管不规则。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "主胰管串珠样改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "分支胰管不规则"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "实验证明，缺锌的动物性腺发育不良，可能与垂体促性腺激素的分泌减少或睾酮生成障碍有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "缺锌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "性腺发育不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "HELLP 综合征@[弥散性血管内凝血] ### 胎盘早剥 | 短期 | 高 发生在16%的患者中。HELLP 综合征@在阴道出血、腹痛、不可靠的胎儿状态病例中，应当怀疑本病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胎盘早剥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阴道出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胎盘早剥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胎盘早剥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不可靠的胎儿状态"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "弥散性血管内凝血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胎盘早剥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "第五章 儿童淋巴瘤 第一节 儿童霍奇金病 1832年，霍奇金（Hodgkin）首先对本病在解剖学水平进行描述，因此而命名为霍奇金病（Hodgkin disease，HD），当时认为它是一种脾脏和淋巴结异常性疾病。流行病学调查提示疱疹病毒6、巨细胞包涵体病毒、EB病毒感染可能与发病有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "霍奇金病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疱疹病毒6"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "霍奇金病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "巨细胞包涵体病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "霍奇金病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "EB病毒感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "霍奇金病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Hodgkin disease"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "霍奇金病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "Hodgkin disease", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【鉴别诊断】 除化脓性细菌外，结核分枝杆菌、病毒、真菌等都可引起脑膜炎,并出现与化脓性脑膜炎相似的临床表现而需注意鉴别。 肾上腺皮质激素的应用 细菌释放大量内毒素,可能促进细胞因子介导的炎症反应,加重脑水肿和中性粒细胞浸润,使病情加重。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾上腺皮质激素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "白喉@### 未接种疫苗/未全程接种 未完成全程接种程序的个体感染白喉的风险尤其高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "未接种疫苗/未全程接种"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "多发性骨髓瘤@革兰氏阴性菌感染发生于既往有过抗生素治疗、器械治疗、肢体固定、医院菌落定植和氮质血症的难治性进展性疾病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "革兰氏阴性菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "既往有过抗生素治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "革兰氏阴性菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "器械治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "革兰氏阴性菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肢体固定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "革兰氏阴性菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "医院菌落定植"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "GSDⅩ型 肌肉磷酸甘油变位酶缺陷。受累组织为肝和肌肉。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "GSDⅩ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "GSDⅩ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌肉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "肾小球肾炎@### 胃肠道感染 与 IgA 肾病相关，可能触发肉眼血尿反复发作，从感染后 1 至 3 天开始。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃肠道感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "IgA 肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肉眼血尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "慢性心房颤动@β受体阻滞剂在已知患有哮喘或有显著气喘病史的肺病患者中禁止使用。 慢性心房颤动@[ 成人支气管哮喘急性加重 ](/topics/zh-cn/45) ### 外科手术消融并发症 | 短期 | 低 发生率因不同的手术方式而不同，如外科“切缝”迷宫手术（现在很少做此手术），或外科射频消融术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "慢性心房颤动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外科手术消融并发症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "心肌病@ 5.其他 治疗扩张性心肌病因心腔扩大，血流淤滞，有可能发生血栓形成。心肌病@因而这些患儿应考虑应用华法林等类抗凝剂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "华法林等类抗凝剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心腔扩大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血流淤滞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发生血栓形成"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "失眠症@ 一项在瑞典进行的群体研究发现，在所有年龄组中，40% 的人患有失眠症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "40%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病@ 对于体力状态良好且造血细胞移植共病指数 (HCT-CI) 得分较低的患者，可考虑在初始治疗起效后进行异基因造血干细胞移植。慢性淋巴细胞白血病@HCT-CI 是制定用于评估患者健康状态的工具，以预测造血细胞移植 (HCT) 后的死亡风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "异基因造血干细胞移植"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "第七节 急性感染性喉炎 急性感染性喉炎（acute infectious laryngitis）系喉黏膜急性弥漫性炎症，婴幼儿多见。 本病发展迅速，易并发喉梗阻，应及时治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "急性感染性喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喉梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "急性感染性喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "婴幼儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "7.青记 在新生儿的背部或臀部有蓝绿色色斑，为色素细胞沉着有关，随年龄增加而自动消退。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "青记", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "背部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "青记", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "臀部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "青记", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "蓝绿色色斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "青记", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "色素细胞沉着"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "结节性硬化症@初起多为婴儿痉挛，以后可转为Lennox-Gastaut综合征，或呈全身性发作、简单部分性发作及复杂部分性发作。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "结节性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "婴儿痉挛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "婴儿痉挛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Lennox-Gastaut综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠期高血压@ Meta 分析显示，重度妊娠高血压的妇女与那些接受静脉类肼苯哒嗪的患者一样可能达到目标血压（84% [硝苯地平] vs 79% [肼苯哒嗪]；相对风险 1.07，95% 置信区间为 0.98 至 1.17；五次试验纳入 273 名女性）。 妊娠期高血压@### 硫酸镁 该药通常在子痫前期和子痫患者中使用，目前一些临床医生也考虑在妊娠期高血压中使用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "妊娠高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硫酸镁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "妊娠高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肼苯哒嗪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硫酸镁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "子痫前期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硫酸镁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "子痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硫酸镁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "喉癌@ ### 体重减轻或恶病质 体重减轻多见于晚期声门上型喉癌。喉癌@吞咽困难和吞咽痛（吞咽疼痛）可导致明显的体重减轻。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "体重减轻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吞咽困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "体重减轻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吞咽痛（吞咽疼痛）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "晚期声门上型喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重减轻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "声门上型喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "晚期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "唇腭裂@鼻中裂和/或唇中线裂是罕见的畸形。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻中"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "唇中线"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "胃炎@## 一级预防 减少使用非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID) 和减少饮酒可以降低糜烂性胃炎的发生率及严重程度。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "糜烂性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "减少使用非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID)"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "糜烂性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "减少饮酒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "急性膀胱炎@可能需要短暂的导尿治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "导尿治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "儿童偏头痛@发作期间神经系统检查完全正常，且血压正常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经系统检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血压正常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "一、婴儿纤维性错构瘤 约20%新生儿在出生后不久即被发现婴儿纤维性错构瘤，其他也在1岁以内诊断出来，男女比例3∶1。 本瘤好发于肩、腋窝、背、股和腹股沟等处，为无痛性生长迅速的肿块，质地随脂肪组织和纤维组织比例的变化而不同。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "婴儿纤维性错构瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "婴儿纤维性错构瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腋窝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "婴儿纤维性错构瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "背"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "婴儿纤维性错构瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "股"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "婴儿纤维性错构瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹股沟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿纤维性错构瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无痛性生长迅速的肿块"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "婴儿纤维性错构瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男女比例3∶1"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "急性阑尾炎@### 定义 急性阑尾炎是阑尾的一种急性炎症， 最可能由阑尾管腔的梗阻（由粪石、正常粪便、感染因素、淋巴组织增生导致）引起。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阑尾管腔的梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "表11-25 Lawrence横纹肌肉瘤临床分期 表11-26 根据Lawrence临床分期的生存率 【治疗】 横纹肌肉瘤的治疗需要多学科联合进行，包括外科手术、放疗和化疗。如果没有完全切除睾丸旁肿瘤，则要取腹膜后淋巴结活检。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹膜后淋巴结活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外科手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "急性淋巴细胞白血病@### 皮肤苍白，瘀斑或瘀点 体格检查常常发现贫血引起的皮肤苍白及血小板减少引起的瘀斑或瘀点。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血小板减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瘀斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瘀点"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤苍白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "心肌炎@ 新型免疫调节药物（例如干扰素-β）疗法在II期试验中显示出很大前景。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "干扰素-β"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "多发性硬化症@最常见于欧洲后裔，但是，由于社会经济和遗传因素以及延迟诊断等原因，患病的美国黑人的病程可能更具有侵袭性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "欧洲后裔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "美国黑人"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "早期先天性梅毒多见于早产儿、低出生体重儿或小于胎龄儿;生后的发育、营养状况落后于同胎龄儿。常见症状有:①皮肤黏膜损害:发生率为15% -60%，鼻炎为早期特征，于生后1周出现,可持续3个月之久,表现为鼻塞,分泌物早期清，继之呈脓性、血性,含大量病原体，极具传染性,当鼻黏膜溃疡累及鼻软骨时形成“鞍鼻”，累及喉部引起声嘶。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性梅毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤黏膜损害"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性梅毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性梅毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻塞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性梅毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "“鞍鼻”"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性梅毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "声嘶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "先天性梅毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早产儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "先天性梅毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低出生体重儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "先天性梅毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小于胎龄儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "（四）泌尿生殖系 泌尿生殖系的横纹肌肉瘤占总数的25%，发生部位包括膀胱、前列腺、睾丸旁、阴道、子宫和外阴部，罕见发生于肾脏、输尿管。大多数为胚胎型，以葡萄簇型（阴道）和梭状细胞型（睾丸旁）常见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "葡萄簇型（阴道）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "梭状细胞型（睾丸旁）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膀胱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前列腺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睾丸旁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阴道"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "子宫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外阴部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾脏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "输尿管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "痛风@口服泼尼松龙可考虑作为急性痛风的一线治疗选择，因为它效果较好且发生不良事件较少，特别是在短期使用时。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泼尼松龙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "胆管癌@ 术前门静脉栓塞有助于降低并发症和手术相关病死率，且可考虑用于超过右半肝切除范围的肝切除术患者，如肝三叶切除术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝三叶切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "术前门静脉栓塞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "多发性骨髓瘤@ 患者被进一步分为 A 或 B 子类： * A：肾功能相对正常（血清肌酐值＜176.8 μmol/L [＜2.0 mg/dL]） * B：肾功能异常（血清肌酐值高于或等于 176.8 μmol/L [2.0 mg/dL]）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾功能异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾功能相对正常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清肌酐值＜176.8 μmol/L [＜2.0 mg/dL]"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "前置胎盘@还受到分娩前出血程度的影响，此情况可导致新生儿贫血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生儿贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（六）梗阻性休克 是由于心排血量降低并非心肌功能欠佳。引起原因有气胸、心脏压塞、肺栓塞和主动脉缩窄等，导致心外血流通道受阻。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "梗阻性休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气胸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "梗阻性休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心脏压塞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "梗阻性休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺栓塞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "梗阻性休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "主动脉缩窄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 轻度狭窄可完全无症状;中度狭窄在2 ~3岁内无症状,但年长 后劳力时即感易疲乏及气促;严重狭窄者于中度体力劳动时亦可出 现呼吸困难和乏力，可有昏厥甚至猝死。亦有患者活动时感胸痛或 图11-12 肺动脉瓣狭窄示意图 上腹痛,可能由于心排血量不能相应提高，致使心肌供血不足或心 律失常所致,提示预后不良。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "严重狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "严重狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "轻度狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易疲乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "轻度狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "严重狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "严重狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乏力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "严重狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏厥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "严重狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "猝死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（四）高频通气 高频通气（HFOV）是目前治疗MAS普遍采用的通气方式，其优点为持续扩张气道，增加肺泡通气量，有助于改善通气-灌流比例。 （五）肺表面活性物质 由于胎粪可以抑制肺表面活性物质功能，同时窒息缺氧也导致肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞合成分泌表面活性物质障碍。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "MAS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺表面活性物质"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "MAS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺表面活性物质"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "MAS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高频通气"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "（二）环境与感染因素 紫外线被认为是触发SLE的病因之一；实验发现紫外线（主要是紫外线290～320nm）可诱使皮肤角质细胞产生白细胞介素-1（IL-1）、IL-3、IL-6及肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）；紫外线还可以减弱巨噬细胞对抗原的清除以及抑制T细胞活化；约有1/3的SLE患者对光过敏或紫外线照射后发病。 （三）内分泌因素 SLE患者多数为女性，且不论男女，患者雌激素水平均增高，雄激素水平降低。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "SLE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "紫外线"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "SLE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "女性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "SLE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "雌激素水平均增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "SLE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "雄激素水平降低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@ * Evolocumab 和 alirocumab 是 9 型前蛋白转化酶枯草杆菌蛋白酶/kexin (PCSK9) 抗体抑制剂，已被批准作为饮食和最大可耐受他汀治疗的辅助治疗用于需要额外降低 LDL 的杂合子型家族性高胆固醇血症 (heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, HeFH) 成人患者或临床动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "家族性高胆固醇血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Evolocumab"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "家族性高胆固醇血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "alirocumab"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "家族性高胆固醇血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "家族性高胆固醇血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HeFH"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性咽喉炎@如果症状对青霉素治疗没反应，或者有食用野生动物肉类史，则应考虑土拉菌病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "土拉菌病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "病毒性脑膜炎@很多其他脑炎也会在 MRI 中出现提示性结果。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "真菌性脑膜炎@具体而言，隐球菌性脑膜炎患者可能伴有颅内压升高的体征及症状，例如重度头痛、恶心或呕吐、视力下降及精神状态改变。真菌性脑膜炎@脑积水体征及症状通常发生在就诊时诊断有球孢子菌性脑膜炎的患者中，也可作为较晚期并发症出现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅内压升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "重度头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视力下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "疟疾感染@ * _卵形疟_ 主要流行于热带中非和西非地区，和西太平洋的一些岛屿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "卵形疟", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "热带中非"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "卵形疟", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "西非地区"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "卵形疟", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "西太平洋的一些岛屿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "卵形疟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "同时伴发HD、小头畸形、精神发育延滞及面部异常（眼距过宽、球形角膜、眉毛过浓及耳前倾等），是一类与EDNRB基因305位点色氨酸突变有关的综合征；伴发HD的先天性通气不足综合征（原发性肺泡换气不足，Haddad综合征）可能与GDVF和RET基因突变的不完全外显率相关，文献报道161例原发性肺泡换气不足综合征患儿有27%伴发HD；Ⅱ型多发性内分泌瘤（MEN-Ⅱ）同时发生甲状腺髓样癌、嗜铬细胞瘤及多发性黏液瘤，偶有伴发HD。 （三）肠道伴发畸形HD、神经节细胞缺乏症及IND 也可伴有先天性小肠或结肠闭锁、胎粪性腹膜炎或无肛等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "HD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性小肠或结肠闭锁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "HD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胎粪性腹膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "HD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无肛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性通气不足综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "原发性肺泡换气不足"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "原发性肺泡换气不足", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Haddad综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性通气不足综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Haddad综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "Ⅱ型多发性内分泌瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲状腺髓样癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "Ⅱ型多发性内分泌瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜铬细胞瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "Ⅱ型多发性内分泌瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多发性黏液瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "Ⅱ型多发性内分泌瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "5.实验室检查 （1）淀粉酶测定：血和尿淀粉酶增高。75%急性胰腺炎患者血清淀粉酶增高达正常的3倍并持续数日，一般在症状发作后2～12小时即增高，24小时最高峰，48小时后高峰下降而尿淀粉酶升高，尿淀粉酶可持续1～2周。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淀粉酶测定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "2.环磷酰胺（CTX ） CTX不常用在JIA关节型的治疗，偶有治疗难治性全身型JIA的报告。糖皮质激素治疗RA价值有争议，成人RA的“强化治疗”理念认为“应依据病情活动度制订个体化的早期联合治疗方案，此后密切随访，根据疗效及时调整用药，使患者的病情活动度能在最快时间内达临床缓解，防止关节破坏及关节外损伤”。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "JIA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖皮质激素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "JIA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "环磷酰胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@结果 高于正常范围上限的三倍 ### 血清淀粉酶 检查 结果 检查 处于标准阈值水平的血清淀粉酶以及血清脂肪酶具有相似的敏感性和特异性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清淀粉酶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "晚发型母乳性黄疸，血清胆红素＜257μmol/L（15mg/ dl）时不需停母乳；＞257μmol/L（15mg/dl）时暂停母乳3天，＞342μmol/L（20mg/dl）时则加光疗，一般不需用清蛋白或血浆治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "晚发型母乳性黄疸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "暂停母乳3天"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "晚发型母乳性黄疸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "光疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@### 新型皮质类固醇 新型皮质类固醇（例如布地奈德复合制剂和口服丙酸倍氯米松）能避免传统口服皮质类固醇治疗的全身性副作用，目前已开始将其作为轻至中度溃疡性结肠炎的可能治疗药物。 溃疡性结肠炎@一项研究比较了口服缓释型二丙酸倍氯米松与泼尼松治疗中至重度活动性溃疡性结肠炎患者，发现在降低疾病活动性方面，二丙酸倍氯米松并不劣于泼尼松，并且二者的安全性相似。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泼尼松治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "二丙酸倍氯米松"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泼尼松"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新型皮质类固醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "布地奈德复合制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口服丙酸倍氯米松"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "类风湿关节炎@若病情严重，可考虑停用TNF-α抑制剂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "TNF-α抑制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@### 急性、进展或近期的心肌梗死标准 以下标准任意1条： 1.1.心肌坏死的生物标记物典型升高（肌钙蛋白或CK-MB）并伴有以下至少一项: * 缺血症状 * 心电图病理性Q波形成 * 心电图改变提示缺血（ST段抬高或压低） * 冠状动脉介入方法（例如，冠状动脉造影） 2.2.急性心肌梗死的病理学发现 ### 确诊心肌梗死的标准 以下任意一条： 1.1. 连续心电图检查可见病理性Q波形成。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "缺血症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冠状动脉介入方法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "癫痫持续状态@在免疫抑制的案例中，或出现假性脑膜炎的症状（发烧、颈强直）时，建议进行腰椎穿刺。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "假性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发烧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "假性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腰椎穿刺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "假性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈强直"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "（二）早产儿贫血 早产儿贫血是早产儿（尤其是极低出生体重儿）的常见现象，严重者影响早产儿的生长发育，因此早产儿贫血并非生理性。 早产儿贫血的病因仍未明确，可能与下列因素有关：①早产儿红细胞寿命40～60天，比足月儿（70～90天）更短；②促红细胞生成素（EPO）水平低下，由于早产儿发育未成熟，生后前几周产生EPO的部位主要在肝脏，而肝脏对缺氧的敏感性不如肾脏，因此产生EPO较少；③早产儿生长迅速，血液稀释；④疾病因素：早产儿易患许多疾病，加重贫血；⑤医源性失血：早产儿病情重，需取血做各种检查；⑥营养因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "早产儿贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "营养因素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "出生后感染性肺炎的病理改变以支气管肺炎和间质性肺炎为主，病变分散，影响一叶或数叶，有时融合成大片病灶，肺不张和肺气肿较易发生。金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎在新生儿室中常有发生，并可引起流行；患儿中毒症状重，易并发化脓性脑膜炎、脓胸、脓气胸、肺大疱等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "出生后感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "出生后感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化脓性脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "出生后感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脓胸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "出生后感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脓气胸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "出生后感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺大疱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化脓性脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脓胸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脓气胸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺大疱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "出生后感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "出生后感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "间质性肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "白喉@未接种疫苗的孕妇应当在每次妊娠期间接种一剂 Tdap 疫苗，最好是在妊娠第 27 至 36 周之间，但可以在妊娠期间的任意时间接种 Tdap。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Tdap 疫苗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "接种 Tdap"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "肝癌@其他引起肝硬化演变为肝癌的危险因素包括黄曲霉毒素、遗传性血色病、α1 抗胰蛋白酶缺陷、原发性胆汁性肝硬化、原发性硬化性胆管炎、迟发性皮肤卟啉病、钍造影剂、吸烟、口服避孕药和雄激素类固醇，都还未完全清楚。 肝癌@## 病理生理学 慢性炎症和肝硬化在肝细胞癌形成中起重要作用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性炎症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肝癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝硬化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄曲霉毒素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "遗传性血色病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝硬化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "原发性胆汁性肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝硬化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "原发性硬化性胆管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝硬化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "迟发性皮肤卟啉病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝硬化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钍造影剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口服避孕药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "雄激素类固醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "睾丸癌@### 12号染色体遗传异常 在人类睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤中检测到12号染色体短臂的等臂染色体，这可能导致了肿瘤的发生。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "睾丸癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "12号染色体遗传异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "如果这些研究被进一步证实将为了解SMA的发病机制迈出重要一步。 （三）SMA-Ⅲ型 本型在肌肉病理上可有多种表现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "SMA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "SMA-Ⅲ型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断】 婴幼儿脑积水，根据其头颅快速增大及其特有的外观形态等特征，可做出临床诊断，尚需进一步做神经影像学检查（头颅CT或MRI）予以确定诊断。 头颅X线检查可见颅腔扩大、颅骨变薄，脑回压迹加深，颅缝分离、囟门扩大，头与面比例明显增大等改变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头颅X线检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅腔扩大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅骨变薄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑回压迹加深"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅缝分离"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "囟门扩大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头与面比例明显增大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头颅CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "癫痫持续状态@在严重案例中，神经肌肉阻滞是一种方法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经肌肉阻滞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "化脑一般发病急，有高热、头痛、呕吐、食欲缺乏及精神委靡等症状。往往在发生惊厥后才引起家长注意和就诊。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "惊厥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精神委靡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "三、急性扁桃体炎 急性扁桃体炎（acute tonsillitis）多伴有不等程度的急性咽炎。 病毒感染者血白细胞计数正常或偏低，细菌感染者血白细胞常增高，以中性粒细胞为主。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急性扁桃体炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急性扁桃体炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细菌感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性扁桃体炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血白细胞常增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急性扁桃体炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "acute tonsillitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "急性扁桃体炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性咽炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "细菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血白细胞常增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "毛细胞白血病@ ### 临床特点 常见症状： * 约有 25% 的 HCL 患者会主诉腹部胀满感（可能因脾肿大导致）并伴随疲乏、虚弱，以及原因不明的体重下降。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HCL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部胀满感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "基底细胞癌@这是对鳞状基底细胞癌较为公认的定义。基底细胞癌@该肿瘤很容易与基底细胞样鳞癌混淆，这两种肿瘤在组织病理学和预后方面都是截然不同的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "鳞状基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "基底细胞样鳞癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "续表 2.癫痫 癫痫是颅内肿瘤常见的症状之一，大约1/4的儿童幕上肿瘤是以癫痫为首发症状，其发生率仅次于头痛，位居第二。癫痫的发生主要由肿瘤的类型、生长速度及部位而定，生长缓慢的位置表浅的胶质瘤最易诱发癫痫，其发生率可达50%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "幕上肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癫痫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "颅内肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癫痫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "幕上肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "心肌炎@ * 慢性心肌炎：>14个白细胞/mm^2的浸润（弥漫性、局灶性或融合性，最好是激活的T细胞）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性心肌炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "慢性髓性白血病@ ### 酪氨酸激酶抑制剂相关的皮疹 | 存在差异 | 中 可用局部外用或全身的皮质类固醇治疗皮疹，并降低酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的剂量。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "皮疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮质类固醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@研究显示，多奈哌齐对任何阶段的该病均有效。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多奈哌齐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@## 病史和查体 ### 关键诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部   ### 存在的危险因素 主要危险因素包括酒精、吸烟和家族史。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "酒精"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "家族史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "重者可予透析治疗。 11.汞中毒（误食） 立即用5%活性炭悬液或2% NaHCO3洗胃，并口服牛奶或蛋清；硫酸镁导泻。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "透析治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口服牛奶或蛋清"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗与预后】 JAS治疗基本同JRA，NSAID可减轻疼痛和防止僵化，理疗可维持良好的体态、肌肉强度和关节功能。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "JAS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "NSAID"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 水痘是自限性疾病,无合并症时以一般治疗和对症处理为主。抗病毒药物首选阿昔洛韦，应尽早使用，一般应在皮疼出现的48小时内开始。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "水痘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿昔洛韦"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@也可每年进行季节性流感疫苗的接种，以减少包括脑炎在内的肺外并发症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "季节性流感疫苗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "肺外并发症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "季节性流感疫苗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流感疫苗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "以肾病综合征为表现的IgAN可见广泛性足突融合或消失。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "IgAN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾病综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "IgAN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "广泛性足突融合或消失"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "约有50%～60%的足月儿和80%的早产儿出现生理性黄疸，一般于生后2～3天出现，4～5天达高峰，足月儿于生后7 ～10天消退，早产儿可延续到2～4周左右。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "生理性黄疸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "50%～60%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "生理性黄疸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "80%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "高血压急症@静注尼卡地平 5 至 15 min 起效，作用时间 4 至 6 h。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "高血压急症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尼卡地平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "睾丸癌@ ### 晚期睾丸癌 联合化疗是晚期（IIC期或III期）睾丸癌的主要治疗方法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "晚期睾丸癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "联合化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "胰腺癌@### 病史和体检 对于任何表现为不明原因的上腹痛、无痛性梗阻性黄疸、体重下降，以及后背痛的患者，医生均应考虑到胰腺癌的可能。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无痛性梗阻性黄疸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "后背痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "HIV 感染@在初步评估结束时，应为未来的治疗制定出综合管理计划，包括启动强效联合抗逆转录病毒治疗 (ART) 的计划和降低风险的咨询计划。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "联合抗逆转录病毒治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@依据正常的消化生理学，口服或肠饲要素饮食可以使胰液外分泌量减少50%，而当将肠饲管送至Treitz韧带下40-60 cm时，可以将胰液分泌量降至基线水平，达到真正意义的“胰腺旷置”。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "要素饮食"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "化脑的疗程根据病原菌而异。肺炎链球菌脑膜炎和流感嗜血杆菌脑膜炎，疗程2～3周，或热退后继续用药10～14天。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎链球菌脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流感嗜血杆菌脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "真菌性脑膜炎@附加 –   CSF治疗性引流 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 是治疗颅内压升高的隐球菌性脑膜炎患者的一个重要手段。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CSF治疗性引流"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "（二）并发症的治疗 1.胆道蛔虫 治疗原则主要是镇痛、解痉、驱蛔和控制感染。 （4）内镜疗法： 是治疗胆道蛔虫的新技术，即经口放入内镜取虫。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "胆道蛔虫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内镜疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "恶性疟最严重，常出现以下凶险类型： 1.脑型疟 有高热，谵语，抽搐，昏迷，脑膜刺激征阳性。 2.胆汁型 高热，黄疸，肝脾肿大，昏迷。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "恶性疟", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆汁型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "恶性疟", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑型疟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑型疟", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑型疟", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "谵语"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑型疟", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏迷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑型疟", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜刺激征阳性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆汁型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆汁型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄疸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆汁型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脾肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆汁型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏迷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "溶血性贫血@### 阵发性黑尿（血红蛋白尿） 提示阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "阵发性黑尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血红蛋白尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病@检查 肺功能检查显示支气管舒张剂后可逆阳性，肺一氧化碳弥散量 (DLCO) 没有下降。慢性阻塞性肺疾病@痰或血嗜酸性粒细胞增多提示哮喘。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺功能检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病@## 监测 应连续 3 个月每月对患者通过详细的体格检查和血常规分类计数以进行监测。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血常规分类计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "肺结核@结果 药物敏感 ### 基因分型 检查 结果 检查 有助于疾病爆发、接触者、实验室交叉污染以及流行病学调查研究。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "基因分型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "缺血性卒中@它的发病是由于动脉闭塞或狭窄导致的颅内血液灌注短暂性或永久性严重减少导致的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "动脉闭塞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "狭窄导致"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "白内障@### 诱导型眼部病变：闭角型青光眼 在一些具有易感浅前房的病例中，白内障导致的晶状体膨胀使房角变得很窄，房水流出通道关闭。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "闭角型青光眼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "闭角型青光眼", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "房水流出通道关闭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "失眠症@### 弱 查看全部   ### 药物治疗 可能会对患者有长期或最初过度刺激作用的处方药或非处方药可能导致失眠症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "药物治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "消化性溃疡病@[ 乳糜泻 ](/topics/zh-cn/636) ### 肠易激综合征 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 该病引起的腹痛和消化性溃疡可能无法区分。 消化性溃疡病@腹胀常存在。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠易激综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹胀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "消化性溃疡病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠易激综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "血吸虫病@早期的脊髓MRI，神经内科和神经外科会诊对于处理这些病例是值得推荐的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脊髓MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "睾丸癌@## 鉴别诊断 ### 查看全部  ### 睾丸扭转 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 典型病史是出现突然的睾丸疼痛。睾丸癌@ 体格检查可以发现一个横向的、旋转的、高位的睾丸，有触痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "睾丸癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睾丸疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "睾丸癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睾丸扭转"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@光动力疗法，通过一种局部感光剂，如5-氨基乙酰丙酸（ALA）或甲基氨基乙酰丙酸，来诱导原卟啉聚集使得细胞暴露于可见光而死亡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "光动力疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "B族链球菌感染@### 产妇 B族链球菌定植 早发型B族链球菌感染的公认危险因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "产妇 B族链球菌定植"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "登革热@### 钩端螺旋体病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 在泥泞积水处浸泡或工作史，或从事处理动物的工作。 登革热@结膜充血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "钩端螺旋体病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结膜充血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钩端螺旋体病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肝硬化@### 性欲减退 是失代偿期肝硬化的表现，继发于激素水平的变化和睾丸萎缩，酒精性肝病和血色病患者最为常见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "性欲减退"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@ * 血清电解质：电解质紊乱可以导致心律失常。非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@ * 肝功能检查：如果考虑使用经肝脏代谢的药物，则需要检查肝功能。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清电解质"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "【鉴别诊断】 临床上往往很难鉴别新生儿胎粪栓塞综合征、左半小结肠综合征、HD及相关ENS病。另外，新生儿败血症和脑损伤也可致胎粪排出延迟。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "HD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生儿败血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "HD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑损伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "HD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "左半小结肠综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "HD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "相关ENS病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "HD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生儿胎粪栓塞综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肛门癌@## 流行病学 肛门部位的癌症占所有大肠癌症的 1%-2%，所有肛门直肠癌的 4%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肛门"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大肠癌症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肛门直肠癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【预防】 为预防肺炎，应着重注意下列措施： （一）加强护理和体格锻炼 防止佝偻病及营养不良是预防重症肺炎的关键。室温不宜过高或过低。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "温不宜过高或过低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "佝偻病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "加强护理和体格锻炼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "营养不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "基底细胞癌@值得注意的是基底细胞癌存在的时间越长，越容易发生出血，溃疡或结痂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溃疡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结痂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "垂体功能减退@垂体卒中表现为突然发作的剧烈头痛、视力障碍或眼肌麻痹，由第三对、第四对、第六对颅神经麻痹引起。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "垂体卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "剧烈头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "垂体卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视力障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "垂体卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼肌麻痹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "结节性硬化症@ 70%～80%的病人有面部血管纤维瘤，以往称为皮脂腺瘤，为TS所特有的体征，由血管及结缔组织所组成，表现为面颊鼻翼两侧一些小的、粉红色、质硬的乳头状丘疹，隆起于皮肤，表面光滑，无渗出或分泌物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "结节性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "面部血管纤维瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "面部血管纤维瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮脂腺瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "面部血管纤维瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "面颊鼻翼两侧一些小的"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "面部血管纤维瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "隆起于皮肤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "面部血管纤维瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "表面光滑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "面部血管纤维瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无渗出或分泌物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "第十六节 新生儿溶血病 新生儿溶血病主要是指母婴血型不合引起的同族免疫性溶血病。人类血型系统有40多种，但以ABO和Rh血型系统母婴不合引起溶血者为多见，其他如MNS、Kell、Duffy、Kidd等血型系统不合引起的溶血病极为少见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿溶血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ABO和Rh血型系统母婴不合"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿溶血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MNS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿溶血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Kell"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿溶血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Duffy"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿溶血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Kidd等血型系统"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿溶血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "母婴血型不合"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "新生儿溶血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "同族免疫性溶血病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@检查 外周血涂片可能不能鉴别 AML，但可能存在嗜碱性粒细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞过多的情况。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外周血涂片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "肛门癌@若有理由怀疑肺部转移，则需要进行胸部 X 射线或胸部 CT检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "HIV 感染@结果 耶氏肺孢子菌肺炎：间质病变到广泛肺泡阴影；结核病：可以有多种异常表现，包括肺尖纤维化/瘢痕形成、胸膜腔积液、肺门淋巴结肿大、粟粒样结节、肺叶或斑片状密度增高影；细菌性肺炎：肺叶或斑片状密度增高影 ### 肝功能检查 (LFT) 检查 结果 检查 在开始 ART 之前检测，并在治疗过程中监测。 HIV 感染@结果 可能正常；基线肝功能检查异常可能提示慢性乙型肝炎、慢性丙型肝炎或酗酒 ### 血脂 检查 结果 检查 在开始 ART 之前检测，并在治疗过程中监测。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝功能检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "慢性丙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝功能检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "结核病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺尖纤维化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "结核病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瘢痕形成"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "结核病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸膜腔积液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "结核病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺门淋巴结肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "结核病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "粟粒样结节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "结核病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺叶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "婴儿猝死综合征@母亲呼叫救护车，并开始进行心肺复苏 (CPR)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肺复苏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "转移性乳腺癌@是否对转移灶进行活检，取决于能否取得转移灶。转移性乳腺癌@癌胚抗原、癌抗原 15-3 和癌抗原 27-29 可以与其他评估一并使用以指导治疗，但不能单独使用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癌胚抗原"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癌抗原 15-3"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癌抗原 27-29"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "HELLP 综合征@在独立研究中，12% 至 18% 的 HELLP 综合征患者最初不存在重度高血压，还有 15% 的血压正常。HELLP 综合征@ 同样，4%至14%的患者没有蛋白尿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "蛋白尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "重度高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "接触化学因素如苯、油漆、汽油、农药等也与再障发生有关。 3.感染因素 急、慢性感染，包括细菌（伤寒等）、病毒（肝炎、EBV、CMV、微小病毒B19等病毒）、寄生虫（疟原虫等）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "EBV"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CMV"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "微小病毒B19"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "寄生虫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疟原虫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急、慢性感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "EBV"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "CMV", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急、慢性感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急、慢性感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "微小病毒B19"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "接触化学因素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苯"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "油漆"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "汽油"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "农药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "此外，如长时间植物（如花生）异物停留，可由于化学刺激而发生植物性支气管炎，后者以咳嗽、败血性发热、呼吸困难为特征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "植物性支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "植物性支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "败血性发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "植物性支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "百日咳@对于耐大环内酯类药物的百日咳，该药无效。 百日咳@对于有大环内酯类明显禁忌证或不能耐受大环内酯类药物的人群，同样也不适用该药。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "百日咳", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大环内酯类"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "甲状腺癌@结果 可发现同侧声带麻痹 ### 需要考虑的检查 ### 查看全部   ### 游离T4 检查 结果 检查 如果无法获得，可用总T4加结合率来替代。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "甲状腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "游离T4"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "胆囊炎@急性非结石性胆囊炎不治疗将会危及生命，死亡率高达 50%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "死亡率", "subject": "急性非结石性胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "50%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "部分有神经系统症状，应警慑并发巨唾细胞活化综合征（macrophage activation syndrome,MAS) 0 多关节型，类风湿因子阴性（polyartl|ritis，RF negative):发病最初6个月有5个及以上关节受累，类风湿因子阴性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "巨唾细胞活化综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "macrophage activation syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "巨唾细胞活化综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MAS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性肾损伤早期白细胞总数常增高，中性粒细胞比例也增高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性肾损伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白细胞总数常增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性肾损伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中性粒细胞比例也增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "痛风@### 肿胀和关节渗出 反映了疾病的炎症性质。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肿胀和关节渗出"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "畸形足是婴儿型SMA的一个表现，但较为少见，一般不需要外科矫正。其他更常见的畸形有由于行动障碍导致的屈曲挛缩，迅速累及髋、膝和踝部，适当的锻炼可以预防挛缩的发生。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿型SMA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "屈曲挛缩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿型SMA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "畸形足"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胃炎是有害因子长期反复作用于胃黏膜引起损伤的结果，儿童慢性胃炎中以非萎缩性 (以往称浅表性）胃炎最常见，约占90% ~95%，萎缩性胃炎和特殊类型胃炎少见。 全身慢性疾病影响:如慢性肾炎、尿毒症、重症糖尿病、肝胆系统疾病、类风湿关节炎、系统性红斑狼疮等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "慢性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "慢性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿毒症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "慢性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "重症糖尿病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "慢性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝胆系统疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "慢性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "类风湿关节炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "慢性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "系统性红斑狼疮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "儿童慢性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "萎缩性胃炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "儿童慢性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "特殊类型胃炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "新生儿颅内出血（intracranial hemorrhage of the newborn)是新生儿、尤其早产儿常见疾病，也是严重脑损伤的常见形式。 3. 损伤性 主要为产伤所致，如胎位不正、胎儿过大、急产、产程延长等，或使用高位产钳术、胎头吸引器、臀牵引等机械性损伤均可使天幕、大脑镰撕裂和脑表浅静脉破裂而导致硬膜下或颅内出血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿颅内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "产伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿颅内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胎位不正"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿颅内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胎儿过大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿颅内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急产"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿颅内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "产程延长"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "新生儿颅内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "intracranial hemorrhage of the newborn"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "新生儿颅内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "新生儿颅内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早产儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "严重脑损伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生儿颅内出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肾细胞癌@### 罕见 查看全部   ### 腰肋疼痛 可能单独出现或作为腰肋疼痛、血尿和可触及腹部肿块的典型三联征出现。肾细胞癌@不到 10% 的患者出现这种典型的表现，提示局部晚期病变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肾细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "可触及腹部肿块"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@尸检结果显示，慢性胰腺炎的患病率范围为 0.04% 至 5%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "0.04% 至 5%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "手术治疗 近年早期外科治疗感染性心内膜炎取得了良好效果。残留严重瓣膜损伤者，需进行瓣膜修复或置换术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瓣膜修复"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "置换术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "（三）免疫缺陷儿童 EBV感染 包括遗传性免疫缺陷，主要指X连锁淋巴细胞淋巴细胞增生综合征和获得性免疫缺陷患儿。病死率高达60%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "死亡率", "subject": "EBV感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "60%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 IDA的发病高峰年龄在6个月～3周岁，患儿常有皮肤和黏膜苍白，软弱无力，心悸、气急、食欲差、不愿活动，精神不振，对环境不感兴趣，易烦躁、哭闹。肝、脾、淋巴结可轻度增大，主要原因为髓外造血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "IDA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝、脾、淋巴结可轻度增大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "IDA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "6个月～3周岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "IDA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤和黏膜苍白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "IDA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "软弱无力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "IDA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心悸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "IDA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气急"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "IDA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲差"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "IDA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不愿活动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "IDA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精神不振"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "IDA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "对环境不感兴趣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "IDA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易烦躁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "IDA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "哭闹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "腹主动脉瘤@### 危险因素 ### 强 查看全部   ### 吸烟 是相关性最强的危险因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "急性阑尾炎@### 无合并症 急性阑尾炎的诊断一经确立，患者即应禁食禁水。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "禁食禁水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "产后抑郁症@在既往未服用过抗抑郁药的哺乳期妇女首次使用选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂（SSRI）治疗时，舍曲林是较理想的选择。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "产后抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "舍曲林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 低氧性呼吸衰竭和PPHN有较高的死亡率和并发症，治疗的目标是纠正低氧血症，同时尽可能减少由于呼吸治疗本身而出现的并发症。经典（传统）的治疗手段有人工呼吸机的高通气、纠正酸中毒或碱化血液、纠正体循环低血压或给以正性肌力药物或液体扩容。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "PPHN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "人工呼吸机的高通气"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "PPHN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "纠正体循环低血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "PPHN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "纠正酸中毒或碱化血液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "HIV 感染@## 分类 ### HIV 亚型 HIV 属于逆转录病毒科慢病毒属，划分为 2 个类型： * HIV 1 型 (HIV 1) 是全球流行的病毒类型。HIV 感染@非洲的主要亚型为A、C 和 D，亚洲的主要亚型为 B 和 AE（流行性重组型），南美洲的主要亚型为 B * HIV 2 型 (HIV 2) 致病性略低，局限于西非的大部分地区。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HIV 2 型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HIV 1 型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 （一）现场急救 脱离电源：尽快使触电者脱离电源是抢救成功的关键，必须分秒必争，迅速关闭电源，并用手边的不导电物如干木棍、竹竿、塑料、橡胶制品等挑开电线或将触电人拨离开电源。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "触电", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脱离电源"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病@只有少数患者出现典型的 B 症状（发热、寒战、盗汗、体重减轻和疲乏）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "寒战"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "盗汗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重减轻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疲乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "饮食习惯不当、心理障碍、药物性肠蠕动不良、代谢或内分泌疾病（如尿毒症或甲状腺功能减低）等均可能引起慢性便秘与肠梗阻；其他可致便秘的因素包括内源性肠神经功能疾病（糖尿病或家族性自主神经功能异常）、中枢神经系统病变和平滑肌功能失调等；收缩蛋白异常和结缔组织病（如硬皮病或皮肌炎）同样可致持久性便秘。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "慢性便秘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "饮食习惯不当"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "慢性便秘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心理障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "慢性便秘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "药物性肠蠕动不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "慢性便秘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "代谢"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "慢性便秘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内分泌疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "饮食习惯不当"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心理障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内分泌疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "α地中海贫血可由于α珠蛋白基因缺失或点突变所致。若一条染色体上仅一个α基因缺失或缺陷，则α链的合成仅减少，称为α+地中海贫血;若染色体上共有两个α基因缺失或缺陷，则无α链合成，称为α0地中海贫血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "α地中海贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "α+地中海贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "真菌性脑膜炎@在无临床数据资料的情况下，根据患者的抗真菌治疗反应及免疫抑制的可逆性，大多数患者接受持续6~12个月的氟康唑治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氟康唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@临床症状越来越多的患者依据个体需求，在整体需求评估的基础上采用多种干预手段，如物理法干预（如支气管内治疗和胸膜治疗等）和心理及精神干预与帮助的联合干预。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管内治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸膜治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "（四）蛔虫性阑尾炎 转移性右下腹痛，多伴有呕吐。此病进展迅速，容易发生坏死、穿孔，形成腹膜炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "蛔虫性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "CD常见的并发症为肠梗阻、消化道出血、瘘管（腹腔内及肛周）、腹腔脓肿及肠穿孔。 克罗恩病可根据以下情况进行分型：①根据病变范围分：弥漫性小肠炎型、回肠末端型、回结肠型、结肠型及直肠肛门型。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肠穿孔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "克罗恩病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "瘘管", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "腹腔脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "弥漫性小肠炎型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "克罗恩病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "回肠末端型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "克罗恩病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "回结肠型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "克罗恩病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "结肠型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "克罗恩病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "溶血性贫血@小红细胞性贫血症。 溶血性贫血@大便潜血试验可呈阳性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "小红细胞性贫血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大便潜血试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "肝硬化@现在已有直接作用的口服抗病毒药物，认为这些药物是丙型肝炎的一线治疗选择。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "丙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口服抗病毒药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "早产@确诊为未足月胎膜早破 (PPROM)后，应连续10天使用抗生素。早产@一旦胎膜破裂，早产几乎不可避免，应在产前使用皮质类固醇，这对新生儿是有利的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "未足月胎膜早破", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮质类固醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "未足月胎膜早破", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PPROM"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "未足月胎膜早破", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断】 破伤风的症状最有特征性，根据消毒不严的接生史、出生后典型发作表现，一般容易诊断；早期尚无典型表现时，可用压舌板检查患儿咽部，若越用力下压，压舌板反被咬得越紧，也可确诊。 3.有缺氧及青紫时给氧 ，如窒息、呼吸衰竭者应用呼吸机辅助通气。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "有缺氧及青紫时给氧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "【病因和发病机制】 1型糖尿病的确切发病机制尚未完全阐明。 3.自身免疫因素 约90%的1型糖尿病患者在初次诊断时血中出现胰岛细胞自身抗体（ICA)、 胰岛(3细胞膜抗体(ICSA)、胰岛素自身抗体（IAA)以及谷氨酸脱羧酶（GAD)自身抗体、胰岛素受体 自身抗体(IRA)等多种抗体,并已证实这些抗体在补体和T淋巴细胞的协同作用下具有对胰岛细胞 的毒性作用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病机制", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "自身免疫因素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "二、部分性肺静脉异位连接 部分性肺静脉异位连接是指一条或数条（但非全部）肺静脉的引流异常，目前其发生率还很难确定。 （三）右肺静脉与下腔静脉 相连所有右肺静脉（偶可为右肺中、下叶的肺静脉）汇入下腔静脉，此类型不多见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "部分性肺静脉异位连接", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "右肺静脉与下腔静脉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（一）左冠状动脉异常 畸形左冠状动脉起源于肺动脉，右冠状动脉起源正常。目前治疗方法主要有两种：左冠状动脉重新植入主动脉或主动脉冠状动脉间搭桥。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "左冠状动脉异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "主动脉冠状动脉间搭桥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "左冠状动脉异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺动脉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@结果 正常，除非出现转移 ### 新兴检查 ### 查看全部   ### 无创性成像技术 检查 结果 检查 一些无创性成像技术是可行的，例如高频超声检查，光学相干断层扫描以及共聚焦显微镜。皮肤鳞状细胞癌@它们可以帮助临床医生诊断体内的非黑色素瘤皮肤癌。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非黑色素瘤皮肤癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无创性成像技术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非黑色素瘤皮肤癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高频超声检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非黑色素瘤皮肤癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "光学相干断层扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非黑色素瘤皮肤癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "共聚焦显微镜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无创性成像技术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "血吸虫病@### 排尿困难 发生于33%~60%的泌尿系血吸虫病患者中，在泌尿系统中存在由于虫卵诱发形成的肉芽肿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "排尿困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "百日咳@百日咳疫苗也提供给临床疑似或确诊病例的所有家庭接触者，这些接触者年龄在 10 岁以上且过去 5 年内未接种过百日咳疫苗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "百日咳", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "百日咳疫苗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "百日咳@母亲本人亦有近6周的持续性咳嗽。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "百日咳", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "持续性咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@他们可能会描述有濒死感。非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@这些症状包括乏力、恶心、呕吐、腹痛以及晕厥。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "有濒死感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "濒死感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "（六）脑脊液检查 适用于蛛网膜下腔出血的诊断，如发现均匀血性脑脊液，除外穿刺损伤即可明确诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "蛛网膜下腔出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑脊液检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "小儿哮喘@### 肺功能支气管舒张试验 检查 结果 检查 所有疑似哮喘的可以完成肺功能检查的适龄儿童均应该进行支气管扩张剂反应实验。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺功能支气管舒张试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "病毒性心肌炎(viral myocarditis)是由病毒感染引起的心肌间质炎症细胞浸润和邻近的心肌细胞坏死、变性,有时病变也可累及心包或心内膜。心肌肌钙蛋白（cTnl或cTnT)的变化对心肌炎诊断的特异性更强，但敏感度相对不高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌肌钙蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌间质炎症细胞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌细胞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "viral myocarditis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心包"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心内膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "心肌肌钙蛋白", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "cTnl"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "心肌肌钙蛋白", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "cTnT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "自身免疫性肝炎@结果 对于 1 型自身免疫性肝炎的灵敏性高于平滑肌抗体 ### 抗-ASGP-R（去唾液酸蛋白受体抗体） 检查 结果 检查 确定抗-ASGP-R 的存在对于鉴别传统标记物血清反应阴性的患者可能特别有用，尽管它们可与抗核抗体、平滑肌抗体或抗-LKM-1 共存。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗-ASGP-R"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "抗-ASGP-R", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "去唾液酸蛋白受体抗体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "自身免疫性肝炎@### 定义 自身免疫性肝炎 (AIH) 是一种病因学未知的慢性炎症性肝病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "AIH"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "小细胞肺癌@ ### 放疗引起肺损伤 | 存在差异 | 中 放疗引发的肺损伤被认为是炎症和慢性氧化应激的结果，会导致弥漫性肺泡损伤。小细胞肺癌@我们推荐口服泼尼松龙，每天 40~60 mg，服用 1~2 周，后续逐步减量（每 1~2 周减量大约 10 mg）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口服泼尼松龙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病@### 磷酸二酯酶-4 抑制剂 罗氟司特是一种磷酸二酯酶-4 抑制剂，适用于有频繁加重风险且长效支气管扩张剂不能完全控制这种风险的 D 组患者，可能减少加重次数。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "磷酸二酯酶-4 抑制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "罗氟司特"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断】 本病典型者诊断不难，根据生长发育落后，烦渴、多饮及多尿，顽固性佝偻病和肾钙化、肾结石等表现，血生化检查具备五低二高特征，即低血磷、低血钾、低血钙、低血钠和低二氧化碳结合力（或低血清pH）以及高血氯、高血清碱性磷酸酶，且在酸中毒时，尿pH＞6. 0即可确定诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "本病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生长发育落后"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "本病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烦渴"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "本病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多饮及多尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "本病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "顽固性佝偻病和肾钙化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "本病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾结石"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "尘肺@### COPD 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 除了长期矿尘或金属暴露史（显著促发因素）以外，非尘肺引发的慢性阻塞性肺疾病与尘肺引发的慢性阻塞性肺疾病没有不同。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "尘肺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "COPD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "动脉瘤和动静脉畸形（AVMs）采用外科或血管内闭塞治疗对于许多病人来说是非常有效的，但是放射外科学针对儿童AVMs病灶太小或很难用外科手术方法解决的病例，应用越来越多。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "动脉瘤和动静脉畸形（AVMs）", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外科或血管内闭塞治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@### 实验室检查 初步实验室检查应包括血红蛋白，血糖和血脂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血红蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血糖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血脂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "本病可并发肠系膜淋巴结炎、结节性红斑、反应性关节炎、败血症、心肌炎、急性肝炎、肝脓肿、结膜炎、脑膜炎、尿道炎或急性肾炎等。病程1～3周。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "急性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病程1～3周"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "不仅如此，铅中毒还可致体格生长落后，研究证实血铅每升高0. 483μmol/L，身高降低1. 3cm。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "铅中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体格生长落后"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "个别抽搐患儿用钙剂无效，应考虑到低镁血症的可能，经血镁测定，证实后可给25%硫酸镁，每次给0. 2ml/ kg，每天2～3次，深部肌内注射，症状消失后停药。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "低镁血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "25%硫酸镁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 （一）皮肤 几乎每个MCTD患者都有皮肤受累。 （三）关节肌肉 多关节炎，非畸形性，约占75%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "MCTD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肛门癌@该共识至关重要，因为这两个机构也认为肛周肿瘤的表现类似于皮肤癌，应归类为皮肤肿瘤，并予以相同的治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "皮肤肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肛周肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "(三）流感病毒肺炎（influenza pneumonia) 自20世纪以来，人类发生过几次世界性流感病毒感染大流行,每次流感的流行与流感病毒变异有关。本病冬春季多发，最常见的表现为发热、咳嗽、流涕,肺部听诊可有呼吸音降低、细小湿啰音或哮鸣音。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发季节", "subject": "流感病毒肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冬春季"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "流感病毒肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "流感病毒肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "influenza pneumonia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "胰腺癌@新辅助联合化疗或基于氟尿嘧啶的放化疗可提供给以下几类患者：临床怀疑有肿瘤转移（但无放射学证据）的患者；有临界体力状态但可通过全身性治疗得到改善的患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新辅助联合化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "基于氟尿嘧啶的放化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "重症渗出性多形红斑@ 【治疗】 （一）去除病因 药物引起者应停用任何可能引起本病的药物，切忌再用此种药物，治疗用药亦应谨慎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "重症渗出性多形红斑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "去除病因"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "【病因和发病机制】 RS的病因和发病机制迄今未明。因此多数学者认为本病与病毒感染或其他因素诱发的线粒体损伤有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "RS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "RS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "线粒体损伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "（七）硬膜下穿刺检查 适用于幕上硬膜下出血的诊断，对新生儿和前囟门尚未闭合的婴幼儿在前囟的侧角进行硬膜下穿刺即可确诊。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "幕上硬膜下出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硬膜下穿刺检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "心房扑动@最危险的是室性心律失常，例如室性心动过速或尖端扭转型。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "心房扑动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "室性心律失常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "心房扑动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "室性心动过速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "疟疾感染@伯氨喹可能导致 G6PD 缺乏的患者发生溶血性贫血；因此，患者必须接受筛查，可能的话，应在开始治疗前接受筛查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "G6PD 缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溶血性贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "食物中毒@### 异位感染表现 吸虫病异位感染的表现可包括中枢神经系统、心脏、生殖器官、脾脏、皮肤或血管表现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "异位感染表现"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "进行性肌营养不良（progressive muscular dystrophy )是一组遗传性肌肉变性疾病。 Gower征 由于骨盆带肌早期无力，一般在3岁后患儿即不能从仰卧位直接站起,必须先翻身成俯卧位,然后两脚分开,双手先支撑于地面,继而一只手支撑到同侧小腿,并与另一手交替移位支撑于膝部和大腿上,使躯干从深鞠躬位逐渐竖直，最后呈腰部前凸的站立姿势。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "进行性肌营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Gower征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "进行性肌营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不能从仰卧位直接站起"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "进行性肌营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "progressive muscular dystrophy"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "痛风@右足第一趾肿胀、红斑、皮温增高和触痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮温增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "触痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "右足第一趾肿胀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "HIV 感染@短暂性淋巴细胞减少可能会导致发生其他机会性感染 (OI)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "机会性感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "短暂性淋巴细胞减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "登革热@### 合并症的发生 一些合并症可能增加与登革热感染相关并发症的风险，这些合并症包括消化性溃疡病，异常阴道出血，葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶（G6PD）缺陷，血红蛋白病，糖尿病，高血压，支气管哮喘，缺血性心脏疾病，慢性肾衰竭，肝硬化，使用过皮质类固醇或长期使用的非甾体抗炎药。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "合并症的发生"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "急性膀胱炎@### 糖尿病 多项研究发现，糖尿病患者感染发生率更高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖尿病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "产后抑郁症@检查 脑CT或MRI检查可能发现神经系统结构性异常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "产后抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "产后抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRI检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "白内障@### 年龄相关性黄斑变性 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 视物变形或中心视野模糊。 白内障@检查 眼底检查：可具有湿性或干性黄斑变性的体征，如玻璃疣（正常情况下被机体清除的视网膜代谢副产物）或视网膜下液体。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼底检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "年龄相关性黄斑变性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视物变形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中心视野模糊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "喉癌@ ### 与放疗相关的纤维化及瘢痕形成 | 长期 | 高 放疗可引起辐射区广泛纤维化及瘢痕形成。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "辐射区广泛纤维化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "瘢痕", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@日光弹力纤维组织变性通常出现在真皮浅层，反映了慢性紫外线暴露的程度。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "日光弹力纤维组织变性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "真皮浅层"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "日光弹力纤维组织变性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性紫外线暴露"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "急性阑尾炎@### 伴有合并症 4%-6% 的急性阑尾炎患者有并发症，包括坏疽以及继发性穿孔或腹腔内脓肿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "坏疽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "继发性穿孔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹腔内脓肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@### 沃拉帕沙 沃拉帕沙是蛋白酶激活受体1（PAR-1）拮抗剂，一种抗血小板药物，可轻度降低心肌梗死后临床事件，但是增加出血事件。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "沃拉帕沙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "广泛性焦虑障碍@成年患者（孕妇除外） – 第二 –   增效治疗 当初始治疗对患者症状改善不明显时，医生可考虑换用其他药物或合并两种不同化学类型药物治疗，前提是不存在禁忌或药物相互作用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "增效治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "肺结核@直接监督疗法 (DOT) 可以每周 5 次或每周 2-3 次，根据方案或治疗时期进行。肺结核@尽管一项系统评价得出的结论是 DOT 不能解决结核病治疗依从性较差的问题， 但美国指南和 WHO 指南 还是强烈建议将其用于所有患者，特别是特定人群，例如患耐药性疾病、HIV 合并感染、物质滥用、精神疾病患者、儿童和青少年，以及医生认为其可能无法依从自行给药治疗的其他人群。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "直接监督疗法 (DOT)"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@ 肉瘤样癌是一种罕见的，低分化非小细胞肺癌。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肉瘤样癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "白喉@### 暴露于感染者 感染者的密切接触者应接受 7 天监测以确认是否发病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "暴露于感染者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "口咽癌@### 吞咽困难 高达10%的患者可表现为吞咽困难，继发于吞咽相关肌肉被肿瘤浸润。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吞咽困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "缺血性卒中@结果 可以排除电解质紊乱 ### 血清尿素和肌酐 检查 结果 检查 肾衰竭可能是一些卒中干预方法的潜在禁忌证。 缺血性卒中@结果 可以排除肾衰竭 ### 心肌酶 检查 结果 检查 卒中可能伴随心肌梗死。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌酶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清尿素和肌酐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "百日咳@在美国，这种加强免疫也推荐用于非孕期成人。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "百日咳", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "加强免疫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "胆囊炎@### 低纤维摄入 进展为胆结石的危险因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低纤维摄入"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "自身免疫性肝炎@结果 阴性 ### 铜蓝蛋白 检查 结果 检查 适用于替代诊断的排除性检测：肝豆状核变性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "铜蓝蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "肝豆状核变性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "铜蓝蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "第二节 气胸与脓气胸 气胸（pneumothorax）是指肺外、胸膜腔内有气体蓄积。本病应与肺大疱、大叶性肺气肿、先天性含气肺囊肿等鉴别。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺大疱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大叶性肺气肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性含气肺囊肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "pneumothorax"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "根据肿瘤细胞在骨组织中浸润和骨化的特性，成骨肉瘤可以分为成骨性骨肉瘤、成软骨性骨肉瘤和成纤维性骨肉瘤。肿瘤多位于长管状骨的干骺端，边缘不清，骨小梁破坏，肿瘤组织密度增高，穿破骨皮质后肿瘤进一步将骨膜顶起，产生该病具有特征性的X线征象——“Codman三角”，虽然这种现象在部分骨髓炎和尤因肉瘤病人中也可见到，但在成骨肉瘤中则是非常典型的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "成骨肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨髓炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "成骨肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尤因肉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "成骨肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "成骨性骨肉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "成骨肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "成软骨性骨肉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "成骨肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "成纤维性骨肉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "成骨肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨性骨肉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "口咽癌@ ### 手术后发音改变 | 存在差异 | 高 发声中口咽起着关键的作用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手术后发音改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "高血压脑病：由于脑血管痉挛，导致缺血、缺氧、血管渗透性增高而发生脑水肿。也有人认为是由脑血管扩张所致。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "脑血管扩张", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "脑血管痉挛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑血管痉挛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "缺血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑血管痉挛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "缺氧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑血管痉挛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血管渗透性增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "胆囊炎@[ 阑尾炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/290) ### 右下叶肺炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 排痰性咳嗽和发热。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "右下叶肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "右下叶肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "排痰性咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "右下叶肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "我国新生儿败血症的病原菌多年来一直以葡萄球菌最多见,其次为大肠埃希菌等革兰氏阴性杆菌。B族溶血性链球菌（group B streptococcus, GBS)和李斯特菌为欧美等发达国家新生儿感染常见的致病菌,在我国也逐渐增多。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿败血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "B族溶血性链球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿败血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "李斯特菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿败血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "葡萄球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿败血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大肠埃希菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿败血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "革兰氏阴性杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "B族溶血性链球菌", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "group B streptococcus"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "B族溶血性链球菌", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "GBS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "白喉@联合 –   白喉抗毒素 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [ 白喉抗毒素（马源） ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 按病情进展，40,000- 60,000单位，静脉输液；咨询专家进一步剂量指导。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白喉抗毒素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白喉抗毒素（马源）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "免疫抑制剂主要用于肾病综合征频繁复发，糖皮质激素依赖、耐药或出现严重副作用者。注意远期性腺损害。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肾病综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "性腺损害"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "某些病毒性脑膜炎患者脑电图也可正常。 病毒学检査 部分患儿脑脊液病毒培养及特异性抗体检测阳性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "病毒性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒学检査"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@性别风险：有中等质量证据表明，在任何年龄时，女性亲属患 AD 的风险均高于男性亲属。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "AD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "女性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠胆汁淤积@如果发现宫内生长受限(IUGR)，应进行多普勒超声检查以评估胎盘功能及储备。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "宫内生长受限", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多普勒超声检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "宫内生长受限", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "IUGR"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病@白细胞升高存在于 100% 的患者中。 慢性淋巴细胞白血病@结果 淋巴细胞绝对计数升高 (＞5000/μL) ### 血涂片 检查 结果 检查 破碎细胞的出现是由于制作涂片期间淋巴细胞破坏。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血涂片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "自1968年Dudrick首次报道应用经中心静脉营养救治一例先天性肠闭锁小儿获正氮平衡以来，静脉营养的临床应用逐渐有报道。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "先天性肠闭锁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "经中心静脉营养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "小儿特发性血小板减少性紫癜病例中发生ICH者占10%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "ICH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "10%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "自身免疫性肝炎@### 体格检查 肝肿大和黄疸可见于大多数患者 (70%-80%)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体格检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄疸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@胸部不适可能为胸膜炎症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部不适"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "少关节型关节炎（oligoarthritis):发病最初6个月有1~4个关节受累。疾病又分两个亚型： ①持续型少关节型JIA:整个疾病过程中关节受累均在4个以下;②扩展型少关节型JIA:在疾病发病 后6个月发展成关节受累>5个，约20%少关节型患儿发展成扩展型。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "少关节型关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "持续型少关节型JIA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "少关节型关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "扩展型少关节型JIA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "少关节型关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "oligoarthritis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "少关节型关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1~4个关节受累"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "持续型少关节型JIA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节受累均在4个以下"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "类癌综合征@生长抑素类似物也抑制胰腺释放激素。类癌综合征@持续的使用这些药物可能出现脂肪泻，最好的处理方法是补充胰酶。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脂肪泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脂肪泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "补充胰酶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "肾细胞癌@### 居住在发达国家 整体而言，欧洲和北美的 RCC 发病率较高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "肾细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "居住在发达国家"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "急性支气管炎（acute bronchitis)是指由于各种致病原引起的支气管黏膜感染，由于气管常同时受累,故称为急性气管支气管炎(acute tracheobronchitis)。怀疑有细菌感染者则应用抗菌药物，如系支原体感染，则应予以大环内酯类抗菌药物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大环内酯类抗菌药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急性支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "acute bronchitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急性支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "性气管支气管炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "性气管支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "acute tracheobronchitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "第三节 血友病 血友病（hemophilia）是一组遗传性凝血功能障碍的出血性疾病，包括血友病甲，即因子Ⅷ（又称抗血友病球蛋白，AHG）缺乏症；血友病乙，即因子Ⅸ（又称血浆凝血活酶成分，PTC）缺乏症；血友病丙，即因子Ⅺ（又称血浆凝血活酶前质，PTA）缺乏症。对伴有剧烈头痛的血友病患儿应警惕颅内出血或硬膜下出血的可能。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "剧烈头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅内出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硬膜下出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "hemophilia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "遗传性凝血功能障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "出血性疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血友病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血友病乙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血友病丙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血友病甲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "抗血友病球蛋白", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "AHG"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "血浆凝血活酶成分", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PTC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "血浆凝血活酶前质", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PTA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "血友病乙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "因子Ⅸ"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "因子Ⅸ", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血浆凝血活酶成分"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "PTC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血浆凝血活酶成分"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "乙型肝炎@### 转移性肝肿瘤 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 患者可无症状，或有其他原发部位恶性肿瘤的症状体征，例如胆道梗阻的特征。 乙型肝炎@检查 腹部CT或核磁共振可发现肝脏内单个或多个转移性肿块。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "转移性肝肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "转移性肝肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "核磁共振"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "转移性肝肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "二、过敏性口炎 过敏性口炎亦称变态反应性口炎（allergic stomatitis），是由于个体差异，一些普通无害的东西如各种口腔药物漱口水、牙膏碘合剂或药物作为抗原刺激黏膜，使局部产生抗原抗体反应而引起的黏膜损害。主要是去除致敏物质和抗过敏治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "过敏性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "去除致敏物质"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "过敏性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗过敏治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "过敏性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "变态反应性口炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "变态反应性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "allergic stomatitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【发病机制】 血友病甲、乙均为X连锁隐性遗传，女性传递，男性发病。 缺乏因子Ⅷ或因子Ⅸ时，凝血活酶生成减少，纤维蛋白凝块形成延迟，凝血时间延长，引起出血症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血友病甲、乙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "凝血活酶生成减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血友病甲、乙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "纤维蛋白凝块形成延迟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血友病甲、乙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "凝血时间延长"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血友病甲、乙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "血友病甲、乙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "X连锁隐性遗传"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "血友病甲、乙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "女性传递"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "血友病甲、乙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男性发病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "狂犬病@在麻痹型狂犬病患者中，一般没有前期的精神状态改变。狂犬病@在感染的后期，患者乏力逐渐加重，并快速进展至弛缓性瘫痪，昏迷和死亡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "麻痹型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "后期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "麻痹型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "弛缓性瘫痪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "麻痹型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏迷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "麻痹型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "死亡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "麻痹型狂犬病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "麻痹型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "【流行病学】 肺吸虫病分布甚广，亚洲、非洲，北美洲、拉丁美洲及欧洲均有发生。必要时可做气脑、脑室造影及肺部断层摄影。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气脑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑室造影"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺部断层摄影"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "分布甚广"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "亚洲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非洲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "北美洲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "拉丁美洲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "欧洲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "中耳炎@### 睡眠障碍 睡眠不安是非特异性症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睡眠不安"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@## 检查 ### 首要检查 ### 查看全部   ### FBC 和分类计数 检查 结果 检查 尽管 WBC 有所升高，许多患者仍具有重度中性粒细胞减少（＜500 个粒细胞/μL），因此他们存在严重感染的高风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "FBC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "分类计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中性粒细胞减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "细菌性脑膜炎@联合 –   支持性疗法 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 患者有代偿性休克症状（神经功能状态通常保持正常，但脉搏率可能持续升高、皮肤斑驳、由于体循环血管阻力升高导致的四肢冰凉、毛细血管再充盈延长、尿量减少）或呼吸窘迫时应该补充供氧。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支持性疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "肛门癌@两项随机试验发现，与基于氟尿嘧啶/顺铂的放化疗相比，基于氟尿嘧啶/丝裂霉素的放化疗可显著改善患者的无病生存和总生存率。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氟尿嘧啶/顺铂的放化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "普通感冒@## 鉴别诊断 ### 查看全部  ### 枯草热（过敏性鼻炎） 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 鼻炎发生于接触特定的过敏原之后。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "枯草热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "过敏性鼻炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "早产@ * 抗生素治疗：进行异常阴道菌群的筛查可以发现风险增高的女性，尤其是那些在早孕期发现细菌性阴道病的女性。早产@ * 宫缩抑制剂可能延长妊娠时间从2天到7天不等，推荐短期使用宫缩抑制剂，可以为产前使用皮质类固醇和转入新生儿监护室提供时间。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "异常阴道菌群的筛查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "第十章 血管炎综合征 【概述】 血管炎综合征（vasculitis syndrome）指一大类血管的炎性疾病，因血管系统的炎症和坏死，导致相应的组织和器官发生炎性反应、血供障碍和组织坏死，引起不同的临床表现；亦称系统性血管炎（systemic vasculitis）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "血管炎综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "vasculitis syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "血管炎综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "系统性血管炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "血管炎综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "systemic vasculitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "HELLP 综合征@结果 为了排除显著的肝脏出血 ### LDH/AST 比值 检查 结果 检查 应当计算这个指标，排除TTP。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "LDH/AST 比值"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "TTP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "喉癌@喉癌症状包括（器官系统） * 耳部：耳痛（例如：中耳积液、外耳道炎）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "耳部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "侵及周围组织转移的症状", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "耳痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "真菌性脑膜炎@曲霉菌脑膜炎罕见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "曲霉菌脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "乙型肝炎@结果 正常或升高 ### 血清HBsAg（表面抗原） 检查 结果 检查 暴露于HBV后2-10周可出现。 乙型肝炎@结果 阳性 ### 血清抗 HBs 检查 结果 检查 HBsAg消失后数周内出现，出现后大多数感染者会终生对HBV免疫，提示感染清除。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清HBsAg（表面抗原）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（十）肾脏症状 狼疮肾炎在SLE中很常见，且是危及远期生命质量的关键因素。 3.急性肾炎或急进性肾炎综合征 其中35%～50%患者有高血压，不同程度蛋白尿，尿沉渣中有较多红细胞管型，肾功能不全或衰竭。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "狼疮肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "SLE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "狼疮肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "多发性硬化症@富马酸二甲酯是富马酸的衍生物，具有抗炎和神经保护作用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "富马酸二甲酯"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【实验室检查】 病毒性脑炎或脑膜脑炎多出现颅内压增高。脑脊液主要表现为细胞增多，多以淋巴细胞为主，但HSV脑炎早期常以中性粒细胞为主并可伴有出血性改变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "病毒性脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HSV脑炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "病毒性脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅内压增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅内压增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "只具备内脏易位和支气管扩张者，称为不全性Kartagener综合征。 病因尚未肯定，可能与遗传及原发性纤毛动力障碍（primary cilia dyskinesia，PCD）即纤毛不动综合征（immotile cilia syndrome）有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "不全性Kartagener综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "遗传"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "不全性Kartagener综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "原发性纤毛动力障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@认可疗法的有效性：低质量证据表明，认可疗法是一种有效的干预措施。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "认可疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "宫颈癌@[ 女性性功能障碍 ](/topics/zh-cn/352) ### 放疗并发症：膀胱不稳定性 | 长期 | 中 放疗的远期结果。宫颈癌@ ### 放疗并发症：淋巴水肿 | 长期 | 中 放疗的远期结果。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "淋巴水肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "肝硬化@第二 –   肝移植 肝硬化患者出现肝细胞癌等并发症或者出现失代偿表现时，例如腹水、黄疸、静脉曲张出血、门体肝性脑病、肝肾综合征，应该立即转诊进行肝移植评估。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝移植"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肝细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肝细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄疸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肝细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "静脉曲张出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肝细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "门体肝性脑病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肝细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝肾综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "肝细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝移植"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "基底细胞癌@首选 –   维莫德吉+基底细胞癌的治疗 #### 第一选择 [ 维莫德吉 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 请教专家以指导用量 基底细胞癌患者可作为部分基底细胞痣综合征接受维莫德吉治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维莫德吉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "前置胎盘@检查血型、进行抗体筛查和交叉配血，准备至少4个单位的浓缩红细胞（并通知血库可能需要大量输血）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗体筛查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断】 脑瘫的诊断主要依靠病史、体格检查、发育评估和神经系统异常体征。诊断脑性瘫痪应符合以下2个条件：①婴儿时期出现症状（如运动发育落后或各种运动障碍）；②需除外进行性疾病（如各种代谢病或变性疾病）所致的中枢性瘫痪及正常小儿一过性发育落后。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑瘫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "各种运动障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑瘫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "运动发育落后"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "(二）金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎[Staphylococcal aureus pneumonia) 病原为金黄色葡萄球菌。由呼吸道入侵或经血行播散人肺。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "传播途径", "subject": "金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸道入侵"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "传播途径", "subject": "金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "经血行播散人肺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "金黄色葡萄球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "乙型肝炎@ 数据表明，乙型肝炎病毒 (HBV) 基因型可能在 HBV 相关肝脏疾病进展中发挥作用，并对治疗产生应答。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HBV"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "三、特异性免疫治疗（脱敏治疗） 变应原特异性免疫治疗是通过使用高效、标准化的纯化抗原，使机体对变应原反应性降低，以减轻气道慢性特应性炎症；与成人哮喘相比，呼吸道过敏在儿童哮喘中更为突出，使变应原特异性免疫成为一种重要的治疗儿童过敏性哮喘方法。 天然变应性原制剂疗法有几十年的历史，是IgE介导的过敏疾患的唯一对因疗法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "儿童过敏性哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "天然变应性原制剂疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "儿童哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸道过敏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "儿童过敏性哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "变应原特异性免疫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "气道慢性特应性炎症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "变应原特异性免疫治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "食管癌@胸片在当今食管癌的诊断和分期中作用最小，尽管其可在几乎半数的食管癌患者身上发现异常现象。 食管癌@一般来说，如果患者有经EUS/FNA病理证实的淋巴结转移的证据，那么这被认为是明确的，应该行适当的分期治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "食管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "EUS/FNA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "食管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "【病因和发病机制】 JAS有明显的遗传特征，经常发现同一家庭中有数人患病，HLA-B27检出率很高（90%～94%），但除JAS之外，瑞特病、银屑病性关节炎、炎症性肠病、反应性关节炎以及血清阴性肌腱病综合征都与HLA-B27高度相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "JAS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HLA-B27"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "瑞特病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HLA-B27"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "银屑病性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HLA-B27"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "炎症性肠病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HLA-B27"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "反应性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HLA-B27"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "血清阴性肌腱病综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HLA-B27"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "三、临床特点 （一）原发部位 恶性肿瘤一般均有原发部位，但多种儿童恶性肿瘤如淋巴瘤、神经母细胞瘤、尤因肉瘤等在疾病早期就可转移。实体瘤原发于体表部位时，主要的就诊原因是可扪及的无痛性肿块。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童恶性肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无痛性肿块"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "儿童恶性肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淋巴瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "儿童恶性肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经母细胞瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "儿童恶性肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尤因肉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@与吗啡相比，曲马多的胃肠道不良反应较少。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吗啡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "曲马多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "如半乳糖血症患儿应完全停止乳类食品，代以不含乳糖食品；亮氨酸过敏婴儿，应限制蛋白质；糖原累积症应昼夜喂奶；先天性果糖不耐受症应限制蔗糖及水果汁等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "半乳糖血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "停止乳类食品"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "亮氨酸过敏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "限制蛋白质"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "糖原累积症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昼夜喂奶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "先天性果糖不耐受症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "限制蔗糖及水果汁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "持续性抑郁症@[ 环性心境障碍 ](/topics/zh-cn/488) ### 慢性精神病（精神分裂症或妄想性障碍） 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 幻听、思维障碍、妄想、意志减退、自我忽视和情感淡漠。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性精神病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "慢性精神病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精神分裂症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "慢性精神病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "妄想性障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性精神病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "幻听"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性精神病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "思维障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性精神病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "妄想"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性精神病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "意志减退"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性精神病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "自我忽视"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性精神病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "情感淡漠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "胃癌@这些亚型有不同的特征和分子学改变：1) EB 病毒阳性的肿瘤；2) 微卫星不稳定的肿瘤；3) 基因组稳定的肿瘤；4) 染色体不稳定的肿瘤。 胃癌@## 分类 ### Lauren分型 弥漫型（较常发生于青年人，比肠型预后差） 肠型（常呈溃疡性，与弥漫型相比更多发于远端胃） ### 日本内镜学会 (Japanese Endoscopy Society) 分期 I型：息肉样或巨块样肿瘤 II型：平坦或微抬高，或微凹陷样肿瘤 III型：溃疡相关肿瘤 。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "另外，随着维生素A强化食品的发展或大量滥用维生素A制剂而导致维生素A中毒的现象也有增多的趋势。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "维生素A中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大量滥用维生素A制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "维生素A中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素A强化食品的发展"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "肾细胞癌@较高危险性的患者应在手术后 6 个月内进行 CT 或 MRI 检查，并根据个人的危险因素确定将来检查的频率，影像检查随诊持续至少 5 年。肾细胞癌@这些患者还应每年进行胸部 X 线或胸部 CT 检查，持续 5 年。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肾细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肾细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "遗传代谢病婴儿可继发败血症，因此，出现败血症时并不能排除遗传代谢病的可能。若不治疗，这些患儿可由嗜睡发展为昏迷，并可出现其他神经系统症状，如抽搐和肌张力增高，有时可出现脑水肿或颅内出血的症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "遗传代谢病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "遗传代谢病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏迷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "遗传代谢病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抽搐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "遗传代谢病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌张力增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "遗传代谢病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "遗传代谢病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅内出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "遗传代谢病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "败血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@ * 对于所有患者来说，膳食治疗应包括减少饱和脂肪（＜7% 的总卡路里）和反式脂肪酸（＜1% 的总卡路里）摄入。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膳食治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "自身免疫性肝炎@结果 正常 ### α-1 抗胰蛋白酶 检查 结果 检查 适用于替代诊断的排除性检测：α-1 抗胰蛋白酶缺乏症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "α-1 抗胰蛋白酶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "α-1 抗胰蛋白酶缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "α-1 抗胰蛋白酶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "狂犬病@体检示多汗和轻度抑郁。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多汗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抑郁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "肾小球肾炎@在可能进展至终末期肾病的原发性肾小球疾病中美国最常见的是局灶节段性肾小球硬化。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "原发性肾小球疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "局灶节段性肾小球硬化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "疟疾感染@A组链球菌（GAS）感染可伴有明显的全身症状或肾盂肾炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "A组链球菌（GAS）感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾盂肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肥厚型心肌病@不足5%的HCM患者将进展为终末期心衰，但预后非常差。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "HCM", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "终末期心衰"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "HIV 感染@CD4 计数可能急剧降低。HIV 感染@检测到 HIV 抗体出现可以确定诊断（系列快速检测或 ELISA检测，或者通过使用 HIV-RNA 或 HIV-DNA 检测和/或在缺少 HIV 抗体时使用超敏感 HIV p24 抗原检测发现 HIV，而 HIV 抗体阴性）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "快速检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ELISA检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HIV-RNA 或 HIV-DNA 检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "p24 抗原检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "巨细胞病毒、单纯疱疹病毒、风疹病毒等，以及原虫（如弓形虫）、衣原体、支原体（如解脲支原体）等也可引起新生儿感染性肺炎。生后立即进行胃液涂片查找白细胞与抗原；或取血样、气管分泌物等进行涂片、培养、对流免疫电泳等检测，有助于病原学诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃液涂片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血样、气管分泌物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单纯疱疹病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "风疹病毒等"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "原虫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "弓形虫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "衣原体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支原体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "解脲支原体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "胆管癌@可行肝移植患者 – 联合 –   化疗±放疗 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 大多数开展肝移植技术的中心通过新辅助化疗和放化疗来限制由转移和淋巴蔓延引起的复发。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝移植"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新辅助化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "但另有作者从临床和实验证明缺铁性贫血患者的抵抗力和细胞免疫反应等均正常，在试管和动物实验中，加入铁元素能促进细菌和白假丝酵母等繁殖和毒力增强，用转铁蛋白螯合后又可抑制细菌繁殖。 【实验室检查】 （一）生化方法 1.血清铁蛋白（serum ferritin，SF） 是反映体内铁储存的一个较正确和灵敏的指标，体内缺铁时SF下降。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "缺铁性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清铁蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "血清铁蛋白", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "serum ferritin，SF"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "痛风@另一项研究发现，使用别嘌呤醇治疗偶发痛风患者与基于倾向得分的匹配对照组相比，两者在死亡率上无差异。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "别嘌呤醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@### 其他表现 STEMI患者还可能表现为无症状或不典型胸痛或上腹部疼痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "STEMI", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "STEMI", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上腹部疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "急性阑尾炎@### 盆腔炎性疾病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 通常发生于 20 至 40 岁的女性。 急性阑尾炎@表现为双侧下腹压痛，通常在末次月经 5 天之内。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "盆腔炎性疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双侧下腹压痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "盆腔炎性疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "盆腔炎性疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "20 至 40 岁的女性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "风疹病毒主要通过空气飞沫传播。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "传播途径", "subject": "风疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "空气飞沫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "一般于1～2天内由Ⅰ级进展至Ⅴ级，危重者多于起病后数日内死亡，重型RS来势凶猛，发展迅速，甚至在24小时内死亡。婴幼儿常出现低血糖。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "RS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低血糖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（三）共济失调型 （ataxic forms） 占全部病人的4%；此型不多见。主要病变在小脑。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "共济失调型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小脑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "3.临床表现 急性胰腺炎的小儿有持续的中上腹和脐周剧烈腹痛、呕吐，且常有发热。可以有轻度黄疸和心动过速。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄疸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心动过速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中上腹和脐周"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "剧烈腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@结肠镜示：（距肛门35cm）活动性炎症，以及血管缺失，易脆，并且有明显的分界线。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "活动性炎症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血管缺失"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易脆"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "有明显的分界线"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "广泛性焦虑障碍@成年患者（孕妇除外） – 附加 –   自助 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 还可选用自助治疗。广泛性焦虑障碍@通过汇集研究结果发现这类治疗比仅列在等待清单中或安慰剂组有更明显的疗效。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "安慰剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "自助"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "自助治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "睾丸癌@## 诊断步骤 早期诊断至关重要，因为越早诊断，长期预后越好。睾丸癌@患者年龄、睾丸癌家族史、睾丸癌既往诊断和最重要的未降睾丸病史，提示可能是睾丸癌。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "睾丸癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "年龄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "睾丸癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睾丸癌家族史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "食物中毒@### 肠系膜缺血 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 弥漫性腹痛突然发作提示存在急性肠系膜缺血或非阻塞性肠系膜缺血。 食物中毒@检查 CT 检查/内镜。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肠系膜缺血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT 检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "肠系膜缺血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内镜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠系膜缺血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性肠系膜缺血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "弥漫性腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "非阻塞性肠系膜缺血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "弥漫性腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "消化性溃疡病@检查 超声或CT检查可显示胆囊和/或胆管中的结石。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "消化性溃疡病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "消化性溃疡病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "血吸虫病@患病的危险因素包括接触受污染的泥土，家里有没有驱过虫的小狗，不卫生的条件和儿童的食土癖（异食癖）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "接触受污染的泥土"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "没有驱过虫的小狗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不卫生的条件"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童的食土癖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "喉癌@喉癌可严重影响呼吸道通畅，对于有明显呼吸道梗阻患者，在全麻下行任何内镜检查之前，应考虑行局麻下气管切开术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "呼吸道梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "局麻下气管切开术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "产后抑郁症@### 精力下降或疲劳感增加 在98%的发作中存在。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "产后抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精力下降或疲劳感增加"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "消化性溃疡病@任何原因的急性心包炎都可能出现肌痛和全身乏力等前驱症状，特别是在青年人群中。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心包炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心包炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身乏力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【辅助检査】 实验室检査 泌尿道感染时尿常规检査有脓尿,尿细菌培养阳性。 超声检査 通过B超可观察输尿管扩张、蠕动及膀胱基底部的连续性;观察肾盂、肾脏形态及实质改变情况。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "泌尿道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "B超"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "泌尿道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿常规检査"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "口腔黏膜炎@红斑型口腔念珠菌病表现为口腔黏膜出现发红、发炎的区域，可有轻度疼痛和灼热感，类似轻度（非溃疡性）黏膜炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "红斑型口腔念珠菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口腔黏膜出现发红"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "红斑型口腔念珠菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "轻度疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "红斑型口腔念珠菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "灼热感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "3.大动脉转位伴左室流出道梗阻 动力性左室流出道梗阻在临床上意义不大，并不是手术的禁忌证。此方案避免了将来的人工管道替换术，具有一定的发展潜力，但术后可引起肺动脉反流。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "大动脉转位", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺动脉反流"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "膀胱癌@在欧盟国家，2012 年浸润性膀胱癌的粗发病率为 20.4/100,000，年死亡率为 7.1/100,000。膀胱癌@70% 的患者年龄＞ 65 岁。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "浸润性膀胱癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "＞ 65 岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "浸润性膀胱癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "20.4/100,000"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "死亡率", "subject": "浸润性膀胱癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "7.1/100,000"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "（三）静脉窦型房间隔缺损 占4%，其上方为上腔静脉开口，下缘为房间隔，卵圆窝和冠状静脉窦口均存在。③冠状窦口型房间隔缺损：此型罕见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "静脉窦型房间隔缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冠状窦口型房间隔缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "5.佝偻病表现 骨质脱钙、骨骼软化、骨骼畸形、前囟宽大且闭合延迟等佝偻病表现，维生素D治疗无效。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨质脱钙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨骼软化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨骼畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前囟宽大且闭合延迟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "第六节 脱屑性间质性肺炎 脱屑性间质性肺炎（desquamative interstitial pneumonia）病因不明，可能与腺病毒感染、先天性风疹感染、吸烟、有机尘吸入、应用呋喃旦啶等药物有关。多数先有上呼吸道感染症状，起病缓慢。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "脱屑性间质性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上呼吸道感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "脱屑性间质性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "desquamative interstitial pneumonia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "脱屑性间质性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腺病毒感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "脱屑性间质性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性风疹感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "脱屑性间质性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "脱屑性间质性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "有机尘吸入"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "脱屑性间质性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "应用呋喃旦啶等药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "垂体功能减退@需要使用皮质醇治疗促肾上腺皮质激素缺乏的患者在应激时（如感染，外伤和手术）需要增加用量。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "促肾上腺皮质激素缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮质醇治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "痔@治疗包括增加膳食纤维，胶圈套扎术，红外光凝结，硬化疗法，或外科痔切除术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "增加膳食纤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胶圈套扎术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红外光凝结"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硬化疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硬化疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外科痔切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "高血压急症@### 危险因素 ### 强 查看全部   ### 未充分治疗的高血压 未充分治疗的高血压病史较常见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "高血压急症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "未充分治疗的高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病@### 定义 慢性阻塞性肺疾病（慢阻肺）是一种以不完全可逆的气流受限为特征的可以预防和治疗的疾病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢阻肺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "真菌性脑膜炎@8周后，患者应转为长期的低剂量氟康唑维持治疗。 真菌性脑膜炎@在HIV相关性隐球菌性脑膜炎患者中，若患者在持续6~12个月的抗逆转录病毒治疗后，CD4计数超过100~200个细胞/mL且病毒载量降至不可检测的水平，则应停止维持疗法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "隐球菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氟康唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "蛲虫病（enterobiasis)是由烧虫寄生于人体小肠末端、盲肠和结肠所引起的一种常见寄生虫病，尤以幼儿期多见，临床上以夜间会阴部和肛门附近瘙痒为主要特征。经常在集体儿童机构和家庭中传播流行。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "蛲虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "集体儿童机构"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "蛲虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "家庭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "蛲虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "enterobiasis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "蛲虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小肠末端"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "蛲虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结肠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "蛲虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "幼儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "血吸虫病@ _埃及血吸虫_ 居住在输尿管和膀胱中的静脉中； _曼氏血吸虫_ 居住在大肠中的上级肠系膜静脉中； _日本血吸虫_ 居住在小肠的上级肠系膜静脉中。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "输尿管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膀胱中的静脉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小肠的上级肠系膜静脉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "但是，如果发现新生儿或婴儿存在肠梗阻或小肠结肠炎症状，应首先怀疑HD及相关ENS疾病，行钡剂灌肠，直肠吸引活检以及直肠测压等检查，以明确诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "HD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钡剂灌肠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "HD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "直肠吸引活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "HD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "直肠测压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "成人哮喘@### 第 3 级：中度持续 定义为： * 每天都有症状 * 每天都需要使用 SABA * 发作时活动受限 * 急性加重≥2 次/周且可持续数天 * 夜间症状>1 次/周 * FEV1>60% 预计值且<80% 预计值 * PEFR 变异率>30%。成人哮喘@ 应在低剂量 ICS 的基础上加用一种 LABA， 或将ICS增加到中等剂量。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "成人哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "第 3 级：中度持续"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "成人哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "每天都有症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "成人哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "每天都需要使用 SABA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "成人哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发作时活动受限"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "胆囊炎@### 其他表现 在重度急性胆囊炎中，会出现轻度黄疸（血清胆红素小于 60 μmol/L）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "重度急性胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "轻度黄疸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【预后】 与出血的严重程度及部位有关，如出血仅限于生发基质或伴少量IVH者预后较好，很少发生脑室扩张。 【预防】 1.预防早产 ，预防宫内窘迫。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "IVH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "预防早产 ，预防宫内窘迫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "急性阑尾炎@对于可触及腹部包块的患者，还应行超声检查或腹部 CT。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部 CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "3.尿浓缩功能减退 多饮、多尿和不明原因脱水，还可出现脱水热及休克，系由于低钾引起尿浓缩功能减退所致。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "尿浓缩功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多饮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "尿浓缩功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "尿浓缩功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不明原因脱水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "尿浓缩功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脱水热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "尿浓缩功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "休克"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "铅中毒@治疗的主要手段是去除铅来源。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "铅中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "去除铅来源"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "乙型肝炎@## 分类 ### 乙肝病毒基因型 乙肝病毒基因分型基于整个病毒基因组核苷酸序列的差异，不同基因型间有8%核苷酸序列差异，不同基因型乙肝病毒分布于全球不同地区。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乙肝病毒基因型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乙肝病毒基因分型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "乙肝病毒基因型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乙肝病毒基因分型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "慢性肾病@### 定义 慢性肾病 (chronic kidney disease, CKD) 也叫慢性肾衰竭，其定义为肾脏的病理性异常，例如血尿和/或蛋白尿，或者肾小球滤过率 (GFR) 下降至＜60 mL/分/1.73 m^2 且持续时间≥3 个月。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血尿和/或蛋白尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@7%-8%的患者是由于遗传因素发生胰腺癌。慢性胰腺炎@其余患者是由于存在一种或多种危险因素：肥胖、吸烟、糖尿病、慢性胰腺炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肥胖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖尿病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性胰腺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "遗传因素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "遗传因素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "印度于2007年进行的全国调查显示，每年有52 000名儿童因维生素A缺乏症而导致失明。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "维生素A缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "失明"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "类癌综合征@[ 哮喘 ](/topics/zh-cn/44) 。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "哮喘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@复发性肺炎常常标志着进入 AD 末期，为死亡的原因。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "死亡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "复发性肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@可能需要频繁住院治疗，以便处理并发症，尤其是中性粒细胞减少性发热。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "中性粒细胞减少性发热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性髓性白血病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "九、恶性间皮瘤 恶性间皮瘤（malignant mesothelioma），儿童罕见，有家族发病的报道，也有人认为其发生与接触石棉、二氧化钍有关。 肿瘤主要发生于体腔浆膜，如胸膜、腹膜、心包膜、睾丸鞘膜等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "恶性间皮瘤（", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体腔浆膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "恶性间皮瘤（", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "恶性间皮瘤（", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "恶性间皮瘤（", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心包膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "恶性间皮瘤（", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睾丸鞘膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "恶性间皮瘤（", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "malignant mesothelioma"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "恶性间皮瘤（", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童罕见"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "恶性间皮瘤（", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "家族发病的报道"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "malignant mesothelioma", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "接触石棉、二氧化钍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "隐球菌病@ 4.伊曲康唑 是广谱三唑类抗真菌药，不易通过血-脑屏障进入脑脊液，但在脑组织中有较高的浓度。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "隐球菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伊曲康唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "前置胎盘@### 流产或选择性终止妊娠 查看全部   首选 –   预期的治疗方法、手术流产或药物流产 存在前置胎盘时，对流产的治疗并没有不同。 前置胎盘@存在前置胎盘时，在妊娠早期择期流产（无论是采取药物或手术方式）并没有不同；在妊娠中期，手术流产可能优于药物流产。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手术流产"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "药物流产"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "预期的治疗方法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@颅内肿瘤的临床表现多种多样，如醒来后头痛加剧、精神状态改变、癫痫发作和局灶性神经功能缺损。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "颅内肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "醒来后头痛加剧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "颅内肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精神状态改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "颅内肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "局灶性神经功能缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "颅内肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癫痫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "1.地西泮（diazepam) 具有较强的镇静、抗惊厥、肌肉松弛作用，对胎儿及新生儿的影响较小。用法：2.5～5mg口服，3次/日或睡前服用；10mg肌内注射或静脉缓慢推入（>2分钟）可用于预防子痫发作。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "子痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "地西泮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "地西泮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "肝癌@ 检查 腹部增强 CT 在鉴别转移性肝癌和原发性肝癌方面非常敏感（80% 到 90%）和特异 (99%)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "转移性肝癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部增强 CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "前列腺癌@根治性前列腺切除术后的PSA最低值往往出现在术后大约3周左右；外照射后的PSA最低值出现在照射后的第2 ~3年左右；而近距离放射治疗后的PSA最低值出现在治疗后的第3 ~ 4年左右。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "根治性前列腺切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@随着人口老龄化，感染性心内膜炎愈发常见，且有临床结局恶化的趋势。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "人口老龄化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "食物中毒@产肠毒素性大肠杆菌 (ETEC) 感染（旅行者腹泻）大部分具有自限性，但也可经验性应用诸如氟喹诺酮类抗生素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氟喹诺酮类抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "小儿多由于免疫系统尚未成熟，往往成为慢性乙肝和慢性HBV携带者。 【实验室检查】 （一）肝功能检查 新生儿肝炎时，肝功能可能表现正常或仅有轻度异常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "乙肝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝功能检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（四）几种常见感染性腹泻的临床表现特点 1.轮状病毒性肠炎（rotavirus enteritis） 好发于秋冬季，呈散发或小流行，病毒通过粪-口途径以及呼吸道传播。本病为自限性疾病，病程3～8天，少数较长，大便镜检偶见少量白细胞。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": ".轮状病毒性肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "自限性疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": ".轮状病毒性肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病程3～8天，少数较长"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": ".轮状病毒性肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "rotavirus enteritis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "感染性腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": ".轮状病毒性肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发季节", "subject": ".轮状病毒性肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "秋冬季"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "传播途径", "subject": ".轮状病毒性肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "粪-口途"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "传播途径", "subject": ".轮状病毒性肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸道传播"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "HIV 感染@常见的不良反应包括腹泻、头晕、恶心和皮疹。HIV 感染@严重的不良反应包括皮疹和免疫重建综合征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫重建综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头晕"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@结果 骨髓细胞增生和原始细胞浸润；原始细胞≥20%、奥氏小体、原始细胞类型的形态描述 ### 免疫表型和分子研究 检查 结果 检查 免疫表型 [被描述为表达不同“髓系”抗原（例如 CD34 或 CD33）的细胞百分比] 区分 AML 与急性淋巴细胞白血病 (ALL) 至关重要，因为在临床上可能无法区分这些疾病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫表型和分子研究"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "急性阑尾炎@### 心动过速 可能存在心动过速，尤其是在穿孔患者中。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心动过速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "疟疾感染@ * 如果不能给予 ACT，口服奎宁加克林霉素是建议的替代方案。疟疾感染@由于奎宁治疗会引起反复发作的低血糖症，应当定期监测血糖水平。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口服奎宁加克林霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低血糖症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "小细胞肺癌@ 不推荐在进行同步放化疗的患者中预防性使用 CSF。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "同步放化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "（3）自身免疫性溶血性贫血： 1）温抗体所致的自身免疫性溶血性贫血。 3）与免疫现象有关的贫血（移植物排斥，免疫复合物等）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "自身免疫性溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "与免疫现象有关的贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理生理", "subject": "与免疫现象有关的贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "移植物排斥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理生理", "subject": "与免疫现象有关的贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫复合物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "喉癌@## 监测 患者在治疗后5年内需定期复查检测是否复发。喉癌@第一年可每1-2个月行一次纤维喉镜检查，第二年则每2-3个月一次，第三年每3-4个月一次，第四年每4-6个月一次，以后每年一次。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "纤维喉镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（二）实验室检查 神经源性膀胱最常见的并发症为尿路感染，但症状多不典型，如合并膀胱输尿管反流则可能加速肾脏的损害；在新生儿或婴幼儿可能导致水电解质紊乱、酸碱平衡失调以及肾衰竭等威胁患儿生命。因此，进行尿常规和培养、尿素氮和肌酐以及血钠、钾、氯和二氧化碳结合力等检查对了解神经源性膀胱患儿的上尿路损害程度与全身状况十分重要。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "神经源性膀胱", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿常规"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "神经源性膀胱", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿路感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "神经源性膀胱", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "神经源性膀胱", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "婴幼儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "肥厚型心肌病@虽然在欧洲，对年轻运动员进行心电图筛查使该人群心源性猝死率 (SCD) 的下降，但美国并没有支持采用这一方法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "猝死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@一种主要发生在老年人中的危及生命的疾病。 急性髓性白血病@存在许多亚型，其中的急性早幼粒细胞白血病应受到特异性治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "老年人"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性早幼粒细胞白血病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "前置胎盘@超声检查对前置胎盘的诊断具有敏感性和特异性，但超声检查的准确性依赖于操作者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "磨牙症@[ 帕金森病 ](/topics/zh-cn/147) ### 迟发性运动障碍 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 抑制神经药物诱发的异常口下颌运动障碍，最终与夜磨牙症相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "迟发性运动障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 特发性生长激素缺乏症多见于男孩，男：女为3 : 1。患儿出生时身长和体重均正常,1岁后出现生长速度减慢，身高落后比体重低下更为显著，身高低于同年龄、同性别正常健康儿童生长曲线第3百分位数以下（或低于平均数减两个标准差），身高年增长速率<5cm。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "特发性生长激素缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "身高落后"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "特发性生长激素缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重低下"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "特发性生长激素缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男孩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "小儿再障分为： （一）先天性（体质性）或遗传性 1. Fanconi贫血。 （二）获得性 1.特发性 原因不明。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "小儿再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "获得性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Fanconi贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "小儿再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性（体质性）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "小儿再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "遗传性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "多发性硬化症@特立氟胺是一种选择性免疫抑制剂，具有抗炎作用，其作用机制被认为涉及线粒体酶二氢乳酸脱氢酶 (DHO-DH) 的阻滞，从而导致淋巴细胞增殖降低。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "特立氟胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "先天性巨结肠（congenital megacolon)又称肠无神经节细胞症（aganglionosis)或赫什朋病（Hirschsprung disease,HD)，是由于直肠或结肠远端的肠管持续痉挛，粪便淤滞在近端结肠，使该肠管肥厚、扩张。 直肠黏膜活检 组化法测定痉挛段肠管乙酰胆碱含量和胆碱酯酶活性，但对新生儿诊断率较低;还可用免疫组化法检测神经元特异性烯醇化酶等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "直肠黏膜活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "congenital megacolon"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠无神经节细胞症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "赫什朋病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肠无神经节细胞症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "aganglionosis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "赫什朋病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Hirschsprung disease"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "赫什朋病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "细菌性脑膜炎@### 意识模糊 成人细菌性脑膜炎患者出现此症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "意识模糊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "乙型肝炎@### 伐托他滨 是L-核苷类似物（左旋核苷类似物），通过抑制RNA依赖性DNA的合成发挥作用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伐托他滨"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "18-三体综合征@第五掌骨短。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "18-三体综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "第五掌骨短"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "痔@为排除更严重的疾病，必须进行包括内镜检查在内的彻底检查。 痔@1度痔 – 附加 –   局部用皮质类固醇 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [ 氢化可的松直肠给药 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 应用（1%-2.5%），每日两次，最多应用5-7天；25毫克（1枚栓剂）直肠塞入，每日两次，共14天。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氢化可的松直肠给药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "类癌综合征@对于支气管肿瘤，依托泊苷、顺铂可以作为一线化疗药物，而其他中心推荐氟尿嘧啶和链脲佐菌素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "支气管肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "顺铂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "支气管肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "依托泊苷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "支气管肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氟尿嘧啶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "支气管肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "链脲佐菌素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "白内障@有外伤性破裂 – 联合 –   稳定后超声乳化白内障摘除±人工晶状体植入 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 一旦在随后几天至几周内适当控制炎症，就进行选择性白内障摘除±人工晶状体植入。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "外伤性破裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "人工晶状体植入"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@Ⅱ型 AIP 往往伴发胰腺炎（与Ⅰ型 AIP 伴发的无痛性黄疸截然不同），发病年龄较早，且较Ⅰ型 AIP 而言更常与炎症性肠病相关。 慢性胰腺炎@这两种类型使用皮质类固醇治疗均有效，但仅Ⅰ型 AIP 常会复发。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "Ⅰ型 AIP", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮质类固醇治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "Ⅰ型 AIP", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无痛性黄疸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@广泛性结肠炎 – 第二 –   口服倍氯米松 #### 第一选择 [ 丙酸倍氯米松 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 5mg每日1次，早晨口服 口服倍氯米松也可考虑用于维持缓解，这取决于患者的选择。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "倍氯米松"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "丙酸倍氯米松"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "第二十节 新生儿硬肿症 新生儿硬肿症（scleredema of newborn）为一综合征，主要由寒冷损伤引起，故又称寒冷损伤综合征（cold injury syndrome），简称新生儿冷伤。 （3）疾病： 肺炎、败血症、腹泻、窒息、严重先天性心脏病或畸形影响新生儿代谢和循环功能，特别是严重感染时，可导致微循环障碍和DIC。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿硬肿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "微循环障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "败血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "微循环障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "微循环障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "窒息", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "微循环障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "严重先天性心脏病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "微循环障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "微循环障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "DIC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "败血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "DIC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "DIC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "窒息", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "DIC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "严重先天性心脏病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "DIC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "DIC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "新生儿硬肿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "scleredema of newborn"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "寒冷损伤", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "cold injury syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "寒冷损伤综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "cold injury syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "新生儿硬肿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "寒冷损伤综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "新生儿硬肿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生儿冷伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肾小球肾炎@附加 –   呋塞米 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [ 呋塞米 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 每日 1 次口服 10-40mg 应该严格控制患者的血压。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呋塞米"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@### 空气污染 已经发现，空气中的细小颗粒物浓度增加与 CT 测量的冠状动脉钙化以及心血管风险增加相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "空气污染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "常见的因素如父母对患儿过高的学习要求、过多的责备、家庭的争执、父母离婚、亲人死亡等；或患儿近期遭受意外事件如生病住院、遇见危险等；或患儿看紧张的电视、录像节目，玩紧张的游戏如打游戏机等，抽动成为心理应激的一种表现。这一因素在短暂性抽动障碍中起主要作用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "短暂性抽动障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "过多的责备"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "短暂性抽动障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "家庭的争执"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "短暂性抽动障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "亲人死亡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "短暂性抽动障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "遇见危险"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "短暂性抽动障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "父母离婚"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "八、松果体区肿瘤 松果体区肿瘤占儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤的0. 4%～2%，包括生殖细胞肿瘤（40%～65%）、松果体实质细胞瘤（17%）和星形细胞瘤（15%）；其中生殖细胞肿瘤又可分为生殖细胞瘤、畸胎瘤和混合型生殖细胞肿瘤。其余预后相对较好，有报道3年存活率达61%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "松果体区肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "相对较好"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "松果体区肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "61%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "松果体区肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生殖细胞肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "松果体区肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "松果体实质细胞瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "松果体区肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "星形细胞瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "生殖细胞肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生殖细胞瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "生殖细胞肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "畸胎瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "生殖细胞肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "混合型生殖细胞肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "松果体区肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "松果体区肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@早期和晚期支架内血栓形成是灾难性的并发症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支架内血栓形成"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "川崎病@有不同程度心肌炎、心包炎、心内膜炎和心律失常，偶可闻奔马律、心音低钝和心音分裂，可发生心肌梗死、心力衰竭、高血压及心源性休克等；少数患儿有惊厥、昏迷、中枢性、外周性神经麻痹以及精神、情绪异常等无菌性脑炎、脑膜炎症状；部分患儿有脓尿、尿道炎等泌尿系统及腹痛、腹泻、呕吐、肠梗阻、肝大、黄疸等消化系统症状体征；也有关节痛、关节炎，咳嗽、间质性肺炎的报告，上述症状多于病程1～6周出现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心内膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心包炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心律失常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌梗死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "可闻奔马律"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心音低钝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心音分裂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中枢性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精神"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "情绪异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心源性休克"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "惊厥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏迷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中枢性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外周性神经麻痹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精神"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "情绪异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脓尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿道炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄疸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "间质性肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@研究显示，淀粉样蛋白前体蛋白 (APP) 处理异常和Aβ肽代谢异常是这些患者发生 AD 的主要致病因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "AD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Aβ肽代谢异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现和实验室检査】 β地中海贫血 根据病情轻重的不同，分为以下三型。若只纠正贫血，不进行铁整合治疗，易并发含铁血黄素沉着症:过多的铁沉着于心肌和其他脏器，如肝、胰腺、脑垂体等而引起该脏器损害,其中最严重的是心力衰竭,是导致患儿死亡的重要原因之一。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "β地中海贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "β地中海贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑垂体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@最佳可用治疗选择为在三氧化二砷后使用 SCT。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "三氧化二砷后使用 SCT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "（二）消化道血循环障碍 肠道循环回流受阻，使肠壁静脉明显充血破裂而致消化道出血，如食管裂孔疝及肠套叠。 （四）出血凝血功能障碍 凝血因子缺乏、血小板减少或功能障碍等均可引起消化道出血，如血友病及维生素K缺乏等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化道血循环障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "食管裂孔疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠壁静脉明显充血破裂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠道循环回流受阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血小板减少或功能障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "维生素K缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血小板减少或功能障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "凝血因子缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【实验室检査】 1.生长激素刺激试验 生长激素缺乏症的诊断依靠GH水平的测定。 血24小时GH分泌谱测定 正常人GH峰值与基值差别很大,24小时的GH分泌量可以比较准确地反映体内GH分泌情况。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "生长激素缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血24小时GH分泌谱测定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "生长激素缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生长激素刺激试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "儿童偏头痛@ 有脑干先兆的偏头痛 * 以脑干支配症状为主，且主要症状包括枕部头痛、共济失调、复视、视力模糊、眩晕和耳鸣。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "有脑干先兆的偏头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "有脑干先兆的偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "枕部头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "有脑干先兆的偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "共济失调"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "有脑干先兆的偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "复视"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "有脑干先兆的偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视力模糊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "有脑干先兆的偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眩晕"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "有脑干先兆的偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "耳鸣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@[ 胸腺瘤/胸腺癌 ](/topics/zh-cn/1194) ### 生殖细胞肿瘤 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 主要发生在年龄在20到40岁的男性。非小细胞肺癌@可能会导致胸痛、呼吸困难、咳嗽和发烧，头痛，疲劳。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "生殖细胞肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "生殖细胞肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "生殖细胞肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "生殖细胞肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "生殖细胞肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疲劳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "生殖细胞肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发烧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸腺瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸腺癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生殖细胞肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "胆管癌@## 流行病学 近三分之二的胆管癌发生年龄50-70岁间的患者，男性发病率略高于女性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "50-70岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 对HUS的治疗强调加强支持、早期透析和积极对症处理的原则。对有血小板聚集者，可用PGI2静滴，其机制可能为抑制肾小球内血栓形成，利于肾功能恢复。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "HUS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PGI2静滴"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "转移性乳腺癌@ 不过，按计划进行交叉治疗方案（AB 药物联用与 A 药物后用 B 药物，两药物进行比较）的随机试验已经表明生存获益较小或无生存获益。转移性乳腺癌@ 具有生存获益的报道大部分都是首先应用紫杉烷类，这类药物目前是标准的一线单药方案。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "紫杉烷类"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "针对流感病毒感染可选用奥司他韦、金刚烷胺等，巨细胞病毒感染选用更昔洛韦，RSV感染可雾化吸入利巴韦林。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "流感病毒感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "奥司他韦"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "流感病毒感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "金刚烷胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "巨细胞病毒感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "更昔洛韦"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "RSV感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "利巴韦林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "随着病情逐渐好转，由于肺顺应性的改善，肺血管阻力下降，约有30% -50%患儿于RDS恢复期出现动脉导管开放(patent ductus arteriosus,PDA)，分流量较大时可发生心力衰竭、肺水肿。故恢复期的RDS患儿,其原发病已明显好转，若突然出现对氧气的需求量增加、难以矫正和解释的代谢性酸中毒、喂养困难、呼吸暂停、周身发凉发花及肝脏在短时间内进行性增大，应注意本病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "RDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "动脉导管开放"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "RDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "RDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "动脉导管开放", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "patent ductus arteriosus"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "动脉导管开放", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PDA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "RDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "对氧气的需求量增加"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "RDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喂养困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "RDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸暂停"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "RDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "周身发凉发花"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "胃炎@肿瘤可表现为逐渐加重的上腹痛、体重下降、隐性或显性消化道出血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "隐性或显性消化道出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@首发症状通常为近期记忆丧失，还经常有执行困难和/或命名性言语障碍（找词和说出名称困难）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "近期记忆丧失"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "执行困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "命名性言语障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@高达70%的原发性硬化性胆管炎的患者有UC，故对此类患者应高度警惕。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "原发性硬化性胆管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "UC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "代谢性碱中毒无特征性临床表现。血气分析见血浆pH增高，PaCO2和增高，常见低血氯和低血钾。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "代谢性碱中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血气分析"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "川崎病@ 那些有小至中型冠状动脉瘤的患者必须每年复查心脏超声波。川崎病@除了阿司匹林，华法林治疗也是方法之一。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "华法林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "有小至中型冠状动脉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心脏超声波"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "小至中型冠状动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心脏超声波"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "小儿哮喘@目前未有针对12岁以下患者中联合使用吸入性皮质类固醇(ICS)和长效β受体激动剂(LABAs)进行治疗的对比性研究。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "皮质类固醇", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "ICS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "长效β受体激动剂", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "LABAs"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "二、胱氨酸尿症 胱氨酸尿症（cystinuria）是一种家族性遗传性疾病，为常染色体隐性遗传，是由近端肾小管上皮细胞及空肠黏膜对二碱基氨基酸（包括赖氨酸和精氨酸）及胱氨酸等转运障碍所致。治疗原则为主要防治胱氨酸结石形成并治疗其并发症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "胱氨酸尿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "防治胱氨酸结石形成"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "胱氨酸尿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "cystinuria"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "胱氨酸尿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "常染色体隐性遗传"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "骨髓穿刺涂片和铁染色为侵入性检查，不作为缺铁性贫血常规诊断手段，在诊断困难和治疗无效情况时可考虑进行。不良反应有食欲下降、恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "治疗后症状", "subject": "缺铁性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "治疗后症状", "subject": "缺铁性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "治疗后症状", "subject": "缺铁性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "治疗后症状", "subject": "缺铁性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "治疗后症状", "subject": "缺铁性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "消化性溃疡病@胃肠道并发症：有中等质量的证据表明，与 H2 受体阻滞剂相比，质子泵抑制剂 (PPI) 能更有效的减少非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID) 引起的胃肠道并发症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "消化性溃疡病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "质子泵抑制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "质子泵抑制剂", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "PPI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@结果 经常正常，尽管低钠血症非常常见 ### 心电图和超声心动图 检查 结果 检查 术前常规进行心电图检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声心动图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "类风湿关节炎@鹅颈样畸形在韧带和关节损伤的进展期RA中可见。类风湿关节炎@另一种类似的畸形是纽扣花样畸形，表现为伴有DIP过伸伴PIP弯曲状态。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "纽扣花样畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "DIP过伸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PIP弯曲状态"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鹅颈样畸形在韧带"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节损伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "早产@### 立即分娩的高风险 改善早产结局的两项最重要的干预措施为产前使用皮质类固醇，以及当地新生儿救治水平不足时，将早产儿宫内转运至专科中心。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮质类固醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "细菌性脑膜炎@### 死亡率 细菌性脑膜炎儿童的死亡率为4%~10%，成人为25%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "死亡率", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "4%~10%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "死亡率", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "25%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "唯慢性维生素A过多症的早期临床表现可能只是个别症状或体征，容易误诊,应注意同佝偻病、维生素C缺乏病等鉴别。 维生素A过多症一旦确诊,应立即停止服用维生素A制剂和含维生素A的食物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "维生素A过多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "佝偻病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "维生素A过多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素C缺乏病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤紫癜反复出现皮肤紫癜为本病特征，多见于四肢及臀部，对称分布，伸侧较多,分批出现,面部及躯干较少。皮肤紫癜一般在4 ~6周后消退，部分患儿间隔数周、数月后又复发@。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "皮肤紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "一般在4 ~6周后消退"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "皮肤紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "四肢及臀部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "皮肤紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "对称分布"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "皮肤紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伸侧较多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "皮肤紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "分批出现"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "皮肤紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "面部及躯干较少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "多发性硬化症@使用干扰素、芬戈莫德和那他珠单抗的患者应当每 3 至 6 个月进行一次全血细胞计数和肝功能检测 (LFT)。多发性硬化症@使用那他珠单抗的患者还应当在基线时接受 John Cunningham 病毒抗体滴度检测，对于检测结果为阴性的患者，每 3 到 6 个月检测一次，以评估可能的转阳情况。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全血细胞计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝功能检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "那他珠单抗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "芬戈莫德"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "干扰素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肝功能检测", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "LFT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "John Cunningham 病毒抗体滴度检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "消化性溃疡病@### 乳糜泻 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 腹泻以及吸收不良是典型症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "乳糜泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "乳糜泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸收不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "消化性溃疡病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乳糜泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "乳糜泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸收不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "持续性抑郁症@使用抑郁自评量表（例如，患者健康问卷-9 (PHQ-9)、 Beck抑郁量表 (BDI) 和抑郁症状快速清单(QIDS) 在临床人群中的筛查抑郁可获得最佳结果。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抑郁自评量表"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "患者健康问卷-9"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Beck抑郁量表"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抑郁症状快速清单"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "患者健康问卷-9", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "PHQ-9"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "Beck抑郁量表", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "BDI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "抑郁症状快速清单", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "QIDS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "筛查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "自身免疫性肝炎@常见症状包括疲乏、不适感、嗜睡、厌食、恶心、腹部不适、轻度瘙痒和累及小关节的关节痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疲乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不适感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "厌食"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "轻度瘙痒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "累及小关节的关节痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部不适"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "腹主动脉瘤@ 还可能发现腹部手术或腹主动脉瘤腔内修复术的既往史以及 AAA 家族史。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "AAA 家族史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "此外,随着选择性剖宫产的增加，足月儿RDS发病率有不断上升趋势，临床表现与早产儿相比，起病稍迟,症状可能更重，且易并发PPHN,PS使用效果不及早产儿。 [辅助检査] (一)实验室检査 血气分析是最常用的检测方法，pH值和动脉氧分压（Pa02)降低，动脉二氧化碳分压 (PaC02)增高,碳酸氢根减少。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "RDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血气分析"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "类癌综合征@这有助于放射性核素治疗的使用，这种治疗由生长抑素类似物和其上附着的放射性标记的配体组成，产生局部的放射性核素的作用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放射性核素治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【发病机制】 目前有关SLE发病机制尚无一致结论，多数学者认为发病环节可能是多元性的。T细胞功能紊乱可能源自细胞内信号传递异常，如细胞黏附分子异常，引起细胞间相互识别，黏合，信号传递障碍等，可能在SLE发病机制中具有重要作用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "SLE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细胞内信号传递异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "（四）肝 、脾大 严重病例因髓外造血，出现肝、脾大。 （五）胆红素脑病 新生儿溶血病可发生胆红素脑病，足月儿胆红素超过18～20mg/dl，早产儿胆红素超过8～10mg/dl就要警惕发生胆红素脑病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿溶血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝 、脾大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "新生儿溶血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆红素脑病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肝硬化@### 纹身 全面防护措施未见完善时，纹身也是一个危险因素，应该向患者提出这方面的忠告。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "纹身"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【流行病学及病原学】 细菌性脑膜炎的重要危险因素：其一为年幼儿对感染的病原缺乏免疫力；其二为近期有致病细菌的携带。有密切接触史、居住拥挤、贫穷、小婴儿缺乏母乳喂养都是诱发因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "密切接触史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "居住拥挤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贫穷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小婴儿缺乏母乳喂养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "近期有致病细菌的携带"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "儿童偏头痛@## 案例 ### 案例 一名 9 岁的男孩表现为 6 个月的反复发作性头痛，不伴有先兆症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反复发作性头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "普通感冒@ 胸部呼吸音清晰是诊断普通感冒的必要条件。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部呼吸音清晰"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "儿童偏头痛@对治疗成功的期望应将心理因素所导致的症状考虑在内。儿童偏头痛@尽管支持相关性的依据相矛盾，仍有公认的观点认为心理因素在影响总的症状感知和治疗方案成败中起到了重要作用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心理因素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心理因素所导致的症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "多发性硬化症@ 那他珠单抗 (natalizumab) 治疗患者中监测 PML 的监测指南正不断发展，但许多医生每 3 至 6 个月检查一次 JCV 滴度，每 6-12 个月进行一次脑 MRI 检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "那他珠单抗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "HIV 感染@结果 可能为阴性或阳性 ### 淋病和衣原体检测 检查 结果 检查 在基线期和每 3、6 或 12 个月进行，具体取决于性活动风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淋病和衣原体检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "心房扑动@ 非典型心房扑动和其他类型房性心动过速在临床症状上和电生理特点易混淆。 心房扑动@## 分类 ### 美国心脏病学会 (American College of Cardiology) / 美国心脏协会 (American Heart Association) / 心律协会 (Heart Rhythm Society) 对心房扑动和房性心动过速的分类 心房扑动是一种大折返房性心动过速，有固定的 P 波/扑动形态，心房率通常＞250 次/分。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心房扑动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "有固定的 P 波/扑动形态"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心房扑动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心房率通常＞250 次/分"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "先天性巨结肠（congenital megacolon)又称肠无神经节细胞症（aganglionosis)或赫什朋病（Hirschsprung disease,HD)，是由于直肠或结肠远端的肠管持续痉挛，粪便淤滞在近端结肠，使该肠管肥厚、扩张。 婴儿和儿童期 继发性巨结肠:肛门、直肠末端有器质性病变，如先天性肛门狭窄、术后瘢痕狭窄或直肠外肿瘤压迫等,使排便不畅,粪便滞留，结肠继发扩张。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "继发性巨结肠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "congenital megacolon"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠无神经节细胞症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "赫什朋病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肠无神经节细胞症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "aganglionosis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "赫什朋病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Hirschsprung disease"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "赫什朋病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "继发性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肛门"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "继发性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "直肠末端"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "继发性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性肛门狭窄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "继发性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "术后瘢痕狭窄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "继发性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "直肠外肿瘤压迫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "继发性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "排便不畅"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "继发性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "粪便滞留"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "继发性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结肠继发扩张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "食物中毒@急性 ### 已知感染性病原体 查看全部   志贺氏菌属 首选 –   氟喹诺酮或甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑 #### 第一选择 [ 环丙沙星 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 500 mg，口服，每日两次，连用 3 天 #### 第二选择 [ 甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 160/800 mg，口服，每日两次，连用 3 天 多数细菌性痢疾的病情轻微，具有自限性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氟喹诺酮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "铅中毒@CT/MRI 扫描能显示潜在疾病的特异性发现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "铅中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT/MRI 扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@### 定义 感染性心内膜炎 (Infective endocarditis, IE) 是累及心脏的心内膜表面的感染，包括瓣膜结构、腱索、间隔缺损的部位或心内膜。感染性心内膜炎@ 。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瓣膜结构"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腱索"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "间隔缺损的部位"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心内膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心内膜表面"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心脏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "如有肺炎改变应考虑为沙门菌肺炎（salmonella pneumonia）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "沙门菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "salmonella pneumonia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "儿童偏头痛@症状缓解：尽管被广泛用于该适应证，但尚无来自可靠实验的证据表明苯噻啶对小儿偏头痛的治疗有效。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苯噻啶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "肛门癌@肛门癌的T分期（基于原发肿瘤大小） * Tis - 原位肿瘤 * T1 - 肿瘤最大径≤2 cm * T2 - 肿瘤最大径＞2 cm 但≤5 cm * T3 - 肿瘤最大径＞5 cm * T4 - 肿瘤为任意大小，但侵袭邻近组织。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Tis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "T1"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "T2"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "T3"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "T4"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "我国常见的毒蛇有眼镜王蛇、银环蛇、金环蛇、竹叶青蛇、蝮蛇等，毒蛇咬伤多发生在夏季并以南方地区多见。 【临床表现】 血毒素主要表现为咬伤局部肿胀剧痛，可出现水疱、血泡、组织坏死、伤口流血不止，并迅即向近心端发展，全身出血或发生溶血、贫血、黄疸、血红蛋白尿及少尿、无尿，心音低钝，心律不齐，血压下降，呼吸急促、休克以致死亡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "毒蛇咬伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咬伤局部肿胀剧痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "毒蛇咬伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水疱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "毒蛇咬伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血泡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "毒蛇咬伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "组织坏死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "毒蛇咬伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伤口流血不止"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "毒蛇咬伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "毒蛇咬伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溶血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "毒蛇咬伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "毒蛇咬伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄疸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "毒蛇咬伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血红蛋白尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "毒蛇咬伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "少尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "毒蛇咬伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "毒蛇咬伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心音低钝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "毒蛇咬伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心律不齐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "毒蛇咬伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血压下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "毒蛇咬伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸急促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "毒蛇咬伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "休克"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "毒蛇咬伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "南方地区"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "急性淋巴细胞白血病@评估干扰素及IL-2在ALL治疗中的作用需要进一步研究。急性淋巴细胞白血病@ 已有研究对抗CD22抗体依帕珠单抗和伊珠单抗在复发ALL的患者中的作用进行了试验。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗CD22抗体依帕珠单抗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伊珠单抗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@诊查应包括血液培养、神经影像学检查（首选 MRI）和脑脊液 (CSF) 分析。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经影像学检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "神经影像学检查", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "脑脊液", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "CSF"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑脊液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血液培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑脊液 (CSF) 分析"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "类风湿关节炎@若柳氮磺吡啶、来氟米特或羟氯喹是初始用药，那么可加用甲氨蝶呤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "柳氮磺吡啶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "来氟米特"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "羟氯喹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "胃炎@某些胃炎形式的其他并发症包括胃癌和胃淋巴瘤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃淋巴瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@ ### 急性冠脉综合征 (ACS) ACS 是一个术语，用于描述由于冠状动脉血流突然减少导致的一系列疾病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急性冠脉综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ACS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "自身免疫性肝炎@检查结果常见脾肿大和蜘蛛痣，但是腹水和其他慢性肝病体征也可能出现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脾肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "蜘蛛痣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "8.伪膜性肠炎 多见长期使用抗生素后，由于长期使用抗生素导致肠道菌群紊乱，使难辨梭状芽胞杆菌大量繁殖，产生坏死毒素所致。常伴显著的低蛋白血症，水、电解质紊乱，全身软弱呈慢性消耗状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": ".伪膜性肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低蛋白血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": ".伪膜性肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水、电解质紊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": ".伪膜性肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身软弱呈慢性消耗状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 GERD的治疗一般根据症状的轻重不同可分为非系统性治疗、系统性内科治疗和外科手术治疗。如少量多餐，避免高脂肪及巧克力等可能降低LES张力、延缓胃排空的食物；婴儿可进食黏稠食物，休息时保持头抬高30°的俯卧位等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "GERD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "少量多餐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "GERD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "避免高脂肪及巧克力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "GERD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "进食黏稠食物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "GERD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "延缓胃排空的食物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "GERD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非系统性治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "GERD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "系统性内科治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "小儿哮喘@### 案例 #2 在过去两年中一个三岁的女孩出现喘息发作和令人烦恼的咳嗽。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喘息发作"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "令人烦恼的咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【病理】 RS的病理改变主要表现在脑和肝脏。肝活检发现上述典型的线粒体改变是确定诊断的重要病理依据。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "RS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "RS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "RS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "在小儿时期慢性TIN还可由代谢病引起，如①胱氨酸病：见本章第四节。⑤尿酸盐：尿酸负荷致肾受损，不定形尿酸盐结晶沉于肾间质引起周围巨噬细胞反应，与此同时，在小管及集合管中也有其结晶，最终导致间质纤维化、小管扩张及萎缩，此种损害只发生于血尿酸持续＞595～773μmol/L（10～13mg/dl）时。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "尿酸盐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性TIN"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "胱氨酸病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性TIN"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "三、急性扁桃体炎 急性扁桃体炎（acute tonsillitis）多伴有不等程度的急性咽炎。检查可见扁桃体弥漫性红肿，隐窝口可有滤泡状黄白色脓点，并可连成假膜，但不超出扁桃体范围，易于拭去，不留出血创面，此点可与白喉鉴别。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性扁桃体炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "扁桃体弥漫性红肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急性扁桃体炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "acute tonsillitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "急性扁桃体炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性咽炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "多发性硬化症@## 一级预防 除鼓励高危个体不要吸烟并尽可能地服用含维生素 D 的多种维生素外，尚无明确的一级预防策略。 多发性硬化症@。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素 D"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "新生儿狼疮综合征@新生儿期出现严重心动过缓，应使用起搏器。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "新生儿狼疮综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "使用起搏器"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "肾血管性高血压（renovascular hypertension，RVH）即为其中之一。男女发病率相似，症状轻重不一。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "肾血管性高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男女发病率相似"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肾血管性高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "renovascular hypertension"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "renovascular hypertension", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "RVH"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "先天性巨结肠（congenital megacolon)又称肠无神经节细胞症（aganglionosis)或赫什朋病（Hirschsprung disease,HD)，是由于直肠或结肠远端的肠管持续痉挛，粪便淤滞在近端结肠，使该肠管肥厚、扩张。根据病变肠管痉挛段的长度,本病可分为:①常见型（约占85%);②短段型（10%左右）长段型(4%左右）；④全结肠型（1%左右）；⑤全胃肠型（罕见）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "常见型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "短段型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "长段型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全结肠型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全胃肠型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "congenital megacolon"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠无神经节细胞症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "赫什朋病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肠无神经节细胞症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "aganglionosis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "赫什朋病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Hirschsprung disease"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "赫什朋病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断】 本病的诊断标准（试行，1994年10月，武汉）包括临床与实验室两个方面的依据： （一）临床诊断依据 能证实宿主体内有HCMV侵入，无论有无症状或病变均称为CMV感染。 （3）生后感染（postnatal infection）或获得性感染（acquired infection）： 由产后水平感染，主要是经哺乳而感染和由患婴造成的水平传播感染。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "CMV感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生后感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "生后感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "postnatal infection"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "获得性感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "acquired infection"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "生后感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "获得性感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【病因】 基础心脏病变 90%的感染性心内膜炎患者均有基础性心脏病变，其中以先天性心脏病最为多见，约占80% ,室间隔缺损、动脉导管未闭、主动脉瓣狭窄等较常见;后天性心脏病，如风湿性瓣膜病、二尖瓣脱垂综合征等也可并发感染性心内膜炎。心内补片、人造心脏瓣膜等是近年感染性心内膜炎常见的易患因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心内补片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "人造心脏瓣膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "后天性心脏病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染性心内膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "室间隔缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染性心内膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "动脉导管未闭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染性心内膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "主动脉瓣狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染性心内膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "先天性心脏病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "动脉导管未闭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "后天性心脏病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "风湿性瓣膜病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "后天性心脏病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "二尖瓣脱垂综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "风湿性瓣膜病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "二尖瓣脱垂综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "基础心脏病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "基础性心脏病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "先天性心脏病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "室间隔缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "先天性心脏病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "主动脉瓣狭窄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "疟疾感染@只有其他治疗选择不可用时（由于不良反应发生率增加以及担心出现长期或永久性神经精神并发症），才使用以甲氟喹为基础的方案。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲氟喹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "NB主要转移途径为淋巴及血行。影像学所示肿块中常有钙化灶，原发于胸腔时多见于后纵隔脊柱两侧，原发于腹腔时多见于肾上腺或后腹膜脊柱两侧。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "NB", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸腔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "NB", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹腔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "3.大动脉转位伴左室流出道梗阻 动力性左室流出道梗阻在临床上意义不大，并不是手术的禁忌证。Rastelli手术的缺点在于将来需做人工管道替换手术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "大动脉转位", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "人工管道替换手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "引起缺铁的可能因素有： （一）贮存铁不足 早产儿、母亲怀孕期严重缺铁、胎儿宫内失血等均可出现贮存铁不足。 （三）吸收障碍 消化系统的疾病如长期慢性腹泻、脂肪泻等均可影响铁的吸收。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "缺铁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸收障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "慢性腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "缺铁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "脂肪泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "缺铁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "缺铁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸收障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "缺铁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贮存铁不足"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "胎儿宫内失血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "缺铁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "缺铁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贮存铁不足"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "缺铁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早产儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "缺铁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "母亲怀孕期严重缺铁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "缺铁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胎儿宫内失血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "根据目前国内检出病原（肺炎链球菌、脑膜炎双球菌及流感杆菌为主），首选头孢三嗪或头孢噻肟，头孢三嗪［100mg/（kg•d），分2次］，具有广谱、高效、半衰期长、对革兰阴性杆菌作用效果好以及使用方便等优点，已成为治疗婴幼儿化脓性脑膜炎的常用药物，但其可与胆红素竞争白蛋白，有增加核黄疸的危险，在新生儿黄疸时少用。 （四）支持疗法 1.维持水、电解质平衡 不能进食时静脉补液，早期严格控制输液量（一般可用70%的维持量），因病初常因抗利尿激素分泌过多引起液体潴留而导致稀释性低钠血症，且常伴有脑水肿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "静脉补液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "暴发型流脑可伴发DIC、休克。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "暴发型流脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "DIC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "暴发型流脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "休克"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "6.肾小球性血尿特点 肾小球性血尿为全程血尿，无血凝块；可有肾区钝痛；常合并蛋白尿及管型，特别是有红细胞管型更说明血尿来自肾实质；尿沉渣红细胞形态及容积分布曲线检查符合肾小球血尿。 【有关实验室检查】 （一）尿常规检查 常用多联试纸法，可作为过筛及普查，敏感性为90%，但假阳性较高，需进一步做尿沉渣镜检以明确，当离心尿红细胞＞3个/HPF且三次以上则有病理意义；血尿如伴蛋白尿及红细胞管型则多为肾小球病变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "血尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿常规检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@### 初始体格检查无明显改变 在早期阶段，体格检查多无异常。阿尔茨海默病@在晚期，患者往往表现出衣冠不整、意识混乱、冷漠和定向障碍，伴有迟缓拖曳步态和驼背姿势。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体格检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "衣冠不整"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "意识混乱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冷漠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "定向障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "驼背"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "小儿哮喘@### 远程医疗和其他技术 远程医疗定义为患者和医务人员远距离、利用电子设备开展个性化的信息交换，患者提供信息，医疗专业人员利用他们的技术和判断，为患者提供一种医疗服务。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "远程医疗和其他技术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "第三节 病毒性脑炎与脑膜脑炎 【临床表现】 病毒性脑炎大多同时累及脑膜，如脑膜炎的表现较为明显则称为脑膜脑炎。常见的有严重意识障碍、行为异常、持续或频繁惊厥、弥漫性或局灶性神经体征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "病毒性脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "持续或频繁惊厥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "慢性髓性白血病@## 鉴别诊断 ### 查看全部  ### 类白血病反应 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 没有特定的临床鉴别特征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "慢性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "类白血病反应"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 典型结核性脑膜炎起病多较缓慢。部分患儿出现脑炎症状及体征,如定向、运动和 (或)语言障碍。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "典型结核性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑炎症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "典型结核性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "定向、运动和 (或)语言障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "类癌综合征@入选标准是： * 良好的肿瘤摄取 111-铟-DTPA-奥曲肽闪烁扫描图（肿瘤吸收＞肝脏吸收） * 血红蛋白＞80g/L(8g/dl) * 白细胞计数＞3.5x10^9/L * 血小板计数＞80×10^9/L * 肌酐清除率＞40ml/分钟 常用的放射性核素治疗是钇 Y 90 DOTA-octreotate 和镥 Lu 177 DOTA-octreotate。类癌综合征@ 已经报道在 60%-80%的病例中有症状的改善。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放射性核素治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钇 Y 90 DOTA-octreotate"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "镥 Lu 177 DOTA-octreotate"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "111-铟-DTPA-奥曲肽闪烁扫描图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血红蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白细胞计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血小板计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "水痘减毒活疫苗既可用作单一抗原，也可与麻疹、腮腺炎和风疹疫苗结合使用。.水痘病儿应隔离至皮疹全部结痂为止。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "水痘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水痘减毒活疫苗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "子宫内膜癌@ * 放射疗法可用于辅助治疗，从而降低局部区域复发的风险（例如阴道短距离放射治疗或盆腔 EBRT）。子宫内膜癌@ * 可考虑对中危或高危早期疾病患者进行阴道短距离放射治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "子宫内膜癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放射疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "三、葡萄球菌肺炎 葡萄球菌肺炎（staphylococcal pneumonia）多发生于新生儿和婴儿。痰或胸水涂片染色可发现中性粒细胞和革兰阳性球菌呈葡萄串链状排列。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "葡萄球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "痰或胸水涂片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "葡萄球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "staphylococcal pneumonia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "葡萄球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生儿和婴儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "川崎病@ 1.阿司匹林 阿司匹林有消炎及抑制血栓形成的作用。川崎病@在急性期，阿司匹林的用量是口服80～100mg/（kg•d），每日4次。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿司匹林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "肝硬化@### 维生素A、砷、氯乙烯中毒 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 无可鉴别的症状和体征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素A、砷、氯乙烯中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "溶血性贫血@尽管糖尿病患者需要更密切地监测血糖水平，但使用皮质类固醇或利妥昔单抗治疗的患者无需采取任何预防措施。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "利妥昔单抗治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮质类固醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "12.获得性失语性癫痫 又称为Landau-Kleffner综合征，4～7岁发病最多，男孩多于女孩，发病前语言功能正常，听觉失认为特征，失语表现为能听见声音，但不能理解语言的含意，逐渐发展为语言表达障碍。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "获得性失语性癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Landau-Kleffner综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "获得性失语性癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "4～7岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "获得性失语性癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男孩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "真菌性脑膜炎@### 组织胞浆菌性脑膜炎 可作为孤立性疾病或作为进行性弥散性组织胞浆菌病 (progressive disseminated histoplasmosis, PDH) 的一部分存在。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "progressive disseminated histoplasmosis", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PDH"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "新生儿黄疸@### 多血质 提示红细胞增多症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "红细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多血质"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "甲状腺癌@## 监测 乳头状、滤泡性或Hurthle细胞性 * 全甲状腺切除患者术后需行放射性碘扫描，当甲状腺功能被抑制以后（通常在术后4到6周）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "甲状腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放射性碘扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（三）巨噬细胞活化综合征 （MAS） 大多数MAS发生于全身型JIA，但英国作者报道首例MAS发生在活动性多关节型JIA病人。EBV感染后导致巨噬细胞活化综合征（MAS）的报告提示JIA病人在EBV感染后可能存在免疫缺陷；2001年法国报道24例MAS（男9例，女15例），其中全身型JIA 18例，多关节型2例，狼疮2例，另外2例为未定型关节炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "JIA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "巨噬细胞活化综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "巨噬细胞活化综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MAS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肺结核@## 并发症 ### 查看全部   并发症 table 并发症 | 时间表 | 可能性 ---|---|--- ### 结核的传播 | 短期 | 高 结核患者可以将病毒传播给密切接触者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结核的传播"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "苯丙酮尿症(phenylketonuria,PKU)是一种常染色体隐性遗传疾病，因苯丙氨酸羟化酶基因突变导致酶活性降低，苯丙氨酸及其代谢产物在体内蓄积导致疾病。 患儿主要采用低苯丙氨酸配方奶治疗，待血苯丙氨酸浓度降至理想浓度时（表16-5)，可逐渐少量添加天然饮食,其中首选母乳，因母乳中血苯丙氨酸含量仅为牛奶的1/3。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "苯丙酮尿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低苯丙氨酸配方奶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "苯丙酮尿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "常染色体隐性遗传"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@结果 可见副肿瘤性抗体，如抗 N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸 (NMDA) 受体，抗电压-门控钾通道，抗 Hu、抗 Yo、抗 Ri、抗 Tr、抗 CV2、抗 Ma、抗两性蛋白抗体 ### 全身 CT 检查 结果 检查 如疑似有和边缘叶脑炎或脑干脑炎相关的癌症（例如肺癌、乳腺癌或卵巢癌），应将该项检查作为患者病程后期临床检查的一部分。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身 CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "边缘叶脑炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "卵巢癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "边缘叶脑炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "边缘叶脑炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身 CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身 CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "卵巢癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身 CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "卵巢癌@对于所有绝经前出现卵巢增大或者绝经后仍可触及卵巢的所有女性，均应行进一步评估，以排除恶性肿瘤。 卵巢癌@### 影像学检查 为评估可疑的盆腔包块，经阴道盆腔超声是首选方法，能为临床处理提供定性和定量的信息。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "卵巢癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阴道盆腔超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "四、平滑肌肉瘤 平滑肌肉瘤（leiomyosarcoma）可以发生于任何含有平滑肌的器官或组织，最多见于胃肠道；成人、儿童均如此，但成人多见。一般将其分为三类：①腹膜后和腹腔内（大网膜、肠系膜、胃肠道和其他脏器）；②皮肤和皮下组织；③脉管源性平滑肌肉瘤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "平滑肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤和皮下组织"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "平滑肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脉管源性平滑肌肉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肺结核@[ Bronchiectasis ](/topics/zh-cn/1007) ### 广泛的肺组织破坏 | 长期 | 低 广泛的肺实质破坏可见于原发性或继发性肺结核中。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "广泛的肺组织破坏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "1912年Kinner Wilson首次对本病的临床表现及病理解剖作了全面的描述，因而本病又称Wilson病（Wilson disease，WD）。WD儿童期的表现主要包括慢性肝炎、无症状性肝硬化或急性肝衰竭；青年期的表现以神经精神症状为主，包括肌张力障碍、震颤、性格改变及认知障碍。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "WD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "WD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "WD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性肝炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "WD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性肝衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "WD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无症状性肝硬化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "WD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性肝炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "WD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性肝衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "WD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌张力障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "WD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "震颤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "WD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "性格改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "WD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "认知障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "铅中毒@## 治疗步骤 铅中毒的主要治疗办法是去除铅暴露源。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "铅中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "去除铅暴露源"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "幼年型皮肌炎@ （三）消化道症状 有口咽部溃疡、全腹痛、黑粪，偶有呕血，示消化道黏膜弥漫性出血性炎症或急性肠系膜动脉栓塞；胃肠道穿孔时膈下有游离气体；腹胀时应疑及麻痹性肠梗阻。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "幼年型皮肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口咽部溃疡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "幼年型皮肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "幼年型皮肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黑粪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "幼年型皮肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "幼年型皮肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膈下有游离气体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "幼年型皮肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹胀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "幼年型皮肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性肠系膜动脉栓塞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "因此蛔虫病可在温暖季节传播，有时经年都可传播。由于虫体代谢产物或崩解物被吸收，可引起低热和出现精神、神经系症状，如精神委靡或兴奋不安、头痛、易怒、睡眠不安、易惊。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精神委靡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "兴奋不安"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易怒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睡眠不安"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易惊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "根据其肢体瘫痪不对称,脑脊液中可有白细胞增多，周围神经传导功能正常，以及急性期粪便病毒分离阳性，容易与吉兰-巴雷综合征鉴别。肌肉瘫痪停止进展后数周内，85%以上的患儿肌力逐渐恢复，3 ~6个月内 完全恢复。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "吉兰-巴雷综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌力逐渐恢复"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "胃炎@化脓性胃炎是一种罕见却威胁生命的胃黏膜下和肌层的感染，见于虚弱的患者。 胃炎@术前诊断比较困难，初期应通过积极液体复苏和早期经验性肠外使用抗生素稳定脓毒症患者病情。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "化脓性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "化脓性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃黏膜下"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "化脓性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌层"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "一、肺动脉瓣狭窄 肺动脉瓣狭窄占所有右室流出道梗阻性病变的80%～90%。Campbell发现在肺动脉瓣狭窄患儿的同胞中心脏病的发生率为2. 1%，通常为肺动脉瓣狭窄或法洛四联症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "肺动脉瓣狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "2. 1%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肺动脉瓣狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "法洛四联症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肺动脉瓣狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "右室流出道梗阻性病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "图12-8 尿道下裂的分型 【伴发畸形】 尿道下裂最常见的伴发畸形为腹股沟斜疝及睾丸下降不全，各占10%左右。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "尿道下裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹股沟斜疝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "尿道下裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睾丸下降不全"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "子宫内膜癌@内膜活检（即使用一次性塑料制工具，如Pipelle吸管进行的活检术）也是高度可信的，敏感性超过99%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "子宫内膜癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内膜活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "国际上推荐:儿童慢性型ITP,泼尼松4 ~5mg/(kg • d)，分3次服用，连用3~4天，2~3周为1疗程,可连续4~5疗程。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "儿童慢性型ITP", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泼尼松"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "基底细胞癌@治疗效果：中等质量证据表明，对于基底细胞癌患者皮损切除后3个月，高剂量5-氟尿嘧啶与低剂量5-氟尿嘧啶达到的组织学效果是一样的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮损切除"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5-氟尿嘧啶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "完全性大动脉换位合并室间隔缺损及肺动脉狭窄 血流动力学改变类似法洛四联症。 【临床表现】 青紫 出现早,半数出生时即存在,绝大多数始于1个月内。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "完全性大动脉换位", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青紫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "铅中毒@### 便秘 (儿童) 在儿童铅脑病前出现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "铅中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "便秘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "腹主动脉瘤@在支气管镜检查、胃肠道或泌尿生殖内镜检查或可能导致出血的牙科操作之前，需要使用抗生素预防移植物感染。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病@为尽可能确保该药物安全地使用，欧洲药品管理局 (EMA) 向医生发布了建议，包括使用预防性抗生素来预防 _金罗维氏肺孢子菌_ 肺炎，并通过定期血液检查来监测白细胞计数。慢性淋巴细胞白血病@他们还建议全身性感染的患者，或无既往治疗史且存在 17p 缺失或 TP53 突变的 CLL 患者不应当开始艾代拉里斯治疗，除非这些患者无法接受替代治疗，并随后采取预防感染的措施 。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血液检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "_金罗维氏肺孢子菌_ 肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "预防性抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "第六节 急性会厌炎 急性会厌炎（acute epiglottis）亦称急性梗阻性声门上喉炎，婴儿与老年人易感。 喉镜检查可发现肿胀增大的樱红色会厌，杓会厌皱襞，杓状软骨和喉室带均充血水肿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "急性会厌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喉镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "急性会厌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "婴儿与老年人"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "多发性骨髓瘤@ ### 肾衰竭 | 存在差异 | 中 是不良治疗效果的预测因子。多发性骨髓瘤@病因经常为多因素性的，包括高钙血症、MM 肾、高尿酸血症、静脉尿路造影术引起的毒性、脱水、浆细胞浸润、肾盂肾炎、非甾体抗炎药物等药物，以及淀粉样变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "高钙血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "高尿酸血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "脱水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肾衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "浆细胞浸润"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肾衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非甾体抗炎药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肾衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淀粉样变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肾盂肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "宫颈癌@## 患者指导 应该鼓励患者报告明显的症状（疼痛、出血、水肿）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "子宫内膜癌@对于年龄 生存期：有高质量的证据表明，对于晚期内膜样腺癌患者，顺铂+多柔比星方案可延长无进展生存期，但对总体生存期无影响，且毒性反应增加。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "晚期内膜样腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "顺铂+多柔比星方案"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@### Atezolizumab 一种与 PD-L1 结合的人源化设计的单克隆抗体。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Atezolizumab"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "胃癌@ 姑息性胃切除术 * 可能改善出血及梗阻等症状。胃癌@ ### 治疗的并发症 手术治疗 * 胃瘫、倾倒综合征、吻合口瘘、切口感染、术后心肺并发症和营养不良 * 术后心脏或肺部并发症，例如心肌梗死和肺炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胃癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胃癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "胆管癌@磁共振胰胆管造影（MRCP）可以帮助评估阻塞近端和远端的胆道。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "磁共振胰胆管造影（MRCP）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@注意，如果需要紧急行冠状动脉旁路移植术，或计划5～7 d内进行该项手术，不推荐使用P2Y12受体抑制剂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冠状动脉旁路移植术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@ 但是，抗凝的应用要根据临床医生的选择。ST段抬高型心肌梗死@之前接受了普通肝素抗凝的患者，需要等待30min后再使用静脉推注药物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "转移性乳腺癌@ ### 神经性疼痛或无力、头痛、癫痫发作 | 存在差异 | 中 可能会有脑部或周围神经系统转移。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经性疼痛或无力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "引起缺铁的可能因素有： （一）贮存铁不足 早产儿、母亲怀孕期严重缺铁、胎儿宫内失血等均可出现贮存铁不足。 （二）饮食中铁含量不足 以牛乳、米、面粉等为主的食物进行人工喂养的婴儿，由于食物中含铁较少，不足以适应生长的需要，故易发生缺铁或缺铁性贫血，早产儿尤易如此。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "缺铁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "饮食中铁含量不足"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "缺铁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贮存铁不足"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "胎儿宫内失血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "缺铁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "缺铁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贮存铁不足"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "缺铁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早产儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "缺铁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "母亲怀孕期严重缺铁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "缺铁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胎儿宫内失血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@诊断需要临床怀疑，因为肠系膜缺血患者可能存在血清淀粉酶和脂肪酶升高，从而误诊为胰腺炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠系膜缺血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脂肪酶升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "肠系膜缺血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰腺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "第四节 胱氨酸储积病与胱氨酸尿症 一、胱氨酸病 胱氨酸病又称胱氨酸储积病，是儿童Fanconi综合征最常见的病因之一。本病是由于胱氨酸转运载体的缺陷，导致细胞内胱氨酸大量贮积而影响细胞功能，从而导致的多器官受累的一种疾病，因此与胱氨酸尿症不同，后者是由于肾小管上皮细胞转运胱氨酸障碍，导致尿中胱氨酸浓度异常增高而沉积在肾脏形成胱氨酸结石。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "胱氨酸病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胱氨酸转运载体的缺陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "胱氨酸病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细胞内胱氨酸大量贮积"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "胱氨酸病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胱氨酸储积病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "胱氨酸病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童Fanconi综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "失眠症@## 治疗流程 请注意，同一药物不同名称的剂型和剂量可能不同： [ 参见免责声明 ](https://bestpractice.bmj.com/info/disclaimer/) 急性 ### 急性失眠症 查看全部   入睡困难 首选 –   认知行为疗法 (CBT) 失眠症的一线疗法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性失眠症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "入睡困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "急性失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "认知行为疗法 (CBT)"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "细菌性脑膜炎@对液体复苏不能立即起效的低血压或低灌注患者需予以升压药（如肾上腺素﹑去甲肾上腺素﹑米力农﹑多巴胺） 如果患者出现血容量低或者休克，应静脉补液治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "升压药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾上腺素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "去甲肾上腺素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "米力农"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多巴胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "静脉补液治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "膀胱癌@据报道，高剂量维生素 A、B6、C 和 E 可降低疾病复发，建议增加蔬菜和水果的摄入量。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "膀胱癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高剂量维生素 A、B6、C 和 E"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "B族链球菌感染@结果 葡萄糖水平正常或下降，蛋白质水平升高（脑膜炎） ### 脑脊液抗原检测 检查 结果 检查 B族链球菌抗原检测可进一步证实诊断，但是对患者治疗方案的助益极少。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑脊液抗原检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "蛋白质水平升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "葡萄糖水平正常或下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠胆汁淤积@如果与考来烯胺类的阴离子交换树脂共同使用，应将其与熊去氧胆酸两种药物交替使用，而不是同时使用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "熊去氧胆酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "肝硬化@[ 自发性细菌性腹膜炎 (SBP) ](/topics/zh-cn/793) ### 肝性胸水 | 存在差异 | 中 大约5%-10%的肝硬化患者会发生肝性胸水，通常是在合并腹水的患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "自发性细菌性腹膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "自发性细菌性腹膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "SBP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝性胸水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "甲状腺癌@## 诊断步骤 无症状的甲状腺结节最容易在30岁到40岁之间的女性中检测出来。 甲状腺癌@头颈部放射史是甲状腺癌的危险因素之一，是较强的但不是常见的因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "甲状腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头颈部放射史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "疼痛是GBS常见的症状，可能与多种因素有关，如神经根炎及神经炎，不能活动等造成的肌肉疼痛和痛觉过敏。 患者可能出现情绪方面的改变，所有的医护人员都要经常鼓励患者，安慰患者恢复虽然缓慢但可以完全恢复。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "GBS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "经常鼓励患者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "GBS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "GBS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌肉疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "GBS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "痛觉过敏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "腹主动脉瘤@结果 升高 ### 全血细胞计数 (FBC) 检查 结果 检查 全血细胞计数 (FBC) 发现白细胞增多和相对性贫血，且血培养阳性，提示感染性 AAA。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "感染性 AAA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全血细胞计数 (FBC)"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "铅中毒@然而对于任何出现急性脑病以及可能有铅接触史的人员，应该考虑铅中毒。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "铅中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "有铅接触史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "但另有作者从临床和实验证明缺铁性贫血患者的抵抗力和细胞免疫反应等均正常，在试管和动物实验中，加入铁元素能促进细菌和白假丝酵母等繁殖和毒力增强，用转铁蛋白螯合后又可抑制细菌繁殖。 6.运铁蛋白饱和度（transferrin saturation，TS） 常下降至15%以下（正常值为35～40%），炎症时也可下降，但与铁缺乏不同，总铁结合力也下降。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "缺铁性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "运铁蛋白饱和度"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@检查 CT 扫描 - 受累区域呈低衰减。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT 扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（四）其他的冠状动脉异常 单支冠状动脉 ：除了如发生冠状动脉粥样化出现相应症状外，这些患儿偶可猝死，这常发生在单支血管走行于主肺动脉间。诊断依赖于心血管造影，但目前无特殊治疗方法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "单支冠状动脉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心血管造影"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "其他的冠状动脉异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单支冠状动脉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "单支冠状动脉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冠状动脉粥样化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "单支冠状动脉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "猝死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "诺如病毒肠炎:全年散发,暴发高峰多见于寒冷季节（11月至第二年2月）。可有呼吸道症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "诺如病毒肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸道症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发季节", "subject": "诺如病毒肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "寒冷季节（11月至第二年2月）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "急腹泻的治疗 饮食疗法:腹泻时进食和吸收减少,而肠黏膜损伤的恢复、发热时代谢旺盛、侵袭性肠炎丢失蛋白等因素使得营养需要量增加，如限制饮食过严或禁食过久常造成营养不良，并发酸中毒，以致病情迁延不愈影响生长发育。 补镁:在补钙后手足搐搦不见好转反而加重时要考虑低镁血症，可测定血镁浓度。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "补镁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "肺结核@利福平可用于那些有明确记录暴露于异烟肼耐药、利福平敏感或异烟肼不能耐受者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "利福平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "喉癌@ ### 罕见 查看全部   ### 中耳积液 晚期患者多见。喉癌@ ### 喘息 无论何种组织类型喉癌晚期都可出现呼吸道梗阻。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中耳积液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸道梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "第五章 青紫型先天性心脏病 第一节 法洛四联症 法洛四联症（tetralogy of Fallot，TOF）是最常见的青紫型先天性心脏病，约占青紫型先天性心脏病的70%左右，约占所有先天性心脏病的10%。 （三）外科治疗 近年来外科手术不断的进展，本病根治术的死亡率在不断下降。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "法洛四联症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外科治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "法洛四联症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "tetralogy of Fallot"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "tetralogy of Fallot", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "法洛四联症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "TOF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "法洛四联症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "法洛四联症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性心脏病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "法洛四联症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青紫型先天性心脏病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "尘肺@石棉肺，是另外一类主要的尘肺症，将在另一单独专题中进行讨论。尘肺@还有许多其他较不常见的尘肺症，包括铁尘肺（与铁相关）和滑石肺。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "尘肺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "铁尘肺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "尘肺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "滑石肺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "尘肺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "石棉肺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "中耳炎@## 并发症 ### 查看全部   并发症 table 并发症 | 时间表 | 可能性 ---|---|--- ### 大疱性鼓膜炎 | 短期 | 低 有时，急性中耳炎患者的鼓膜上会产生大疱。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大疱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大疱性鼓膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "急性中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼓膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "急性淋巴细胞白血病@涂片用瑞氏或吉姆萨染色。 急性淋巴细胞白血病@### 影像学检查 胸部X光片可排除纵膈肿物、胸腔积液和下呼吸道感染。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部X光片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "多发性骨髓瘤@在过去 3 周中，他出现了咳嗽和疲劳加重。多发性骨髓瘤@查体显示肺炎证据，且影像学显示溶骨性病变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溶骨性病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疲劳加重"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "（一）急性期 新发病，临床症状明显而多变，病程多不超过6个月。患儿极度乏力、头晕、烦躁、呕吐、心前区疼痛或压迫感。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "极度乏力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头晕"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烦躁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "3.肝功能损害及胆汁淤积（PN associated cholestasis，简称PNAC） 临床特征是应用PN期间出现不能解释的黄疸和（或）肝功能损害，其确切病因目前尚不知道，大多学者认为由多因素引起，主要包括：①早产儿、低体重儿：Beale等报道，出生体重＜2000g在PN 2周后，有50%的患儿发生胆汁淤积；出生体重在1000～2000g，其发生率为15%。②禁食作用：PNAC的发生率随禁食时间的延长而增加，多数病例在PN进行2～10周后发生。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝功能损害及胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "禁食作用"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肝功能损害及胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PN associated cholestasis，简称PNAC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝功能损害及胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早产儿、低体重儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "麻风病@### 皮肤利什曼病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 皮肤利什曼病和鼻咽黏膜利什曼病（在南美）可能会被误认为是麻风病。麻风病@面部皮肤病变往往集中于嘴和鼻，并形成比麻风病变更大的边界。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "皮肤利什曼病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嘴"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "皮肤利什曼病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤利什曼病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性感染性喉炎(acute infectious laryngitis)是指喉部黏膜的急性弥漫性炎症。以犬吠样咳嗽、声嘶、喉鸣、吸气性呼吸困难为临床特征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性感染性喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "犬吠样咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性感染性喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "声嘶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性感染性喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喉鸣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性感染性喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸气性呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急性感染性喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "acute infectious laryngitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "急性感染性喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喉部黏膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "口咽癌@提高局部晚期的IVB期及不可手术切除头颈部癌的生存率和局部控制：随机研究的中等质量证据证明，同步放化疗比单纯放疗有更好的生存率和局部控制率。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "头颈部癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "同步放化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "头颈部癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "同步放化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "痛风@虽然康纳单抗对于减轻疼痛在数值上有更好的反应（100mm 视觉模拟评分），但只有在 24、48 和 72 小时给予最高剂量才能在统计学上优于曲安奈德。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "康纳单抗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "曲安奈德"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "脓毒性休克（septic shock)是指脓毒症伴由其所致的低血压，虽经液体治疗后仍无法逆转。 【病因】 多种病原微生物的感染均可伴发脓毒性休克,其中尤以革兰氏阴性菌所致者最多见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "脓毒性休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "革兰氏阴性菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "脓毒性休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "septic shock"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肾细胞癌@最近的证据表明，美洲土著人和阿拉斯加州人的 RCC 死亡率更高（黑人为 9/100,000；白人为 6/100,000）。 肾细胞癌@### 肥胖 对于肥胖增加RCC发病的估计风险取决于不同研究中对“超重”如何定义。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "肾细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肥胖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "RCC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肥胖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "甲状腺癌@甲状腺癌的治疗提倡多学科团队协作。 甲状腺癌@### 乳头状、滤泡性或Hurthle细胞性 对于大多数患者，标准的治疗方案是先手术，术后行放射性碘消融以及TSH抑制治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "甲状腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "TSH抑制治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "甲状腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放射性碘消融"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "膀胱癌@## 病史和查体 ### 关键诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部   ### 存在的危险因素 危险因素包括吸烟、男性、55 岁以上、暴露于化学致癌剂、盆腔放疗、全身化疗以及阳性膀胱癌家族史。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "膀胱癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "膀胱癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "膀胱癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "55 岁以上"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "膀胱癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阳性膀胱癌家族史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "B族链球菌感染@ 孕妇 * 与其他细菌感染一样，发热为常见症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "1938年Wilmer首先提出了融合肾的概念，1957年McDonald和McClellan对其作了修正，并扩展至包括伴或不伴融合的交叉异位肾、孤立交叉异位肾和双侧交叉异位肾。 4.前后融合肾，也称L型融合（图12-12A）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "融合肾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前后融合肾"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "前后融合肾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "L型融合"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现和实验室检査】 β地中海贫血 根据病情轻重的不同，分为以下三型。 轻型:患者无症状或轻度贫血，脾不大或轻度大。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "β地中海贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "轻型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "GSDⅦ型（Tarui病）肌磷酸果糖激酶缺陷。临床症状和体征：运动后骨骼肌疼痛无力，缺血运动试验后血乳酸不升高，智能发育正常，预后好。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "GSDⅦ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "运动后骨骼肌疼痛无力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "GSDⅦ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Tarui病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "前置胎盘@### 既往流产 已有报告表明该病与既往流产和反复流产具有相关性。 前置胎盘@### 既往人工流产 已有报告表明该病与既往流产具有相关性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "既往流产"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "第三节 室间隔缺损 室间隔缺损（ventricular septal defect，VSD）是最常见的先天性心血管畸形，可占先心病人的20%。出现艾森门格综合征者，只能行心脏移植术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "室间隔缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心脏移植术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "室间隔缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ventricular septal defect"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "室间隔缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "VSD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "室间隔缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性心血管畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "毛细胞白血病@ * 可在大多数患者中诱导部分缓解但通常难以达到完全缓解。毛细胞白血病@ 脾切除术 * 脾切除曾经是一种治疗选择，且直到 15 年前还是标准治疗方式。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "毛细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脾切除"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "二、血小板无力症第十篇 血液系统疾病 第四章 出血性疾病 第二节 血小板功能异常性疾病【发病机制】 【临床表现】 【实验室检查】 【诊断】 （一）临床表现 （二）实验室检查瑞士医师Glanzmann于1918年首先报道本病，故又称Glanzmann thrombasthenia （ GT ） 。 二、血小板无力症 瑞士医师Glanzmann于1918年首先报道本病，故又称Glanzmann thrombasthenia（GT）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "Glanzmann thrombasthenia", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血小板无力症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "血液系统疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血性疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "出血性疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血小板功能异常性疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "Glanzmann thrombasthenia", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "GT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "膀胱癌@ 相比之下，多项研究表明，使用二甲双胍治疗糖尿病前期或 2 型糖尿病可实际降低癌症的发病率和死亡率，并提高化疗和放疗的疗效。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "糖尿病前期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "二甲双胍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "2 型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "二甲双胍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "放线菌病@ （三）动物接种 将培养物与5%猪胃黏液素混悬液接种于小白鼠腹腔，4～6周后可在腹腔内见到小脓肿和“硫磺颗粒”。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "放线菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "动物接种"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "广泛性焦虑障碍@## 患者指导 如果焦虑目前还共病抑郁(尤其是自杀观念）或酒药滥用，患者应寻求医疗帮助来减轻由焦虑症状导致的痛苦感和功能受损的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "共病抑郁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "根据肿瘤细胞在骨组织中浸润和骨化的特性，成骨肉瘤可以分为成骨性骨肉瘤、成软骨性骨肉瘤和成纤维性骨肉瘤。比较一致的观点是，成骨肉瘤一旦经病理证实，就应该立即开始前期的化学治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "成骨肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化学治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "成骨肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "成骨性骨肉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "成骨肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "成软骨性骨肉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "成骨肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "成纤维性骨肉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "成骨肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨性骨肉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "心力衰竭@ （五）磷酸二酯酶抑制剂 新型的磷酸二酯酶抑制剂可提高心肌收缩力和扩张外周血管。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "心力衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "磷酸二酯酶抑制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "低钾血症的临床表现不仅取决于血钾的浓度，而更重要的是缺钾发生的速度。低钾引起骨骼肌、平滑肌及心肌功能的改变主要表现为肌肉软弱无力，重者出现呼吸肌麻痹或麻痹性肠梗阻、胃扩张；膝反射、腹壁反射减弱或消失；肾脏浓缩功能下降，出现多尿，重者有碱中毒症状；可出现心律紊乱、血压降低，甚至发生心力衰竭，心电图表现为T波低宽、出现U波、QT间期延长，T波倒置以及ST段下降等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低钾血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌肉软弱无力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低钾血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸肌麻痹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低钾血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "麻痹性肠梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低钾血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃扩张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低钾血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾脏浓缩功能下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低钾血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低钾血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "碱中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低钾血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心律紊乱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低钾血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血压降低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低钾血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "类癌综合征@在手术前和术后住院的 24 - 72 小时患者应静脉输入溶液和别嘌呤醇（为了防止溶瘤综合征）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "溶瘤综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溶液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "溶瘤综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "别嘌呤醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "病毒性脑膜炎@≥1 个月的婴儿、儿童以及 ≤50 岁的成人 – 附加 –   地塞米松 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [ 地塞米松 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 儿童：咨询专科医生以指导剂量；成人：0.15 mg/kg，静脉使用，每 6 小时一次，持续 2-4 天 尽管未证实在给予抗生素之前给予地塞米松辅助治疗能够显著降低细菌性脑膜炎患者的死亡率，但已证实此治疗可减少高收入国家患者的听力受损和神经系统后遗症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "病毒性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "地塞米松"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎患者", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病@肺功能检查应该至少每 3 年监测 1 次，以评估治疗反应和更改药物治疗方案的可能需求。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺功能检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "【实验室检査】 由于先天性甲低发病率高，在生命早期对神经系统功能损害严重，且其治疗容易、疗效佳，因此早期诊断、早期治疗至为重要。一旦诊断确立，应终生服用甲状腺制剂，不能中断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "先天性甲低", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "服用甲状腺制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@[ 心包炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/243) ### 心肌炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 患者近期有流感样疾病史，或有免疫系统疾病如系统性红斑狼疮（SLE)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流感样疾病史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "癫痫持续状态@咪达唑仑和二异丙酚是全身麻醉的最佳首选药物， 也可以使用其他药物，包括戊巴比妥和戊硫代巴比妥（注：戊巴比妥是戊硫代巴比妥的活性代谢产物）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咪达唑仑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "二异丙酚"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "戊巴比妥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "戊硫代巴比妥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "三、鹦鹉热衣原体肺炎 鹦鹉热衣原体肺炎（chlamydia psittaci pneumonia）属人畜共患性疾病。胸部X线检查早期即有肺浸润，呈非典型性肺炎变化。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "鹦鹉热衣原体肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部X线检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "鹦鹉热衣原体肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "有肺浸润"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "鹦鹉热衣原体肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非典型性肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "鹦鹉热衣原体肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "chlamydia psittaci pneumonia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（二）抗疟药物治疗 根据抗疟药物的性能和作用，大致分为三类：主要用于控制临床症状，如氯喹、奎宁、青蒿素等，是杀灭滋养体及裂殖体的有效药物；主要用于复发和传播，如伯氨喹、扑疟喹，是杀灭肝内的潜隐子（红细胞外期）及配子体的特效药；主要用于预防疟疾的感染，如乙胺嘧啶是孢子增殖杀灭剂，对红细胞内期裂殖体有抑制作用。 3.青蒿素及其衍生物 青蒿素成人剂量为：口服每次0. 6g，每天3次，连用3天为一疗程；肌内注射剂量为200～300mg/次，每天1～2次，连用3天。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青蒿素及其衍生物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗疟药物治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氯喹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "奎宁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青蒿素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伯氨喹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "扑疟喹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乙胺嘧啶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "喉癌@患者起病隐匿，出现声音嘶哑、咽喉痛、吞咽困难、吞咽痛（吞咽时咽痛）、耳痛及颈部肿物。喉癌@多数喉癌患者为超过40岁的中年男性，尤其是黑人。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "声音嘶哑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽喉痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吞咽困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吞咽痛（吞咽时咽痛）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "耳痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超过40岁的中年男性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "痔@通常没必要长期随访，但如患者有任何治疗相关的并发症或持续症状反复发生，尤其有危险胃肠症状（如出血、贫血、排便习惯改变、腹痛、体重减轻）时，需再做包括结肠镜在内的检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结肠镜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "排便习惯改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重减轻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "类风湿关节炎@或 [ 羟氯喹 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 200-400mg，口服，每日一次 妊娠期间 RA 症状常减轻。类风湿关节炎@ 由于计划妊娠或者处于妊娠期的患者多数药不能使用，因此这是有益的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "羟氯喹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 多数病毒引起的无菌性脑膜炎缺乏特异性治疗。包括：①维持水电解质平衡和适当的营养；②控制高热；③镇静剂与止惊剂的应用，适用于出现过度兴奋、多动或惊厥者；④病情监护，如出现昏迷或更严重的神经症状体征，则应按病毒性脑炎治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "无菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "控制高热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "无菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "镇静剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "无菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "止惊剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "无菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病情监护"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "痛风@### 使用吡嗪酰胺 可增加尿酸盐的重吸收。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "使用吡嗪酰胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "口咽癌@然而，单独行PET扫描或联合CT扫描也是可行的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PET扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "联合CT扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "肥厚型心肌病@附加 –   ICD 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 在治疗的任何阶段，如评估患者为猝死高危，或患者有新发的有症状或无症状但高危的室性心律失常，均应考虑ICD治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "肥厚型心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ICD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "猝死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ICD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "肝硬化@胆管炎（因原发性胆汁性胆管炎和原发性硬化性胆管炎导致）可引发碱性磷酸酶和 γ-谷酰转移酶 (GGT) 增高以及 AST 与 ALT 的轻微异常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "原发性胆汁性胆管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆管炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "原发性硬化性胆管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆管炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "甲状腺癌@ ### TSH抑制相关的心房颤动 | 长期 | 中 60岁以上患者，接受TSH抑制治疗10年以上者，发生心房颤动的几率约为20%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "甲状腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "TSH抑制相关的心房颤动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 低氧性呼吸衰竭和PPHN有较高的死亡率和并发症，治疗的目标是纠正低氧血症，同时尽可能减少由于呼吸治疗本身而出现的并发症。新型的治疗方法（如血管扩张剂、抗氧化剂治疗等）仍在不断的探索中，并有一定的前景。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "PPHN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血管扩张剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "PPHN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗氧化剂治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "3β-羟基-C27-类固醇脱氢酶/异构酶缺陷 (HSD3B7基因变异）、δ-4-3-氧固醇-5β-还原酶缺陷、氧固醇7α-羟化酶（CYP7B1)缺陷、25-羟化酶 (CH25H)缺陷;Citrin缺乏致新生儿肝内胆汁淤积症（NICCD) ,Aagenaes综合征（遗传性胆汁淤积伴淋巴水肿）、新生儿Dubin-Johnson综合征（MRP2缺乏症）、Zellweger综合征（脑-肝-肾综合征）等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "新生儿肝内胆汁淤积症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "NICCD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "新生儿Dubin-Johnson综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRP2缺乏症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "Zellweger综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑-肝-肾综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "三、病理改变第八篇 呼吸系统疾病 第十一章 支气管哮喘 第一节 支气管哮喘的病因与发病机制气道黏膜充血、水肿，上皮细胞脱落、崩解。支气管腔内可见黏液或黏液栓，引起肺泡膨胀，过度充气或肺不张。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺泡膨胀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "过度充气"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺不张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气道黏膜充血、水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上皮细胞脱落、崩解"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠胆汁淤积@当胆汁酸小于40 µmol/L同时需要缓解症状时，使用抗组胺药物及阴离子交换树脂（例如考来烯胺）作为一线治疗方案。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗组胺药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "考来烯胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "第一种是以神经的病变部位为分类基础，其代表为Bors-Coman分类法，根据脊髓损伤的部位将神经源性膀胱分为上运动神经元型（骶上型）、下运动神经元型（骶下型）以及混合型；第二种以膀胱功能变化为基础，如Wein分类法，根据膀胱排空机能将神经源性膀胱分为贮尿障碍和排空障碍，该方法的优点是较适用于临床应用。 （一）病史及体格检查 脊髓脊膜膨出等先天性脊髓发育不良和椎管发育不全常导致患儿生后出现排尿（排便）异常，脊柱表面皮肤病变，下肢、足畸形和步态异常等情况，在新生儿或婴幼儿往往多因后两种情况而就诊；在大年龄患儿，通常在可控制大小便和行走的阶段出现异常而被家长发现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "脊髓脊膜膨出", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经源性膀胱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "神经源性膀胱", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上运动神经元型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "神经源性膀胱", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "混合型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "上运动神经元型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骶上型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "下运动神经元型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骶下型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "神经源性膀胱", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贮尿障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "神经源性膀胱", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "排空障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "脊髓脊膜膨出", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性脊髓发育不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "脊髓脊膜膨出", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "椎管发育不全"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脊髓脊膜膨出", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "排尿（排便）异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "脊髓脊膜膨出", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脊柱表面"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "脊髓脊膜膨出", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下肢"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "脊髓脊膜膨出", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "足"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "脊髓脊膜膨出", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "步态"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@### 外生性、真菌样生长、疣状结节或斑块 疣状癌表现为皮肤或黏膜外生性、真菌样生长、疣状结节或斑块。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外生性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "真菌样生长"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疣状结节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "斑块"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "疣状癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤或黏膜外生性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "疣状癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "真菌样生长"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "疣状癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疣状结节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "疣状癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "斑块"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "中耳炎@## 二级预防 以下行为可能有助于防止耳部进一步感染：避免接触二手烟、喂养孩子时头部垫高、尽量避免使用仿真奶嘴、避免接触可增加孩子接触到感冒病毒的环境。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尽量避免使用仿真奶嘴"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "避免接触二手烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喂养孩子时头部垫高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "Depape-Brigger和Goldman试用二硫苏糖醇（dithiotreitol，DIT）治疗2例也未获效果。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "二硫苏糖醇", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "dithiotreitol"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "dithiotreitol", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "DIT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@结果 红细胞管型；白细胞管型；蛋白尿；脓尿 ### 血培养 检查 结果 检查 为确保最大的检测阳性率，通常建议在开始抗生素治疗之前做间隔1小时的3组血培养。感染性心内膜炎@阴性培养的心内膜炎的最常见原因是血培养前进行抗生素治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "破伤风@随着病情的发展，肌肉强直发展到整个身体，开始出现肌肉痉挛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "肌肉强直", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌肉痉挛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "垂体功能减退@与正常人群相比，垂体功能减退患者的心脑血管疾病死亡专率更高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心脑血管疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@## 诊断步骤 患者若有3周以上的出血性腹泻和/或伴有全身性炎症征象的腹泻，应考虑是否患有炎症性肠病（IBC）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血性腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身性炎症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "炎症性肠病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "IBC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "膀胱癌@较之恶性病因，前列腺炎导致的排尿困难和骨盆疼痛往往并不严重。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "前列腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "排尿困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "前列腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨盆疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "当然，脑积水患儿的神经功能障碍与脑积水的严重程度成正比，如大脑皮质厚度小于1cm，即使脑积水得到控制，也会有神经功能障碍及智力发育障碍。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经功能障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "智力发育障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 典型的Turner综合征患者在出生时就有身高和体重发育落后，在新生儿时期可见颈后皮肤过度折叠以及手、足背发生水肿等特殊症状。 患者为女性表型，生长缓慢，成年期身高约135～140cm。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Turner综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生长缓慢"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Turner综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "成年期身高约135～140cm"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Turner综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "身高和体重发育落后"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Turner综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈后皮肤过度折叠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Turner综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手、足背发生水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "一般以阵发性剧烈腹痛为主，常位于胳周或下腹部,疼痛，可伴呕吐,但呕血少见。部分患儿可有黑便或血便，偶见并发肠套叠、肠梗阻或肠穿孔者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阵发性剧烈腹痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黑便"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阵发性剧烈腹痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血便"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "阵发性剧烈腹痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胳周"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "阵发性剧烈腹痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下腹部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阵发性剧烈腹痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阵发性剧烈腹痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "可伴呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阵发性剧烈腹痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阵发性剧烈腹痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "胃炎@结果 多种多样 _幽门螺杆菌_ 阳性急性或慢性胃炎的特点 ### 血清维生素B12 检查 结果 检查 表现为消化不良和与临床维生素 B12 缺乏相符的其他症状和体征（例如，难以解释的神经系统疾病、抑郁/痴呆、口角炎、萎缩性舌炎）的患者需要进行这项检查。 胃炎@老年人中最常由慢性胃炎引起，也与自身免疫性胃炎有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经系统疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "痴呆"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抑郁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口角炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "萎缩性舌炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清维生素B12"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "神经系统疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清维生素B12"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "维生素 B12 缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清维生素B12"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "慢性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "自身免疫性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠期高血压@严重高血压（收缩压BP≥160和/或舒张压BP≥110mmHg） – 首选 –   抗高血压治疗 #### 第一选择 [肼屈嗪]:每2-4小时静脉给药5-10mg 或 [拉贝洛尔]:起始剂量20mg，静脉推注，如初始量无效，接下来10分钟后再给40mg，之后可以考虑每10分钟重复给80mg，总量最大量为220mg。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肼屈嗪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "拉贝洛尔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断】 根据患者有典型的胰腺炎病史，以及影像学上有慢性征象，慢性胰腺炎很容易诊断。 5. ERCP诊断慢性胰腺炎的敏感性最高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ERCP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@影响美观部位，直径大于2cm – 首选 –   Mohs手术 治疗包括外科手术（包括肿瘤和受累淋巴结），放疗以及常用化疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Mohs手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外科手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "常用化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@通过一般性检查发现的某些特征，如皮疹、腮腺炎或上呼吸道受累，可能提示特定的发病原因。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腮腺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上呼吸道受累"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "第二十章 进行性脊髓性肌萎缩症 进行性脊髓性肌萎缩症（progressive spinal muscular atrophy，SMA）是一类由脊髓前角运动神经元和脑干运动神经核变性导致肌无力及肌萎缩的疾病。 【流行病学】 本病是一较常见的常染色体隐性遗传性疾病，发生率约为1/10万，基因携带率为1/50。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "进行性脊髓性肌萎缩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "常染色体隐性遗传"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "进行性脊髓性肌萎缩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1/10万"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "进行性脊髓性肌萎缩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "progressive spinal muscular atrophy"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "进行性脊髓性肌萎缩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "SMA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "progressive spinal muscular atrophy", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "SMA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "进行性脊髓性肌萎缩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌无力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "进行性脊髓性肌萎缩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌萎缩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "第四节 室上性心动过速第九篇 心血管系统疾病 第十章 心律失常【临床表现】 【实验室检查】 【治疗】 【几种特殊类型的室上性心动过速】 （一）心房异位性心动过速 （二）紊乱性或多源性房性心动过速 （三）加速性交界性异位性心动过速室上性心动过速（简称室上速）是小儿最常见的异位快速心律失常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "室上性心动过速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心房异位性心动过速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "登革热@## 病因学 登革热感染主要由抗原性不同的四种登革热病毒所致：DENV-1、DENV-2、DENV-3和DENV-4。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "DENV-1"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "DENV-2"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "DENV-3"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "DENV-4"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "四、高血钾型肾小管酸中毒（Ⅳ型） 高血钾型肾小管酸中毒（hyperkalemic renal tubular acidosis）又称全远端型肾小管酸中毒（generalized distal renal tubular acidosis），是由于醛固酮分泌不足或肾小管对其反应低下所致高血氯性代谢性酸中毒及持续高钾血症。 【治疗】 （一）降低血钾 1.限制钾摄入＜30mmol/d，避免用含钾药物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "高血钾型肾小管酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "限制钾摄入"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "高血钾型肾小管酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "醛固酮分泌不足"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "高血钾型肾小管酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾小管对其反应低下"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "高血钾型肾小管酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血氯性代谢性酸中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "高血钾型肾小管酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "持续高钾血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "高血钾型肾小管酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "hyperkalemic renal tubular acidosis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "全远端型肾小管酸中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "generalized distal renal tubular acidosis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "与成人哮喘相比，呼吸道过敏在儿童哮喘中更为突出，使变应原特异性免疫成为一种重要的治疗儿童过敏性哮喘方法。但具体开始治疗年龄还要考虑治疗的安全性，目前多在5岁以后才开始考虑进行变应原特异性免疫治疗，治疗之前应进行特异性变应原诊断试验，以明确机体对什么过敏，以及过敏的强度，特异性诊断试验包括皮肤试验、变应原支气管激发试验、血清变应原特异性IgE测定等方法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "儿童过敏性哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "特异性变应原诊断试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "儿童过敏性哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "儿童过敏性哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "变应原支气管激发试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "儿童过敏性哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清变应原特异性IgE测定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "儿童哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸道过敏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "儿童过敏性哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "变应原特异性免疫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "胃炎@[ 胃酸缺乏 ](/topics/zh-cn/871) ### 维生素B12缺乏 | 存在差异 | 中 萎缩性或自身免疫性胃炎、慢性 _幽门螺杆菌_ 感染、胃酸缺乏、继发于使用 H2 受体拮抗剂/质子泵抑制剂的代谢受损都会减少维生素 B12 的吸收，并还可能引起明显的维生素 B12 缺乏。 胃炎@临床表现包括反射改变或感觉障碍、认知损害、口角炎或萎缩性舌炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "维生素 B12 缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反射改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "维生素 B12 缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感觉障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "维生素 B12 缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "认知损害"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "维生素 B12 缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口角炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "维生素 B12 缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "萎缩性舌炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素B12缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "慢性 _幽门螺杆菌_ 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素 B12 缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "胃酸缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素 B12 缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "代谢受损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素 B12 缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性淋巴细胞白血病@ * 甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲基异恶唑或潘他米丁可以降低发生 _耶氏肺孢子虫_ 肺炎的风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "_耶氏肺孢子虫_ 肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲氧苄啶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "登革热@DSS或DHF的实验室诊断依据包括： * 迅速发展，严重的血小板减少症 * 总白细胞和中性粒细胞减少，中性粒细胞对淋巴细胞比率改变 * 红细胞压积增高（即从基线增加20％是血浆渗漏的客观证据） * 低白蛋白血症（即血清白蛋白<为35g/L[为3.5g/dL]提示血浆渗漏） * 肝功能升高（即，AST：ALT>2） ### 确诊性实验室检查 如果可行，应尽量安排确诊性实验室检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "DSS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "严重的血小板减少症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "DHF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "严重的血小板减少症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "DSS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红细胞压积增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "DHF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红细胞压积增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "DSS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低白蛋白血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "DHF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低白蛋白血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "DSS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝功能升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "DHF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝功能升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【病理】 亚洲小儿肾脏病研究会（Asian study of renal disease in children，ASRSC）报告儿童HBV-GN的66. 1%为膜性肾病，16. 1%为轻微病变，8. 1%为膜增殖性肾炎。 2.水肿 多不明显，且无明显尿少，但也有少数患儿呈明显凹陷性水肿并伴有腹水。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HBV-GN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "多发性硬化症@4.复发进展型 MS (RPMS)：自发病后疾病进展与复发混合存在。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "复发进展型 MS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "复发进展型 MS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "RPMS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "唇腭裂@ 隐性唇裂 * 表现为以下畸形特征：轻微的鼻畸形、人中沟、锯齿状黏膜游离缘和中断不超过唇高（从白唇和红唇间上唇连接处 [丘比特弓] 的正常顶点到鼻孔底部 [鼻槛] 的距离）四分之一的唇红-皮肤凹陷连结。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "隐性唇裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "轻微的鼻畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "婴儿猝死综合征@### 危险因素 ### 强 查看全部   ### 最后一次睡眠采取侧卧或俯卧睡姿 与仰卧睡姿相比，侧卧或俯卧位显著增加 SIDS 风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "SIDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "侧卧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "SIDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "俯卧位"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "先天性甲状腺功能减退症:该症除有生长发育落后、骨龄明显落后外,还有特殊面容、基础代谢率低、智能低下,故不难与生长激素缺乏症区别。 应用rhGH治疗的副作用少见，主要有:①注射局部红肿，与rhGH制剂纯度不够以及个体反应有关，停药后可消失;②少数患者注射后数月会产生抗体,但对促生长疗效无显著影响;③暂时性视盘水肿、颅内高压等，比较少见;④股骨头骺部滑出和坏死的发生率甚低。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "治疗后症状", "subject": "生长激素缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "注射局部红肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "治疗后症状", "subject": "生长激素缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "暂时性视盘水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "治疗后症状", "subject": "生长激素缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅内高压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "治疗后症状", "subject": "生长激素缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "股骨头骺部滑出"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "床边食管调搏可用于室上速的诊断、鉴别诊断及药物治疗疗效的评价。如患儿稳定，首选腺苷快速静脉推注，因为腺苷起效快，对心肌收缩性影响小。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "室上速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腺苷快速静脉推注"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "室上速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "床边食管调搏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "乳腺原位癌@有研究证明，他莫昔芬可以降低小叶原位癌发展成侵袭性癌的风险。乳腺原位癌@ 雷洛昔芬是绝经后女性的一个治疗选择。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "乳腺原位癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "他莫昔芬"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【流行病学】 肺吸虫病分布甚广，亚洲、非洲，北美洲、拉丁美洲及欧洲均有发生。 （一）全身性症状及体征 早期症状为恶寒和发热，体温呈弛张型，持续数周，不同程度的腹痛、腹胀、腹泻，大便每天6～7次。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体温呈弛张型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "分布甚广"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "亚洲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非洲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "北美洲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "拉丁美洲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "欧洲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "（四）后遗症期 多见于3岁以后小儿，经治疗或自然恢复后临床症状消失，仅重度佝偻病遗留下不同部位、不同程度的骨骼畸形。 【诊断】 根据病史、症状、体征及血液生化学检查及骨X线检查的改变可作出诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血液生化学检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨X线检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "地中海贫血又称海洋性贫血（thalassemia)、珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血,是遗传性溶血性贫血的一组疾病。 传染性肝炎或肝硬化 因HbH病贫血较轻，还伴有肝脾大、黄疸，少数病例还可有肝功能损害,故易被误诊为黄疽型肝炎或肝硬化。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "地中海贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "传染性肝炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "地中海贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝硬化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "地中海贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "海洋性贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "地中海贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "thalassemia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "地中海贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "HbH病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脾大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "HbH病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄疸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "HbH病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝功能损害"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "HbH病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝硬化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "HbH病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄疽型肝炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "广泛性焦虑障碍@成年患者（孕妇除外） – 附加 –   冥想训练 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 冥想训练可作为CBT或CT治疗的附加治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冥想训练"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "腹主动脉瘤@远端栓塞的发生率为 5%，导致危及肢体的缺血、脚趾缺血、腓肠肌坏死。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "远端栓塞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "远端栓塞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "缺血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "远端栓塞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脚趾缺血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "远端栓塞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腓肠肌坏死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "2.吸收不良 慢性胰腺炎时吸收不良常见，但儿童中的发生率尚不清楚。治疗可用胰酶制剂，需摄入已补充维生素的平衡饮食。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰酶制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@不符合美国心脏协会标准的心内膜炎不良结局的更高风险的疾病包括非紫绀型先天性心脏病（除继发孔型房间隔缺损）和二叶主动脉瓣。 感染性心内膜炎@### 心脏移植后（心脏瓣膜病变患者） 被认为是与心内膜炎不良结局最大风险有关的疾病之一。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心脏瓣膜病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "肾小球肾炎@### 感染性心内膜炎 常见的病原体是 _金黄色葡萄球菌_ 和 _草绿色链球菌_ 免疫复合物在内皮下和上皮下沉积，毛细血管壁增厚。肾小球肾炎@多数患者表现为膜增生性肾小球肾炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膜增生性肾小球肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@ * 用吗啡适当镇痛可以减轻进行性胸痛以及与交感神经活动相关症状，因为这些症状可以增加心肌需氧量。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "胸痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吗啡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "类癌综合征@复发性梗阻患者应考虑手术旁路。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "复发性梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手术旁路"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "口咽癌@可切除的局部晚期疾病（Ⅲ，Ⅳ期），3年生存率为60%到70%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "60%到70%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "念珠菌病@阴茎炎好发于龟头和冠状沟，开始表现为阴茎部位疱疹，随后出现白色乳酪样白斑，可引起严重瘙痒。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "阴茎炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "龟头"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "阴茎炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冠状沟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阴茎炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阴茎部位疱疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阴茎炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白色乳酪样白斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阴茎炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "可引起严重瘙痒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@黄色瘤或黄斑瘤提示严重高胆固醇血症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "严重高胆固醇血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄色瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "严重高胆固醇血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄斑瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "宫颈癌@## 病因学 HPV是最重要的病因，绝大多数 (99.7%) 的肿瘤含有HPV DNA。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HPV"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "食物中毒@[ 大肠梗阻 ](/topics/zh-cn/877) ### 小肠梗阻 (small bowel obstruction, SBO) 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 在病程较早期，可出现腹胀、呕吐；可能有腹部手术史。 食物中毒@检查 腹部 X 线平片：气-液平面、肠袢扩张、直肠无气体（见于完全性小肠梗阻）、气腹。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "小肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部 X 线平片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小肠梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹胀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "登革热@### 老人 尽管DHF和DSS在成年人中不常见，然而发病率和死亡率却很高，尤其伴有器官功能障碍的老人危险性更高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "老人"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "多发性骨髓瘤@I 期临床试验表明，新型 HSP90 抑制剂坦螺旋霉素 (tanespimycin, KOS-953, 17-AAG) 单药治疗和联合硼替佐米时对既往接受过大量治疗的 MM 患者均有效。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硼替佐米"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "肝细胞癌变在WD中较为罕见。晚期有持久性、全身性扭转痉挛，病程进展较成年型明显加快。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "WD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "持久性、全身性扭转痉挛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "自身免疫性肝炎@结果 平均值为 200-300 国际单位/L ### 胆红素 检查 结果 检查 80%-90% 的自身免疫性肝炎患者会升高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆红素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "小细胞肺癌@对于 SCLC 局限期的患者，化疗联合放疗是标准方案。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "7.体外膜肺（extracorporeal membrane oxygenation，ECMO） 严重感染性休克合并MOF时，心、肺功能较差。 8.免疫疗法（immunotherapy） 近年来，已先后有抗内毒素抗体、抗白介素抗体、抗肿瘤坏死因子抗体等问世，但临床应用效果至今未得到证实。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "感染性休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "感染性休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体外膜肺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@腺癌的发病率相对上升，这是目前最常见的组织学病变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腺癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@根据心肌生物标志物（例如肌钙蛋白或 CK-MB）是否升高，NSTE-ACS 进一步细分为 NSTEMI 或不稳定型心绞痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "NSTE-ACS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "NSTEMI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "骶髂关节炎是JAS的特征性病变，但它可能在周围关节病发生后很长时间才得到证实。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "骶髂关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "JAS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "B族链球菌感染@培养检测结果阴性并不能排除患病的可能性，特别是在给予抗生素治疗之后采集的标本（例如分娩期间接受抗生素治疗的产妇所生的新生儿）。 B族链球菌感染@目前仍在评估对无菌液体进行聚合酶链反应 (polymerase chain reaction, PCR) 检测对诊断B族链球菌感染的作用，该方法有可能提供快速、特异性的B族链球菌感染诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "三尖瓣闭锁@心前区隆起，心尖搏动增强。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "三尖瓣闭锁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心前区隆起"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "三尖瓣闭锁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心尖搏动增强"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "类癌综合征@[ 肠易激综合征 ](/topics/zh-cn/122) ### 克罗恩病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 右下象限痛和肛周病变。 类癌综合征@检查 尿 5-羟吲哚乙酸和嗜铬粒蛋白 A 是正常的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿 5-羟吲哚乙酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜铬粒蛋白 A"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠易激综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "克罗恩病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "右下象限痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肛周病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "三尖瓣闭锁@目前最常用的改良方案是全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术，包括：①上腔静-肺动脉双向分流；②右房内置膜片直接将下腔静脉与右肺动脉下壁连接。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "三尖瓣闭锁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全腔静脉-肺动脉连接术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "HELLP 综合征@### 其他诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部   ### 右上腹／上腹部疼痛和触痛 由肝脏缺血和坏死引起。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "右上腹／上腹部疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝脏缺血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "右上腹／上腹部疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "（一）中肠扭转 中肠扭转（midgut volvulus）多见于婴儿及儿童，但也可发生在其他年龄段，甚至成年后。中肠扭转目前无法预测何时或在何种情况下会发生，故对胆汁性呕吐患儿，必须积极诊治，绝不允许只作观察而任其发展至绞窄性肠梗阻。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中肠扭转", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆汁性呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "中肠扭转", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "midgut volvulus"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "中肠扭转", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "婴儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "中肠扭转", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@限制普瑞巴林应用的原因主要包括以下三点：与安慰剂相比，其疼痛缓解作用仅增加12%；尚不知道加巴喷丁类药物缓解疼痛的时间能否超过3周；约30%的患者会出现中枢神经系统（CNS）不良反应（包括宿醉感、头晕等）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "治疗后症状", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "宿醉感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "治疗后症状", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头晕"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "普瑞巴林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "肝硬化@### 腹部CT 检查 结果 检查 可以通过腹部CT检查发现晚期肝硬化的表现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "永存动脉干的最常见合并畸形是主动脉弓异常。 【病理生理】 通常为大动脉水平左向右分流的血流动力学表现，分流量取决于体、肺循环血管床的相对阻力，因此在新生儿期多无症状，随着生后数周的肺阻力下降，逐渐出现充血性心力衰竭表现，同时可出现脉压增宽。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生儿期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺阻力下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "充血性心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脉压增宽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "主动脉弓异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "尤因肉瘤可以发生在全身各个骨骼器，但半数以上的肿瘤发生在肢体的长骨，特别是股骨。骨盆、腓骨、胫骨、肱骨、肋骨、锁骨也经常累及。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "尤因肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨盆"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "尤因肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腓骨"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "尤因肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胫骨"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "尤因肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肱骨"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "尤因肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肋骨"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "尤因肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "锁骨"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "尤因肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身各个骨骼器"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "尤因肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肢体的长骨"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "尤因肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "股骨"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "膀胱输尿管反流分为原发性和继发性两种。一般根据排尿性膀胱尿道造影（ VCUG ）的结果，将原发性膀胱输尿管反流分为5级（图12-12 ） ：级反流仅达输尿管.由于原发性膀胱输尿管反流在许多小儿随生长发育可自然消失，而且无菌尿的反流不引起肾损害，原发性膀胱输尿管反流的治疗原则是控制感染，保护肾功能，防止并发症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "排尿性膀胱尿道造影"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "原发性膀胱输尿管反流"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "原发性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "继发性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "排尿性膀胱尿道造影", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "VCUG"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "原发性膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "控制感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "以往本病的命名不统一，如乙型肝炎相关性肾炎、乙肝免疫复合物肾炎以及乙肝病毒抗原相关性肾炎等，自1989年《中华内科杂志》召开乙肝肾炎座谈会后开始统一命名为“乙型肝炎病毒相关肾炎”。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "乙型肝炎病毒相关肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乙肝免疫复合物肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "乙型肝炎病毒相关肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乙型肝炎相关性肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "帕金森病@如果出现非典型特征（非典型病程、早期痴呆、疾病早期出现明显的不平衡、自主功能障碍、凝视异常或在神经系统检查时发现非典型异常），则应安排试验。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非典型病程"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早期痴呆"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "自主功能障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "广泛性焦虑障碍@ 进行放松训练也是一项有效的辅助治疗方法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放松训练"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "【实验室检査】 由于先天性甲低发病率高，在生命早期对神经系统功能损害严重，且其治疗容易、疗效佳，因此早期诊断、早期治疗至为重要。 1.新生儿筛査 我国1995年6月颁布的《母婴保健法》已将本病列入新生儿筛查的疾病之一。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "先天性甲低", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生儿筛査"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "普通感冒@### 口臭 非特异性体征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口臭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "川崎病（Kawasaki disease，KD)于1967年由日本川崎富作首先报告，又称为黏膜皮肤淋巴结综合征（mucocutaneous lymphnode syndrome，MCLS)，约15% ~20%未经治疗的患儿发生冠状动脉损害。 心脏表现 于病程第1〜6周可出现心包炎、心肌炎、心内膜炎、心律失常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心包炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心内膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心律失常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Kawasaki disease"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "KD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黏膜皮肤淋巴结综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "黏膜皮肤淋巴结综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "mucocutaneous lymphnode syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "黏膜皮肤淋巴结综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MCLS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "前置胎盘@保胎治疗的主要目的是延长妊娠时间，以便给予皮质类固醇。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮质类固醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "持续性抑郁症@对于出现工作功能受损的患者，以工作为导向的干预（例如，认知行为疗法、医疗管理和结构化电话交流）可为减少工作缺勤提供额外益处。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "认知行为疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "胃炎@### 化脓性胃炎 化脓性胃炎是一种罕见却威胁生命的胃黏膜下和肌层的感染，见于虚弱的患者。胃炎@ 根据目前的指南，视情况使用血管加压药。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "化脓性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血管加压药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "第七节 室性心动过速 室性心动过速（简称室速）起源于希氏束分叉部位以下的一系列（3个或以上）宽大QRS波组成的心动过速。室性心动过速@其他可用药物有：普鲁卡因胺、普萘洛尔或胺碘酮。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "室性心动过速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "普鲁卡因胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "室性心动过速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "普萘洛尔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "室性心动过速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胺碘酮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "室性心动过速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "室速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "单纯IDA时，白细胞通常在正常范围或稍低。 （三）骨髓象 有核红细胞增生活跃，严重患儿也可增生低下。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "IDA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨髓象"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "以前膀胱或前列腺横纹肌肉瘤必须行盆腔内肿瘤及组织的根除术，随着综合治疗的开展，该术式已经不再进行。IRSⅢ提出了加强的放疗和化疗方案，采用阿霉素、顺铂、VAC，在第6周放疗，大大提高了3年存活率（83%），而且60%的膀胱得以保留（表11-11）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "顺铂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "VAC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "60%的膀胱得以保留"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "83%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 所有的觉醒性异态睡眠都具有一些重要而共同的临床特征，包括患儿在发作时时空错乱和不能应答，一系列自主行为，对事件不能回忆，往往有家族史等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "觉醒性异态睡眠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "一系列自主行为"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "觉醒性异态睡眠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "对事件不能回忆"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "觉醒性异态睡眠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "家族史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "血吸虫病@结果 阳性（泌尿系血吸虫病） ### 血吸虫 DNA/RNA 检查 结果 检查 已开发出用于检测血吸虫 DNA 或 RNA 的许多检测，以补充寄生虫学和血清学诊断，具有较高报告准确度。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血吸虫 DNA/RNA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "2岁以下的男孩，红细 胞沉降率、血小板、C反应蛋白明显升高是冠状动脉病变的高危因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "冠状动脉病变", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "2岁以下的男孩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@### 病史 原发性肿瘤患者的症状包括咳嗽、咯血、胸痛、肩痛和/或呼吸困难。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咯血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肩痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "三、周围肺动脉狭窄第九篇 心血管系统疾病 第四章 非青紫型先天性心脏病 第五节 肺动脉狭窄自肺动脉瓣以后的肺动脉管道狭窄可发生于从主干至肺内动脉的各段，单发或多发，大多伴有其他畸形如肺动脉瓣狭窄，室间隔缺损、法洛四联症及主动脉瓣上狭窄（ supravalvular aortic stenosis ）等。治疗可用球囊导管予以扩张，支架的应用可防止扩张后再狭窄，局部的严重狭窄可以进行手术治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "肺动脉狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "球囊导管予以扩张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "肺动脉狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支架"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "肺动脉狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "球囊导管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肺动脉狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺动脉瓣狭窄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肺动脉狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "室间隔缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肺动脉狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "法洛四联症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肺动脉狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "主动脉瓣上狭窄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "主动脉瓣上狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "supravalvular aortic stenosis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "新生儿黄疸@结果 正常或升高 ### 外周血涂片 检查 结果 检查 溶血的证据。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "新生儿黄疸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外周血涂片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "磨牙症@成人 – 附加 –   非药物镇痛治疗 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 对于有明显颌肌疼痛的患者，非药物治疗方法包括 TENS、针灸或热敷或冷敷，但是支持这些方法疗效的证据水平中等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非药物镇痛治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "TENS、针灸或热敷或冷敷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "第五节 再生障碍性贫血 再生障碍性贫血（aplastic anemia，AA，简称再障）是一种由于多种原因引起的骨髓造血功能代偿不全，临床上出现全血细胞减少而肝、脾、淋巴结不增大的一组综合病征。 【发病机制】 （一）多能造血干细胞缺乏或缺陷 病儿CD34+细胞数量明显减少，造血干细胞增殖能力下降。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "再生障碍性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细胞数量明显减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "再生障碍性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "增殖能力下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "再生障碍性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全血细胞减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "再生障碍性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不增大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "再生障碍性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨髓造血功能代偿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "再生障碍性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "aplastic anemia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "再生障碍性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "AA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "再生障碍性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "再障"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "口咽癌@ ### 美国东部肿瘤协作组表现情况标准 研究人员使用该标准来评估患者功能状态，并选择合适的治疗。口咽癌@ * 4级：完全残疾，生活不能自理，活动全部限于床或椅子上。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "4级"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@如果仅存在腹痛症状并且无特征性影像学检查结果，那么想要早期诊断慢性胰腺炎并非易事。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "近端肾小管中毒（二型)@ （一）原发性 病因不明，一般认为与遗传有关。 近端肾小管中毒（二型)@ 2.药物和毒素肾损害 如碳酸酐酶抑制物、过期四环素、甲基3-色酮、马来酸中毒及重金属（钙、铅、铜和汞）中毒等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "原发性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "碳酸酐酶抑制物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "多发性硬化症@### 深部腱反射活跃 特别是踝阵挛且通常不对称。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "踝阵挛且通常不对称"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "登革热@低白蛋白血症提示血浆渗漏和支持DHF/DSS诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "DHF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血浆渗漏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "DSS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血浆渗漏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "急性咽喉炎@肠道病毒感染最常见于夏秋两季。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发季节", "subject": "肠道病毒感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "夏秋"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "肛门癌@ 然而，PET 扫描仍处于研究阶段。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PET 扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@对于无法耐受肠道喂养或者无法在 2-4 日内接受充分输注的患者，应给予肠外营养治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠外营养治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "前列腺癌@经直肠超声 (trans-rectal ultrasound, TRUS) 引导的穿刺活检可证实诊断和帮助分级。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "直肠超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "穿刺活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "第四节 毛细支气管炎 毛细支气管炎（bronchiolitis）是婴儿期常见的下呼吸道炎症性疾病。应放置在冷湿化环境中，或冷湿化给氧，以缓解低氧血症、减少不显性失水。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "毛细支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放置在冷湿化环境中"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "毛细支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冷湿化给氧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "毛细支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "bronchiolitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@经食管超声心动图也可以显示夹层撕裂片和真假腔。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "经食管超声心动图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "第八节 心室颤动 心室颤动（简称室颤）为QRS-T波群消失，呈现不规则的、形状和振幅各异的颤动波，频率在150～500次/分。心室颤动@如为WPW综合征，应予消融。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "心室颤动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消融"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "心室颤动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "室颤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "WPW综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消融"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "第十三章 常见的泌尿外科疾病 第一节 异位 肾 当肾脏未能正常发育到达肾窝的位置，即为肾脏异位。 肾异位的位置包括：同侧的盆腔、髂骨、腹部、胸腔，或对侧的上述部位。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "肾脏异位", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "盆腔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "肾脏异位", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "髂骨"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "肾脏异位", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "肾脏异位", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸腔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "持续性抑郁症@在 DSM-5 中，PDD 的亚型包括：1）纯粹的心境恶劣（轻度慢性抑郁），在之前2 年内未达到重性抑郁的诊断标准；2） 持续性重性抑郁发作；3）间歇性重性抑郁发作，目前为重性抑郁发作；4）间歇性重性抑郁发作，目前为不伴重性抑郁 (MDD) 发作。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PDD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心境恶劣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "重性抑郁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "心境恶劣", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "轻度慢性抑郁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "重性抑郁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MDD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@### 米哚妥林 (midostaurin) 米哚妥林是一种口服多靶点激酶抑制剂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "米哚妥林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "米哚妥林", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "midostaurin"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠胆汁淤积@ICP可能导致孕妇易患维生素K缺乏症，胎儿可能出现包括早产、胎死宫内以及呼吸窘迫综合征的不良妊娠后果。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "ICP", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素K缺乏症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "ICP", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早产"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "ICP", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胎死宫内"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "ICP", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸窘迫综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@结果 正常或增高 ### 电解质 检查 结果 检查 电解质紊乱可导致心律失常。 非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@结果 正常或紊乱 ### 肝功能检查 检查 结果 检查 如考虑使用经肝脏代谢的药物，此项检查有用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "电解质"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝功能检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "喉癌@ ### 放疗的病史 关于颈部放疗多年后发生喉癌已有大量报道。 喉癌@### 喉癌的家族史 头颈癌患者及其一级亲属的染色体畸变率和脆性部位表达率高于对照组。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头颈癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 阿司匹林每日30~50mg/kg，分2~3次服用，热退后3天逐渐减量，2周左右减至每日3~ 5mg/kg,维持6 ~8周。 【预后】 川崎病为自限性疾病，多数预后良好。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿司匹林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "小儿哮喘@ [ NHLBI lung diseases information page ](http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/lung/index.htm#asthma) 在青少年中，基于网络的系统可能改善哮喘管理。 小儿哮喘@初级卫生保健系统中，高危哮喘注册系统的采用可以在未增加医疗费用的前提下减少住院率，增加预防性治疗的处方量，但对减少急性发作没有产生综合性效果。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "基于网络的系统"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "心脏移植是另一治疗手段。 （三）其他 近年成人HCM患者有应用永久双腔起搏来降低左心室流出道梗阻，减轻症状，但疗效并不确切。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "HCM", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心脏移植"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "HCM", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "永久双腔起搏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "麻风病@ * 神经炎：常伴有自发性神经痛、压痛、感觉异常和/或神经功能丧失（表现为爪形手、足下垂和面瘫）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "神经炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "自发性神经痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "神经炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "压痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "神经炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感觉异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "神经炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经功能丧失"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "神经炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "足下垂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "神经炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "面瘫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "神经炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "爪形手"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "垂体功能减退@医院中进行肾上腺轴美替拉酮测试是一种替代方案，但因为美替拉酮难以获取而应用受限。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾上腺轴美替拉酮测试"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 溃疡性结肠炎和克罗恩病共同临床特征有:多呈亚急性或慢性起病，近年也可见部分以急性暴发型起病者。两者都可能有肠出血、肠狭窄、肠梗阻、肠穿孔等并发症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠狭窄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠穿孔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠狭窄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠穿孔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肝硬化@### 危险因素 ### 强 查看全部   ### 酒精滥用 酒精性肝病继发于酒精摄入过量，是西方世界肝硬化最常见病因之一。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "酒精滥用"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "二、血小板无力症 瑞士医师Glanzmann于1918年首先报道本病，故又称Glanzmann thrombasthenia（GT）。血小板对ADP、胶原、肾上腺素、凝血酶诱导的聚集反应缺如或降低，但对瑞士托霉素和vWF的诱导的聚集反应正常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "血小板无力症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瑞士托霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "血小板无力症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "vWF"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "儿童偏头痛@### 明亮或闪烁的灯光 是极少数患者的触发因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "明亮或闪烁的灯光"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "与呼吸衰竭有关的肺功能指标为：肺活量＜20ml/kg，最大吸气压＜30cmH2O，最大呼气压＜40cmH2O，或肺活量、最大吸气压及最大呼气压下降超过30%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "呼吸衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺活量＜20ml/kg"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "呼吸衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "最大吸气压＜30cmH2O"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "呼吸衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "最大呼气压＜40cmH2O"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 儿童IgAN发病年龄平均为10岁左右。 起病前多有感染病史，常见的为上呼吸道感染,其次为消化道、肺部和泌尿道感染等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "儿童IgAN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染病史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "儿童IgAN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上呼吸道感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "儿童IgAN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泌尿道感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "儿童IgAN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "平均为10岁左右"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "【一般检查】 （一）意识和精神状态 可根据小儿对于外界的声、光、疼痛以及语言等刺激的反应来判断。有意识障碍时，对外界刺激的反应减低或消失，根据轻重程度可分为嗜睡、意识模糊、昏睡和昏迷等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "意识障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "意识"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "意识障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精神状态"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "意识障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "意识障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "意识模糊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "意识障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "意识障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏迷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "新生儿黄疸@[ Bhutani nomogram ](http://newborns.stanford.edu/BhutaniNomogram.html) 如果Coombs试验阳性，必须检查母亲和新生儿的ABO和Rh血型。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "新生儿黄疸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Coombs试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "疟疾感染@应迅速控制癫痫发作，如果复发可能需要加用抗癫痫药物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗癫痫药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "肥厚型心肌病@与仅仅进行体格检查相比，心电图增加了筛查潜在心脏病的敏感性，但在无症状的 HCM 患者中，多达 25% 的患者心电图正常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肥厚型心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体格检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肥厚型心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "口咽癌@多发生于年轻患者（年龄40-60岁）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "年轻患者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "年龄40-60岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "（九）叶酸 在体内的主要生理功能是促进红细胞的生成，缺乏时红细胞的发育和成熟会受到影响，引起巨幼红细胞性贫血；还与胎儿的神经管的发育有关，孕妇叶酸缺乏时可致胎儿神经管的发育畸形。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "巨幼红细胞性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "胎儿神经管的发育畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 各型急性白血病的临床表现基本相同,主要表现如下。偶有颅内出血，为引起死亡的重要原因之一。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅内出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 脓毒性休克的临床分期： 休克代偿期 以脏器低灌注为主要表现。 休克不可逆期 患儿表现为血压明显下降、心音极度低钝，常合并肺水肿或ARDS、DIC、肾衰竭、脑水肿和胃肠功能衰竭等多脏器功能衰竭(诊断标准见表8-3)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "脓毒性休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "休克不可逆期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "脓毒性休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "休克代偿期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "休克代偿期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脏器低灌注"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "休克不可逆期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心音极度低钝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "骨性关节炎@[ 痛风 ](/topics/zh-cn/13) ### 假性痛风 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 假性痛风性关节炎（焦磷酸钙沉着）起病通常更加严重并持续数小时，但有时表现类似于骨性关节炎急性加重。 骨性关节炎@检查 关节穿刺和关节液检查提示白细胞大于2000细胞/mm^3，并可发现焦磷酸盐结晶。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "假性痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节穿刺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节液检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白细胞大于2000细胞/mm^3"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "焦磷酸盐结晶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "伴主动脉下室间隔缺损的右室双出口的典型临床表现是在出生近1月时充血性心力衰竭而无青紫表现，与单纯大型室间隔缺损临床表现相似，如果生后早期出现心力衰竭则应考虑是否同时伴有水肿。在伴有水肿时，婴儿早期即可有心功能衰竭、青紫和股动脉搏动减弱或消失。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "婴儿早期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心功能衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "股动脉搏动减弱或消失"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青紫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单纯大型室间隔缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出生近1月时"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伴主动脉下室间隔缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "小细胞肺癌@## 病因学 1964 年，美国总医官声称吸烟导致男性发生肺癌，并且持续时间越长、吸烟量越大，风险越高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@附加 –   血糖控制 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 需要对糖尿病患者进行血糖控制评估。 稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@除了改变生活方式来降低风险（通过控制体重、增加体力活动、戒烟、控制血压和管理血脂），血糖控制的目标值应达到 HbA1c＜53 mmol/mol (＜7%)，以降低微血管并发症的风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "控制体重"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "戒烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "控制血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "管理血脂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "增加体力活动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血糖控制"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "破伤风@可能会出现慢性低钙血症的临床症状，例如，脆甲症、头发毛糙/脱发和皮肤干燥。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脆甲症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头发毛糙/脱发"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤干燥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "临床表现可分为两个类型：①婴儿型：主要发生于1～4个月虚弱婴儿及未成熟儿，起病缓慢，全身症状突出，主要表现为吃奶不好、烦躁不安，早期出现呼吸加快和发绀，1～2周内逐渐加重，出现咳嗽、鼻扇及三凹征，但肺部几乎听不到啰音。病程4～6周，如不治疗约25%～50%患儿死亡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "婴儿型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "约25%～50%患儿死亡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吃奶不好"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烦躁不安"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸加快和发绀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1～2周内逐渐加重"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻扇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺部几乎听不到啰音"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "三凹征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "慢性心房颤动@12%~20%的心房颤动患者可能无症状。 慢性心房颤动@既往医疗史和外科手术史对各类心脏疾病(如心脏瓣膜病、冠状动脉疾病、高血压、心包炎、心肌病和其他心律失常)，包括近期心胸外科手术，以及许多非心脏疾病如糖尿病、甲状腺疾病和癌症均可能起重要作用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "慢性心房颤动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心脏瓣膜病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "慢性心房颤动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冠状动脉疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "慢性心房颤动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性心房颤动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "慢性心房颤动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心包炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "慢性心房颤动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心律失常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "痔@如存在可疑症状，如排便习惯改变或大便带血块和（或）粘液，应行下消化道内镜检查。痔@如患者为高危人群（如家族病史或肠癌）而又选择纤维乙状结肠镜，则应结合钡灌肠以检查近端结肠。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "纤维乙状结肠镜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钡灌肠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "家族病史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化道内镜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "对于表现为肾病综合征或肾炎综合征的药物性肾损害也可酌情使用肾上腺皮质激素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "药物性肾损害", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾上腺皮质激素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "肛门癌@良性痔出血是需排除的诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "良性痔出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肛门癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@经以上说明，接受手术的患者的5年生存率（病理）分期如下：IA期：67%；IB期：57%；IIA：55%；IIB期：39%；IIIA期：23%到25% 临床分期患者的生存率如下：ⅠA 期：61%；ⅠB 期：38%；ⅡA 期：34%；ⅡB 期：22% 至 24%；ⅢA 期：9% 至 13%；ⅢB 期：3% 至 7%；以及 Ⅳ 期：1%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "67%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "57%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "55%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "39%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "23%到25%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "61%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "38%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "34%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "22% 至 24%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "9% 至 13%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "疟疾感染@氯喹耐药感染的其他治疗方案包括奎宁加克林霉素或甲氟喹。疟疾感染@ 甲氟喹可用于妊娠中期和晚期。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲氟喹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "奎宁加克林霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "急性低碳酸血症可使神经肌肉兴奋性增加和因低血钙所致的肢体感觉异常。血气分析见pH增加、PaCO2降低、血浓度降低、尿液常呈酸性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性低碳酸血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血气分析"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性低碳酸血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经肌肉兴奋性增加"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性低碳酸血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肢体感觉异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@在苯唑西林耐药菌株感染患者中，或在无法耐受青霉素（I 型超敏反应）的患者中，建议使用万古霉素或达托霉素。感染性心内膜炎@建议的疗程是 6 周。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "万古霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "达托霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病@ ### 弱 查看全部   ### 男性 比率为 2:1。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@这些患者应接受氨苄西林/舒巴坦加庆大霉素治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氨苄西林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "庆大霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "舒巴坦"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@[ 心动过缓 ](/topics/zh-cn/832) ### 前壁心肌梗死的完全心脏阻滞 | 短期 | 中 前壁心肌梗死患者可急性进展，并可能导致心室不收缩。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "前壁心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心室不收缩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "五、人类免疫缺陷病毒感染 艾滋病（AIDS）又称获得性免疫缺陷综合征（acquired immunodeficiency syndrome，AIDS）是由人类免疫缺陷病毒（human immunodeficiency virus，HIV）引起的严重传染病，主要使体内CD4淋巴细胞受损，导致全身免疫功能缺陷，继发各种机会感染和肿瘤而致死。 【临床表现】 新生儿由于免疫系统尚不成熟，很少接触外来抗原，生成的免疫记忆细胞数量少，HIV感染后免疫系统损害较成人严重，潜伏期短，出现症状早，病情进展快，发生淋巴细胞样间质性肺炎和继发细菌感染较多。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "艾滋病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HIV"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "艾滋病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "获得性免疫缺陷综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "艾滋病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "acquired immunodeficiency syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "艾滋病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "AIDS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "溶血性贫血@## 筛查 对普通人群进行筛查不可行。 溶血性贫血@美国一些州会在婴儿出生时进行镰状细胞筛查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "镰状细胞筛查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（一）分类 小儿消化性溃疡主要分为原发性与继发性溃疡两大类（表13-13）。 2. X线钡餐检查 溃疡病的X线征象可分为直接和间接两种。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "小儿消化性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "X线钡餐检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "小儿消化性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "原发性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "小儿消化性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "继发性溃疡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@完全乳头肌断裂导致开放式二尖瓣反流，是致死性的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "完全乳头肌断裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "开放式二尖瓣反流"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@如果口服泼尼松龙2-4周后效果不佳，考虑加用口服他罗利姆诱导轻-中度UC缓解。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泼尼松龙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "他罗利姆"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "我国近年来已开展了儿童言语和语言障碍的临床诊治。 【病因】 （一）听力障碍 听觉是语言感受的一个重要的渠道，当小儿听力受损害后，不管是传导性的，还是感觉神经性的，都不能正确地察觉声音信号，产生程度不等的语言发育迟缓，其迟缓的严重度受多种因素的影响，诸如听力损害的程度、发生的年龄、矫治听力的年龄、矫治的合适性等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "儿童言语和语言障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "听力障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@此外，呼吸困难可能表示存在潜在肺部疾病或贫血，均可以诱发心绞痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺部疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "肺部疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心绞痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心绞痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肝素:如伴明显高凝状态,可予低分子肝素治疗，每次0.5~lmg/kg，每日1次，持续7天，同 时检测凝血功能。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "伴明显高凝状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低分子肝素治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "双侧肺发育不全或不发育常无法存活，生后迅速出现严重呼吸困难和呼吸衰竭。支气管镜及支气管造影检查可确定诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肺发育不全或不发育", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管镜及支气管造影"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "类癌综合征@ ### 肠梗阻或肠出血 | 存在差异 | 中 患者常常出现反复发作的腹痛，饱餐后更严重。 类癌综合征@肠系膜纤维化可能是主要症状，也可能多年来隐匿发生，并且独立于肝脏疾病的进展而发生。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠系膜纤维化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠系膜纤维化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反复发作的腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反复发作的腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "细菌感染(本节中不包括法定传染病） 1)致腹泻大肠埃希菌:根据引起腹泻的大肠埃希菌不同致病毒性和发病机制,已知菌株可分为5大组:①致病性大肠埃希菌(enteropathogenic E. coli，EPEC):为最早发现的致腹挥大肠埃希菌。③侵袭性大肠埃希菌(enteroinvasive E. coli,EIEC):可直接侵入肠黏膜引起炎症反应,也可黏附和侵人结肠黏膜，导致肠上皮细胞炎症和坏死,引起痢疾样腹泻。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "侵袭性大肠埃希菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "致病性大肠埃希菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "致病性大肠埃希菌", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "enteropathogenic E. coli"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "致病性大肠埃希菌", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "EPEC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "侵袭性大肠埃希菌", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "enteroinvasive E. coli"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "侵袭性大肠埃希菌", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "EIEC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "慢性髓性白血病@细胞遗传学改变的不断发展，可能使疾病恶化的可能性及治疗失败的概率升高。 慢性髓性白血病@结果 发现BCR-ABL融合 ### 荧光原位杂交 (FISH) 检查 结果 检查 BCR-ABL探针可快速检测t (9,22) 。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "慢性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "荧光原位杂交"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "荧光原位杂交", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "FISH"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "脓气胸（pyopneumothorax)肺脏边缘的脓肿破裂并与肺泡或小支气管相通,即造成脓气胸。表现为突然呼吸困难加剧、剧烈咳嗽、烦躁不安、面色发绀。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脓气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难加剧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脓气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "剧烈咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脓气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烦躁不安"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脓气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "面色发绀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "脓气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "pyopneumothorax"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@纵隔镜检查已表现出与联合使用支气管内超声 (EBUS) 和内镜超声 (EUS) 相同的准确性， 所有测试一起进行时，准确性更高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管内超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "支气管内超声", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "EBUS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "内镜超声", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "EUS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "自身免疫性肝炎@须在检测前至少 8 小时禁食，之后，抽取患者的静脉血样。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "静脉血样"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "疟疾感染@ [ CDC: malaria - artesunate ](http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/diagnosis_treatment/artesunate.html) 有报道：在经过青蒿素类药物治疗后返回的患者出现了严重的，迟发的溶血。疟疾感染@ 基于这一发现，欧洲中心建议静脉注射青蒿琥酯治疗的患者需连续4周监测血红蛋白水平。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "治疗后症状", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "严重的，迟发的溶血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血红蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "心肌炎@螺内酯可能引起疼痛性男性乳房发育。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男性乳房发育"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "如为药物引起的消化道黏膜病变应及时停用药物；维生素K缺乏出血症应补充维生素K；如门脉高压症、溃疡病合并穿孔等应及早手术治疗；血液系统疾病应给予纠正出、凝血障碍机制药，如立止血及冻干凝血酶原复合物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "维生素K缺乏出血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素K"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "急性感染性喉炎(acute infectious laryngitis)是指喉部黏膜的急性弥漫性炎症。 对症治疗烦躁不安者要及时镇静;痰多者可选用祛痰剂;不宜使用氯丙嗪和吗啡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "急性感染性喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "镇静"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性感染性喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "祛痰剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急性感染性喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "acute infectious laryngitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "急性感染性喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喉部黏膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "八、滑膜肉瘤 滑膜肉瘤（synovial sarcoma）的确切来源不明，可能源自向滑膜细胞分化的间叶组织。 临床上多于关节附近触及一肿块或一肿瘤区域，患儿可有自发性疼痛或压痛，少有严重的功能障碍。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "滑膜肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "自发性疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "滑膜肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "压痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "垂体功能减退@ * 其他与垂体功能减退有关的垂体旁占位肿瘤包括鞍区脑膜瘤、转移瘤、浆细胞瘤、生殖细胞瘤、视神经星形细胞瘤和脊索瘤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "垂体旁占位肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "垂体功能减退"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "垂体旁占位肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鞍区脑膜瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "转移瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "浆细胞瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生殖细胞瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "视神经星形细胞瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "垂体功能减退"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视神经星形细胞瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脊索瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "新生儿黄疸@## 诊断步骤 黄疸通常肉眼可见皮肤和巩膜黄染。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "新生儿黄疸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "新生儿黄疸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "巩膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿黄疸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "缺血性卒中@[ 深静脉血栓 ](/topics/zh-cn/70) ### 癫痫发作 | 短期 | 低 可能出现于累及脑桥和丘脑的前循环卒中。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "深静脉血栓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癫痫发作"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "癫痫发作", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑桥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "癫痫发作", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "丘脑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "HSP肾炎和IgA肾病尽管免疫发病机制相似，但临床上有明显区别，IgA肾病缺乏HSP肾炎的肾外表现。一般用于紫癜性肾炎临床上大量蛋白尿的病人，对于病理Ⅲ级以上病人也应积极应用肾上腺皮质激素治疗，可显著改善预后，可选用泼尼松，剂量为2mg/（kg•d），疗程1～2周。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "HSP肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泼尼松"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "HSP肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "IgA肾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "紫癜性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泼尼松"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "约70%NB在5岁前发病，极少数在10岁以后发病。原发于胸腔时有纵隔压迫相关症状及呼吸道症状，如气促、咳嗽等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NB", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NB", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "NB", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5岁前"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "病毒性脑膜炎@脑脊液乳酸降低 (＜35 mg/dL) 有助于区分病毒性和细菌性脑膜炎，特别是在给予抗生素前进行检测时。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "高血压急症@诊断主动脉夹层时，标准 CT 扫描的灵敏度和特异性分别约为 90% 及 95%。 高血压急症@结果 主动脉夹层出现由内膜瓣分隔的 2 个单独的主动脉腔 ### 经食管超声心动图检查 (TEE) 检查 结果 检查 如时间上来得及，及时采用 TEE 替代 CT 检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "高血压急症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "经食管超声心动图检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@结果 脑炎患者在病程早期通常表现正常，但也可能出现许多明显的改变 ### 脑部 MRI 扫描 检查 结果 检查 怀疑脑炎时强烈推荐（最好是在开始时）此项检查，它具有十分重要的诊断意义。 脑炎@HIV：T2 和 FLAIR 图像显示脑组织萎缩以及非特异性白质高信号。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "HIV", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑部 MRI 扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑部 MRI 扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "6.肾小球性血尿特点 肾小球性血尿为全程血尿，无血凝块；可有肾区钝痛；常合并蛋白尿及管型，特别是有红细胞管型更说明血尿来自肾实质；尿沉渣红细胞形态及容积分布曲线检查符合肾小球血尿。 （七）特殊检查 疑为结石引起做腹部平片；B型超声可观察肾脏大小、结构、肾静脉扩张、结石、畸形及肿物，对血尿诊断及鉴别诊断极为重要；静脉肾盂造影及膀胱逆行造影根据需要选用；数字减影血管造影可明确有无动静脉瘘、血管病变及血栓等；肾CT检查可除外占位性病变，但小儿应用较少。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "血尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部平片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "血尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "B型超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "血尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "数字减影血管造影"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "血尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾CT检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@若确实无法耐受他汀类药物，可以合理采用依折麦布、胆酸螯合剂或前蛋白转化酶枯草溶菌素 9 (PCSK9) 抑制剂开始进行治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "依折麦布"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆酸螯合剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "维生素B12缺乏者表现为表情呆滞、目光发直、对周围反应迟钝、嗜睡、不认亲人、少哭不笑，智力、动作发育落后甚至退步。重症病例可出现不规则性震颤、手足无意识运动，甚至抽搐、感觉异常、共济失调、踝阵挛和Babinski征阳性等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "维生素B12缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不规则性震颤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "维生素B12缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手足无意识运动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "维生素B12缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抽搐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "维生素B12缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感觉异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "维生素B12缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "共济失调"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "维生素B12缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Babinski征阳性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "维生素B12缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "踝阵挛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "维生素B12缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "表情呆滞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "维生素B12缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "目光发直"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "维生素B12缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "对周围反应迟钝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "维生素B12缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "维生素B12缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不认亲人"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "维生素B12缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "少哭不笑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "肝硬化@肝硬化是各种慢性肝病的终末期疾病，病因主要包括慢性丙型肝炎、慢性乙型肝炎、酒精滥用和非酒精性脂肪性肝病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性丙型肝炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性乙型肝炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "酒精滥用"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非酒精性脂肪性肝病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@[ 肺炎/支气管炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/17) ### 机化性肺炎（不明原因机化性肺炎或闭塞性细支气管炎机化性肺炎） 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 通常表现为流感样症状，后发生第二种疾病并持续1到4个月，表现为低热、干咳、不适感、呼吸困难和体重减轻。 非小细胞肺癌@在多数患者中，听诊特征明显，表现为干性肺捻发音。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "机化性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "干性肺捻发音"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "机化性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "机化性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "干咳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "机化性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不适感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "机化性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "机化性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重减轻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "脐炎（omphalitis)是指细菌从脐残端侵人并繁殖所引起的急性炎症。轻者局部用3%过氧化氢溶液或碘伏清洗，每日2 ~3次;脐周有扩散或伴有全身症状者需 选用抗生素静脉注射;如有脓肿形成，则需切开引流。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脐炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "过氧化氢溶液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脐炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "碘伏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脐炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "脐炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "切开"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "脐炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "omphalitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "脐炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "二、临床表现 （一）脑出血 系指脑实质内血管破裂所致的出血。起病较急，常见表现有突发头痛，呕吐，偏瘫，失语，惊厥发作，视物模糊或偏盲，感觉障碍，血压、心率及呼吸改变，意识障碍等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "起病较急"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "突发头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "偏瘫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "失语"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "惊厥发作"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视物模糊或偏盲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感觉障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血压、心率及呼吸改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "意识障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "脑出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑实质内血管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@这是由假性囊肿的慢性泄漏引起的，但在某些情况下，可由胆管破裂引起。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "假性囊肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@ β-受体阻滞剂治疗 * β受体阻滞剂可降低心率和心肌收缩力，进而降低心肌耗氧量和减轻心绞痛症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "β受体阻滞剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "β-受体阻滞剂治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 急性胃炎去除病因，积极治疗原发病，避免服用一切刺激性食物和药物，及时纠正水、电解 质紊乱。静脉滴注抑酸剂，口服胃黏膜保护剂，可用局部黏膜止血的方法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "静脉滴注抑酸剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口服胃黏膜保护剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "急性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "及时纠正水、电解 质紊乱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "胰腺癌@结果 可以确定腹膜、囊壁、浆膜受侵，或CT无法发现的肝脏小转移灶 ### 病理活检 检查 结果 检查 术前组织学诊断是不必要的；当临床高度怀疑为胰腺癌时，非诊断性活检不应当延误适宜的外科治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "真菌性脑膜炎@ ### 颅内压升高 | 存在差异 | 高 因蛛网膜绒毛CSF再吸收功能受损，可能出现伴隐球菌性脑膜炎的颅内压升高。真菌性脑膜炎@若进行每日腰椎穿刺的情况下高压仍持续存在，则可考虑进行暂时性腰椎引流或脑室-腹腔分流术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "颅内压升高", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑室-腹腔分流术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅内压升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "慢性髓性白血病@检查 FISH：BCR-ABL融合基因阴性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "慢性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "FISH"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@ ### 格拉斯哥预后标准（Imrie 标准） 格拉斯哥系统是一个简单的预后评估系统，根据患者年龄和患者因胰腺炎入院治疗的前 48 小时内采集的 7 项实验室检验值，预测重症胰腺炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "格拉斯哥预后标准"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "多发性硬化症@应当评估彩色视觉以查看红色脱饱和度（视神经炎的更灵敏的体征）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红色脱饱和度"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "急性淋巴细胞白血病@ 肿瘤溶解综合征包括高钾血症、高磷血症、低钙血症、高尿酸血症和肾衰。 急性淋巴细胞白血病@别嘌呤醇治疗应开始于抗肿瘤治疗前的至少12小时，在达到缓解后可停药。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肿瘤溶解综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "别嘌呤醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "九、恶性间皮瘤 恶性间皮瘤（malignant mesothelioma），儿童罕见，有家族发病的报道，也有人认为其发生与接触石棉、二氧化钍有关。儿童患者的胸膜最多见，占85%左右。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "恶性间皮瘤（", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "恶性间皮瘤（", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "malignant mesothelioma"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "恶性间皮瘤（", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童罕见"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "恶性间皮瘤（", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "家族发病的报道"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "malignant mesothelioma", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "接触石棉、二氧化钍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@急性、间断发作的腹痛需要通过保守治疗联合足量镇痛治疗，后者包括对乙酰氨基酚、布洛芬及曲马多。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "腹痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "对乙酰氨基酚"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "腹痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "布洛芬"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "腹痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "曲马多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "心房扑动@ 由于心房扑动与肺部疾病确切病史或高度怀疑肺病有关，应考虑进行胸部 X 线检查及肺功能检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "心房扑动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺功能检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "房室传导阻滞（atrial capture）可分为三种类型，即一度房室传导阻滞、二度房室传导阻滞及三度房室传导阻滞。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "房室传导阻滞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "atrial capture"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "房室传导阻滞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "一度房室传导阻滞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "房室传导阻滞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "二度房室传导阻滞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "房室传导阻滞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "三度房室传导阻滞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "自身免疫性肝炎@与巯嘌呤（硫唑嘌呤的活性代谢物）相比，硫唑嘌呤更常用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "巯嘌呤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硫唑嘌呤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "4.十二指肠炎（duodenitis） 十二指肠炎常多相伴其他部位的炎症，内镜下黏膜炎症的改变有四种类型： （1）充血型： 黏膜充血、水肿，镜下反光增强。 （4）出血糜烂型： 黏膜充血处见点状、片状或蜂窝状糜烂，表面可有出血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "十二指肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血糜烂型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "十二指肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "duodenitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "十二指肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "充血型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "充血型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黏膜充血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "充血型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "充血型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "镜下反光增强"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "出血糜烂型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黏膜充血处见点状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "出血糜烂型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "片状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "出血糜烂型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "蜂窝状糜烂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "出血糜烂型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "表面可有出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "表15-6 各种类型CAH临床特征 【治疗】 诊断一经明确应立即治疗，治疗药物剂量因人、因病情轻重而异。 3.急性肾上腺皮质功能衰竭处理 ①纠正脱水：轻、中度脱水，在最初2小时内静滴5%～10%葡萄糖生理盐水20～40ml/kg。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "CAH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "纠正脱水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "肝硬化@通过戒酒、避免其他肝毒性药物（例如NSAID和大剂量对乙酰氨基酚 [>2 g/天]）、易感患者免疫接种甲型和乙型肝炎疫苗、BMI过高者减肥、维持足够营养、规律锻炼身体等方法可以预防重叠性肝损伤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "戒酒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "避免其他肝毒性药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "减肥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维持足够营养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "规律锻炼身体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "胃炎@[ NALT淋巴瘤 ](/topics/zh-cn/878) ### 胃酸缺乏 | 存在差异 | 高 _幽门螺杆菌_ 感染引起的萎缩性胃炎、长期胃黏膜炎症和自身免疫性胃炎可能引起胃酸缺乏（盐酸分泌减少或缺失）和壁细胞总数减少导致的内因子生成降低。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃酸缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "自身免疫性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃酸缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "壁细胞总数减少", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内因子生成降低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "宫颈癌@ 该研究报告毒性作用增加，主要是腹泻、高血压和发热性中性粒细胞减少。宫颈癌@ ### 免疫治疗 一项 II 期研究的初步结果表明，使用针对 HPV E6 和 E7 癌基因反应 (HPV-TIL) 选择的肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞 (TIL) 进行过继性 T 细胞疗法 (ACT) 可以诱导转移性宫颈癌出现持久性完全消退。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热性中性粒细胞减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "新生儿黄疸@如果上述治疗无效，另一种选择是换血疗法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "新生儿黄疸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "换血疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "IgA肾病可分为原发性和继发性两种类型，后者常继发于肝硬化、肠道疾病、关节炎以及疱疹性皮炎等疾病，也以肾小球系膜区显著的IgA沉积为特点。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "IgA肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "原发性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "IgA肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "继发性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "继发性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肠道疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "继发性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "继发性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "疱疹性皮炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "继发性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "尘肺@## 病史和查体 ### 关键诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部   ### 存在的危险因素 职业暴露于二氧化硅、煤或铍是与尘肺强烈相关的危险因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "尘肺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "暴露于二氧化硅、煤或铍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "膜性肾病是儿童HBV-GN最常见的病理类型。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "膜性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "膜性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童HBV-GN"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "由于引起SSPE的并不是完整的麻疹病毒颗粒，所以一般不具有传染性。 第3期 开始于病变进展累及皮层下灰质核团和脑干以后，以进行性智力和运动衰退为标志。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "SSPE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "第3期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "第3期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "进行性智力和运动衰退"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "白内障@文献综述显示，越来越多的证据支持对原发性闭角型青光眼实行晶状体摘除术，特别是在晶状体增厚、前房呈拱形的远视者中。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "晶状体摘除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "转移性乳腺癌@[ 乳腺肉瘤 ](/topics/zh-cn/271) ### 脑癌 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 无转移性疾病的其他证据。 转移性乳腺癌@检查 转移性乳腺癌转移至脑，CT 或磁共振上常表现为环形增强，而脑原发肿瘤一般没有这一现象。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "脑癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "脑癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "磁共振"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "2.强直型（rigidity） 此型很少见到，由于全身肌张力显著增高，身体异常僵硬，运动减少，主要为锥体外系症状，使其四肢做被动运动时，主动肌和拮抗肌有持续的阻力，肌张力呈铅管状或齿轮状增高，腱反射不亢进，常伴有严重智力低下。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "强直型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腱反射不亢进"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "强直型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "严重智力低下"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "急性膀胱炎@ 抗生素相对安慰剂而言具有明显优势。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "常将红细胞加和不加PLP之比作为评价维生素B6营养状况的指标，加上PLP测定谷丙或谷草转氨酶的活性，如活性上升20%以上，表明维生素B6缺乏。 3.血浆高半胱氨酸的含量 最近提出以血浆高半胱氨酸作为评价维生素B6营养状况的指标。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "维生素B6缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血浆高半胱氨酸的含量"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "肥厚型心肌病@最常在 30-50 岁的患者中诊断出 HCM。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "HCM", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "30-50 岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "产后抑郁症@往往存在睡眠障碍，食欲减少。产后抑郁症@自尊和自信降低，即使是轻度发作，常存在内疚或无价值的想法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "睡眠障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "自尊和自信降低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "产后抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睡眠障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "睡眠障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "第三节 急性喉、气管、支气管炎 急性喉气管支气管炎（acute laryngotracheobronchitis，croup）为一常见的气道梗阻性疾病，多见于喉部急性感染以后，炎症急速下行蔓延至气管、支气管，甚至延及小支气管、毛细支气管。常先有上呼吸道感染症状，1～2天后出现吸气性喉鸣，声音嘶哑和犬吠样咳嗽及鼻扇、三凹征等呼吸困难症状，随炎症向下蔓延，可出现呼气性呼吸困难。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性喉气管支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上呼吸道感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性喉气管支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸气性喉鸣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性喉气管支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "声音嘶哑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性喉气管支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "犬吠样咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性喉气管支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻扇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性喉气管支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "三凹征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性喉气管支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼气性呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "急性喉气管支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喉部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "急性喉气管支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "急性喉气管支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "急性喉气管支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小支气管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "急性喉气管支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "毛细支气管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "单心室@ 【辅助检查】 （一）心电图检查 由于心电图通常表现为心室增大，以左心室肥厚常见，因此无特异性。 单心室@ （二）胸部 X线检查 如无肺动脉狭窄，胸片表现为心脏增大、肺血管影增粗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "单心室", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部 X线检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "单心室", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心电图检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "持续性抑郁症@一旦抑郁患者被确诊，使用评定量表进行严重性评估是很有用的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "抑郁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "评定量表"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "3.代谢性疾病 由先天性代谢障碍所引起的一类疾病，部分可以在新生儿期间出现黄疸。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "代谢性疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性代谢障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "宫颈癌@肿瘤可以局部扩散，转移到淋巴结（盆腔或腹主动脉旁淋巴结11%，锁骨上淋巴结7%），血行转移（肺21%、骨16%、肝脏、肾上腺、脑）或腹腔内转移到卵巢或肠道（腺癌更常见但仍非常少见，2%）。宫颈癌@5年生存率取决于肿瘤的期别： * IA1期-100% * IB2-IIB期-50%-70% * III期-30%-50% * IV期-5%-15%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "卵巢"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠道"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@ 各参数得分相加即可得出格拉斯哥预后标准。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "格拉斯哥预后标准"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（一）急性期 新发病，临床症状明显而多变，病程多不超过6个月。患儿烦躁、口周可出现发绀、手足凉、出冷汗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烦躁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发绀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手足凉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出冷汗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "铅中毒@### 笨拙和激越（儿童） 在儿童铅脑病前出现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "铅中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "笨拙和激越"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【病因】 肾病综合征按病因可分为原发性、继发性及先天性三种，原发性肾病综合征占90%以上，其次为各种继发性肾病综合征，先天性肾病综合征极为罕见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肾病综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "原发性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肾病综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "继发性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肾病综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@ （一）抗生素 应用原则是早期、联合应用、剂量足、选用敏感的杀菌药，疗程要长。感染性心内膜炎@绿脓杆菌感染可加用羟苄青霉素200～400mg/（kg•d），分4次，每6小时1次静脉滴注。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "羟苄青霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "癫痫持续状态@### 需要考虑的检查 ### 查看全部   ### 脑电图 检查 结果 检查 在评估非惊厥性 SE、对医源性昏迷患者监测治疗效果时，脑电图效果明显。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非惊厥性 SE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@ * 在可能的情况下，患者应入组一项临床试验。急性髓性白血病@在经挽救性化疗（通常为较高剂量的阿糖胞苷与其他药物联用）达到缓解的较为年轻的和健康的患者中，应采用异体 SCT，以降低复发的风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "挽救性化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "便血 消化性溃疡出血多为柏油样便，鲜红色便仅见于大量出血者。应与肠套叠、梅克尔憩室、息肉、腹型过敏性紫癜及血液病所致出血鉴别。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "消化性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠套叠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "消化性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "梅克尔憩室"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "消化性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "息肉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "消化性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹型过敏性紫癜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "持续性抑郁症@## 筛查 持续性抑郁症是一种常常被漏诊的心境障碍。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "筛查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "早产@延长妊娠期：有质量较差的证据表明，青霉素类（除外阿莫西林-克拉维酸）可能较之安慰剂能更有效地减少未足月胎膜早破 (PPROM)后48小时及7天内早产儿的比例。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "未足月胎膜早破", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青霉素类"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "急性咽喉炎@### 咽分泌物 咽分泌物是 A 型 _链球菌_ (GAS) 咽炎的常见表现，但也可见于其他病原体引起的疾病，包括 EB 病毒、其他链球菌和 _土拉弗朗西斯菌_ 。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "A 型 _链球菌_ (GAS) 咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽分泌物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "A 型 _链球菌_ (GAS) 咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "EB 病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "A 型 _链球菌_ (GAS) 咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "其他链球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "A 型 _链球菌_ (GAS) 咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "土拉弗朗西斯"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "喉癌@吞咽困难及疼痛常发生于声门上型喉癌（如会厌），但声门型喉癌也可表现为以上症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "声门上型喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吞咽困难及疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@病毒是脑炎的主要发病原因，疱疹病毒是已确认的最常见的病毒。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疱疹病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断和鉴别诊断】 对于腹痛、腹泻、便血和体重减轻等症状持续4周以上的患儿，应高度怀疑IBD,结合患儿的肠外表现,实验室、内镜检查、病理检查、影像学检查等做出诊断。 急性阑尾炎 起病急,病史短，腹泻少见，常有转移性右下腹痛,血象白细胞计数增高更为显著。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "IBD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性阑尾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "IBD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "IBD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "IBD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "便血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "IBD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重减轻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "转移性右下腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血象白细胞计数增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【发病机制及病因】 （一）摄入不足 初生时维生素A在肝脏中的贮存量很少。母乳中的维生素A含量丰富，一般母乳喂养的小儿不会发生维生素A缺乏症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "维生素A缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "摄入不足"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "B族链球菌感染@ 肺炎 * 一线疗法：青霉素或氨苄西林。B族链球菌感染@ * 青霉素过敏患者：二代或三代头孢菌素（可能适用，具体取决于过敏反应类型）、万古霉素、利奈唑胺、大环内酯类抗生素（例如克拉霉素）或喹诺酮类药物（例如左氧氟沙星）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "二代或三代头孢菌素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "万古霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "利奈唑胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大环内酯类抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "克拉霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喹诺酮类药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "左氧氟沙星"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氨苄西林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "三尖瓣闭锁@此外，其他晚期并发症有肝酶轻度升高、肝硬化、凝血因子缺乏等，C蛋白、S蛋白及凝血因子Ⅶ的缺乏还可引起血栓栓塞。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "三尖瓣闭锁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝酶轻度升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "三尖瓣闭锁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝硬化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "三尖瓣闭锁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "凝血因子缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "三尖瓣闭锁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血栓栓塞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肾外性钠丢失多见于胃肠道液体丢失、胃管引流液未被及时补充、肠炎所致的腹泻和呕吐。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "系统性硬化症的预后主要依据受累的系统。少数患儿可有显著好转，但不能完全恢复。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "系统性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "好转"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 多数房间隔缺损婴儿因无症状而被忽略，少数可有生长发育迟缓、反复上呼吸道感染甚至心衰。伴有中等量左向右分流的患儿多无症状，即使有症状，也多为轻度的乏力和气促。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "房间隔缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乏力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "房间隔缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "房间隔缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生长发育迟缓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "房间隔缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反复上呼吸道感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "房间隔缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心衰"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "普通感冒@对于健康人，在普通感冒症状出现 24 小时内给予锌剂可以缩短症状持续期。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "锌剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "国外研究曾随访调查43例Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型糖原累积病，发现51. 8%Ⅰ型患者及25%Ⅲ型患者以后发生肝脏肿瘤，这些患者血清α-甲胎蛋白水平明显增高。因此对于糖原累积病患者每年进行肝脏超声检查及定期测定血清α-甲胎蛋白。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "糖原累积病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Ⅲ型糖原累积病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "糖原累积病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Ⅰ型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "糖原累积病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脏超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "糖原累积病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "测定血清α-甲胎蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "5.缓解脑水肿 淹溺后产生严重神经系统损伤的发生率可达40%以上，目前在淹溺抢救方面特别强调注意脑复苏和维持正常颅内压。积极控制惊厥亦有利于防止脑水肿和脑损害的进一步加重，对出现抽搐者可选用地西泮0. 3mg/kg静注，或苯妥英钠10～20mg/kg缓慢静注。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "淹溺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "地西泮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "淹溺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苯妥英钠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "消化性溃疡病@消化性溃疡在世界范围内均比较普遍，特别是在发展中国家， _这里幽门螺杆菌_ 感染非常流行。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "消化性溃疡病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发展中国家"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "第九节 QT间期延长综合征 一种特殊的恶性室性心律失常-尖端扭转型室速可发生于QT间期延长综合征（long QT interval syndrome，LQTS）患儿，并可引起晕厥与猝死。QT间期延长综合征@患儿也可表现为抽搐、前晕厥及心悸，约10%的患儿一开始即表现为心搏骤停。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "QT间期延长综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抽搐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "QT间期延长综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前晕厥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "QT间期延长综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心悸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "QT间期延长综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "long QT interval syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "QT间期延长综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "LQTS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "QT间期延长综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "晕厥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "QT间期延长综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "猝死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "1.原发性梗阻性巨输尿管 由于近膀胱3～4cm的远端输尿管的一段失去蠕动能力，导致尿液无法以正常速率排入膀胱所致。由于尿液的积滞，常致肾盂、肾盏的扩张和积水。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病机制", "subject": "原发性梗阻性巨输尿管", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿液的积滞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病机制", "subject": "原发性梗阻性巨输尿管", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾盂、肾盏的扩张和积水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@### 职业 林业工人：莱姆病、努尔森林病毒和狂犬病。 脑炎@屠宰场工人：Q 热。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "屠宰场工人"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "职业"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "林业工人"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "莱姆病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "林业工人"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "林业工人"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "Q 热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "屠宰场工人"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "多发性骨髓瘤@ ### 高粘血症 | 存在差异 | 低 以自发性出血、头痛以及神经和视觉疾病为特征。多发性骨髓瘤@治疗包括血浆置换和 MM 特异性疗法，前者能同时降低 M-蛋白浓度和血清黏度。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "高粘血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血浆置换"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高粘血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "高粘血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "自发性出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "高粘血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "高粘血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视觉疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@### S3 如果存在胸部不适，这提示局部缺血引起的左心室功能不全和高危冠状动脉疾病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "左心室功能不全", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "局部缺血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【病理生理】 动脉导管未闭引起的病理生理学改变主要是通过导管引起的 分流，分流量的大小与导管的直径以及主、肺动脉的压差有关。导管粗大者在婴幼儿期即可有咳嗽、气急、喂养困难、体重不增、生长发育落后等，分流量大者可有心前区突出、鸡胸等现象。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "动脉导管未闭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "动脉导管未闭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心前区突出"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "动脉导管未闭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气急"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "动脉导管未闭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喂养困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "动脉导管未闭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鸡胸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病@患者通常会缺乏 IgG、IgA 或 IgM。 慢性淋巴细胞白血病@[ 低丙种球蛋白血症 ](/topics/zh-cn/1058) ### 自身免疫性溶血性贫血 | 短期 | 中 CLL 细胞可使得直接抵抗红细胞表面抗原的抗体功能失调。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "自身免疫性溶血性贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "破伤风@在全身性痉挛期间，该患者背部拱起、腿部伸长、胳膊外展弯曲、拳头紧握。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "背部拱起"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腿部伸长"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胳膊外展弯曲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "拳头紧握"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "麻疹感染@两天后，头部出现红斑、斑丘疹，并于3天内扩散至全身。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "麻疹感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "麻疹感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "斑丘疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "登革热@昨日仅小便2次。登革热@手足冰凉发紫。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手足冰凉发紫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "PPHN的病理生理基本有三种形式： 1.肺血管适应不良（mal-adaptation） 指肺血管阻力在生后不能迅速下降，而其肺小动脉数量及肌层的解剖结构正常。 2.肺血管发育不良（mal-development） 指在宫内表现为平滑肌从肺泡前（preacinar）生长至无平滑肌的正常肺泡内（intra-acinar）动脉，而肺小动脉的数量正常，属于对慢性损伤的代偿，也属于适应不良（mal-adaptation）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "PPHN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺血管发育不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "PPHN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺血管适应不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肺血管适应不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "mal-adaptation"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肺血管发育不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "mal-development"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "适应不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "mal-adaptation"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肾细胞癌@针对局部晚期 RCC 且符合手术条件的患者，标准的治疗方法为根治性肾切除术，如果主要的突出特征是淋巴结病（通常是反应性的），那么应该进行根治性肾切除术以图治愈。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "RCC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "根治性肾切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "HCMV引起的传染性单核细胞增多症应与其他病原，特别是EBV引起者鉴别。后者咽痛、渗出性咽炎和淋巴结肿大更为多见，嗜异性抗体常为阳性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "渗出性咽炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淋巴结肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "癫痫持续状态@## 新兴疗法 ### 左乙拉西坦 左乙拉西坦与突触囊泡蛋白 SV2A 发生结合，能减少兴奋传递。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "左乙拉西坦"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "狂犬病@目前有研究报道了由器官移植传播狂犬病的病例。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "器官移植"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "心房扑动@## 治疗流程 请注意，同一药物不同名称的剂型和剂量可能不同： [ 参见免责声明 ](https://bestpractice.bmj.com/info/disclaimer/) 初始 ### 血流动力学不稳定 查看全部   首选 –   同步心脏电复律 如果心房扑动与急性血流动力学障碍有关，例如症状性低血压、已证明存在肺水肿和/或血清脑钠肽 (brain natriuretic peptide, BNP) 升高的充血性心力衰竭、心肌缺血（急性心肌缺血心电图改变、心绞痛），需行紧急直流电同步电复律。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "心房扑动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "同步心脏电复律"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "疟疾感染@### 重症疟疾危险因素包括 低宿主免疫：未在疟疾流行区长大或未曾感染过疟疾的患者容易出现重症疟疾。 疟疾感染@老年人：易患重型疟疾，与老年人免疫下降有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "重症疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "老年人"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "重症疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低宿主免疫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "2.血管源性消化道出血 （1）降低门脉压的药物： 此类药物通过降低门脉压，使出血处血流量减少，为凝血过程创造了良好的条件而止血。 酚妥拉明：为α-肾上腺素受体阻滞剂，可直接作用于肝脏门脉血管系的α1受体，使门脉血管扩张，门脉压力下降。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "血管源性消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "酚妥拉明"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【病理】 APSGN的早期肾活检主要为弥漫性毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎。对于肾活组织检查有大量新月体的病人可先以甲泼尼龙（methylprednisolone）每次20～30mg/kg冲击治疗，然后改为泼尼松口服治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "APSGN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲泼尼龙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "APSGN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "甲泼尼龙", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "methylprednisolone"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "儿童偏头痛@卧位常可在某种程度上缓解低压性头痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "低压性头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "卧位"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "一、干性胸膜炎 干性胸膜炎（dry or plastic pleurisy）又称纤维素性胸膜炎，常与肺部细菌感染有关，亦可发生于急性上呼吸道疾病过程中。可适当给镇痛剂止痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "干性胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "镇痛剂止痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "干性胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "dry or plastic pleurisy"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "干性胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "纤维素性胸膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@## 检查 ### 首要检查 ### 查看全部   ### 床旁认知检查 检查 结果 检查 工具包括简易精神状态检查量表 (MMSE) 和 Blessed 痴呆量表。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "床旁认知检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "简易精神状态检查量表"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Blessed 痴呆量表"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "简易精神状态检查量表", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "MMSE"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病@### 胸部 X 线检查（CXR） 检查 结果 检查 很少用于诊断，但排除其他病理变化时有帮助。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "胸部 X 线检查", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "CXR"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部 X 线检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "肠黏膜缺血处可产生水肿、溃疡,引起血便及肠穿孔。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肠黏膜缺血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肠黏膜缺血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溃疡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血便"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠穿孔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "水肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血便"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "水肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠穿孔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（一）肝脏损害 肝功能异常是儿童期WD最常见的表现，平均发病年龄在10～13岁。肝脏症状可表现为无症状仅血清转氨酶轻度增高，也可表现为急性肝炎、慢性肝炎以及肝硬化等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "肝功能异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性肝炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "肝功能异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性肝炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "肝功能异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝硬化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝功能异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清转氨酶轻度增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "WD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝功能异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "肝功能异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "10～13岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 儿童IgAN发病年龄平均为10岁左右。 【实验室检査】 尿液显微镜检查可见红细胞增多，常见红细胞管型。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "儿童IgAN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿液显微镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童IgAN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红细胞增多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "儿童IgAN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "平均为10岁左右"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "（二）慢性 TIN 可有多种原因，且任何未经控制的急性者也可进入慢性。在小儿时期最多见于各种尿路梗阻（UTO）和重度的膀胱输尿管反流（VUR）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "慢性 TIN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿路梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "慢性 TIN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "重度的膀胱输尿管反流"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "尿路梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "UTO"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "重度的膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "VUR"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性白血病占90% ~95%,慢性白血病仅占3% ~5%。 病毒感染 多年研究已证明属于RNA病毒的反转录病毒（retrovirus),又称人类T细胞白血病病毒（HTLV)，可引起人类T淋巴细胞白血病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【实验室检查】 （一）基因诊断 自从SMN基因发现以来，SMA的诊断流程发生了改变，可通过血DNA分析检测SMN基因突变，从而诊断疾病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "SMA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血DNA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "类风湿关节炎@ 在早期 RA 患者中，使用阿巴西普联合甲氨蝶呤也可能有效。类风湿关节炎@一项试验显示，在早期 RA 患者中，与甲氨蝶呤单药治疗相比，阿巴西普 + 甲氨蝶呤联合治疗可提供更有效的疾病控制。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲氨蝶呤单药治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿巴西普"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲氨蝶呤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "维生素Bl2缺乏还可使中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞吞噬细菌后的杀灭细菌作用减弱，使组织、血浆及尿液中甲基丙二酸堆积，后者是结核分枝杆菌细胞壁成分的原料，有利于结核分枝杆菌生长，故维生素B12缺乏者易伴结核病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "维生素B12缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结核病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "对CD有瘘管形成及脓肿者禁用。 泼尼松和泼尼松龙：1～2mg/（kg•d），一日2～3次，共2～3周，症状缓解逐渐减量，隔日或间隙疗法［1mg/（kg•d）］，持续4～6周，后再逐渐减量至停药，总疗程2～3个月。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "CD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泼尼松和泼尼松龙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "13-三体综合征@常见六指（趾）畸形，指甲过度凸出。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "13-三体综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "常见六指（趾）畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "13-三体综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "指甲过度凸出"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "胆管癌@按当地专科医师提供的化疗方案进行。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "早产@在孕周小于26周的新生儿中，约四分之一的婴儿会出现明显的神经系统损伤，最终导致脑瘫、失明或耳聋等并发症。 早产@早产儿在儿童时期出现行为问题及ADHD的比例正不断增加。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "行为问题"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ADHD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经系统损伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑瘫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "失明"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "耳聋"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肝功能损害、脓毒血症、全身性单纯疱疹病毒感染和围生期窒息可导致血氨升高，但血氨不如遗传代谢病和新生儿一过性高氨血症显著，对于血氨中度升高者应检查肝功能，但是即使是严重肝坏死者，血氨一般很少超过500μmol/L。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝功能损害", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血氨升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脓毒血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血氨升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "围生期窒息", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血氨升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病@### 慢性鼻窦炎/鼻后滴涕 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 慢性鼻窦炎/鼻炎是慢性咳嗽非常常见的原因。慢性阻塞性肺疾病@患者可能主诉鼻窦压迫感、流涕、干咳和/或头痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性鼻窦炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻窦压迫感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性鼻窦炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流涕"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性鼻窦炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "干咳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性鼻窦炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性鼻窦炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻后滴涕"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性鼻窦炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "鼻炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "1.良性家族性新生儿惊厥 为常染色体显性遗传，往往有惊厥家族史，基因定位多位于20q13. 2，少数定位于8q染色体上，致病基因为KCNQ2和KCNQ3。预后良好，多于1～2个月内消失，大约10%～14%小儿转为其他类型癫痫。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "良性家族性新生儿惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "预后良好"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "良性家族性新生儿惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多于1～2个月内消失"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "良性家族性新生儿惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "常染色体显性遗传"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "良性家族性新生儿惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "惊厥家族史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "唇腭裂@一些少见的腭裂，如黏膜下腭裂也可表现为气道梗阻。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黏膜下腭裂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏膜下腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气道梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "帕金森病@肌电图 (EMG) 可显示直肠括约肌的去神经和神经再支配。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肌电图", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "EMG"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "B族链球菌感染@应向患者解释抗生素预防的基本原理。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 各种维持功能的治疗措施均对LGMD患者有利，伸展训练可减轻挛缩，支架及脊柱侧弯手术均可适用，指征同DMD患者。行走困难者可以使用轮椅，在有些伴有危及生命的心肌病患者中，需安装心脏起搏器，甚至心脏移植以挽救生命。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "LGMD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "安装心脏起搏器"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 典型RS呈“双相期”疾病特征。患儿常先有前驱期感染（如流感），可伴低热、咳嗽及流涕等症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "RS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "RS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "RS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流涕"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@ 仅对动脉氧饱和度＜90%、呼吸窘迫或有其他低氧血症高危特征的患者应当给予辅助吸氧。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "辅助吸氧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@入组的 15 例患者中有 13 例对放射治疗有反应，具体表现为体重增加 4-20 kg、EuroQol 提示生活质量改善 (P＜0.001)。慢性胰腺炎@最重要的是，3例表现为连续性疼痛的患者疼痛均有减轻，从而完全停用大剂量镇痛药物治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "连续性疼痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放射治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放射治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "连续性疼痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "镇痛药物治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "重型：又称Hb Bart胎儿水肿综合征。胎盘巨大且质脆。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Hb Bart胎儿水肿综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胎盘巨大且质脆"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "重型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Hb Bart胎儿水肿综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "HIV 感染@## 病因学 HIV是逆转录病毒，主要感染人 CD4+ T 细胞和巨噬细胞并在其中复制。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CD4+ T 细胞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "巨噬细胞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@结果 可检测病毒 ### 鼻咽分泌物 检查 结果 检查 常用于有呼吸道症状的儿童（成人不常用）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻咽分泌物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "第四节 血吸虫病 血吸虫病（schistosomiasis）是血吸虫寄生人体所致的疾病。 当人、畜接触疫水时，尾蚴很快（短至2～10秒钟）从皮肤或黏膜钻入体内，脱落尾部变为童虫。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "当人、畜接触疫水时"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血吸虫寄生人体所致"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 急性肾炎临床表现轻重悬殊,轻者全无临床症状,仅见镜下血尿，重者可呈急进性过程，短期内出现肾功能不全。咽炎为诱因者病前6 ~ 12天（平均10天）多有发热、颈淋巴结 肿大及咽部渗出。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈淋巴结 肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽部渗出"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "急性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾功能不全"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无临床症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "内镜观察不仅能准确诊断溃疡、观察病灶大小、周围炎症的轻重、溃疡表面有无血管暴露，同时又可采集黏膜活检行病理组织学和细菌学检查,还可以在内镜下控制活动性出血。我国儿童Hp现症感染的诊断应符合下述四项之一: ①Hp培养阳性;②组织病理学检查和快速尿素酶试验均阳性;③组织病理学检査和快速尿素酶试验结果不一致时,需进一步行非侵人性检查如13C尿素呼吸试验或粪便Hp抗原检测;④消化性溃疡出血时，组织病理学检査和快速尿素酶试验中任一项阳性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "消化性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黏膜活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "消化性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "组织病理学检査"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "消化性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "快速尿素酶试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（三）对症治疗 出现全身过敏症状时，用脱敏药物，有腹痛时可用颠茄或阿托品等。长期预防蛔虫病的最有效措施是对人粪必须进行无害化处理后再当肥料使用，以及提供对污水处理的卫生设施。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "过敏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "过敏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脱敏药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "腹痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颠茄或阿托品"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "（2）自身免疫：环境因素有病毒感染：Coxsackie B组病毒、EB病毒及腮腺炎病毒等；牛乳蛋白：过早、过多地摄入牛乳制品，其中酪蛋白作为抗原，触发糖尿病发生。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Coxsackie B组病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "EB病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腮腺炎病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "ADV肺炎曾是我国儿童患病率和死亡率最高的病毒性肺炎，占20世纪70年代前病毒性肺炎的首位, 死亡率最高曾达33%，发病率现在被RSV肺炎取代。临床特点为起病急骤、高热持续时间长、中毒症状重、啰音出现较晚、X线改变较肺部体征出现早，易合并心肌炎和多器官功能障碍。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "RSV", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "啰音出现较晚"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "病毒性脑膜炎@根据常规脑脊液检查可能很难区分病毒性脑膜炎和细菌性脑膜炎（包括由结核病引起的脑膜炎）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "病毒性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细菌性脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@淋巴细胞相对增多可见于病毒性脑炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "病毒性脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淋巴细胞相对增多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淋巴细胞相对增多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "肾母细胞瘤可能由于未分化形成小管和小球的后肾胚芽异常增生所致。肾母细胞瘤增生复合体（nephroblastomatosis complex）也可能是Willms瘤瘤前病变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肾母细胞瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾母细胞瘤增生复合体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肾母细胞瘤增生复合体", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "nephroblastomatosis complex"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "新生儿破伤风(neonatal tetanus)是指破伤风杆菌侵入脐部生长繁殖,并产生痉挛毒素而引起以牙关紧闭和全身肌肉强直性痉挛为特征的急性感染性疾病。此毒素还可兴奋交感神经，引起心动过速、血压升高、多汗等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心动过速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血压升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多汗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "新生儿破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "neonatal tetanus"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病@既可以是短效、也可以是长效支气管扩张剂。慢性阻塞性肺疾病@如果证据表明对改善症状有益，应继续进行。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管扩张剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 反流性肾病最常见的临床表现为反复发作的泌尿道感染，可出现不同程度的血尿、蛋白尿和高 血压。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "反流性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "反流性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "蛋白尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "反流性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泌尿道感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "广泛性焦虑障碍@### 体格检查 如果不存在其他躯体疾病共病或物质滥用问题，常规体格检查即可。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "常规体格检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "肛门癌@临床上可触及的腹股沟淋巴结肿大应抽吸活检，以进行细胞学检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@[ 中性粒细胞减少的评估 ](/topics/zh-cn/893) ### 全血细胞减少症 | 短期 | 高 白血病细胞骨髓浸润的结果和治疗副作用的结果。 急性髓性白血病@一旦血小板计数＜10,000/μL，应给予预防性血小板输注。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全血细胞减少症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "4.黏多糖病Ⅲ型（Sanfilippo综合征） 临床可分为4种亚型，分别由4种不同的酶缺陷所引起。临床上患儿在1岁内发育尚正常，以后逐渐出现语言、行为障碍，生长发育落后，在儿童期神经系统退行性病变较明显，有肝脾肿大，疝气，面容粗陋，关节强直等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病Ⅲ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "语言、行为障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病Ⅲ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生长发育落后"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病Ⅲ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经系统退行性病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病Ⅲ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脾肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病Ⅲ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疝气"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病Ⅲ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "面容粗陋"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病Ⅲ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节强直"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "黏多糖病Ⅲ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Sanfilippo综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "表11-23 国际横纹肌肉瘤分型 葡萄簇样肉瘤是胚胎型横纹肌肉瘤的另一种类型，好原发于内脏空腔器官，如阴道、鼻咽部和胆道。息肉样结构由以圆形和梭状细胞为中心的黏液基质以及围绕的小圆细胞组成，好发年龄小于4岁，预后最好。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "葡萄簇样肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小于4岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "葡萄簇样肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "最好"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "葡萄簇样肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小于4岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "胚胎型横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "葡萄簇样肉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "葡萄簇样肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内脏空腔器官"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "葡萄簇样肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阴道"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "葡萄簇样肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻咽部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "葡萄簇样肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆道"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "葡萄簇样肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胚胎型横纹肌肉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "胆囊炎@### 重度烧伤 大面积烧伤的患者通常存在发展为非结石性胆囊炎的多重危险因素，包括脓毒症、脱水、全肠外营养和正压通气。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "重度烧伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "非结石性胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脓毒症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "非结石性胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脱水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "非结石性胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全肠外营养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "非结石性胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "正压通气"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "肾细胞癌@ 北美整体人口患RCC 的平均几率为 1/10,000。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "RCC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1/10,000"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "类风湿关节炎@若经过3个月的初始DMARD治疗，根据任一综合评估标准患者病情均未达到低疾病活动度，那么应加用另一种DMARD治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "DMARD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "腹主动脉瘤@ * 分子遗传学：虽然没有单一的遗传缺陷或多态性可引起本病，但家族聚集性、一种常见的 HLA 亚型、以及多种相关的基因表达改变和多态性，都提示发病机制中的遗传作用。腹主动脉瘤@ ## 分类 ### AAA 分型 AAA 的具体分型为： * 先天性：随着年龄增长，动脉中层发生退行性变，二叶式主动脉瓣畸形和马凡氏综合征患者的退行性变加速。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "家族聚集性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "一种常见的 HLA 亚型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "卵巢癌@### 有家族史的卵巢癌 根据监测、流行病学调查及最终结果 (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results; SEER) 项目的数据，有一名一级亲属罹患卵巢癌的女性，其卵巢癌终生发病率为5%。 卵巢癌@### 有家族史的乳腺癌 强烈乳腺癌家族史，尤其是绝经之前的乳腺癌，有时与BRCA1和BRCA2基因突变相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "卵巢癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "有家族史的乳腺癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【发病率】 普通人群中幽门肥厚发病率为0. 1%～1%，且有上升趋势，40年前的报告是1/900～1/300；而英国最近调查表明过去几十年以来，发病率已从0. 1%～0. 2%上升到0. 3%～0. 8%。白种人发病率是黑种人几倍，亚洲人种较低。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "幽门肥厚", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白种人"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "幽门肥厚", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "0. 1%～1%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "幽门肥厚", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "0. 1%～0. 2%上升到0. 3%～0. 8%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@稳定型缺血性心脏病患者短期内心电图出现变化是无症状心肌梗死、未控制的高血压和复杂心律失常的证据，应根据这些情况调整治疗方案。稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@尽管尚未确定应隔多长时间复查常规的12导联心电图，专家意见和惯例认为对于病情稳定的患者至少每年应该复查，有临床情况变化时应该随时复查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "12导联心电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "二、病毒感染性口炎第十三篇 消化系统疾病 第三章 口炎 第一节 感染性口炎【病因】 【临床表现及诊断】 【治疗】病毒感染性口炎中，疱疹性口炎（ herpetic stomatitis ）的发病率最高。终年可以发生，以2 ～ 4月份最多，具传染性，可群体发病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发季节", "subject": "疱疹性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "2 ～ 4月份"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "疱疹性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "herpetic stomatitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "B族链球菌感染@### 婴儿和儿童 最常见的临床表现是病灶不明的脓毒症、脑膜炎、肺炎、化脓性关节炎和腹膜炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病灶不明的脓毒症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化脓性关节炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "白喉@结果 阳性 ### 聚合酶链反应(PCR) 检查 结果 检查 一旦开始抗生素治疗，培养和分离 _白喉棒状杆菌_ 通常不会成功。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "聚合酶链反应"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PCR"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "聚合酶链反应", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "PCR"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "类风湿关节炎@这些 HLA 等位基因编码，（被称为共享表位的共同氨基酸序列），可能涉及了 RA 的发病机制。类风湿关节炎@ 近来，PTPN22 和其他基因的某些遗传变异被确认为 RA 的危险因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "RA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PTPN22"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "原发肿瘤诊断明确并经治疗后转移至骨骼，一般较易发现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "原发肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨骼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "慢性肾病@代谢性酸中毒可能会加重肾性骨营养不良并引起营养不良、高代谢分解状态以及生长迟滞。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "营养不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高代谢分解状态"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生长迟滞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@Mohs显微描记术用于影响美观部位的、直径大于2cm的以及所有复发的肿瘤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Mohs显微描记术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "影响美观部位"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "婴儿猝死综合征@### 未使用橡皮奶嘴 包括 2 项meta 分析在内的多项研究表明，使用橡皮奶嘴具有保护作用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "未使用橡皮奶嘴"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "二、产时出血 （一）头颅血肿和帽状腱膜下出血 为胎儿头颅在产道受压、牵拉、器械助产等所致，随着产前诊断、产程监护、手术方式的改进，本病发生率已明显减少。颅内出血进行头颅B超或CT检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "产时出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头颅B超或CT检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@结果 低于正常值范围（甲亢）;升高（甲状腺功能减退） ### 糖化血红蛋白 检查 结果 检查 反映前3个月的血糖状况。稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@可用于糖尿病的诊断、筛查和监测。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖化血红蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖化血红蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "慢性肾病@## 鉴别诊断 ### 查看全部  ### 糖尿病肾病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 血糖未有效控制的糖尿病病史5~10年。 慢性肾病@[ 高血压性肾硬化 ](/topics/zh-cn/1071) ### 缺血性肾脏病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 长期存在的原发性高血压突然无法控制的病史。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "慢性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "缺血性肾脏病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "慢性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖尿病肾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠胆汁淤积@[早产新生儿护理] ### 维生素 K 缺乏 | 存在差异 | 中 肝功能障碍导致脂溶性维生素K耗尽，从而导致维生素K-依赖性凝血因子耗尽，以及凝血酶原时间延长。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素 K 缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "基底细胞癌@## 新兴疗法 ### 索尼吉布 一种 Hedgehog 信号通路抑制剂，已被美国食品药品监督管理局 (FDA) 批准用于治疗在放疗或手术后复发的局部晚期基底细胞癌，或用于不适合放疗或手术患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "索尼吉布"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "早产@在妊娠24至34周时，出现规律宫缩及宫颈扩张，即存在短期内分娩的风险，无论胎膜是否早破，均应给予其单疗程倍他米松或地塞米松， 且地塞米松可能会降低新生儿脑室内出血率。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "倍他米松"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "地塞米松"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "中耳炎@口服抗生素已经成为主要疗法，但是过度使用这些药剂增加了抗生素耐药性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "在慢性中耳炎或粒细胞缺乏症的患者，绿脓杆菌感染的发病率增加。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "慢性中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "绿脓杆菌感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "粒细胞缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "绿脓杆菌感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "胃炎@ 临床发生严重出血的主要危险因素包括机械通气时间>48小时和凝血异常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "严重出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "机械通气时间"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "严重出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "凝血异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 EH为良性自限性疾病，绝大多数患儿不需任何内外科治疗，可待其自行消失。近年有学者追踪随访，发现少数患儿可出现轻度的神经精神发育障碍，如运动发育迟缓和语言发育迟缓等，值得进一步研究。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "EH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "运动发育迟缓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "EH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "语言发育迟缓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "其他病毒所致脑炎或脑膜炎由其他病毒,如单纯疱疹病毒、巨细胞病毒、EB病毒、呼吸道病 毒等引起的脑炎或脑膜炎，临床表现与手足口病合并中枢神经系统损害的重症病例表现相似。必要时加用呋塞米。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呋塞米"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（一）急性期 新发病，临床症状明显而多变，病程多不超过6个月。有的呼吸困难、大汗淋漓、皮肤湿冷。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大汗淋漓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤湿冷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "急性阑尾炎@### 右下腹压痛 典型体征是右下腹压痛（麦氏征）。急性阑尾炎@按压左下腹也可能引发右下腹痛（Rovsing 征）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "右下腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "右下腹压痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "麦氏征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "唐氏综合征（Down syndrome,DS)又称21三体综合征（trisomy 21 syndrome),是人类最早被确定的染色体病,在活产婴儿中发生率约为1 :000 ~1 :600，母亲年龄越大，发生率越高。 生长发育迟缓 患儿出生的身长和体重均较正常儿低,生后体格发育、动作发育均迟缓,身材矮小,骨龄落后于实际年龄，出牙迟且顺序异常；四肢短，韧带松弛，关节可过度弯曲；肌张力低下，腹膨隆,可伴有脐疝;手指粗短，小指尤短,中间指骨短宽,且向内弯曲。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "唐氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "身材矮小"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "唐氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨龄落后于实际年龄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "唐氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出牙迟且顺序异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "唐氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "四肢短"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "唐氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "韧带松弛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "唐氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节可过度弯曲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "唐氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌张力低下"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "唐氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Down syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "唐氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "DS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "唐氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "21三体综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "21三体综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "trisomy 21 syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "唐氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1 :000 ~1 :600"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "唐氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "母亲年龄越大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "黏多糖病Ⅳ型有两种亚型，黏多糖病Ⅳ型A为半乳糖胺-6-硫酸酯酶缺乏，黏多糖病Ⅳ型B为β-半乳糖苷酶缺乏，导致硫酸角质素和硫酸软骨素降解障碍，导致这些物质在细胞与组织中积聚。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "黏多糖病Ⅳ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黏多糖病Ⅳ型A"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "黏多糖病Ⅳ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黏多糖病Ⅳ型B"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "黏多糖病Ⅳ型A", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "半乳糖胺-6-硫酸酯酶缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "黏多糖病Ⅳ型B", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "β-半乳糖苷酶缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@[ 肺炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/1113) ### 心包炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 患者可以表现为不同性质的胸痛，比较典型的是坐起和前倾身体时减轻，躺下时加重。 ST段抬高型心肌梗死@超声心动图可以看到心包积液或无特殊表现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "心包炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声心动图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心包炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心包炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "乙型肝炎@## 案例 ### 案例 一名 40 岁的无症状男性，进行常规就诊时发现丙氨酸氨基转移酶 (alanine aminotransferase, ALT) 水平升高 (55 IU/mL)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "丙氨酸氨基转移酶", "subject_type": "症状", "object": {"@value": "alanine aminotransferase, ALT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "痛风@继出现苯溴马隆的严重肝毒性报道后，该药在美国从未获批，且在许多国家/地区已被停用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苯溴马隆"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "急性咽喉炎@大龄儿童可能与口腔或咽部外伤史相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口腔或咽部外伤史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "细菌性脑膜炎@那些失代偿性休克（代偿性休克的症状加上低血压）、组织缺氧、严重呼吸窘迫、意识障碍，或者颅内压升高的患者需要插管并进行通气治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "通气治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "组织缺氧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "严重呼吸窘迫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅内压升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "肾小球肾炎@ Wegener 肉芽肿患者中大约 20%-25%最终进展至终末期肾病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "Wegener 肉芽肿患者", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "终末期肾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "影像学检査甲基丙二酸血症患者脑CT、MRI扫描常见对称性基底节损害。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "甲基丙二酸血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "影像学检査"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "甲基丙二酸血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑CT、MRI扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "targetUrl=http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1071/full) ## 证据评分 降低死亡率：高质量证据提示抗血小板治疗（阿司匹林75～325 mg/d）与安慰剂比较降低不稳定型心绞痛患者的死亡、心肌梗死和卒中风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "不稳定型心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿司匹林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿司匹林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿司匹林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "不稳定型心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗血小板治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗血小板治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗血小板治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "2.颅外感染 （1）热性惊厥： 为小儿惊厥最常见的原因，其发生率约4%～8%。 （2）中毒性脑病： 颅外感染所致中毒性脑病常见于重症肺炎、中毒性菌痢以及败血症等急性感染过程中出现类似脑炎的表现，但并非病原体直接侵入脑组织。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "颅外感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中毒性脑病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "热性惊厥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "小儿惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "4%～8%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "中毒性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅外感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "中毒性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "重症肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "中毒性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中毒性菌痢"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "中毒性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "败血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "毛细胞白血病@ * 免疫细胞化学检查和流式细胞学检查目前已经在大多数情况下替代了耐酒石酸盐酸性磷酸酶 (TRAP) 染色来辨别细胞诊断 HCL。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "HCL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫细胞化学检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "在西方国家这是一种非处方药，部分患者服用抗酸剂后症状缓解，但也有报告抗酸剂与安慰剂在治疗功能性消化不良方面疗效相近。 抗酸剂（碳酸氢钠、氢氧化铝、氧化镁、三硅酸镁）：在我国常用的有碳酸钙口服液、复方氢氧化铝片及胃达。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "功能性消化不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "三硅酸镁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "功能性消化不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "碳酸钙口服液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "功能性消化不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "复方氢氧化铝片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "功能性消化不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃达"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "免疫抑制剂 目前主要用于治疗慢性ITP。其他如长春新碱每次0. 75 ~1mg/m2,加0.9%氯化钠溶液静脉注射，每周1次，可连续用4 ~6次;环磷酰胺每次 300~400mg/m2,加5%葡萄糖溶液静滴，每1 ~2周1次,可连续用3 ~4次。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性ITP", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "长春新碱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性ITP", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫抑制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "前列腺癌@## 检查 ### 首要检查 ### 查看全部   ### PSA 检查 结果 检查 PSA的正常范围是从0至4μg/L（0至4ng/mL）；然而，正常的水平上限可根据年龄和种族而异。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PSA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "长期禁盐，过多应用利尿剂以及呕吐、腹泻均可导致低钠血症及低钾血症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "低钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "长期禁盐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "低钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "过多应用利尿剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "低钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "低钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "低钾血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "长期禁盐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "低钾血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "过多应用利尿剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "低钾血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "低钾血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "慢性心房颤动@既往医疗史和外科手术史对各类心脏疾病(如心脏瓣膜病、冠状动脉疾病、高血压、心包炎、心肌病和其他心律失常)，包括近期心胸外科手术，以及许多非心脏疾病如糖尿病、甲状腺疾病和癌症均可能起重要作用。慢性心房颤动@ ### 体格检查 脉搏可能是无规律性，不规则，且速率极快，但因脉搏探查部位不同，降低的脉搏灌注可能会导致忽略这些发现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "慢性心房颤动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖尿病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "慢性心房颤动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲状腺疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "慢性心房颤动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癌症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "普通感冒@面部疼痛罕见且并不是鼻窦炎的可靠征象；然而额窦和上颌窦部反复出现疼痛、牙齿疼痛与外用和口服减充血剂治疗无效，则高度提示急性细菌性鼻窦炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性细菌性鼻窦炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "牙齿疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "转移性乳腺癌@替代性选择包括选择性雌激素受体下调剂氟维司群（曾用过芳香化酶抑制剂时应当考虑）或选择性雌激素受体调节剂他莫昔芬。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氟维司群"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "他莫昔芬"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "3.肝功能损害及胆汁淤积（PN associated cholestasis，简称PNAC） 临床特征是应用PN期间出现不能解释的黄疸和（或）肝功能损害，其确切病因目前尚不知道，大多学者认为由多因素引起，主要包括：①早产儿、低体重儿：Beale等报道，出生体重＜2000g在PN 2周后，有50%的患儿发生胆汁淤积；出生体重在1000～2000g，其发生率为15%。④高热能：Hirai等报道长期高热能PN［70～40kcal/（kg•d）］引可引起PNAC和肝脏病变，28例患儿接受高热能PN＞2周，18例发生不同程度的肝脏损害。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝功能损害及胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高热能"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肝功能损害及胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PN associated cholestasis，简称PNAC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝功能损害及胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早产儿、低体重儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 FNS对肾上腺皮质激素治疗反应差，常表现为对肾上腺皮质激素抵抗。对严重低白蛋白血症，或伴低血容量表现者可输注无盐白蛋白。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "FNS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无盐白蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "类风湿关节炎@[ 系统性红斑狼疮 ](/topics/zh-cn/103) ### 骨关节炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 患病率随年龄增加而增长。类风湿关节炎@患者表现为关节痛和僵直，通常活动后加重。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "僵直"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨关节炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "B细胞型非霍奇金淋巴瘤（B-NHL）治疗方案 （一）适应证 1.未治成熟B细胞型NHL，包括①伯基特型（Burkitt’s） NHL；②大B细胞型NHL；③成熟B细胞性急性淋巴细胞性白血病［表达sIgM或/和μ重链、λ、κ轻链，并/或肿瘤细胞有t（8；14），t（8；22），t（8；2）］。 3.间变大细胞型NHL也可借用本方案。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "B细胞型NHL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "间变大细胞型NHL"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "B细胞型NHL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伯基特型（Burkitt’s） NHL"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "B细胞型NHL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大B细胞型NHL"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "类风湿关节炎@血管生成活跃并引起新生血管增生，最终导致滑膜增厚。类风湿关节炎@该炎症状态下，若不经治疗，这种极度炎症环境导致受累关节的永久性破坏。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节的永久性破坏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生血管增生"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "滑膜增厚"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@[ 稳定型缺血性心脏病 ](/topics/zh-cn/148) ### 心肌炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 表现多样，可无症状，也可出现心源性休克。非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@可能有心力衰竭的症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心源性休克"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "二、产时出血 （一）头颅血肿和帽状腱膜下出血 为胎儿头颅在产道受压、牵拉、器械助产等所致，随着产前诊断、产程监护、手术方式的改进，本病发生率已明显减少。 2.纠正低血容量 如发生失血性休克，应立即给生理盐水，先快速静脉滴注10～20ml/kg，然后根据病情继续维持。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "产时出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生理盐水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "最常见的糖原累积病是Ia型，即Von Gierke病，其发病率约1/100 000。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "糖原累积病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Ia型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "糖原累积病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Von Gierke病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "Ia型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Von Gierke病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "Von Gierke病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1/100 000"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "肝硬化@ * 药物和毒物：胺碘酮、甲氨蝶呤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "药物和毒物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胺碘酮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲氨蝶呤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "九、颅咽管瘤第十一篇 儿童常见肿瘤 第六章 中枢神经系统肿瘤颅咽管瘤（ craniopharyngioma ）占儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤的6% ～ 9% ，多发生在20岁以前，平均发病年龄为8岁。肿瘤多位于鞍内及鞍上，球形或不规则形，边界清楚，实质性及部分囊性，囊液黄褐色，并有胆固醇结晶，囊壁及实质性部分可有钙化。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "颅咽管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鞍内"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "颅咽管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鞍上"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "颅咽管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "craniopharyngioma"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "颅咽管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "颅咽管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "20岁以前"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "颅咽管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "8岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "失眠症@这可能导致失眠症，患者报告难以入眠或在预期时间内保持睡眠状态。失眠症@向东旅行可能与入睡型失眠症相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "入睡型失眠症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "入睡型失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "向东旅行"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "破伤风@进一步检查可能确定根本病因：磷酸盐、碱性磷酸酶、镁、甲状旁腺素 (parathyroid hormone, PTH)、25-羟基维生素D和1,25-二羟基维生素D、肾和肝功能、淀粉酶等。 破伤风@[ 低钙血症 ](/topics/zh-cn/160) ### 牙科/咽旁/腮腺/扁桃体感染或白喉 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 这些感染可导致牙关紧闭，但无肌肉痉挛或全身性症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "25-羟基维生素D"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝功能"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淀粉酶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "磷酸盐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "碱性磷酸酶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1,25-二羟基维生素D"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白喉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "牙关紧闭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "白喉@在获得培养标本后，给予包括 7-10 天口服红霉素或单剂肌内注射青霉素抗生素治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "4.尿崩症特殊实验检查 （1）禁水试验： 主要用于鉴定尿崩症和精神性烦渴。 （2）禁饮结合加压素试验： 用于中枢性尿崩症与肾性尿崩症的鉴别。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "禁饮结合加压素试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "5.聚合酶链反应（PCR） 最近有报道表明PCR可为新生儿化脓性脑膜炎提供较为精确的病原菌诊断依据。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "新生儿化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "聚合酶链反应"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "聚合酶链反应", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "PCR"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "第二节 急进性肾小球肾炎 急进性肾小球肾炎（rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis，RPGN）简称急进性肾炎，系急进性肾炎综合征。 （一）一般治疗 卧床休息及低盐饮食等一般治疗与急性肾炎相同。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "一般治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "卧床休息"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低盐饮食"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "RPGN"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急进性肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急进性肾炎综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急进性肾小球肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@高度推荐严格避免日晒。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "严格避免日晒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "因而NTDs的发生是多基因遗传所致，至于遗传因素对于NTDs发生有多大作用，则尚未定论。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "NTDs", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "遗传因素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "NTDs", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多基因遗传"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@## 检查 ### 首要检查 ### 查看全部   ### 全血细胞计数 检查 结果 检查 大多患者有正常细胞性、正常色素性贫血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全血细胞计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "白内障@白内障手术通常只需局部麻醉（或仅表面麻醉），手术在门诊即可完成。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白内障手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "（三）基因诊断 1. DNA多态性分析 包括限制性内切酶片段长度多态性（RFLP）、可变数目的串联重复序列（VNTR）和短重复序列（STR）分析。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "短重复序列", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "STR"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "癫痫持续状态@另外，静脉注射苯妥英的罕见并发症是紫色手套综合征：手部从注射部位向肢体远端变色，并伴有疼痛及肿胀。癫痫持续状态@磷苯妥英是苯妥英的一种水溶性前体药物，极少有注射相关并发症，但是价格昂贵。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "磷苯妥英"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苯妥英"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "紫色手套综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "紫色手套综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "紫色手套综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肿胀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "永存动脉干的最常见合并畸形是主动脉弓异常。术中经食管超声心动图检查超声心动图检查可在手术后即刻检查有无残余室间隔缺损室间隔缺损及右心室至肺动脉连接管道的梗阻，如果有严重的术后“主”动脉瓣反流则可在患儿出手术室以前进行换瓣。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食管超声心动图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "主动脉弓异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 急性胃炎发病急骤，轻者仅有食欲缺乏、腹痛、恶心、呕吐，严重者可出现呕血、黑便、脱水、 电解质及酸碱平衡紊乱。有感染者常伴有发热等全身中毒症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黑便"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "电解质及酸碱平衡紊乱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脱水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@一项安慰剂对照Ⅱ期临床试验的初步结果表明，与安慰剂治疗组相比，17例慢性疼痛患者接受10 天的rTMS治疗（目标区域为右侧次级躯体感觉皮质）可以明显减轻疼痛（分别为27.2%和1.1%），并且其疗效在结束治疗后仍可至少维持3周。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "慢性疼痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "rTMS治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "卵巢癌@## 筛查 ### 无症状人群 对于一般人群，没有推荐的卵巢癌筛查。卵巢癌@详细了解家族史有助于识别风险较高的患者，但是目前没有常规的筛查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "卵巢癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "家族史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "卵巢癌@如果术中组织学检查证实卵巢癌，则需进行手术分期，包括开腹全子宫切除、双侧附件切除、阑尾切除、网膜切除、盆腔和腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除以及分期活检。卵巢癌@ 目前，紫杉醇和卡铂是首选的联合化疗方案。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "卵巢癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "开腹全子宫切除"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "卵巢癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双侧附件切除"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "卵巢癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阑尾切除"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "卵巢癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "网膜切除"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "卵巢癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "分期活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "奈替米星4～16mg/kg，1次或分2次静脉滴注。 5）第三代头孢菌素及氧头孢烯类：腹泻的病原菌普遍对本类药敏感，包括治疗最为困难的多重耐药鼠伤寒沙门菌及志贺菌。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "奈替米星"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "早产@### 多胎妊娠 双胎的分娩时间平均提早3周；因此大约一半的双胎是早产。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多胎妊娠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "类癌综合征@更新的试验性治疗如酪氨酸激酶抑制剂正在进行临床试验，获得了一些可喜的成果。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "酪氨酸激酶抑制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@### 恶心/呕吐 可能与心绞痛有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "痔@在处理痔切除术后的疼痛时，建议患者使用常规的简单镇痛药，例如对乙酰氨基酚或布洛芬，并且每天使用粪便软化剂，以避免便秘。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "镇痛药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "粪便软化剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "我国新中国成立前每年约100万新生儿死于破伤风，建国后发病率和死亡率显著下降，但在边远农村、山区及私自接生者新生儿破伤风仍不罕见。 4.水合氯醛 止痉作用快，作为痉挛发作时临时性增加药物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "新生儿破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水合氯醛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "第二节 过敏性紫癜 【概述】 过敏性紫癜（anaphylactoid purpura）也称亨-舒综合征（Henöch-Schöhlein syndrome，Henoöch-Schönlein purpura，HSP），是一种以小血管炎为主要病变的系统性血管炎，临床表现为皮肤紫癜，常伴关节炎、腹痛、便血和肾小球肾炎；多发于学龄前和学龄期儿童，男孩多于女孩，一年四季均有发病，以春秋两季居多，国内报告HSP患病率有逐年增高趋势。起病前1～3周常有上呼吸道感染史。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上呼吸道感染史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "便血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾小球肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "anaphylactoid purpura"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "亨-舒综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Henöch-Schöhlein syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Henoöch-Schönlein purpura"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HSP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤紫癜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男孩多于女孩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发季节", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "春秋两季居多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发季节", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "春秋"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@结肠炎活动性包括脓性坏疽（1%-2%）、骶髂关节炎（12%-15%）、强直性脊柱炎（1%-2%）、原发性硬化性胆管炎 （3%-7%）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脓性坏疽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骶髂关节炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "强直性脊柱炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "原发性硬化性胆管炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "痛风@[ 银屑病关节炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/524) 。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "银屑病关节炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "惊厥（convulsion)是儿科最常见的急症之一,是由于脑大量神经元一过性同步化放电导致的所涉及随意肌的不可控制的抽搐或者肌张力改变，可以是部分身体（局灶性），也可以是全身性的（全面性）。 特殊检査 脑电图:各种类型癫痫有诊断意义，对脑病和脑炎的诊断及病情判断亦可能有帮助。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抽搐或者肌张力改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "convulsion"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "成人哮喘@在一项尽管使用控制性药物仍未达到控制的成人中重度哮喘患者的Ⅱ期安慰剂对照临床试验中，tralokinumab 治疗与肺功能改善有关，但与根据问卷调查评估的哮喘控制无关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "tralokinumab"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 消化道出血治疗原则是：①迅速稳定患儿生命体征；②评估出血的严重程度；③确定出血病灶；④明确出血原因，针对病因治疗；⑤制定特殊治疗方法；⑥外科手术治疗。 （一）迅速稳定患儿生命体征 1.一般急救措施 （1）绝对卧床休息： 去枕侧平卧，保持呼吸道通畅，避免呕血时将血液呛入气管引起窒息，并保持安静。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "绝对卧床休息"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "迅速稳定患儿生命体征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "评估出血的严重程度"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "确定出血病灶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "制定特殊治疗方法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外科手术治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@### 血浆生物标志物 炎症的血浆生物标志物（高敏 C-反应蛋白 [CRP]、可溶性细胞间黏附分子 [slCAM-1]、血清淀粉样蛋白 A、白细胞介素 [IL]-6/IL-18、髓过氧化物酶、可溶性 CD40 配体）、血栓状态发生变化的血浆生物标志物（组织型纤溶酶原激活物 [tPA]/纤溶酶原激活物抑制物 1 [PAI-1]、纤维蛋白原、同型半胱氨酸、D-二聚体）和脂质发生变化的血浆生物标志物（脂蛋白-a、LDL 微粒大小、载脂蛋白 A[ApoA]）已被提议用于冠脉疾病患者的风险分层。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血浆生物标志物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "GSD依其所缺陷的酶可分为12型,多数属分解代谢上的缺陷,使糖原异常堆积。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "GSD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "12型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "第三节 急性喉、气管、支气管炎 急性喉气管支气管炎（acute laryngotracheobronchitis，croup）为一常见的气道梗阻性疾病，多见于喉部急性感染以后，炎症急速下行蔓延至气管、支气管，甚至延及小支气管、毛细支气管。血气分析可出现低氧血症和高碳酸血症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性喉气管支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血气分析"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "急性喉气管支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喉部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "急性喉气管支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "急性喉气管支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "急性喉气管支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小支气管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "急性喉气管支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "毛细支气管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "大多数（10%～50%）儿童在3～6岁出现梦魇，其发作是逐渐的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "梦魇", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "3～6岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "急性咽喉炎@### 发热>37°C （98.6°F） 发热是咽炎的一种常见但非特异性的症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "第八节 肺静脉异位连接 肺静脉异位连接可分为完全性肺静脉异位连接及部分性肺静脉异位连接两类。 手术后期疗效大多良好。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "完全性肺静脉异位连接", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "良好"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肺静脉异位连接", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "部分性肺静脉异位连接"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肺静脉异位连接", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "完全性肺静脉异位连接"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "麻风病@可使用 PCR 检测组织中的 _麻风分枝杆菌_ DNA。麻风病@它有助于诊断瘤型麻风 (LL)，但对结核样麻风 (TT) 或界线类偏结核样麻风 (BT) 诊断的敏感性略差。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瘤型麻风"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结核样麻风"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "界线类偏结核样麻风"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "瘤型麻风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "LL"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "结核样麻风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "TT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "界线类偏结核样麻风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "BT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性阑尾炎@附加 –   静脉抗生素治疗 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [ 头孢西丁 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 术前 1-2 g，单次静脉输注，术后每 8 小时用 1-2 g，用 2 次 对于无并发症的阑尾炎，给药 24 小时。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头孢西丁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断和鉴别诊断】 中枢性尿崩症需与其他原因引起的多饮、多尿相鉴别： 高渗性利尿 如糖尿病、肾小管酸中毒等,根据血糖、尿比重、尿渗透压及其他临床表现即可鉴别。 高钙血症 见于维生素D中毒、甲状旁腺功能亢进症等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高钙血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多饮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高渗性利尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肾小管酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高渗性利尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血糖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿比重"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿渗透压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖尿病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾小管酸中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "维生素D中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高钙血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "甲状旁腺功能亢进症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高钙血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "胆管癌@## 监测 手术切除后，建议每3-6个月行影像学（CT，MRI）检查，随时间延长而增加时间间隔;检测肝功能用于排除梗阻的复发。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手术切除"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "影像学（CT，MRI）检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "检测肝功能"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "表15-2性发育过程的分期（Tanner) *括号内数字系用Prader睾丸计测定的睾丸容积 【病因和分类】 性早熟按下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴 ( HPG )功能是否提前分为两类：中枢性（central precocious puberty,CPP或GnRH依赖性、真性、完全性）性早熟和外周性（peripheral precocious puberty, PPP或非GnRH依赖性、假性）性早熟。 肾上腺疾病:肾上腺肿瘤、先天性肾上腺皮质增生症等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肾上腺肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "性早熟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "性早熟", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "性早熟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "peripheral precocious puberty", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PPP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "性早熟", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中枢性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "性早熟", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外周性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "第四节 黏多糖病 【概述】 黏多糖病（mucopolysaccharidosis，MPS）是一组遗传性溶酶体贮积症，因降解各种黏多糖所需的溶酶体酶缺陷，造成不能完全降解的黏多糖在溶酶体中贮积，并有大量黏多糖从尿中排出。由于各型病情轻重不一，又有各自的临床特征，在诊断中需鉴别，主要表现为身材矮小和特殊面容，表情淡漠，头大、面部丑陋，眼裂小，眼距宽，鼻梁低平，鼻孔大，唇厚，前额和双颧突出，毛发多而发际低，颈短，大部分有角膜混浊。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "身材矮小"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "特殊面容"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "表情淡漠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "面部丑陋"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼裂小"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼距宽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻梁低平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻孔大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "唇厚"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前额和双颧突出"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "毛发多而发际低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈短"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大部分有角膜混浊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "mucopolysaccharidosis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MPS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "mucopolysaccharidosis", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MPS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "基底细胞癌@ : * 珍珠白色结节和/或斑块 * 不易愈合的痂 * 小痂和不易愈合的伤口 * 斑块，结节和有卷边的肿块 * 结节伴有毛细血管扩张 另外，在良好的光线条件下，拉伸皮肤会使肿瘤原本的珍珠白色更加明显，有助于进一步确诊。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "珍珠白色结节和/或斑块"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不易愈合的痂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小痂和不易愈合的伤口"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结节伴有毛细血管扩张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "肝癌@ ### 肝性脑病 在肝硬化失代偿的患者中常见。肝癌@ ### 恶病质 可能与肝硬化和肝癌相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝性脑病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶病质"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "表9-12 川崎病的伴随症状 （四）非典型的川崎病 那些有发热及其他表现（少于4项）的患儿被称为不典型川崎病，同样有并发冠状动脉瘤的危险。不典型川崎病多发生于小婴儿，且这些症状不易被发现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "不典型川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小婴儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "不典型川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "并发冠状动脉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "支气管哮喘（bronchial asthma)简称哮喘,是儿童期最常见的慢性呼吸道疾病。 胸部X线检査 急性期胸部X线正常或呈间质性改变，可有肺气肿或肺不张。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "支气管哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部X线检査"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "支气管哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "bronchial asthma"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "支气管哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "哮喘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "甲状腺癌@### 未分化癌 全甲状腺切除是必要的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "未分化癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全甲状腺切除"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "（五）治疗 由于生理性贫血是正常发育过程中的一种表现，因此通常不需要治疗。国外报道，严重贫血的未成熟儿可用重组人EPO 250IU/kg，每周3次，皮下注射或（和）铁剂如蔗糖铁6mg/kg，每周一次静脉注射，或硫酸亚铁6mg/（kg•24h），分3次口服治疗6周，经上述治疗者需要输血的次数明显减少，但应用EPO治疗的费用远比输血要高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "生理性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "重组人EPO"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "生理性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "铁剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "生理性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硫酸亚铁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "新生儿时期较常见的发热原因，非感染性疾病中包括“包裹综合征” 、脱水热，感染性发热包括多种细菌（大肠埃希菌、肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血性链球菌、鼠伤寒杆菌及其他沙门杆菌等）感染，或多种病毒（肠道或呼吸道病毒）感染。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "非感染性疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "包裹综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "脱水热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "感染性发热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "惊厥（convulsion)是儿科最常见的急症之一,是由于脑大量神经元一过性同步化放电导致的所涉及随意肌的不可控制的抽搐或者肌张力改变，可以是部分身体（局灶性），也可以是全身性的（全面性）。 头颅影像学检查:包括CT、平片、脑血管造影，了解有无颅压高表现、钙化点、脑血管病变和畸形。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头颅影像学检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "平片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑血管造影"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抽搐或者肌张力改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "convulsion"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "因此蛔虫病可在温暖季节传播，有时经年都可传播。 【并发症】 （一）蛔虫性肠梗阻 是最多见的一种并发症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "蛔虫性肠梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "另一些学者认为慢性气道炎症主要集中在中央气道，大气道平滑肌收缩刺激肌梭内咳嗽感受器引起剧烈咳嗽，而没有小气道阻塞表现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "慢性气道炎症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中央气道"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@### 心悸 许多患者出现了心悸。急性髓性白血病@由骨髓浸润、贫血或全身炎性细胞因子相关性作用所致。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨髓浸润"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心悸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "第十四节 后尿道瓣膜症 后尿道瓣膜是男性儿童先天性下尿路梗阻中最常见的疾病。 学龄期儿童主要表现为排尿时间延长，尿线细，排尿费力，往往有残余尿而导致尿失禁及遗尿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "后尿道瓣膜症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "排尿时间延长"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "后尿道瓣膜症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿线细"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "后尿道瓣膜症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "排尿费力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "后尿道瓣膜症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿失禁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "后尿道瓣膜症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "遗尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "后尿道瓣膜症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男性儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "早产@ 联合应用宫颈超声检查与胎儿纤连蛋白检测，可对早产做出最佳预测。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "宫颈超声检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胎儿纤连蛋白检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "病毒性脑膜炎@患儿有大面积斑丘疹。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "病毒性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大面积斑丘疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "二、爽身粉吸入 婴幼儿使用爽身粉、痱子粉时误吸所致。大量吸入者可立即出现呛咳、气喘、进行性呼吸困难、发绀等，未经处理可在1～2天内死亡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "爽身粉吸入", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1～2天内死亡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "爽身粉吸入", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呛咳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "爽身粉吸入", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气喘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "爽身粉吸入", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "进行性呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "爽身粉吸入", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发绀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "胆红素脑病常在24小时内较快进展，临床可分为4个阶段： 第一期:表现为嗜睡、反应低下、吮吸无力、拥抱反射减弱、肌张力减低等，偶有尖叫和呕吐。 第二期：出现抽搐、角弓反张和发热（多于抽搐同时发生）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆红素脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抽搐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆红素脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "角弓反张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆红素脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆红素脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆红素脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反应低下"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆红素脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吮吸无力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆红素脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "拥抱反射减弱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆红素脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌张力减低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆红素脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尖叫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆红素脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "第六节 过敏性紫癜肾炎 过敏性紫癜（anaphylactoid purpura，AP）（henochschonlein purpura，HSP）是以皮肤紫癜、出血性胃肠炎、关节炎及肾小球肾炎为主要特点的临床综合征。HSP患儿中约有一半出现肾损害，此时称过敏性紫癜肾炎（henochschonlein purpura nephritis，HSPN）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理生理", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾损害"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "过敏性紫癜肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤紫癜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血性胃肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾小球肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "（二）排泄性静脉尿路造影 （IVU） 显示患肾肾盂扩张，肾盏扩张，肾盂输尿管连接部中断，输尿管不显示。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "排泄性静脉尿路造影", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "IVU"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "【实验室检查】 尿常规检査及尿细胞计数 ①尿常规检查:如清洁中段尿离心沉渣中白细胞≥5个/HP，即可怀疑为尿路感染。②1小时尿白细胞排泄率测定：白细胞数>30x104/h为阳性,可怀疑泌尿道感染;<20x104/h 为阴性,可排除泌尿道感染。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "泌尿道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿细胞计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "小细胞肺癌@其他可能的症状有体重减轻、呼吸短促和乏力。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重减轻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸短促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乏力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "铅中毒@曾推荐进行长骨的Ｘ线平片检查用于儿童患者的诊断评估，但其价值不确定。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "铅中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "长骨的Ｘ线平片检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "儿童偏头痛@### 低颅压性头痛 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 近期有腰穿或硬脊膜撕裂病史。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低颅压性头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "低颅压性头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腰穿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "低颅压性头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硬脊膜撕裂病史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "食物中毒@### 进食生鸡蛋 易感沙门氏菌。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "进食生鸡蛋"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "肛门癌@痔导致的良性直肠出血是需要排除的诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "良性直肠出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肾细胞癌@盆腔辐射照射是一个微弱的危险因素。肾细胞癌@ RCC 危险还会随年龄的增大而增加。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肾细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "盆腔辐射"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "RCC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "年龄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "食物中毒@当存在严重腹痛、梗阻症状或怀疑穿孔时，应紧急进行卧位和立位腹部放射影像学检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部放射影像学检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "2.重型 也称库理（Cooley）贫血，为β°、β+基因纯合子或双重杂合子状态。成熟红细胞形态改变明显，出现红细胞大小不等，梨形、泪滴状、小球形、三角形、靶形红细胞多见；网织红细胞增高（通常≤10%），红细胞渗透脆性降低（0. 3%～0. 2%以下才完全溶血），HbF含量明显增高（20%～99. 6%），HbA2正常或增高；骨骼X线检查，骨髓腔增宽，皮质变薄和骨质疏松，颅骨的内外板变薄，板障加宽和短发样骨刺形成；预后差，多于5岁前死于心力衰竭和感染，经治疗者常于20岁前死于心律不齐或心力衰竭。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "重型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红细胞大小不等"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "重型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "网织红细胞增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "重型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HbF含量明显增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "重型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨骼X线检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "重型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "库理（Cooley）贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@急性期3个月后采用超声心动图评价射血分数，之后依据左心室功能和症状情况定期检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声心动图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "【病因】 癫痫的病因目前分为6类，遗传性、结构性、感染性、免疫性、代谢性和病因未明。目前只有饮酒和剥夺睡眠是所有癫痫患儿都需要避免的肯定诱发因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "饮酒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "剥夺睡眠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "慢性髓性白血病@但该药可显著增加严重血管事件、心衰、胰腺炎、及肝中毒（2期研究出现约30%）的风险。 慢性髓性白血病@酪氨酸激酶抑制剂治疗后，疾病未缓解、复发、进展 – 首选 –   异基因造血干细胞移植(HSCT)加高剂量诱导化疗 异基因造血干细胞移植（异基因HSCT）加高剂量诱导化疗只能考虑用于TKI治疗失败的患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "慢性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "异基因造血干细胞移植(HSCT)"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "慢性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高剂量诱导化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病@COPD 患者通常还会患有其他共病，包括心血管疾病、骨骼肌功能障碍、代谢综合征、骨质疏松症、抑郁和肺癌。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "COPD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "COPD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心血管疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "COPD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨骼肌功能障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "COPD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "代谢综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "COPD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨质疏松症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "COPD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抑郁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "COPD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "B族链球菌感染@其他致病微生物包括A族链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌 、肺炎链球菌和流感嗜血杆菌。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "A族链球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "金黄色葡萄球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎链球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流感嗜血杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "唇腭裂@新生儿出生后会出现体重下降（最多可达10％），但体重一般会在2周内恢复，其后婴儿每天体重增长至少25克（1盎司）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "其他类型的脑血管畸形有毛细血管扩张、海绵状血管瘤、软脑膜静脉及毛细血管的畸形、脑底异常血管网（Moyamoya病）等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "脑血管畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "毛细血管扩张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "脑血管畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "海绵状血管瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "脑血管畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑底异常血管网"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "脑底异常血管网", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Moyamoya病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "广泛性焦虑障碍@症状严重程度：中级证据证明抗抑郁药米帕明、帕罗西汀和文拉法辛在治疗4~28周期间GAD患者有效率逐渐增高，疗效要显著优于安慰剂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "米帕明"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "帕罗西汀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "安慰剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "文拉法辛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "GAD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "前置胎盘@除了延长妊娠时间的作用之外，硫酸镁还可能防止发生脑瘫，因此对于早产的妊娠女性应考虑使用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑瘫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硫酸镁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硫酸镁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "细菌性脑膜炎@### 头痛 87%细菌性脑膜炎患者出现头痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "类风湿关节炎@ 依那西普是一种能与 TNF-α结合的可溶性 TNF 受体融合蛋白；英夫利西单抗、阿达木单抗和戈利木单抗是 TNF- α的单克隆抗体。类风湿关节炎@阿达木单抗和戈利木单抗为完全人源化抗体，而英夫利西单抗为嵌合抗体。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "英夫利西单抗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿达木单抗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "戈利木单抗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "破伤风@ 艾司洛尔是一种作用时间极短的β受体阻滞剂，一些病例报道指出，它可有效控制自主神经不稳。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "艾司洛尔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 患儿可有青紫、充血性心力衰竭的症状，亦可毫无症状。伴主动脉下室间隔缺损的右室双出口的典型临床表现是在出生近1月时充血性心力衰竭而无青紫表现，与单纯大型室间隔缺损临床表现相似，如果生后早期出现心力衰竭则应考虑是否同时伴有水肿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青紫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "充血性心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "毫无症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单纯大型室间隔缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出生近1月时"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伴主动脉下室间隔缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 淹溺的临床表现集中在肺部和中枢神经系统的缺氧损害。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "淹溺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "淹溺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中枢神经系统"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "八、松果体区肿瘤第十一篇 儿童常见肿瘤 第六章 中枢神经系统肿瘤松果体区肿瘤占儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤的。内分泌紊乱:松果体区肿瘤可分泌褪黑激素,影响垂体分泌促性腺激素，可表现为发育迟缓，性功能减退、肥胖、嗜睡等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "松果体区肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发育迟缓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "松果体区肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "性功能减退"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "松果体区肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肥胖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "松果体区肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "松果体区肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "十一、恶性间叶瘤 恶性间叶瘤（malignant mesenchymoma）是一种来自间叶成分软组织肉瘤，儿童少见。 应该广泛切除肿瘤，但一般不可能。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "恶性间叶瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "切除肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "恶性间叶瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "malignant mesenchymoma"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "恶性间叶瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童少见"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "3.糖皮质激素 虽然持续的过度炎症反应和肺纤维化是导致晚期病情恶化和治疗困难的重要原因，但目前争论颇多，除了过敏、肾上腺皮质功能不全、感染性休克合并的ARDS，不宜常规使用糖皮质激素治疗，尤其是晚期ARDS。 4.俯卧位通气 处于平卧位的小儿肺的背部居下方，血流慢，肺泡含气量低，加上胸廓后肋活动限制，使充气困难，出现大部分肺通气-灌流障碍。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "ARDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "俯卧位通气"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "ARDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖皮质激素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【发病率】 肠套叠可发生于任何年龄，近2/3是男孩，以5～9个月婴儿最多见，半数以上为1岁以内婴儿，2岁以上发病者仅占10%～25%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男孩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5～9个月婴儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1岁以内婴儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "心房扑动@## 患者指导 应报告反复心悸至心脏病专家。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心房扑动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反复心悸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "（五）vWF抗体抑制剂 大约10%的3型vWD患者在输入含vWF的血浆制品后会产生vWF抗体。该类药物可单纯使用或与DDAVP合用；②口服避孕药：用于治疗月经过多；③肾上腺皮质激素：对产生vWF抗体者更为有效；④因慢性缺铁引起缺铁性贫血者，应给予铁剂治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "vWD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口服避孕药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "vWD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾上腺皮质激素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "vWD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "vWF抗体抑制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "又称为Turner综合征（Turner syndrome,TS.) , 1959年证实该病因性染色体X呈单体性所致。患者常伴有其他先 天性畸形,如主动脉缩窄、肾脏畸形（马蹄肾、易位肾等）、指（趾）甲发育不良,第4、5掌骨较短等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "Turner综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "主动脉缩窄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "Turner综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "指（趾）甲发育不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "Turner综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "第4、5掌骨较短等"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "Turner综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Turner syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "Turner综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "TS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "广泛性焦虑障碍@### 其他类型焦虑障碍 其他类型焦虑障碍包括惊恐障碍、社交恐惧症或特异性恐惧症都可能与GAD共病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "惊恐障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "社交恐惧症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "特异性恐惧症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "双侧肺发育不全或不发育常无法存活，生后迅速出现严重呼吸困难和呼吸衰竭。CT和MRI可准确反映气道整体情况和血管解剖畸形。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肺发育不全或不发育", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肺发育不全或不发育", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "马蹄肾血供来源变异很大，可有多支肾动脉供应的情况发生。10%的患儿有输尿管重复畸形，半数患儿有膀胱输尿管反流。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "马蹄肾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "输尿管重复畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "马蹄肾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膀胱输尿管反流"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "唇腭裂@ 环境因素 * 致畸物：在孕期内服用抗惊厥药（如苯妥英），与包括唇腭裂在内的很多先天性畸形相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "致畸物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "先天性畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "致畸物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 小儿慢性胃炎的症状无特异性，多数有不同程度的消化不良症状，临床表现的轻重与胃黏膜的病变程度并非一致，且病程迁延。部分患儿可有食欲缺乏、乏力、消瘦及头晕，伴有胃糜烂者可出现黑便。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿慢性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿慢性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乏力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿慢性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消瘦"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿慢性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头晕"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿慢性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黑便"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿慢性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化不良症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【实验室检查与诊断】 无菌性脑膜炎的脑脊液多有异常改变，通常表现为轻度细胞和/或蛋白增多，糖和氯化物一般正常。 血清学试验一般采用双份血清法，分别于发病早期及恢复期取血或脑脊液送检，抗体滴度如有4倍以上升高则可确诊。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "无菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双份血清法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "无菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "轻度细胞和/或蛋白增多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "无菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑脊液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "食管癌@CT、MRI和超声内镜（EUS）可指导外科医师聚焦于可疑区域，从而最大化治疗收益。 食管癌@结果 可明确有无转移 ### 肺功能检查 检查 结果 检查 肺功能是决定患者能否耐受联合治疗的关键因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "食管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺功能"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "多发性硬化症@[ Guillain-Barre 综合征 ](/topics/zh-cn/176) ### 肌萎缩侧索硬化 (ALS) 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 表现混合的上、下运动神经元体征：反射增加（上运动神经元）伴有萎缩；肌束震颤（下运动神经元）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌萎缩侧索硬化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肌萎缩侧索硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ALS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "肌萎缩侧索硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "混合的上、下运动神经元"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "肌萎缩侧索硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上运动神经元"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "肌萎缩侧索硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下运动神经元"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肌萎缩侧索硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反射增加"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肌萎缩侧索硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伴有萎缩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肌萎缩侧索硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌束震颤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "B族链球菌感染@无论在妊娠早期、中期、晚期的哪一阶段出现 B族链球菌菌尿症，均推荐进行产时预防性抗生素治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "食物中毒@氢呼气试验可协助诊断乳糖不耐症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "乳糖不耐症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氢呼气试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "多发性硬化症@结果 出现在视神经脊髓炎中（Devic 综合征） ### CSF 评估 检查 结果 检查 由于该检测具有侵入性，应当先进行所有其他非侵入性检测。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CSF 评估"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "前置胎盘@其中包括高龄孕妇、子宫瘢痕（最常见于既往剖宫产）、既往前置胎盘、以及不育症治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高龄孕妇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "子宫瘢痕"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "既往前置胎盘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不育症治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "（五）疾病 肝、肾疾病及胃肠道疾病影响维生素D、钙、磷的吸收和利用。 【临床表现】 维生素D缺乏性佝偻病是婴幼儿中常见的营养缺乏症，多发生于3个月～2岁的小儿，主要为骨骼的改变、肌肉松弛以及非特异性的精神神经症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "维生素D缺乏性佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝、肾疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "维生素D缺乏性佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃肠道疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "维生素D缺乏性佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨骼的改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "维生素D缺乏性佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌肉松弛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "维生素D缺乏性佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非特异性的精神神经"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "维生素D缺乏性佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "3个月～2岁的小儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "维生素D缺乏性佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "3个月～2岁的小儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "### 妊娠期高血压的严重程度分级 * 轻度：BP测量值在140/90mmHg和160/110mmHg之间。 【诊断】 根据病史、临床表现、体征及辅助检查即可作出诊断，应注意有无并发症及凝血机制障碍。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "凝血机制障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "BP测量值在140/90mmHg和160/110mmHg之间"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "流行性腮腺炎（mumps，epidemic parotitis)是由腮腺炎病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病,最常影响 5~ 15岁的儿童。 耳聋为听神经受累所致，发病率不高,大多为单侧性,不易及时发现，治疗困难,可成为永久性耳聋。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "耳聋"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "mumps"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "epidemic parotitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腮腺炎病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5~ 15岁的儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "耳聋", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "永久性耳聋"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "前列腺癌@具有显著尿路症状的男性患者可能并不适合此类疗法，因其可能增加尿路梗阻的风险。 前列腺癌@可在外照射治疗前、治疗中或治疗后给予雄激素剥夺治疗（如：促黄体激素释放激素[LHRH]激动剂或拮抗剂，或非甾体类抗雄激素）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "雄激素剥夺治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "前置胎盘@在有瘢痕子宫（大多由于既往剖宫产）的女性中，前置胎盘可能引起胎盘异常附着，胎盘附着在子宫肌层。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "瘢痕子宫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "既往剖宫产"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胎盘异常附着"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@检查 X线胸部检查显示内脏胸膜线。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "X线胸部检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@肤色较深的人黑素小体中黑色素更多，能保护角质形成细胞免受紫外线伤害。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "紫外线伤害"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "消化性溃疡病@唯一的阳性体征是上腹部的轻压痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "消化性溃疡病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上腹部的轻压痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "小儿脑积水多为先天性和炎症性病变所致。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "炎症性病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "登革热@血凝抑制 (HI) 检测有助于诊断再次登革热感染（即滴度≥1:1280）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血凝抑制 (HI) 检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "持续性抑郁症@[ 双相障碍（双向 I 型、双向 II 型、非特定型双相障碍） ](/topics/zh-cn/488) ### 环性心境障碍 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 在轻躁狂和心境恶劣之间的复发性心境障碍。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双相障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双向 I 型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双向 II 型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非特定型双相障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "环性心境障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@ 一项 meta 分析表明，接受抗生素治疗和接受安慰剂治疗的重症急性胰腺炎患者的死亡率无差异。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "安慰剂治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "（六）其他 有些毒物能抑制骨髓造血功能，破坏红细胞，引起贫血、溶血等。在度过急性中毒急性期后，部分患儿可遗留后遗症，如腐蚀性毒物中毒引起的消化道变形和狭窄，影响正常饮食；脑部中毒损害或严重缺氧后发生精神运动功能障碍等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "急性中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "急性中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溶血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "失眠症@### 多次或长时间觉醒 失眠症是一种主观性陈诉。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多次或长时间觉醒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "轻者仅有腹胀，严重病例症状迅速加重，腹胀如鼓，肠鸣音减弱，甚至消失，早产儿NEC腹胀不典型。 （四）呕吐 患儿可出现呕吐，呕吐物可呈咖啡样或带胆汁。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹胀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹胀如鼓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠鸣音减弱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "前置胎盘@如果妊娠女性在临产早期有轻度出血，必须做“两手准备”，如果发生阴道大出血，可立即转为剖宫产。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "剖宫产"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "乙型肝炎@ 在美国，免疫实践顾问委员会 (Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, ACIP) 建议婴儿在出生 24 小时内接种第一剂（单价乙型肝炎疫苗），在 1-2 个月时接种第二剂（最短的时间间隔为第一剂接种后 4 周），在 6-18 个月时接种第三剂（在第二剂后至少 8 周，在第一剂后至少 16 周）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "第二剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "第三剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "因此，OCRL基因突变后将影响IP2及IP3水平，IP2通过调节ADP核糖基化水平、磷脂酶D活性以及细胞骨架肌动蛋白组装等作用来影响高尔基复合体中小泡的转运，这种高尔基复合物功能的异常最终导致眼晶体、肾及神经系统发育上的缺陷，最终表现为Lowe眼-脑-肾综合征。可出现过度兴奋、喊叫乃至全身惊厥等神经系统表现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Lowe眼-脑-肾综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "过度兴奋"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Lowe眼-脑-肾综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喊叫乃至全身惊厥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "颅内脑脊液分流术适用于阻塞性脑积水，如侧脑室-小脑延髓池分流术以及第三脑室造瘘术等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "阻塞性脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅内脑脊液分流术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "阻塞性脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "第三脑室造瘘术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "唇腭裂@腭裂修复术作为1级或（偶尔）2级修复，主要为重建腭帆提肌环的形态结构，并通过从腭和腭瓣组织使三层封闭（口腔黏膜，软腭肌肉，鼻层）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腭裂修复术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "麻风病@[ 银屑病 ](/topics/zh-cn/74) ### 湿疹 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 以泛发性皮肤干燥和复发性皮疹伴红斑或瘙痒为特征。麻风病@没有累及神经，未发现皮肤结节。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "湿疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤结节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "湿疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "累及神经"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "湿疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瘙痒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "银屑病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "湿疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "湿疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泛发性皮肤干燥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "湿疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "复发性皮疹伴红斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "心肌炎@### HIV感染 HIV疾病使人患心肌炎的风险极高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HIV感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HIV疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 性早熟以女孩多见，女孩发生特发性性早熟约为男孩的9倍;而男孩性早熟患者中枢神经系统异常(如肿瘤）的发生率较高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "性早熟", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "女孩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "中枢神经系统异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男孩性早熟患者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "红细胞遗传代谢病，例如葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏或丙酮酸激酶缺乏不包括在内，这些酶缺乏与溶血性疾病有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "红细胞遗传代谢病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "红细胞遗传代谢病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "丙酮酸激酶缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溶血性疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "丙酮酸激酶缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溶血性疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "Rh溶血病一般不发生在第一胎，而ABO溶血病可发生在第一胎。 （五）胆红素脑病 新生儿溶血病可发生胆红素脑病，足月儿胆红素超过18～20mg/dl，早产儿胆红素超过8～10mg/dl就要警惕发生胆红素脑病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Rh溶血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆红素脑病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "新生儿溶血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆红素脑病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "三、葡萄球菌肺炎 葡萄球菌肺炎（staphylococcal pneumonia）多发生于新生儿和婴儿。肺部病灶可在数小时内发展成为多发性小脓疡或肺大疱，并出现脓胸、脓气胸等并发症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "葡萄球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多发性小脓疡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "葡萄球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺大疱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "葡萄球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脓胸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "葡萄球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脓气胸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "葡萄球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "staphylococcal pneumonia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "葡萄球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生儿和婴儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "（三）精神治疗 CVS不仅对患儿，对整个家庭都是一种威胁。所以除了使用药物治疗外，还应让家长了解家庭环境不良的情绪均可诱发呕吐发作，积极给予心理治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "CVS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "给予心理治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠胆汁淤积@产科检查结果正常，子宫大小与孕周相符。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "产科检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "普通感冒@当使用锌锭（与糖浆或片剂不同）时，必须权衡可能的益处与副作用。 普通感冒@有一些证据显示感冒搽剂（蒸汽按摩膏）在症状缓解方面有一定效果。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感冒搽剂（蒸汽按摩膏）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "儿童偏头痛@### 恶心和/或呕吐 可能与偏头痛有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "疟疾感染@很多机制会引起低钠血症。 疟疾感染@例如，使用低渗液，抗利尿激素分泌综合征（SIADH），脑性盐耗，汗水和胃肠道流失，肾脏代谢，和病态细胞综合征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "低钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "使用低渗液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "低钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑性盐耗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "低钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "汗水和胃肠道流失"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "低钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾脏代谢"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "病态细胞综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低钠血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@检查 普通的胸部x光片：在50%的患者中，胸腺瘤由胸部平片偶然发现。非小细胞肺癌@CT通常用于准确预测肿瘤的大小、位置、以及血管，心包和肺侵犯情况。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "胸腺瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "肾细胞癌@在男性中，属于第六到第八位最常见的恶性肿瘤；北美整体人口的危险比例为 1/10,000。 肾细胞癌@通常没有症状，发现病变往往是很偶然的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肾细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "没有症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "） ### 定义 胃癌可以发生在胃的任何部位，并且可以向淋巴结和其他器官扩散，多数是腺癌，其他组织学类型包括：淋巴瘤、平滑肌肉瘤、神经内分泌肿瘤以及鳞状细胞癌，但是这些并不常见，在此不予讨论。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "胃癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@### 轻-中度广泛性疾病，急性发作 口服 5-氨基水杨酸 (5-ASA) 是一线治疗方案。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5-氨基水杨酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5-ASA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "5-氨基水杨酸", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "5-ASA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "（五）先天性二尖瓣狭窄 二尖瓣装置的任何单独部分异常或多个部分异常均可导致二尖瓣狭窄，其特征表现可为二尖瓣瓣叶增厚、瓣膜边缘卷曲、腱索增粗缩短、腱索间纤维粘连、腱索异常附着、乳头肌发育不良、乳头肌间距离缩短或乳头肌融合。 4.弓形二尖瓣 二尖瓣叶增厚明显，腱索缩短或缺如，表现为二尖瓣直接与乳头肌连接，导致二尖瓣活动度下降，引起二尖瓣的狭窄与反流。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性二尖瓣狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "弓形二尖瓣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "二尖瓣狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "二尖瓣瓣叶增厚"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "二尖瓣狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瓣膜边缘卷曲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "二尖瓣狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腱索异常附着"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "二尖瓣狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乳头肌发育不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "二尖瓣狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乳头肌间距离缩短"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "二尖瓣狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乳头肌融合"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "13-三体综合征@男性80%有隐睾，见阴囊畸形。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "13-三体综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "隐睾"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "13-三体综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阴囊畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "Miller-Fisher综合征（MFS) 为吉兰-巴雷综合征的特殊亚型，目前尚缺少足够尸解病理资料。临床主要表现为眼部肌肉麻痹和共济失调,无肢体瘫痪。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Miller-Fisher综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼部肌肉麻痹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Miller-Fisher综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "共济失调"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "Miller-Fisher综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MFS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "口咽癌@结果 一般正常，可能升高 ### 总蛋白 检查 结果 检查 由于营养支持的体重下降及放疗或化疗期间的黏膜炎，建议作为治疗前基准。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "总蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "七、先天性膈疝 先天性膈疝（congenital diaphragmatic hernia）是由于胚胎期膈肌发育缺陷，出现较大的裂隙或缺损，致生后一部分腹腔脏器疝入胸腔，压迫胸腔内组织，引起呼吸、循环障碍，或胃肠道梗阻、绞窄、出血甚至坏死。X线检查是确诊先天性膈疝的依据。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "先天性膈疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "X线"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性膈疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "congenital diaphragmatic hernia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "疟疾感染@妊娠 – 首选 –   氯喹或羟氯喹或 ACT #### 第一选择 [ 磷酸氯喹 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 成人：首次600mg口服，其后分别在6，24，和48小时后各服300mg；此后孕妇每周一次口服直至分娩 或 [ 蒿甲醚/本芴醇 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 成人：（20/120 mg/片）第一次口服4片，8小时后服4片 ，继以每日两次，每次4片持续2天，成人共24片。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氯喹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "羟氯喹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ACT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "磷酸氯喹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "蒿甲醚/本芴醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "对于残余肿瘤，如果是脉络丛乳头状瘤，则应再次手术切除。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "脉络丛乳头状瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "再次手术切除"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "脑脓肿的临床表现主要包括感染中毒表现、颅内压增高症候和局灶体征。常见剧烈或持续性头痛、喷射性呕吐、意识障碍、血压升高、心率增快、视乳头水肿、头围增大或前囟膨隆以及局灶性惊厥发作等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "剧烈或持续性头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喷射性呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "意识障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血压升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心率增快"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视乳头水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头围增大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前囟膨隆"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "局灶性惊厥发作"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染中毒表现"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅内压增高症候"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "局灶体征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "高镁血症可见于对少尿病人注射镁剂后、口服大量镁剂或对巨结肠病人用镁剂灌肠，以及Addison病等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "高镁血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "对少尿病人注射镁剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "高镁血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口服大量镁剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "高镁血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "巨结肠病人用镁剂灌肠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "高镁血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Addison病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "毛细胞白血病@但是，骨髓中的毛细胞浸润使得难以通过针头抽吸细胞，因而导致干抽。 毛细胞白血病@结果 骨髓中存在毛细胞、网状纤维 ### 免疫表型 检查 结果 检查 HCL 表达以下抗原：CD19、CD20、CD22、CD11c、CD103、CD25、CD123、annexin A1 (ANXA1)、DBA.44 和 FMC-7, 及弱表达 cyclin D。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "毛细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫表型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（二）双胎输血综合征 双胎输血综合征（twin-twin transfusion syndrome，TTTs）绝大多数发生在单卵双胎，单绒毛膜双胎的胎盘中有丰富的吻合血管。 【临床表现】 本病在单绒毛膜双胎妊娠的发生率约为5%～30%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "双胎输血综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5%～30%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "双胎输血综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "twin-twin transfusion syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "双胎输血综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "TTTs"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "小肠结肠炎是最严重的巨结肠并发症，可致全身性中毒，危及生命。肛指检查、插入肛管或体温计、或清洁灌肠时出现粪汁及大量气体喷出，应高度怀疑小肠结肠炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出现粪汁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大量气体喷出"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小肠结肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身性中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "腹主动脉瘤@超声和 CT 扫描显示主动脉内径正常，可诊断任何内脏动脉瘤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "内脏动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "内脏动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT 扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "唇腭裂@而TGF-a和MSX1在实验模型中被证实是口腔颌面裂相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "TGF-a"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MSX1"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@内镜检查可用于诊断，可发现糜烂、红斑或溃疡，可进行活组织检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糜烂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溃疡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "活组织检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "登革热@谨慎的液体疗法以预防休克，和避免肝毒性药物，有助于预防这一并发症 患者可能会继续出现低血糖，出血，呼吸窘迫，电解质失衡，与脓毒症。 登革热@[ 肝性脑病 ](/topics/zh-cn/294) ### 脑炎 | 存在差异 | 低 有不同水平的意识改变和抽搐者应考虑脑炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "肝性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低血糖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "肝性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脓毒症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸窘迫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "电解质失衡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝性脑病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不同水平的意识改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抽搐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@使用β-受体阻滞剂的禁忌证包括严重的心动过缓、高度房室传导阻滞、病窦综合征和不稳定的左心室衰竭。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "高度房室传导阻滞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "β-受体阻滞剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "病窦综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "β-受体阻滞剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "严重低钠血症有肌肉震颤、眼睑或面肌颤动，甚至周身肌紧张、颈强直，可出现脑膜刺激征、角弓反张、深反射亢进，再重者发生惊厥及昏迷。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌肉震颤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼睑或面肌颤动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "周身肌紧张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈强直"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "低钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜刺激征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "低钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "角弓反张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "低钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "深反射亢进"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "低钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "惊厥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "低钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏迷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "金黄色 葡萄球菌肠炎、假膜性肠炎、真菌性肠炎应立即停用原来使用的抗生素，根据症状可选用苯唑西林钠、万古霉素、利福昔明、甲硝唑或抗真菌药物治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "假膜性肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苯唑西林钠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "假膜性肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "万古霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "假膜性肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "利福昔明"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "假膜性肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗真菌药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "真菌性肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苯唑西林钠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "真菌性肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "万古霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "真菌性肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "利福昔明"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "真菌性肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲硝唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "真菌性肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗真菌药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "年长儿童肺炎链球菌肺炎（pneumococcal pneumonia）的临床表现与成人相似。重症患儿可并发感染性休克、中毒脑病、脑水肿甚至脑疝。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肺炎链球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染性休克"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肺炎链球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中毒脑病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肺炎链球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肺炎链球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑疝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肺炎链球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "pneumococcal pneumonia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【病因】 （一）消化系统疾病 各种消化系统疾病都可引起呕吐，主要有消化道先天畸形、梗阻、炎症、感染、出血、功能失调等。①上消化道梗阻：食管气管瘘、食管闭锁、食管裂孔疝、胃扭转、幽门肥厚性狭窄、环状胰腺、先天性膈疝等；②下消化道梗阻：如肠旋转不良、小肠重复畸形、肠狭窄、肠闭锁、先天性巨结肠、肛门闭锁等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下消化道梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化系统疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化道先天畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "炎症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "各种消化系统疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "痛风@应监测患者对非甾体抗炎药或秋水仙碱的不良反应，尤其是长时间使用这些药物时。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非甾体抗炎药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "秋水仙碱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "急性阑尾炎@ ### 阑尾脓肿 | 短期 | 低 通常随疾病进展而发生，尤其是在穿孔发生之后。 急性阑尾炎@初始治疗包括静脉使用抗生素和 CT 引导下脓肿引流。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "阑尾脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "阑尾脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "阑尾脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脓肿引流"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阑尾脓肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "AVP基因结构异常、下丘脑及神经垂体发育缺陷，或下丘脑-神经束-神经垂体区域受到炎症、肿瘤、外伤、手术、自身免疫损伤等均能产生中枢性尿崩症。 血生化检査 血钠、钾、氯、钙、镁、磷等一般正常,肌酐、尿素氮正常，血渗透压正常或偏高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血生化检査"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "AVP基因结构异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "1.小脑幕切迹疝 主要表现包括：①颅内压增高症状：剧烈头痛，频繁呕吐，程度较脑疝前加重，常伴烦躁不安；②意识改变：可由嗜睡、昏睡到浅昏迷以至深昏迷；③瞳孔改变：系患侧动眼神经受到压迫牵拉所致，早期病侧瞳孔略缩小，光反应稍迟钝，随后逐渐散大，直接及间接光反应消失，晚期因中脑动眼神经核受压麻痹引起双侧瞳孔散大，光反应消失；④运动障碍：表现为对侧偏瘫。初期血压升高，严重时忽高忽低，脉搏减慢，呼吸不规则，有时面色潮红、大汗淋漓，有时转为苍白、汗闭，体温可高达41℃以上，也可出现体温不升，最后呼吸、循环衰竭死亡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小脑幕切迹疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脉搏减慢"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小脑幕切迹疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸不规则"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小脑幕切迹疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "面色潮红"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小脑幕切迹疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大汗淋漓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小脑幕切迹疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苍白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小脑幕切迹疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "汗闭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小脑幕切迹疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体温可高达41℃以上"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小脑幕切迹疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "剧烈头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小脑幕切迹疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "频繁呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小脑幕切迹疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烦躁不安"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小脑幕切迹疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小脑幕切迹疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小脑幕切迹疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "浅昏迷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小脑幕切迹疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "深昏迷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小脑幕切迹疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瞳孔改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小脑幕切迹疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "光反应消失"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小脑幕切迹疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "对侧偏瘫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "原发性高血压@### 其他诊断因素 ### 罕见 查看全部   ### 头痛 除非是急性HTN或高血压急症，否则很少出现头痛症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "原发性高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "广泛性焦虑症的儿童有焦虑障碍的家族史。 【临床表现】 患儿常神经过敏，容易紧张。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "广泛性焦虑症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经过敏，容易紧张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "广泛性焦虑症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "有焦虑障碍的家族史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "广泛性焦虑障碍@或 [ 度洛西汀 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 起始剂量为口服30-60mg/d，此后可每周增加30mg/d,最高剂量为120mg/d。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "度洛西汀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@事实上，数据表明抗凝治疗的人工瓣膜心内膜炎患者出血转化的风险更高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "人工瓣膜心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗凝治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "慢性肾病@所有CKD患者都应每年进行一次血脂测定。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "慢性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血脂测定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（五）蛔虫性腹膜炎 中毒症状明显，异常衰弱，这时腹痛常不明显，腹肌紧张亦不显著，有时腹部有揉面感，颇似结核性腹膜炎。蛔虫还可引起脓胸、肺脓肿、急性出血性胰腺炎、泌尿系感染。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "蛔虫性腹膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脓胸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "蛔虫性腹膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺脓肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "蛔虫性腹膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性出血性胰腺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "蛔虫性腹膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泌尿系感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "蛔虫性腹膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结核性腹膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病@为无痛性淋巴结肿大，对初级医疗保健处方的抗生素疗程无反应。慢性淋巴细胞白血病@患者否认近期有任何感染、发热或寒战病史。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淋巴结肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "溶血性贫血@ 据报告，药物也是溶血性贫血的病因，但比较罕见，估计发病率为一百万分之一。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "帕金森病@### 毒素接触 暴露于毒素（例如，二硫化碳）和溶剂 （例如，三氯乙烯、全氯乙烯和四氯化碳）可能与其他多个因素一起导致帕金森病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "毒素接触"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "与AML不同，ALL需较长期的低剂量维持化疗，但在AML中需连续的骨髓抑制性化疗，持续化疗至12个月左右即可停药，延长化疗时间并不改善预后，持续化疗方案可用HA、DA、大剂量Ara-C交替，注意整个治疗期蒽环类抗肿瘤类药物累积剂量，一般控制在350mg/m2以下。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "AML", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨髓抑制性化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "急性膀胱炎@## 检查 ### 首要检查 ### 查看全部   ### 尿常规检查 检查 结果 检查 利用清洁中段尿标本检测 在诊断可疑或存在复杂感染因素的情况下应处方检测 血尿合并亚硝酸盐阳性对诊断 UTI 具有较高价值。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿常规"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "痛风@### 触痛 通常存在明显的弥漫性关节触痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "触痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "弥漫性关节触痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@[ 肺炎/支气管炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/17) ### 机化性肺炎（不明原因机化性肺炎或闭塞性细支气管炎机化性肺炎） 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 通常表现为流感样症状，后发生第二种疾病并持续1到4个月，表现为低热、干咳、不适感、呼吸困难和体重减轻。 非小细胞肺癌@检查 胸部CT优于普通胸部X线，因其可更好的评估疾病类型和分布及潜在活检位置。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "机化性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "机化性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部X线"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "机化性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "机化性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "干咳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "机化性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不适感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "机化性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "机化性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重减轻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "可采用下列方法：当患儿伴有循环衰竭时先给予10～20ml/kg等张盐水或血浆，经评估后再进一步处理。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "循环衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "等张盐水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "循环衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血浆"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@奥斯替尼 (Osimertinib) 是第三代 EGFR 突变特异性 TKI，在发现获得性耐药突变 EGFR T790M 时适用；已证实它的疗效显著优于化疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "奥斯替尼", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "Osimertinib"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "奥斯替尼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "癫痫持续状态@根据报告，拉科酰胺是治疗难治性 SE 的有效药物，但尚无充足证据支持其常规使用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "难治性 SE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "拉科酰胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "狂犬病@检查 PCR 检测脑脊液肠病毒的灵敏度大于 95%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PCR"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "垂体功能减退@### 不育 促性腺激素缺乏。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不育"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "促性腺激素缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不育"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（二）糖皮质激素 用于系统性硬化症，缓解炎性肌病及肺纤维化，但不能阻止本病的进展。 （四）青霉胺 适用于严重病例，3mg/kg，2个月后每月增加2～3mg/kg，最后达每日10～15mg/kg，一般剂量250～500mg/d。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "系统性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青霉胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "HIV 感染@### 带状疱疹 在 WHO 2 期发生。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "带状疱疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@[ 肋骨骨折 ](/topics/zh-cn/1009) ### 胸锁关节炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 胸锁关节炎的疼痛往往在胸骨锁骨关节正上方最为厉害。稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@有骨关节炎、类风湿性关节炎、强直性脊柱炎或银屑病性关节炎病史者应该怀疑此病的可能。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "骨关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸锁关节炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "类风湿性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸锁关节炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "强直性脊柱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸锁关节炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "银屑病性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸锁关节炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸锁关节炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胸锁关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "胸锁关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸骨锁骨关节正上方"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "血友病A和B大多在2岁时发病，亦可在新生儿期即发病。 创伤或手术后出血 不同程度的创伤、小手术,如拔牙、扁桃体摘除、脓肿切开、肌内注射或针灸等,均可以引起严重的出血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "创伤或手术后出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "化疗对脉络丛乳头状癌也有效果，术前化疗尚可减少肿瘤体积及血液供应，有助于手术全切。本病预后较好，肉眼全切者，生存时间较长，并且可完全治愈。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "脉络丛乳头状癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "较好"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "脉络丛乳头状癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生存时间较长"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "脉络丛乳头状癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "脉络丛乳头状癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "术前化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "肛门癌@ 有限的经验表明，对于未出现其他 HIV 相关疾病的体征或症状且 CD4 细胞计数＞200/μL的患者，建议采用标准剂量的综合治疗 (combined-modality treatment, CMT)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "标准剂量的综合治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "生长发育多正常，半数患儿面容硕圆，大多无青紫，面颊和指端可能暗红;狭窄严重者可有青紫， 大多由于卵圆孔的右向左分流所致，如伴有大型房间隔缺损,可有严重青紫，并有杵状指（趾）及红细 胞增多，但有蹲踞者很少见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "狭窄严重", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青紫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "痔@[ 大肠癌 ](/topics/zh-cn/258) ### 肛瘘 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 前有脓肿病史，后常出血并持续间断血性/脓性引流液。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "肛瘘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脓肿病史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大肠癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "儿童偏头痛@疼痛是以典型的搏动性为特征，强度为中度或重度，常规的体力活动可加重，并伴有恶心/呕吐和/或惧声和畏光。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "惧声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "畏光"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@美国国家综合癌症网络指南建议年度筛查高危个体 美国预防服务工作组(USPSTF)评估CT筛查结果，建议延长筛查年龄范围，该年龄范围被NLST采纳，55至80岁的患者，具有至少30包每年吸烟史的吸烟者或已经戒烟15年内的吸烟者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "筛查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@出院前开始危险因素纠正以及积极的药物治疗，可提高患者的依从性。ST段抬高型心肌梗死@所有患者都应当长期坚持个体化最佳药物治疗方案，包括阿司匹林、氯吡格雷或普拉格雷（至少1年），β受体阻滞剂、他汀和血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（特别是左心室射血分数降低的患者）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿司匹林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氯吡格雷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "普拉格雷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "β受体阻滞剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "他汀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "早产@延长孕周：有质量较差的证据表明，硝苯地平和阿托西班就减少早产率、延长孕周48小时或7天似乎同样有效。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿托西班"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硝苯地平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "喉癌@ ### 体格检查 伴有喘息、沙哑的声音或失声时提示喉癌的存在，且对患者的初步评估是显而易见的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喘息"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "沙哑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "近端肾小管中毒（二型)@ （二）继发性 常继发于全身性疾病，可伴多种肾小管功能异常，以范可尼（Fanconi）综合征最为多见。 近端肾小管中毒（二型)@ 2.药物和毒素肾损害 如碳酸酐酶抑制物、过期四环素、甲基3-色酮、马来酸中毒及重金属（钙、铅、铜和汞）中毒等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "继发性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "过期四环素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "继发性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲基3-色酮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "白内障@然而，在某些情况下，例如在糖尿病患者中，视力下降可能相对较为突然。白内障@患者可能主诉视力模糊和眩光，特别是在晚上开车时。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视力模糊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眩光"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白内障"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@使用晶体液（建议使用乳酸林格液）进行补液至关重要，应尽力确保每小时尿排出量高于 30 mL，以避免可能的肾损伤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乳酸林格液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "补液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "（三）免疫分型 根据单克隆抗体（McAb）对白血病细胞表面分化抗原、胞质免疫球蛋白链的反应，可将ALL分为T、B二大系列。 近来国际上普遍认可在诱导缓解治疗结束时（诱导28天至35天）骨髓微量白血病残留（MRD）水平低于10-4时预后好。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "ALL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "预后好"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "转移性乳腺癌@HER2-阴性：绝经前 – 附加 –   钙剂及维生素 D 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [ 碳酸钙 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 1,000-1,500 mg/日，口服，分次给药。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钙剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素 D"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "碳酸钙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@ 在进行蜱传脑炎疫苗接种时，前两次使用 FSME-IMMUN Junior 或 Encepur Children，第三次使用 FSME-IMMUN Junior 接种，可获得较强的免疫应答。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "FSME-IMMUN Junior"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "基底细胞癌@### 结节型基底细胞癌 这类基底细胞癌主要表现为一个由有丝分裂活跃的浓染蓝细胞组成的大结节。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结节型基底细胞癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "自身免疫性肝炎@### 肝移植 肝移植患者的 5 年存活率是 80%-90%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝移植"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "80%-90%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "1994年，全世界仍有50万学龄儿童的失明是由于维生素A缺乏。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "失明", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素A缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "前置胎盘@病情稳定：早产 – 联合 –   保胎药 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [特布他林]:0.25mg，皮下注射，每20分钟至3小时一次 或 [硫酸镁]:初始计量4-6g，静脉推注，然后2-3g/小时，静脉输注 或 [ 吲哚美辛 ]:负荷剂量50-100mg，口服，然后25-50mg，每6小时一次，持续48小时 #### 第二选择 [硝苯地平]:咨询专科医生以指导使用剂量 如果有早产的证据，则考虑使用保胎药。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "保胎药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "特布他林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硫酸镁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吲哚美辛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硝苯地平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "麻疹感染@### 维生素A 建议在所有严重麻疹病例中使用维生素 A，即使是在麻疹通常并不严重的国家中。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "麻疹感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素A"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "垂体功能减退@生长激素缺乏可能是心血管疾病死亡专率增加的潜在原因，因为它与导致动脉粥样硬化的血脂和体脂增加有关，这些与血管疾病发病有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "动脉粥样硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血脂和体脂增加"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "心血管疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生长激素缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "多发性骨髓瘤@结合血清 β2-微球蛋白＜3.5 mg/L，该结果表示处于 I 期。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清 β2-微球蛋白＜3.5 mg/L"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "I 期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "持续性抑郁症@[ 焦虑障碍 ](/topics/zh-cn/120) ### 强迫性障碍 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 重复的行为模式；烦忧的和不自主的想法；通常被患者视为过分、不合理和自我矛盾的意象或冲动。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "焦虑障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "强迫性障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "强迫性障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "重复的行为模式"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "强迫性障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烦忧的和不自主的想法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "炎症反应的证据:血沉明显加快，但少关节型患者的血沉结果多数正常。 诊断依据JIA的诊断主要依靠临床表现,采用排除诊断法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "JIA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "炎症反应"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "JIA的", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "炎症反应"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@## 并发症 ### 查看全部   并发症 table 并发症 | 时间表 | 可能性 ---|---|--- ### 慢性心力衰竭 | 长期 | 中 由于相关危险因素（高血压）或冠状动脉疾病的并发症（心肌梗死），患者有慢性心力衰竭的风险。 稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@[ 脑卒中概述 ](/topics/zh-cn/1080) ### 抑郁 | 存在差异 | 中 辅导患者了解自己疾病的性质是减轻患者恐惧的一个重要组成部分。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "抑郁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【病因与临床分类】 引起血尿的原因很多，各种致病因素引起的肾小球基膜完整性受损或通透性增加、肾小球毛细血管腔内压增高、尿道黏膜的损伤、全身凝血机制障碍等均可导致血尿。 感染：肾结核、肾盂肾炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肾结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肾盂肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "血尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿道黏膜的损伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "血尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身凝血机制障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "白喉@### 喘鸣 代表晚期疾病，通常伴有严重的不适和虚脱。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喘鸣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "严重的不适"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "虚脱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "第十章 生殖细胞性肿瘤第十一篇 儿童常见肿瘤【起源】 【病理】 （一）组织学分类 （二）病理学特征 【临床表现】 【实验室检查】 （一）血液生化检查 1.甲胎蛋白（α-FP） 2.β-人绒毛膜促性腺激素（β-HCG） 3.血清乳酸脱氢酶（LDH） （二）影像学检查特征 1. B型超声波 2. CT或MRI 【治疗】 （一）手术 （二）化疗 （三）放疗生殖细胞性肿瘤（ germ cell tumor ）是指由原始多潜能生殖细胞在分化、成熟和移行过程中形成的一组肿瘤，其原发部位及临床表现不一。正常原始生殖腺的移行常沿着躯体中轴进行，因此除原发于卵巢和睾丸外，生殖细胞瘤多数发生于中线部位。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "生殖细胞性肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "卵巢"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "生殖细胞性肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睾丸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "生殖细胞性肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中线部位"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "生殖细胞性肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "germ cell tumor"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "铅中毒@这是导致流产和分娩后婴儿神经损伤的危险因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "铅中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流产"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "铅中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经损伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@目前有证据显示将环孢素、英夫利昔单抗作为挽救治疗（即避免或推迟结肠切除术）的疗效。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "环孢素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "英夫利昔单抗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@因提供诊断和预后信息（同运动心电图），故对于适合运动的患者运动负荷显像优于药物负荷显像经。稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@对不能运动的患者可以考虑扩血管药物负荷试验。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "扩血管药物负荷试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "运动负荷显像"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "2.病毒学说 实验研究表明，一些病毒包括DNA病毒和RNA病毒，若接种于动物脑内可诱发脑瘤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "脑瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "DNA病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "脑瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "RNA病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "成人特发性高钙尿者最终可有40%～60%发生肾结石，而儿童仅有2%～5%可出现肾结石。 （二）噻嗪类利尿剂 对肾漏型者噻嗪类利尿剂治疗有效，可促进远端肾小管重吸收钙，使尿钙恢复正常，并调节甲状旁腺及1，25（OH）2D3至正常水平，使肠钙吸收正常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "特发性高钙尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "噻嗪类利尿剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "特发性高钙尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾结石"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "唇腭裂@单纯腭裂的发生率是每1500例活产婴儿中有1例，并没有显示有种族差异。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "单纯腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "每1500例活产婴儿中有1例"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "小儿哮喘@其余的免疫抑制剂（皮质类固醇备用剂）已被应用于成人，但尚无儿童试验研究，因此不推荐用于儿童。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮质类固醇备用剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "乳腺原位癌@### 不育 可能与 DCIS 的风险增加有关，但对于 LCIS 不明确。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "乳腺原位癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不育"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "早产@全身性感染，例如疟疾或李斯特菌病，也可能导致早产。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "全身性感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早产"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早产"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "李斯特菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早产"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "缺血性卒中@昏迷常见于脑干缺血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏迷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "（二）非肾小球性血尿 血尿来源于肾小球以下泌尿系统，肾盏、肾盂、输尿管、膀胱或尿道。 5.先天性肾及血管畸形如多囊肾、膀胱憩室，动静脉瘘，血管瘤等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "非肾小球性血尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性肾及血管畸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "非肾小球性血尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾盏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "非肾小球性血尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾盂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "非肾小球性血尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "输尿管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "非肾小球性血尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膀胱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "非肾小球性血尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿道"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "失眠症@## 病因学 失眠症被认为是一种过度觉醒疾病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "过度觉醒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "第三节 紧张性头痛 又称紧张型头痛（tension-type headache，TTH）或肌收缩性头痛，是由于头颈部肌肉的痉挛收缩而引起的疼痛，属于心身性疾病，预后良好。目前这类头痛是小儿非器质性头痛中较常见的类型，其终身患病率为37%～78%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "紧张型头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "37%～78%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "紧张型头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "tension-type headache"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "紧张型头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌收缩性头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "tension-type headache", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌收缩性头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "紧张型头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头颈部肌肉的痉挛收缩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "紧张型头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "预后良好"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "急性肾炎必须注意和以下疾病鉴别： 1.其他病原体感染后的肾小球肾炎多种病原体可引起急性肾炎,可从原发感染灶及各自临床 特点相区别。 其他 还应与急进性肾炎或其他系统性疾病引起的肾炎,如紫癜性肾炎、狼疮性肾炎等相鉴别。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "紫癜性肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "狼疮性肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@## 筛查 美国预防服务工作组 (US Preventive Services Task Force, USPSTF) 发布了一项结论，即目前的证据不足以权衡由临床医生进行目视皮肤检查来筛查成人皮肤癌的利弊。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "筛查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "铅中毒@### 癫痫 铅脑病的晚期体征，为临床急症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "铅中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癫痫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "此外，上感可作为各种传染病，如麻疹、流行性脑脊髓膜炎、猩红热等的前驱症状，因而应结合流行病史、临床表现及实验室资料综合分析，并观察病情演变加以鉴别。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "麻疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "流行性脑脊髓膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "猩红热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "上感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "麻疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "上感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流行性脑脊髓膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "上感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "猩红热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@结果 高LDL胆固醇增加风险;高水平高密度脂蛋白起保护作用 ### 空腹血糖 检查 结果 检查 并存的高血糖症是与缺血性心脏疾病相关的代谢综合征的一部分。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "空腹血糖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "高血糖症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "缺血性心脏疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "乙型肝炎@腹部增强CT或增强磁共振成像可用于肝细胞性肝癌的诊断，是否需要应基于病史、体格检查、包括AFP在内的实验室检查结果。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肝细胞性肝癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "增强磁共振成像"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肝细胞性肝癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部增强CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "肝细胞性肝癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体格检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "肝细胞性肝癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "AFP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "麻风病@ 2 型反应（麻风结节性红斑）： * 当前的首选治疗方法为沙利度胺，在改善症状方面极为有效。麻风病@但是，由于沙利度胺有致畸性，应避免用于可能要生育的女性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "麻风结节性红斑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "沙利度胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "麻风结节性红斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "沙利度胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "床边食管调搏可用于室上速的诊断、鉴别诊断及药物治疗疗效的评价。年长儿还可教予提高迷走张力的方法来终止发作，如Valsalva法、屏气、饮冰水、采取特殊的体位等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "室上速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Valsalva法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "室上速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "屏气"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "室上速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "饮冰水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "室上速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "采取特殊的体位"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "室上速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "床边食管调搏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "登革热@### 长期的后遗症 一旦患者恢复则不会发生登革热感染相关的长期后遗症；然而，部分患者可能在康复后遇到病毒感染后的疲劳综合征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "长期的后遗症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "第十章 小儿腹泻病 在未明确病因前，大便性状改变与大便次数比平时增多，统称为腹泻病（diarrheal disease）。 （2）病毒： ①轮状病毒（human rotavirus），是引起婴幼儿腹泻的主要病原；②诺如病毒（Noro virus）；③肠道腺病毒（adenovirus）；④其他，如星状病毒（astrovirus）、杯状病毒（calicivirus）及冠状病毒（corona virus）等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿腹泻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "腹泻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "diarrheal disease"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "幼年型慢性粒单核细胞白血病（juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia，JMML）是儿童特有的MDS亚类。MDS有原发和继发于治疗相关MDS之分，儿童原发性MDS可进一步分为难治性血细胞减少症（RC）、难治性贫血伴幼稚细胞增多（RAEB）、难治性贫血伴幼稚细胞增多向白细胞转化（RAEBT）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "MDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "原发"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "MDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "继发"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "难治性血细胞减少症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "RC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "儿童原发性MDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "难治性血细胞减少症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "原发", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童原发性MDS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "消化性溃疡病@大部分穿孔发生在老年人，这些患者长期服用非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID) 且溃疡在十二指肠或胃窦部。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "穿孔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "老年人"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "第七节 卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎 卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎（pneumocystis Carinii pneumonia）又称为间质性浆细胞肺炎（interstitial plasma cell pneumonia），是宿主存在免疫缺陷的基础上发生的机会感染性疾病。人和动物的卡氏肺孢子虫感染率很高，但通常仅少数虫体寄生于肺泡内（隐性感染），如遇到虚弱乳幼儿、未成熟儿、先天性免疫缺陷及用免疫抑制剂治疗的白血病等免疫功能低下、尤其是T淋巴细胞功能缺陷的病儿，可引起本病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "人"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "动物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺泡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "pneumocystis Carinii pneumonia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "间质性浆细胞肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "间质性浆细胞肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "interstitial plasma cell pneumonia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "腹主动脉瘤@[ 卵巢扭转 ](/topics/zh-cn/792) ### 胃肠道出血 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 出血性休克患者的症状可与主动脉破裂相似。 腹主动脉瘤@内镜检查可能发现腔内出血来源，伴有黏膜溃疡、息肉或肿瘤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "胃肠道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（二）病因治疗 绝大多数重症肺炎由细菌感染引起，或混合感染，需采用抗生素治疗。单纯呼吸性酸中毒的治疗以改善通气功能为主，但当血pH＜7. 20，已失代偿并合并代谢性酸中毒时，可给5%碳酸氢钠每次2～3ml/kg，适当稀释后静脉输入。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单纯呼吸性酸中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细菌感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "混合感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "单纯呼吸性酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "改善通气"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "第六节 脱屑性间质性肺炎 脱屑性间质性肺炎（desquamative interstitial pneumonia）病因不明，可能与腺病毒感染、先天性风疹感染、吸烟、有机尘吸入、应用呋喃旦啶等药物有关。X线胸片显示肺野片状模糊阴影，或弥漫性阴影，呈毛玻璃样，基底部尤为明显。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "脱屑性间质性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "X线胸片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "脱屑性间质性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "desquamative interstitial pneumonia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "脱屑性间质性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腺病毒感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "脱屑性间质性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性风疹感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "脱屑性间质性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "脱屑性间质性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "有机尘吸入"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "脱屑性间质性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "应用呋喃旦啶等药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "慢性肾病@如存在相关的高钙血症、动脉钙化、PTH过低或无动力型骨病，应限制含钙磷结合剂的使用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "慢性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高钙血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "慢性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "动脉钙化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "慢性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PTH过低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "慢性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无动力型骨病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@严格进行急性心绞痛的初步评估是为了将稳定性心绞痛患者与需要更紧急处理的急性冠脉综合征患者区分开。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "稳定性心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性冠脉综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病@ ### 复发性肺炎 | 存在差异 | 高 反复发生的肺炎是慢阻肺的常见并发症和常见的慢阻肺急性加重的原因。慢性阻塞性肺疾病@病毒或细菌感染是主要原因。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "细菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "复发性肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "慢阻肺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "广泛性焦虑障碍@### 女性 患者中男女比例大概为1:2。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "女性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "狂犬病@## 鉴别诊断 ### 查看全部  ### 单纯疱疹病毒感染 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 不会出现类似狂犬病反复发作、缓解的精神问题。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单纯疱疹病毒感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 锌缺乏的临床表现是一种或多种锌的生物学活性降低的结果。 （四）免疫功能下降 锌缺乏的小儿易患各种感染性疾病，如腹泻等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "锌缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫功能下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "儿童偏头痛@### 反复发作的治疗 当偏头痛的发作频率和严重程度影响到学校和社会生活，可能预防性药物治疗适用，尤其是单一的非处方镇痛药物证实对终止发作无效时。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "预防性药物治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非处方镇痛药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "儿童偏头痛@### 高血压 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 所有头痛患儿都必须测量血压。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "测量血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "室上性心动过速@ 【实验室检查】 24小时动态心电图（HOLTER）可用于监视治疗过程及发现短阵无症状性室上速。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "24小时动态心电图", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "HOLTER"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "室上性心动过速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "24小时动态心电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "急性阑尾炎@[ 卵巢扭转 ](/topics/zh-cn/792) 。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "卵巢扭转"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "原发性高血压@## 流行病学 据估计，在世界范围内，有十亿人患有高血压，每年有710万例左右的死亡病例与高血压有关。 原发性高血压@随着寿命延长、肥胖、活动减少和不健康饮食等相关因素的流行，高血压越来越常见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "原发性高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "寿命延长"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "原发性高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肥胖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "垂体功能减退@ * 甲状腺功能减退患者可表现为体重升高、怕冷、疲乏、皮肤干燥、声音嘶哑、便秘、心动过缓和反射延迟。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲状腺功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲状腺功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "怕冷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲状腺功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疲乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲状腺功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤干燥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲状腺功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "声音嘶哑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲状腺功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "便秘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲状腺功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心动过缓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲状腺功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反射延迟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "转移性乳腺癌@一般而言，为这类患者选择合适的治疗方案颇为复杂，最好由经验丰富的多学科团队负责。 转移性乳腺癌@应向所有患者提供合适的支持性治疗，包括在其治疗中加入心理社会学和症状相关干预。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支持性治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "心脏正常的患儿如因长期心动过速而发生心力衰竭，心律转为窦性后心功能通常恢复正常，但这一过程可能需几天至几周。在部分旁道患儿，也可选用外科消融。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "心力衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外科消融"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "长期心动过速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "消化性溃疡病@第二 –   替代疗法 如果第一次治疗没有根除 _幽门螺杆菌_ ，那么至少尝试序贯、三联、四联疗法中的一种。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "消化性溃疡病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "替代疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "消化性溃疡病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "序贯"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "消化性溃疡病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "三联"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "消化性溃疡病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "四联疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "(九）子痫处理 子痫是妊娠期高血压疾病最严重的阶段，是妊娠期高血压疾病所致母儿死亡的最主要原因，应积极处理。处理原则为控制抽搐，纠正缺氧和酸中毒，控制血压，抽搐控制后终止妊娠。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "子痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "控制抽搐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "子痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "纠正缺氧和酸中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "子痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "控制血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "妊娠期高血压疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "子痫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "妊娠期高血压疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "母儿死亡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "子痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "母儿死亡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "分离性焦虑症表现为小儿与亲人分离时深感不安，产生明显的焦虑情绪，多数小儿常无根据的担心亲人会离开自己发生危险或意外的事故，因而不愿离开亲人，不去幼儿园或拒绝上学，即使勉强进学校，也是哭哭啼啼或有挣扎，有的小儿还会有自主神经系统功能紊乱的症状，出现呕吐、腹痛、头痛等，病程持续数月至数年。 （三）学校恐怖症 儿童在学校中有意外创伤后，产生害怕学校环境而拒绝上学，这与年幼儿童分离性焦虑而拒绝上学是有区别的，后者是因为害怕分离所致。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "分离性焦虑症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "学校恐怖症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "二、新生儿后期贫血 新生儿后期贫血主要是指出生1周以后发生的贫血，一般多为慢性贫血，主要有以下几种类型： （一）新生儿生理性贫血 新生儿生理性贫血是指足月儿生后6～12周时血红蛋白下降至95～110g/L，主要原因有：在宫内，胎儿血氧饱和度约50%，相对缺氧状态使促红细胞生成素含量较高，红细胞较多，出生后血氧饱和度显著增高，促红细胞生成素分泌明显减少，红细胞产生减少。 （二）早产儿贫血 早产儿贫血是早产儿（尤其是极低出生体重儿）的常见现象，严重者影响早产儿的生长发育，因此早产儿贫血并非生理性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "慢性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早产儿贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "慢性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生儿生理性贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "有时同时有先天性白内障，还可有中枢神经异常，如小头畸形、头面异形、耳廓异常、泌尿系统畸形和智能迟缓等，近年对虹膜缺如合并肾母细胞瘤患儿的细胞遗传学研究表明，其均有11号染色体短臂移位或部分缺如的现象。 （二）偏身肥大 一般为左侧或右侧身体肥大，或仅有下肢肥大。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肾母细胞瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "偏身肥大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肾细胞癌@ 交叉试验的截尾数据显示，索拉非尼对总生存期的改善具有统计学意义（18 个月比 14 个月）。肾细胞癌@ * 贝伐单抗是抗血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）的单克隆抗体。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肾细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贝伐单抗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "狂犬病@患者后来出现昏迷，并在2天后因心脏骤停死亡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏迷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "死亡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性阑尾炎@在其中大多数研究中，静脉给予抗生素 48-72 小时，然后给予口服抗生素 7-10 天。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@在进行血清淀粉酶以及血清脂肪酶检测时，大约四分之一的急性胰腺炎患者无法被诊断出急性胰腺炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清淀粉酶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清脂肪酶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "二、出生后感染性肺炎 【临床流行病学】 出生后感染性肺炎发生率较高，常见的病原体有：金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、克雷伯杆菌、假单胞菌等细菌，呼吸道合胞病毒、腺病毒等病毒，以及卡氏肺囊虫、解脲支原体等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "出生后感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "金黄色葡萄球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "出生后感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大肠埃希菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "出生后感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "克雷伯杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "出生后感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "假单胞菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "出生后感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸道合胞病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "出生后感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腺病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "出生后感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "卡氏肺囊虫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "出生后感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "解脲支原体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "出生后感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腺病毒等病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "病毒性心肌炎(viral myocarditis)是由病毒感染引起的心肌间质炎症细胞浸润和邻近的心肌细胞坏死、变性,有时病变也可累及心包或心内膜。血清乳酸脱氢酶(SLDH)同工酶增高在心肌炎早期诊断有提示意义。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清乳酸脱氢酶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌间质炎症细胞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌细胞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "viral myocarditis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心包"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心内膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "血清乳酸脱氢酶", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "SLDH"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "痛风@### 糖尿病 在流行病学研究中已经发现，其会增加痛风和/或痛风发作的风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖尿病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断和鉴别诊断】 年长儿泌尿道感染症状与成人相似，尿路刺激症状明显，常是就诊的主诉。故对病因不明的发热患儿都应反复进行尿液检査，争取在用抗生素治疗前进行尿培养、菌落计数和药物敏感试验。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "泌尿道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿液检査"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "泌尿道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "泌尿道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "菌落计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "泌尿道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "药物敏感试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "泌尿道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿路刺激症状明显"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "细菌性脑膜炎@甲氧西林耐药 – 联合 –   支持性疗法 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 患者有代偿性休克症状（神经功能状态通常保持正常，但脉搏率可能持续升高、皮肤斑驳、由于体循环血管阻力升高导致的四肢冰凉、毛细血管再充盈延长、尿量减少）或呼吸窘迫时应该补充供氧。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支持性疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@远端结肠炎 – 第二 –   局部使用皮质类固醇或口服美沙拉嗪 #### 第一选择 [ 氢化可的松直肠给药 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 90mg（一支装气溶胶）每日1次或2次，用2-3周，或125mg（一支装气溶胶）每日1次或2次，用2-3周 或 [ 美沙拉嗪 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 剂量取决于所使用的品牌；查阅产品说明书上的剂量指导 局部使用皮质类固醇治疗可能对一些患者而言难以接受，有的患者可能觉得保留灌肠剂有困难。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氢化可的松"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮质类固醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@结节病无法确诊时可考虑进行胸部 X 线片检查、全身 (18F) 氟-2-脱氧-D- 葡萄糖正电子发射断层扫描 (FDG-PET) 和镓扫描。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "结节病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "镓扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "麻风病@### 眼部病变 眼睛可能因支配眼睑肌或角膜的神经损伤而受累。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼部病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "第四节 毛细支气管炎 毛细支气管炎（bronchiolitis）是婴儿期常见的下呼吸道炎症性疾病。以3～6个月男性婴儿好发，高危因素包括人工喂养、居住环境拥挤、被动吸烟等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "毛细支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "3～6个月男性婴儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "毛细支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "人工喂养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "毛细支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "居住环境拥挤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "毛细支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "被动吸烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "毛细支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "bronchiolitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@ * 便培养（如果儿童胃肠道症状先于脑炎出现，或怀疑肠道病毒感染时，次数应更频繁）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "便培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃肠道症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@急性心绞痛症状 – 联合 –   舌下含服硝酸甘油 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [ 硝酸甘油 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 0.3〜0.6 mg舌下含服，按需服用，每5分钟一剂，最大3剂 舌下含服硝酸甘油是终止心绞痛急性发作或进行可诱发心绞痛的活动前预防用药的首选疗法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硝酸甘油"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硝酸甘油"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "膀胱充盈作为内在刺激，有时也能引发梦游或觉醒紊乱。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "梦游", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膀胱充盈"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "觉醒紊乱", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膀胱充盈"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "破伤风@### 呼吸窘迫 呼吸暂停通常是由于喉部或咽部肌肉收缩和/或胸肌强烈收缩。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸窘迫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "### 肝脏血肿 | 短期 | 低 见于大约 1% 的患者。HELLP 综合征@右上腹超声、CT扫描、MR成像应当能够确定血肿的存在。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肝脏血肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肝脏血肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肝脏血肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MR成像"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@[ 弥散性血管内凝血 ](/topics/zh-cn/184) ### 多器官功能衰竭 | 存在差异 | 低 肠黏膜在多器官衰竭形成过程中起到核心作用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "弥散性血管内凝血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多器官功能衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "失眠症@合并焦虑症 – 联合 –   安眠药与抗焦虑剂联用 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [ 艾司佐匹克隆 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 需要时睡前口服，2-3 mg，每日一次 和 [ 艾司西酞普兰 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 10 mg，每日口服一次 已经证明，安眠药联合抗焦虑剂可有效用于治疗共患失眠症与焦虑的患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "安眠药与抗焦虑剂联用"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "艾司佐匹克隆"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "艾司西酞普兰"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "安眠药联合抗焦虑剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【流行病学及病原学】 细菌性脑膜炎的重要危险因素：其一为年幼儿对感染的病原缺乏免疫力；其二为近期有致病细菌的携带。传播方式是经接触呼吸道分泌物和飞沫传播，脾功能不全如镰状细胞贫血、无脾的患者易患肺炎链球菌脑膜炎，有时也易患Hib脑膜炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎链球菌脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Hib脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "传播途径", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "接触呼吸道分泌物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "传播途径", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "飞沫传播"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸道分泌物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "飞沫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "近期有致病细菌的携带"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "肺炎链球菌脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脾功能不全"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "肺炎链球菌脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "镰状细胞贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "肺炎链球菌脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无脾"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "Hib脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无脾"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "Hib脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "镰状细胞贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "Hib脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脾功能不全"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "狂犬病@在大多数狂犬病流行的发展中国家，犬类是主要的传播媒介。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发展中国家"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "多发性硬化症@已经使用的其他药物包括 RRMS 治疗药物、环磷酰胺、甲氨蝶呤和硫唑嘌呤，但关于将其用于治疗 PPMS 的获益，尚未达成共识。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "环磷酰胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲氨蝶呤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硫唑嘌呤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@### 胰体尾病变和胰头肿胀的手术治疗 胰体尾切除术的指征包括局限在胰尾的假性囊肿和纤维化。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰体尾切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎病理改变以肺组织广泛出血性坏死和多发性小脓肿形成为特点。消化系统症状有呕吐、腹泻和腹胀。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹胀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺组织广泛出血性坏死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多发性小脓肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@ ### 临床病理分类 * 高分化 * 中分化 * 低分化 * 梭形细胞型 ### Broders分类 * 1级：75%的角质形成细胞为高分化 * 2级：＞50%的角质形成细胞为高分化 * 3级：＞25%的角质形成细胞为高分化 * 4级：＜25%的角质形成细胞为高分化 ### 美国癌症联合委员会分类 * TX:无法评估的原发癌 * T0：无原发癌的证据 * 原位癌 * T1：肿瘤最大径线2cm并有小于两项高风险特征 * T2：肿瘤最大径线2cm，伴或不伴一项高风险特征，或任何大小伴大于两项高风险特征 * T3：肿瘤侵犯上颌骨、下颌骨、眼眶或颞骨。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高分化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中分化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低分化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "梭形细胞型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "癌症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "TX"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "癌症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "T0"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "癌症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "原位癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "癌症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "T1"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "癌症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "T2"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "癌症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "T3"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上颌骨"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下颌骨"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼眶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颞骨"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "第八节 流行性腮腺炎 流行性腮腺炎（mumps，epidemic parotitis）是由腮腺炎病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病。 （一）腮腺炎 典型病例先有发热、头痛、厌食和不适。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腮腺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "mumps"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "epidemic parotitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸道"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腮腺炎病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "厌食"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不适"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@### 吸烟 吸烟可能会增加皮肤癌的患病风险，特别是在女性中。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "皮肤癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "皮肤癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "女性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "慢性心房颤动@## 病因学 慢性心房颤动与各种心脏疾病和很多非心脏病有关。慢性心房颤动@ 在资源丰富环境中，最常见的相关临床诊断有高血压、冠状动脉疾病 (CAD) 和心肌梗死 (MI)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "慢性心房颤动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "慢性心房颤动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冠状动脉疾病 (CAD)"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "慢性心房颤动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌梗死 (MI)"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "慢性心房颤动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心脏疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "一、毛细淋巴管瘤 毛细淋巴管瘤（capillary lymphangioma）又称单纯性淋巴管瘤，是一种比较少见的先天性肿瘤，系由多数细小的淋巴囊肿密集成球组成。手术是唯一的有效疗法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "毛细淋巴管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "毛细淋巴管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "capillary lymphangioma"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "毛细淋巴管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单纯性淋巴管瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "毛细淋巴管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "食管癌@尽管 EUS 对未经治疗的食管癌再分期极为准确，但是其在新辅助放化疗后肿瘤分期中的准确度相对较差，大多数错误是由过度分期所致。食管癌@EUS/FNA 是检测淋巴结内残余癌的有效方法，将来在新辅助治疗后可选择进行切除术的患者中起到重要作用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "食管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "EUS/FNA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "第五章 青紫型先天性心脏病 第一节 法洛四联症 法洛四联症（tetralogy of Fallot，TOF）是最常见的青紫型先天性心脏病，约占青紫型先天性心脏病的70%左右，约占所有先天性心脏病的10%。纠正酸中毒，给予5%碳酸氢钠15～50ml/kg静注，以往常有缺氧发作者，可口服普萘洛尔1～2mg/（kg•d）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "法洛四联症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5%碳酸氢钠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "法洛四联症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "普萘洛尔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "法洛四联症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "tetralogy of Fallot"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "tetralogy of Fallot", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "法洛四联症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "TOF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "法洛四联症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "法洛四联症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性心脏病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "法洛四联症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青紫型先天性心脏病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "早产@2014 年，在英国，37 孕周前分娩的婴儿占活产婴儿的 6.4%-9.9%，具体情况取决于种族。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "6.4%-9.9%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "类风湿关节炎@## 并发症 ### 查看全部   并发症 table 并发症 | 时间表 | 可能性 ---|---|--- ### 功能丧失 | 长期 | 高 未经有效治疗的RA患者远期可见显著的不良预后。类风湿关节炎@ ### 关节置换手术增加 | 长期 | 高 未经有效治疗的RA患者远期可见显著的不良预后。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "RA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节置换手术增加"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "功能丧失"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "痛风@他的治疗药物仅有治疗高血压的氢氯噻嗪。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氢氯噻嗪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "唇腭裂@如果存在VPD需要言语和语言治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "VPD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "言语和语言治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "成人哮喘@鼻腔检查可发现鼻息肉或鼻腔阻塞。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "鼻息肉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻腔检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现及诊断】 对MAS临床诊断主要有以下方面： （一）宫内窘迫史 有宫内窘迫或产时窒息者，可以在出生后1、5、10分钟进行Apgar评分，低于3分，为严重窒息可能。 （二）氧疗 对于有呼吸困难者可以吸氧，并可以给予持续气道正压通气（CPAP），3～7cmH2O，以保持扩张中小气道，改善通气和灌流。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "MAS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氧疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "MAS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "MAS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "宫内窘迫史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "痛风@由于疼痛导致他跛行，并称是他经受的最严重的疼痛（甚至盖上一层床单就会疼痛）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@[ 房室传导阻滞 ](/topics/zh-cn/728) ### 反复发作的胸痛 | 短期 | 中 PCI术后有50%的患者可能发生胸痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反复发作的胸痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "反复发作的胸痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PCI术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@### 低创伤性骨折 患病率为4.8%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低创伤性骨折"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "低创伤性骨折", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "4.8%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "狂犬病@在脑炎型狂犬病患者中，前驱症状后常出现精神状态失常、亢奋、多动、震颤、流涎增多、瞳孔散大、吞咽困难、恐水、恐风。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精神状态失常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精神状态失常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "亢奋"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "震颤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瞳孔散大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恐水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恐风"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吞咽困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流涎增多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "产后抑郁症@### 食欲变化 食欲下降存在于49%的发作中，食欲增加存在于16%的发作中。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "产后抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲变化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "产后抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "产后抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲增加"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "帕金森病@ * 后拉试验（在患者站立状态下快速向后牵拉患者）用于评估姿势反射。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "后拉试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "胆管癌@近2周上述疼痛发作次数增多，部位局限。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "脓毒性休克（septic shock)是指脓毒症伴由其所致的低血压，虽经液体治疗后仍无法逆转。 冷休克:为低动力性休克,皮肤苍白、花纹，四肢凉,脉搏快、细弱,毛细血管再充盈时间延长。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "脓毒性休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冷休克"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "脓毒性休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "septic shock"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@有研究证据表明裸片胰酶补充剂可以缓解疼痛症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "裸片胰酶补充剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "targetUrl=http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.890/full) ## 证据评分 生存情况：高质量证据表明，与顺铂加紫杉烷联合化疗相比，卡铂加紫杉烷联合化疗并不能改善37-50个月的总体生存率或无疾病生存率。卵巢癌@在不良反应方面，与以顺铂为基础的化疗方案相比，以卡铂为基础的化疗方案所引起的胃肠道毒性较轻，但血液系统不良反应较重。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "卵巢癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "卡铂加紫杉烷联合化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "先天性巨结肠（congenital megacolon)又称肠无神经节细胞症（aganglionosis)或赫什朋病（Hirschsprung disease,HD)，是由于直肠或结肠远端的肠管持续痉挛，粪便淤滞在近端结肠，使该肠管肥厚、扩张。严重者发展成不灌肠不排便。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不灌肠不排便"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "congenital megacolon"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠无神经节细胞症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "赫什朋病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肠无神经节细胞症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "aganglionosis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "赫什朋病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Hirschsprung disease"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "赫什朋病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 凡诊断为GER的患儿，特别是有合并症或影响生长发育者必须及时进行治疗。具有下列指征可考虑外科手术:①内科治疗6 ~8周无效,有严重并发症（消化道出血、营养不良、生长发育迟缓）；②因先天食管裂孔疝导致反流或有严重食管炎伴出血、溃疡、狭窄等;③有严重的呼吸道并发症,如呼吸道梗阻、反复发作吸人性肺炎或窒息、伴支气管肺发育不良者;④合并严重神经系统疾病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "GER", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外科手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "宫颈癌@ 一项系统评价和 meta 分析发现，宫颈上皮内瘤变女性的早产基线风险较高，切除和消融治疗会进一步增加该风险。 宫颈癌@不存在淋巴血管入侵时，不需要对 IA1 期宫颈癌进行淋巴结切除术，因为淋巴结转移的风险非常小 (1%)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淋巴结切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "引起小儿呼吸、心搏骤停的病因如下： （一）呼吸系统疾病 如上气道阻塞（如异物、反流、喉痉挛、喉水肿等）、下气道疾病（如继发于呼吸衰竭或呼吸停止的疾病）。 （二）感染 如败血症、脑膜炎等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "败血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸系统疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上气道阻塞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "异物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反流"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喉痉挛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喉水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "小儿呼吸、心搏骤停", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下气道疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "近年来大量临 床研究提示，具有以下表现者（尤其3岁以下的患儿），有可能在短期内发展为危重病例，应密切观察病情变化，进行必要的辅助检査，有针对性地做好救治工作:①持续高热不退;②精神差、呕吐、易惊、肢体抖动、无力;③呼吸、心率增快;④出冷汗、末梢循环不良;⑤高血压;⑥外周血白细胞计数、血小板计数明显增高;⑦高血糖。 其他病毒所致脑炎或脑膜炎由其他病毒,如单纯疱疹病毒、巨细胞病毒、EB病毒、呼吸道病 毒等引起的脑炎或脑膜炎，临床表现与手足口病合并中枢神经系统损害的重症病例表现相似。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "持续高热不退"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精神差"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易惊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肢体抖动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸、心率增快"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出冷汗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "末梢循环不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血糖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@### 腹泻 通常有血便；严重度和频率与病情程度和范围有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血便"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "早产@采集全面的家族史和社会史有助于发现其他危险因素，例如营养不良、吸烟、无配偶、饮用咖啡、酗酒和娱乐性用药以及口腔卫生情况不佳。早产@ 黑人女性中，早产的发生率更高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "营养不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无配偶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "饮用咖啡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "酗酒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "娱乐性用药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口腔卫生情况不佳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@患者会出现执行功能丧失，伴有推理、抽象思维及判断困难。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "执行功能丧失"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "九、厌氧菌肺炎 厌氧菌肺炎（anaerobic pneumonia）主要为吸入性肺炎，多发生于小婴儿，或昏迷患者。起病大多缓慢，表现为发热，咳嗽、进行性呼吸困难、胸痛，咳恶臭痰是本病的特征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "厌氧菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "厌氧菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "厌氧菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "进行性呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "厌氧菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "厌氧菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳恶臭痰"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "厌氧菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "anaerobic pneumonia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "厌氧菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小婴儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "厌氧菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏迷患者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "第二节 范可尼综合征 Fanconi（范可尼）于1931年首先描述1例小儿有蛋白尿、非糖尿病性葡萄糖尿、生长迟缓伴低血磷性佝偻病，此综合征因此得名。 （2）碳水化合物代谢障碍： ①糖原累积病Ⅰ型（Fanconi-Bickel综合征，AR）；②半乳糖血症（AR）；③遗传性果糖不耐受症（AR）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "范可尼综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "碳水化合物代谢障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "胆管癌@## 案例 ### 案例 65岁老年女性向她家庭医生诉有间断性右上腹痛4个月，伴向上腹部放射；摄入高脂肪食物后加重，停止摄入后缓解。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "间断性右上腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "向上腹部放射"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "3.眼部变化 是甲亢特有表现，由于眼球突出常作凝视状，不常瞬目，上眼睑挛缩，眼向下看时上眼睑不能随眼球立即下落，上眼睑外翻困难。眼征还包括眼裂增宽、眼睑水肿、结膜水肿及角膜充血等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲亢", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼裂增宽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲亢", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼睑水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲亢", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结膜水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲亢", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "角膜充血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲亢", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼球突出常作凝视状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲亢", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不常瞬目"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲亢", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上眼睑挛缩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲亢", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上眼睑外翻困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "临床上须排除继发性肾病综合征后方可诊断为原发性肾病综合征。有条件的医疗单位应开展肾活体组织检查以确定病理诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "继发性肾病综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾活体组织检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "原发性肾病综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾活体组织检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "继发性肾病综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "原发性肾病综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【鉴别诊断】 急性TIN应与急性肾小球肾炎、急性肾小管坏死（ATN）和血管炎区别。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性TIN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性肾小球肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性TIN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性肾小管坏死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性TIN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ATN"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性TIN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血管炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "6.骨髓穿刺涂片和铁染色 骨髓可染色铁显著减少甚至消失、骨髓细胞外铁明显减少（0～±）（正常值：+～+++）、铁粒幼细胞比例＜15%仍被认为是诊断缺铁性贫血的“金标准”；但由于为侵入性检查，一般情况下不需要进行该项检查。 7.排除其他小细胞低色素性贫血 尤其应与轻型地中海贫血鉴别，注意鉴别慢性病贫血、肺含铁血黄素沉着症等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "缺铁性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "轻型地中海贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "缺铁性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性病贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "缺铁性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺含铁血黄素沉着症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "前置胎盘@## 分类 ### 解剖学分类 完全性： * 胎盘覆盖整个子宫颈内口。 前置胎盘复位： * 早期妊娠见到的低置胎盘自子宫颈口迁移（至正常位置）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前置胎盘复位"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "完全性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "低置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "子宫颈口"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "急性淋巴细胞白血病@需要头颅或全脑全脊髓照射。 急性淋巴细胞白血病@具体的治疗方案和具体剂量请咨询当地专科医生 无发热和无中性粒细胞减少 – 附加 –   酪氨酸激酶抑制剂 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [ 达沙替尼 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new 或 [ 伊马替尼 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new 或 [ 尼罗替尼 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new 费城染色体阳性的（Ph+）的ALL患者，可以应用酪氨酸激酶抑制剂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "酪氨酸激酶抑制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "肥厚型心肌病@# 证据 ## 证据评分 对于有明显 HCM 症状的患者，劳力与心源性猝死的关系：来自观察性研究的中等质量证据表明，由于心源性猝死与劳力有关，因此有明显 HCM 症状的患者应避免高强度的竞技运动。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "心源性猝死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "劳力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "胃炎@确诊恶性贫血的患者需要进行内镜检查明确是否与胃部恶性肿瘤相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "恶性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内镜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（一）无脑畸形 无脑畸形（anencephaly）是一种严重的NTDs，为脑的全部或大部缺如。可伴有身体其他部位畸形，如腭裂、颈部脊柱裂、胸腔狭小、上下肢比例失调、胫骨和指缺如等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "无脑畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸腔狭小"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "无脑畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上下肢比例失调"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "无脑畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胫骨和指缺如"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "无脑畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腭裂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "无脑畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈部脊柱裂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "无脑畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "anencephaly"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "无脑畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "第八节 阿米巴病 【病原】 阿米巴病（amoebiasis）是由溶组织阿米巴原虫所引起的疾病。 【预防】 包括：①注意饮食卫生，饭前洗手，水果及生吃的蔬菜要洗净；②治疗有阿米巴包囊携带者；③加强卫生宣教。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "阿米巴病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "加强卫生宣教"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "肝硬化@多普勒超声和腹部CT：门静脉充盈缺损、门静脉血流缺失。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多普勒超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "国内外大量流行病学调查和临床经验证明，锌缺乏主要发生在婴儿和学龄前儿童。锌缺乏者导致免疫功能受损，实验证明锌摄入量减少引起动物胸腺萎缩、 T细胞功能下降。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "锌缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫功能受损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "锌缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸腺萎缩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "锌缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "T细胞功能下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "锌缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "婴儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "锌缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "学龄前儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病@ 奥法木单抗也已获得欧洲和 FDA 的批准，用于治疗难治性 CLL 患者。慢性淋巴细胞白血病@接受奥法木单抗治疗的患者应在注射前 30 分钟至 2 小时内给予皮质类固醇、镇痛药和抗组胺前药。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "奥法木单抗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "癫痫持续状态@全身麻醉开始后，给患者供氧并持续进行脑电图监测。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@ ### 缺血性脑卒中 | 短期 | 低 取决于脑炎的广泛性和严重性，会使治疗效果恶化。脑炎@可考虑使用抗血小板药或抗凝血剂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "缺血性脑卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗血小板药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "缺血性脑卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗凝血剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "缺血性脑卒中"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "成人特发性高钙尿者最终可有40%～60%发生肾结石，而儿童仅有2%～5%可出现肾结石。 【实验室检查】 血钙正常，血磷有时可降低；粪钙、磷减少；血碱性磷酸酶增高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "特发性高钙尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "粪钙、磷减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "特发性高钙尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血碱性磷酸酶增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "特发性高钙尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾结石"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "由于STR多态连锁分析不是直接检测基因突变，因此在应用中必须注意临床诊断的准确性，千万不能将非PAH基因突变的PKU当成PAH突变的病例来进行连锁分析。母乳是婴儿最理想的天然食品，对哺乳期病儿在确诊后虽应暂停母乳喂养，但切勿断奶，以便在控制血苯丙氨酸浓度后能及时添加。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "暂停母乳喂养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@超声心动图应用于急性心肌梗死后急性心力衰竭的患者，以评价并发症，如二尖瓣反流、室间隔穿孔或心室游离壁破裂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "急性心力衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声心动图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@ ### 假性囊肿 | 存在差异 | 低 假性囊肿是密闭化的酶含量较高的积液。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "假性囊肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "早产@绒毛膜羊膜炎会导致胎儿神经系统受损。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "绒毛膜羊膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胎儿神经系统受损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "胰腺癌@在姑息性治疗之前都应考虑加入临床试验。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "姑息性治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "多发性骨髓瘤@其他仍在研究中的选择包括基于沙利度胺的联合用药（沙利度胺与地塞米松联合或不联合环磷酰胺）、基于泊马度胺的联合用药（泊马度胺与地塞米松联合来那度胺或环磷酰胺），以及基于来那度胺的联合用药（来那度胺和地塞米松）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "沙利度胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "地塞米松"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "环磷酰胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泊马度胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "来那度胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "卵巢癌@腹腔内化疗的其他并发症和腹腔内插管有关。 卵巢癌@由于腹腔内化疗会引起严重的骨髓抑制，应考虑使用粒细胞集落刺激因子进行对症支持治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "卵巢癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "粒细胞集落刺激因子"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "急性阑尾炎@## 鉴别诊断 ### 查看全部  ### 急性肠系膜腺炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 通常出现于近期有上呼吸道感染病史的儿童。 急性阑尾炎@可见广泛性淋巴结肿大。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性肠系膜腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "广泛性淋巴结肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性肠系膜腺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@胰管减压术不能作为一线治疗手段，仅可用于其他常规方法失败后。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰管减压术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "HELLP 综合征@典型的 TTP 五联征包括血小板减少症、溶血性贫血、神经系统异常、发热和肾脏损害（5 种表现都存在较罕见）。 HELLP 综合征@表现特征可能还包括腹痛、高血压、恶心、呕吐，伴有黄疸、瘀点、紫癜或其他异常出血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "TTP", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "TTP", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "TTP", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "TTP", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "TTP", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄疸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "TTP", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "紫癜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "TTP", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瘀点"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "TTP", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "异常出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "TTP", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血小板减少症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "TTP", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溶血性贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "TTP", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经系统异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "TTP", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "TTP", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾脏损害"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "狂犬病@结果 阳性 ### 脑脊液单纯疱疹病毒PCR检查 检查 结果 检查 常用于排除单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎。 狂犬病@结果 阴性 ### 脑脊液肠病毒PCR检测 检查 结果 检查 常用于排除肠病毒脑膜脑炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑脊液肠病毒PCR检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "肝癌@ ### 右上腹痛 因肝脏增大、肝脏炎症和肝包膜的牵拉。肝癌@ ### 易饱胀 因腹水对胃的压迫而导致。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "右上腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "先天性及婴儿纤维肉瘤细胞有丝分裂比较多见，可有淋巴细胞散在。主要是足、踝和小腿，故上肢以手、腕和前臂较多，躯干、腹膜后和腮腺、口腔黏膜、扁桃体、乳突等也可生长此瘤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "纤维肉瘤细胞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "足"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "纤维肉瘤细胞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "踝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "纤维肉瘤细胞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小腿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "纤维肉瘤细胞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "纤维肉瘤细胞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腕"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "纤维肉瘤细胞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前臂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "纤维肉瘤细胞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "躯干"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "纤维肉瘤细胞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹膜后"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "纤维肉瘤细胞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腮腺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "纤维肉瘤细胞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口腔黏膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "纤维肉瘤细胞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "扁桃体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "纤维肉瘤细胞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乳突"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "口咽癌@有大量吸烟和饮酒的老年人（年龄≥60岁）若存在口腔疼痛和体重减轻应提醒临床医生口咽癌的可能性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "饮酒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口腔疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重减轻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "普通感冒@### 其他辅助疗法 单试验报告显示藿香正气滴丸 和非洲天竺葵 在治疗常见的感冒症状方面有效。 普通感冒@### 疫苗 由于此病的病原体数量众多且分离困难，目前尚无疫苗开发出来。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疫苗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非洲天竺葵"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "心肌炎@多巴酚丁胺可能引起心动过速、心室期前收缩或室性心动过速。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心动过速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "室性心动过速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心室期前收缩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 典型结核性脑膜炎起病多较缓慢。最终因颅内压急剧增高导致脑疝,致使呼吸及心血管运动中枢麻痹而死亡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "典型结核性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑疝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "上海市瑞金医院报道：7～12岁无症状学龄儿童人群平均幽门螺杆菌感染率为40. 93%，其中7岁组为30. 91%，8岁为34. 93%，9岁为38. 92%，10岁为46. 11%，11岁为48. 67%，12岁为47. 30%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染率", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "40. 93%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "40. 93%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "细菌性脑膜炎@### 视神经乳头水肿 显示颅内压已经升高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视神经乳头水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "尘肺@支气管镜活组织检查提供的组织通常不足，不能排除矽肺病或煤工尘肺。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "尘肺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管镜活组织检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病@## 检查 ### 首要检查 ### 查看全部   ### 呼吸肺活量测定法 检查 结果 检查 按照患者 FEV1 及其所占 FEV1 预测值的比例对 COPD 进行分类。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸肺活量测定法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（二）病原学 在美国，以B族溶血性链球菌（GBS）为主要致病菌，孕妇阴道GBS的带菌率为20%～50%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "B族溶血性链球菌", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "GBS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "成人哮喘@### 血管环 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 喘息、气急，偶尔有喘鸣。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "成人哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血管环"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血管环", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喘息"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血管环", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气急"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "肝硬化@ * 隐源性肝硬化。肝硬化@ ## 病理生理学 各种慢性肝损伤几乎都会出现肝纤维化，并可能最终进展为结节性肝硬化。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "隐源性肝硬化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "抗菌谱广，口服体内吸收良好，毒性反应低，对假丝酵母菌病疗效均显著。不良反应有胃肠反应、皮疹,偶致肝功能异常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "治疗后症状", "subject": "假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃肠反应"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "治疗后症状", "subject": "假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝功能异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "③除外其他类似疾病，如急性中毒、遗传代谢病以及暴发性肝炎等。如符合上述临床诊断标准而未做肝活检或尸检者称为临床诊断的RS（CRS）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "RS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "RS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "遗传代谢病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "RS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "暴发性肝炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "小儿哮喘@### 心力衰竭 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 出现心力衰竭的其他症状（心动过速、奔马律或肝脏肿大）。小儿哮喘@ 与先天或后天性心脏病有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "先天或后天性心脏病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心力衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心动过速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心力衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "奔马律或肝脏肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "登革热@### 肥胖 与营养不良的儿童相比，肥胖的儿童更易感染登革热病毒，且预后较差。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肥胖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "铅中毒@### 脑炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 无铅暴露史。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "铅中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@CT或MRI扫描检测颅内细菌性动脉瘤的特异性为90％至95％，但诊断金标准仍然是脑血管造影。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "细菌性动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "细菌性动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRI扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "细菌性动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑血管造影"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "膀胱癌@ ### 慢性膀胱炎症 现已证实泌尿系统感染、肾脏和膀胱结石以及慢性膀胱刺激的其他原因与膀胱癌相关（尤其是膀胱鳞状细胞癌），但不一定引起膀胱癌。 膀胱癌@### 阳性家族史 膀胱癌的家族性病例确有发生，但尚未确定特定基因。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "膀胱癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阳性家族史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "慢性膀胱炎症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膀胱癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断及分期】 组织病理学检查是NB诊断的最重要手段，有时需结合免疫组织化学、电镜以明确诊断。如病理诊断有困难时，染色体检查发现有1p-缺失或N-myc扩增支持NB诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "NB", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "染色体检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NB", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1p-缺失或N-myc扩增"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "NB", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "组织病理学检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "狂犬病@[ 乙型脑炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/436) ### 吉兰-巴雷综合征 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 急性弛缓性麻痹瘫痪与狂犬病中的麻痹相似，尤其是麻痹型狂犬病。 狂犬病@无发热 检查 脑脊液检查示蛋白水平升高，细胞计数正常（蛋白细胞学的分离）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "吉兰-巴雷综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吉兰-巴雷综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "许多颅内感染性疾病的临床和实验室表现与脑脓肿相似，例如脑膜炎、脑炎（大多由病毒引起）、脑外脓肿、（如硬膜下或硬膜外脓肿）以及颅内静脉窦感染。颅骨骨髓炎的症状和体征也可与脑脓肿相似。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "脑脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "脑脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "脑脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑外脓肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "脑脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅内静脉窦感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "脑脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅骨骨髓炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "新生儿黄疸@### 其他表现 新生儿可能出现胆红素脑病的临床征象。新生儿黄疸@肌张力减低和拥抱反射异常是可能的表现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆红素脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌张力减低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆红素脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "拥抱反射异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "第四节 先天性巨结肠 【发病率】 先天性巨结肠（Hirschsprung’s disease，HD）是一种比较常见的小儿消化道畸形，国外统计发病率为1/5000，其中男孩占70%～80%。 （三）神经节细胞减少症 在HD无神经节细胞肠段的近端，通常存在一神经节细胞减少区域。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理生理", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经节细胞减少症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Hirschsprung’s disease"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "HD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Hirschsprung’s disease"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1/5000"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男孩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "一般选用地塞米松每次0. 1～0. 2mg/kg，首剂最好在开始抗生素治疗前15～20分钟应用，以后每6～8小时1次，维持2～4天。建议①流感嗜血杆菌脑膜炎推荐使用；②大于6周龄的肺炎链球菌脑膜炎患儿，权衡利弊再考虑使用；③由其他病菌引起的脑膜炎，不建议常规使用高剂量地塞米松；④部分治疗后脑膜炎，耐β内酰胺酶的肺炎链球菌脑膜炎以及小于6周龄的化脑均不宜使用糖皮质激素治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "流感嗜血杆菌脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "地塞米松"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "B族链球菌感染@ * 尽管在老年患者中往往不可见，但是与其他细菌感染一样，发热为常见症状。B族链球菌感染@ * 蜂窝织炎、脓毒症、脑膜炎和尿路感染是最常见的表现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "蜂窝织炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脓毒症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿路感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "食管癌@X线交叉互补基因1（XRCC1）已经证实与食管鳞癌的发病风险增加有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "食管鳞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "X线交叉互补基因1（XRCC1）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "骨性关节炎@相较于非甾体抗炎药与有胃肠道保护作用的质子泵抑制剂联用，COX-2抑制剂在胃肠道症状以及上消化道和心血管的副作用方面没有优势。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "COX-2抑制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "喉癌@ 针吸细胞分析常可确诊鳞状细胞癌及其他恶性肿瘤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "针吸细胞分析"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "唇腭裂@单纯唇裂是可以母乳喂养的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单纯唇裂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@治疗方法是支持治疗和输血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支持治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "输血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "当甲状腺肿大时，可根据临床诊断分度： 正常：甲状腺看不见，摸不着。 Ⅳ度：甲状腺大于本人一个拳头，多带有结节。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "甲状腺肿大", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Ⅳ度"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "如同其他焦虑症一样，婴儿时的行为抑制往往是社交性恐怖的一个先兆。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "社交性恐怖", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "婴儿时的行为抑制"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "永存动脉干的最常见合并畸形是主动脉弓异常。右位主动脉弓、主动脉弓中断的发生率分别为33%和19%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "右位主动脉弓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "主动脉弓中断"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "主动脉弓异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@### 支气管囊肿 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 通常确诊于婴幼儿期，50%的患者确诊于15岁以后。非小细胞肺癌@可能含有钙化灶 MRI：时常位于中纵膈，典型位于纵膈水平。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "支气管囊肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管囊肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "食管癌@这个领域还需要进一步研究。食管癌@每年进行一次内镜检查直到第五年。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "食管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "AVP基因结构异常、下丘脑及神经垂体发育缺陷，或下丘脑-神经束-神经垂体区域受到炎症、肿瘤、外伤、手术、自身免疫损伤等均能产生中枢性尿崩症。 器质性（继发性） 任何侵犯下丘脑、垂体柄或神经垂体的病变都可发生尿崩症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "器质性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "继发性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "AVP基因结构异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "维生素D缺乏性佝偻病在临床上分为初期、激期、恢复期和后遗症期。大脑皮层功能异常，条件反射形成缓慢，患儿表情淡漠，语言发育迟缓，免疫力低下，易并发感染、贫血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "维生素D缺乏性佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "表情淡漠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "维生素D缺乏性佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "语言发育迟缓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "维生素D缺乏性佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫力低下"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "维生素D缺乏性佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易并发感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "维生素D缺乏性佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "维生素D缺乏性佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "初期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "维生素D缺乏性佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "激期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "维生素D缺乏性佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恢复期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "维生素D缺乏性佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "后遗症期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "维生素D缺乏性佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "初期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "维生素D缺乏性佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "激期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "维生素D缺乏性佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恢复期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "维生素D缺乏性佝偻病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "后遗症期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠期高血压@24小时尿蛋白大于0.3g/dL可以诊断子痫前期。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "子痫前期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "24小时尿蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "遗传性胰腺炎起病年龄多见于5～10岁。晚期并发症包括糖尿病、动脉血栓、胰腺癌和腹部其他肿瘤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "遗传性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖尿病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "遗传性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "动脉血栓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "遗传性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰腺癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "遗传性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部其他肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "遗传性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5～10岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "心房扑动@折返环边缘之一是三尖瓣环，它是固定的或解剖结构上的。 心房扑动@这是按照发病机制、解剖分类的局限，准确的发病机制只能通过电生理绘图检查确定，而不能单凭心电图。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "心房扑动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "电生理绘图检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "白内障@此外，白内障手术可与睫状体激光术联合进行，如内镜下睫状体冷凝术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白内障手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内镜下睫状体冷凝术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "持续性抑郁症@附加 –   相关共病的治疗 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 大多数持续性抑郁症患者会共患其他精神疾病，例如，焦虑障碍和物质滥用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "焦虑障碍和物质滥用"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "喉癌@ ### 其他诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部   ### 咽痛 喉癌患者常有隐匿性咽喉炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "隐匿性咽喉炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "成人哮喘@严重的哮喘发作患者查体可表现为“寂静肺”。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "寂静肺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 （一）皮肤 几乎每个MCTD患者都有皮肤受累。 （九）其他 1/3患者发热、淋巴结肿大，少数肝脾大。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "MCTD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "MCTD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淋巴结肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "MCTD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "少数肝脾大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "早产@危险因素包括：既往早产史、宫颈手术、泌尿道感染以及多胎妊娠。早产@阴道流血及胎膜早破在妊娠的任何时期都增加了早产的风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早产史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "宫颈手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泌尿道感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多胎妊娠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阴道流血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胎膜早破"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "急性淋巴细胞白血病@培门冬酶（聚乙二醇化的 _大肠埃希氏菌_ 左旋天冬酰胺酶）的半衰期较长，其免疫源性可能比原生 _大肠埃希氏菌_ 左旋天冬酰胺酶更低，并且可以静脉使用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "培门冬酶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "疟疾感染@对氯喹标准治疗无反应的患者应当使用下列替代口服方案之一： * ACT（除青蒿琥酯加磺胺多辛/乙胺嘧啶） * 奎宁加以下药物中的1种：多西环素或四环素（7天） * 阿托伐醌/氯胍（连用 3 天）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿托伐醌/氯胍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@ 一项随机、对照临床试验的数据表明，西酞普兰可减轻患者的激越、易激惹、焦虑、妄想以及照护者的痛苦。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "西酞普兰"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "第七节 卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎 卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎（pneumocystis Carinii pneumonia）又称为间质性浆细胞肺炎（interstitial plasma cell pneumonia），是宿主存在免疫缺陷的基础上发生的机会感染性疾病。次日肺内迅速出现广泛融合小片影、肺透亮度减低，可见支气管充气征、泡性肺气肿、病变密度不均匀，肺门影不大。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "融合小片影"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺透亮度减低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管充气征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泡性肺气肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病变密度不均匀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺门影不大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "pneumocystis Carinii pneumonia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "间质性浆细胞肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "间质性浆细胞肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "interstitial plasma cell pneumonia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "白喉@在 2、4、6、12 到 18 个月和 4 岁至 6 岁给予 5 剂 DTaP 疫苗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "DTaP 疫苗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "五、弥散性血管内凝血 弥散性血管内凝血（DIC）是许多疾病严重阶段的并发症，机体在某些致病因素作用下，凝血系统被激活，凝血过程加速，微循环内发生纤维蛋白沉积和血小板凝集，导致血管内广泛微血栓形成，由于凝血因子被消耗，发生广泛出血。 3.栓塞 由于微循环广泛血栓形成，受累脏器发生缺氧缺血损伤，出现多脏器功能衰竭。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "弥散性血管内凝血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "栓塞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "弥散性血管内凝血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "DIC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "窦性心律失常@一般情况，1岁以内心率在100次/分以下，1～6岁在80次/分以下，6岁以上在60次/分以下可诊断为窦性心动过缓。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "窦性心律失常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心率在100次/分以下"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "窦性心律失常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "80次/分以下"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "窦性心律失常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "60次/分以下"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "患者通常没有明显肌肉外受累表现，但大量研究证实高频性耳聋以及视网膜血管异常在FSHD人群中的发病率正逐渐上升，但常无临床意义。 4.基因诊断 基因检测不失为一种有用的诊断手段。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "FSHD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "基因诊断"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "【病理】 APSGN的早期肾活检主要为弥漫性毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎。 （七）其他 ECG可表现为低电压、T波低平等改变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "APSGN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ECG"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "APSGN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@ 最常见的原因是斑块破裂或阻塞性动脉粥样硬化性疾病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "斑块破裂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "北京首都儿科研究所报道，MP肺炎占住院儿童肺炎的19. 2%～21. 9%。早期患儿可用PCR法检测患儿痰等分泌物中MP-DNA，亦可从痰、鼻分泌物、咽拭子中分离培养出MP。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "MP肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PCR法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "甲状腺癌@结果 可显示淋巴病变 ### 血清降钙素 检查 结果 检查 正常为＜10 ng/L。甲状腺癌@对于可疑髓样癌的患者需要进行检测。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "髓样癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清降钙素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠胆汁淤积@重症患者超声检查以评估胎儿生长情况和羊水量。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "子宫内膜癌@## 病史和查体 ### 关键诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部   ### 绝经后阴道出血 绝经后阴道出血无论多少都应重视。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "内膜癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "绝经后阴道出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 巨输尿管依其发生原因不同而各有特征性的表现。有些患儿可仅表现为营养不良或生长发育迟缓等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "巨输尿管", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "营养不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "巨输尿管", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生长发育迟缓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "婴儿痉挛（infantile spasm):又称West综合征。 该病常见病因包括遗传代谢病(如苯丙酮尿症）、脑发育异常、神经皮肤综合征(如结节性硬化）或 围生期脑损伤等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "婴儿痉挛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑发育异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "婴儿痉挛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "围生期脑损伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "婴儿痉挛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "infantile spasm"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "婴儿痉挛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "West综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "泌尿系感染中核素锝-99扫描对肾盂肾炎的确诊率为60%～80%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "泌尿系感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "核素锝-99扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肾盂肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "核素锝-99扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "1994年美国疾病控制中心根据临床表现和免疫状态将HIV感染进行分类,根据临床表现分为:无临床表现 (N)，轻度临床表现(A)，中度临床表现(B)和严重临床表现（C)。 念珠菌感染累及食管、气管、支气管和肺;深部真菌感染，呈播散性(肺、肺门和颈淋巴结以外的区域）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "HIV感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "念珠菌感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "HIV感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "深部真菌感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断】 排尿性膀胱尿道造影（VCUG）是确定膀胱输尿管反流诊断和分级的金标准。反流程度明显减轻的大龄儿是否应继续服用预防性抗生素，目前尚无定论。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "预防性抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "排尿性膀胱尿道造影"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "排尿性膀胱尿道造影", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "VCUG"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "2.婴儿慢性乳酸酸中毒 主要以乳酸和丙酮酸酸中毒、神经性异常以及发育迟缓为特征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿慢性乳酸酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乳酸和丙酮酸酸中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿慢性乳酸酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经性异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿慢性乳酸酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发育迟缓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "重症渗出性多形红斑@其重症皮疹分布广泛，出现紫癜型红斑、水疱和大疱，并有黏膜损害，以及严重的全身症状，称为重症渗出性多形红斑（erythema exudativum multiforme major，EEMM），又称Stevens-Johnson综合征（Stevens-Johnson syndrome，SJS）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "重症渗出性多形红斑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "erythema exudativum multiforme major"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "重症渗出性多形红斑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "EEMM"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "Stevens-Johnson综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Stevens-Johnson syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "Stevens-Johnson综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "SJS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "重症渗出性多形红斑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水疱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "重症渗出性多形红斑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大疱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@长效阿片类药物激动剂（例如美沙酮）可以减少非法或非处方阿片类药物的应用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "长效阿片类药物激动剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "美沙酮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胃炎尚无特殊疗法，无症状者无需治疗。 2.根除幽门螺杆菌 对幽门螺杆菌引起的胃炎，尤为活动性胃炎，应给予抗幽门螺杆菌治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗幽门螺杆菌治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "活动性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗幽门螺杆菌治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "帕金森病@对于并发症（例如运动症状波动和异动症）对上述治疗策略无效的病例，已证实深部脑刺激 (DBS) 是一种有效疗法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "症状波动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "深部脑刺激"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "DBS", "subject_type": "其他治疗", "object": {"@value": "深部脑刺激"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "二、过敏性口炎 过敏性口炎亦称变态反应性口炎（allergic stomatitis），是由于个体差异，一些普通无害的东西如各种口腔药物漱口水、牙膏碘合剂或药物作为抗原刺激黏膜，使局部产生抗原抗体反应而引起的黏膜损害。轻者仅表现为红斑，水疱；重者表现为局部组织坏死、溃疡，可伴有皮肤或其他部位的黏膜损害。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "局部组织坏死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水疱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溃疡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "过敏性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "变态反应性口炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "变态反应性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "allergic stomatitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "胆囊炎@### 厌食 非特异性症状通常与胆道疾病有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "厌食"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "放线菌病@主要致病菌有诺卡菌属、马杜拉放线菌和链霉菌属中的一些种。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "放线菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "诺卡菌属"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "放线菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "马杜拉放线菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "放线菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "链霉菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "一部分脊膜膨出患儿合并脑积水和其他畸形，出现相应症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "脊膜膨出", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑积水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@ * 当单独使用β-受体阻滞剂对心绞痛症状控制不佳时，可添加或替换使用钙通道阻滞剂或长效硝酸酯。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "长效硝酸酯"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钙通道阻滞剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "口咽癌@### 白斑（黏膜白斑病）及红斑（黏膜红斑病） 应该注意到，它们可能会提示不同于原发灶的癌症易患区域。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏膜白斑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏膜红斑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "麻风病@## 案例 ### 案例 一名来自坦桑尼亚乡村的 25 岁已婚男性，是一名农场劳作者，躯干、背部、手臂和腿部出现多处烧伤样、红斑性斑疹，脚和手指感觉丧失和刺痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红斑性斑疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多处烧伤样"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "口腔黏膜炎@然而，如果出现发热伴ANC＜500 cells/μL，或ANC＜1000 cells/μL，但预计将下降至ANC＜500 cells/μL，提示中性粒细胞减少性发热。 口腔黏膜炎@结果 结果多变，可能出现白细胞增多和/或中性粒细胞减少。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中性粒细胞减少性发热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白细胞增多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中性粒细胞减少性发热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中性粒细胞减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "口咽癌@由于肿瘤侵及关键的吞咽肌，如舌根和咽肌，吞咽困难和体重减轻应提醒临床医生可能存在隐匿性误吸。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吞咽肌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "舌根"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽肌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吞咽困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "隐匿性误吸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重减轻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "百日咳@ 近十年来，随着PCR的普及，它已被列为百日咳培养的辅助检查之一。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "百日咳", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PCR"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "其他类型的免疫性贫血如自身免疫性溶血性贫血、药物引起溶血性贫血、输血后溶血反应等，这些病例可因Coombs试验阳性确诊，但HS则Coombs试验阴性。但它们均存在原发病因，一般不难鉴别，必要时可作红细胞膜蛋白电泳分析，继发HS者应无连接蛋白、锚蛋白、蛋白3等的缺乏。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "HS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红细胞膜蛋白电泳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "支气管肺炎（bnHichopneumonia)是累及支气管壁和肺泡的炎症，为儿童时期最常见的肺炎,2岁以内儿童多发。室内居住拥挤、通风不良、空气污浊，致病微生物增多,易发生肺炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "室内居住拥挤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "通风不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "空气污浊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "bnHichopneumonia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管壁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺泡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@[ 肺栓塞 ](/topics/zh-cn/116) ### 消化性溃疡疾病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 疼痛被描述为餐后数小时或饥饿时发生烧灼样上腹部疼痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化性溃疡疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "消化性溃疡疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烧灼样上腹部疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "B族链球菌感染@ 脑膜炎 * 一线疗法：青霉素或氨苄西林联用庆大霉素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氨苄西林联用庆大霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "肠梗阻@一旦肠梗阻开始消退，如出现排气，并且腹胀、恶心症状消退，患者就可以开始流质饮食，并在可耐受范围内加量。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "排气"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹胀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "（四）Santavuori肌营养不良（肌-眼-脑病） 本病属常染色体隐性遗传病，多见于芬兰人。多于6～16岁死亡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Santavuori肌营养不良（肌-眼-脑病）", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多于6～16岁死亡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "Santavuori肌营养不良（肌-眼-脑病）", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "芬兰人"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "九、厌氧菌肺炎 厌氧菌肺炎（anaerobic pneumonia）主要为吸入性肺炎，多发生于小婴儿，或昏迷患者。化验检查常有外周血白细胞计数和中性粒细胞比例的升高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "厌氧菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外周血白细胞计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "厌氧菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中性粒细胞比例的升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "厌氧菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "anaerobic pneumonia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "厌氧菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小婴儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "厌氧菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏迷患者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "肾小球肾炎@### 人类免疫缺陷病毒 HIV 相关肾病主要表现为塌陷型局灶性肾小球硬化，特别在黑人中。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "人类免疫缺陷病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "尿崩症患者持续排出低渗尿，血清钠和血渗透压分别上升超过145mmol/L和 295mmol/L,体重下降3% ~5%。如尿渗透压峰值上升超过给药前的50%，则为完全性中枢性尿崩症;在9% ~ 50%者为部分性尿崩症;小于9%为肾性尿崩症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "完全性中枢性尿崩症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "部分性尿崩症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾性尿崩症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "持续排出低渗尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清钠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血渗透压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "儿童再障以后两型多见。 5. Ts淋巴细胞功能异常，急性型T、B淋巴细胞严重受累，NK细胞及CD4+/CD8+比值明显低于慢性型。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "功能异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低于慢性型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Ts淋巴细胞功能异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@[ 二尖瓣反流 ](/topics/zh-cn/322) ### 室间隔缺损（VSD） | 短期 | 低 室间隔破裂导致室间隔缺损的发生。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "室间隔缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "VSD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "室间隔缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "室间隔破裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "室间隔缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "2.青春期发育延迟 虽青春期较正常儿延迟数年，但最后可达到发育正常水平，其内分泌功能亦正常，无血TSH及LH升高。 4. Noonan综合征 临床表现与Turner综合征相似，智能发育迟缓者较多，部分病人合并心血管畸形，其中以肺动脉狭窄及房间隔缺损最常见，其核型为正常男性或者女性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "Turner综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青春期发育延迟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "Turner综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Noonan综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Noonan综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "智能发育迟缓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Noonan综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心血管畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "溶栓治疗 以血栓形成为主要表现且疗效不好，或DIC后期，器官功能恢复缓慢、又有明显血栓形成者，应考虑溶栓治疗。 单链尿激酶:纤维蛋白选择性溶栓剂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "DIC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单链尿激酶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "第五章 儿童淋巴瘤 第一节 儿童霍奇金病 1832年，霍奇金（Hodgkin）首先对本病在解剖学水平进行描述，因此而命名为霍奇金病（Hodgkin disease，HD），当时认为它是一种脾脏和淋巴结异常性疾病。Reed对本病中的巨型多核细胞作了仔细的描述，并否认了这些细胞来自变异型结核的观点，以后这些畸形巨型细胞被命名为Reed-Sternberg细胞（R-S细胞）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "霍奇金病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Reed-Sternberg细胞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "霍奇金病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "R-S细胞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "霍奇金病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Hodgkin disease"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "霍奇金病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "Hodgkin disease", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "Reed-Sternberg细胞", "subject_type": "症状", "object": {"@value": "R-S细胞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@结果 存在差异 ### 多门电路探测扫描 检查 结果 检查 进行该项检查以便在化疗之前评估心脏功能。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多门电路探测扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多门电路探测扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "近年来，随着我国围产医学及新生儿重症监护技术的飞速进展，早产儿的成活率越来越高，脑瘫的发生率亦有增加趋势，早产儿脑白质损伤日益受到重视。 3.围产期感染 孕期宫内感染或早产儿败血症可触发胎儿或新生儿发生全身炎症反应综合征导致脑白质受损。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "早产儿脑白质损伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "围产期感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "婴儿猝死综合征@母亲使用大麻可能是 SIDS 的一个弱独立危险因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "母亲使用大麻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "食物中毒@结果 当计数>10⁶ /mL 时为阳性（细菌过度生长） ### 新兴检查 ### 查看全部   ### 粪便聚合酶链反应 (PCR) 检查 结果 检查 如果有条件，进行 PCR 检查有助于发现弯曲菌、沙门氏菌和产志贺毒素大肠杆菌 O157，但该项检测可能并未普及。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "粪便聚合酶链反应"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "粪便聚合酶链反应", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "PCR"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "垂体功能减退@垂体瘤也可能更隐匿，表现为肿块，或肿瘤增大压迫包括正常垂体组织在内的周围结构，造成激素生成细胞破坏。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "垂体瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肿块"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "垂体功能减退@颅咽管瘤发生于 Rathke 囊，可以是囊性或实性，常发生钙化。垂体功能减退@常表现为生长激素缺乏和尿崩症，伴或不伴有视野缺损。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "颅咽管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生长激素缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "颅咽管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿崩症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "颅咽管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视野缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "颅咽管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钙化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "颅咽管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Rathke 囊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "饮食:显著水肿和严重高血压时应短期限制水、钠摄入,病情缓解后不必继续限盐。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "水肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "短期限制水、钠摄入"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "严重高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "短期限制水、钠摄入"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "永存动脉干的最常见合并畸形是主动脉弓异常。 【治疗】 永存动脉干手术的早期死亡率在7%～11%之间，多数的患儿在诊断后即可进行手术，通常在生后数天至数周。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "永存动脉干手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早期死亡率在7%～11%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "主动脉弓异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "若患者感染水痘或流行性感冒，阿司匹林必须暂时停用以防止出现Reye综合征。在此期间双嘧达莫可替代应用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "水痘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双嘧达莫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "流行性感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双嘧达莫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "附：新生儿狼疮综合征 新生儿狼疮综合征（neonatal lupus syndromes，NLS）多见于患SLE的母亲所生育的新生婴儿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "新生儿狼疮综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "neonatal lupus syndromes"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "新生儿狼疮综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "NLS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "新生儿狼疮综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生婴儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@消化性溃疡的发生与碳酸氢盐分泌减少和十二指肠酸性增加有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "消化性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "碳酸氢盐分泌减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "消化性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "十二指肠酸性增加"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "食物中毒@当怀疑细胞内寄生虫（隐孢子虫或环孢子虫）感染时，可进行电子显微镜检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "电子显微镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "胃炎@10-20% 服用非甾体抗炎药的患者报告有消化不良症状，但是患病率范围可能为 5-50%。 胃炎@在美国，大约25%的患者有消化不良的症状；在需要做上消化道内镜的患者中，非溃疡性消化不良（包括胃炎）占到了约50%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上消化道内镜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "5.爱-唐（Ehlers-Danlos）综合征 本病系常染色体显性遗传，因结缔组织中胶原纤维数量不足和质的异常，弹力纤维相对增多所致。本病束臂试验阳性，凝血功能检查正常，X线及活体组织电镜检查有助确诊。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "爱-唐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "活体组织电镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "爱-唐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "束臂试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "爱-唐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Ehlers-Danlos"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "爱-唐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "染色体显性遗传"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "食物中毒@### 急性阑尾炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 典型症状包括疼痛局限于右下腹以及腹膜刺激征（肌卫）。 食物中毒@检查 腹部 CT 扫描具有诊断意义。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部 CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性阑尾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疼痛局限于右下腹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹膜刺激征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "腹膜刺激征", "subject_type": "症状", "object": {"@value": "肌卫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 刺激迷走神经，如在年长儿将脸浸于冰水，或在婴儿将冰袋置于脸上可终止发作。此外，还可应用抗心律失常药物如奎尼丁、普鲁卡因胺及普萘洛尔。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "刺激迷走神经", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "奎尼丁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "刺激迷走神经", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "普鲁卡因胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "刺激迷走神经", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "普萘洛尔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "刺激迷走神经", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "将脸浸于冰水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "刺激迷走神经", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "将冰袋置于脸上"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "多发性硬化症@奥瑞珠单抗是一种类似于利妥昔单抗的人源化抗 CD20 单克隆抗体，在美国已被美国食品药品监督管理局 (FDA) 批准用于治疗复发性 MS。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "奥瑞珠单抗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@ 胰腺术后患者并发糖尿病的预测因素为胰体尾切除术和吸烟，而未行胰腺手术的患者并发糖尿病的预测因素则为胰腺钙化、慢性胰腺炎发病年龄、吸烟以及慢性腹痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖尿病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（四）免疫抑制剂 用于由NSAID所引起的间质性肾炎，且肾上腺皮质激素治疗效果不满意时使用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "间质性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫抑制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "输尿管重复畸形常常有肾积水和输尿管积水，非常容易被发现；如上部肾小、发育不良，输尿管常常也无扩张，则确诊有一定的难度。 （二）静脉尿路造影 （IVU） 重复的上部肾往往因功能不良或积水严重而无显影，但其可将功能正常的下部肾向下外侧推移，在造影片上表现出典型的“垂花”样（drooping lily）改变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "输尿管重复畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "功能不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "输尿管重复畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "积水严重"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "输尿管重复畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "静脉尿路造影"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "输尿管重复畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾积水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "输尿管重复畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "输尿管积水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "输尿管重复畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "输尿管常常也无扩张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "输尿管重复畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发育不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "输尿管重复畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上部肾小"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "静脉尿路造影", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "IVU"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "小细胞肺癌@超过 50% 的肺癌患者在诊断时伴有咳嗽，可能继发于梗阻性肺炎、支气管内肿瘤或胸腔积液。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "梗阻性肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管内肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸腔积液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "2006年在复旦大学附属儿童医院进行的化脑病原学流行病学研究，最后提出肺炎链球菌、B型流感嗜血杆菌及脑膜炎奈瑟菌仍是上海地区化脑儿童的主要病原菌。 （三）发病的高危因素 ①有明显感染病灶，如脐炎、肺炎、肠炎、皮肤脓疱病以及中耳炎等；②围产因素如早产儿、新生儿窒息、羊水早破或污染、母亲有产时感染或发热等；③解剖异常：解剖异常及脑脊液鼻漏等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "有明显感染病灶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早产儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生儿窒息"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "羊水早破或污染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "母亲有产时感染或发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "解剖异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑脊液鼻漏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "脐炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化脑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化脑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中耳炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【病因】 各种病毒和细菌均可引起急性上呼吸道感染,但90%以上为病毒，主要有鼻病毒（rhinovims, RV)、呼吸道合胞病毒（respiratory syncytial virus,RSV)、流感病毒（influenza virus)、副流感病毒（parainfluenza virus)、柯萨奇病毒（CV)、埃可病毒、腺病毒（adenovirus, ADV)、人类偏肺病毒（human metapneumovirus, hMPV ) 、冠状病毒（coronal vims)等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "各种病毒和细菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "鼻病毒", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "rhinovims"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "鼻病毒", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "RV"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "rhinovims", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "RV"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸道合胞病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流感病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "副流感病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "柯萨奇病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "埃可病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腺病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "人类偏肺病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冠状病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "respiratory syncytial virus", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "RSV"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "呼吸道合胞病毒", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "RSV"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "流感病毒", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "influenza virus"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "副流感病毒", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "parainfluenza virus"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "柯萨奇病毒", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "CV"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "腺病毒", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "adenovirus"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "腺病毒", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "ADV"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "adenovirus", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "ADV"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "人类偏肺病毒", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "human metapneumovirus"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "人类偏肺病毒", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "hMPV"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "human metapneumovirus", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "hMPV"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "冠状病毒", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "coronal vims"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@如果初始心电图不能诊断，持续12导联心电图监测可作为系列12导联心电图的合理替代检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "持续12导联心电图监测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "系统性红斑狼疮@近年报道，可应用经颅多普勒超声（TCD）诊断儿童狼疮性脑病，认为TCD有效、简便、无创、价优，有助于长期随访观察SLE病情。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "系统性红斑狼疮", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅多普勒超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "颅多普勒超声", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "TCD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "食物中毒@## 检查 ### 首要检查 ### 查看全部   ### 粪便镜检以检查白细胞 (WBC) 和红细胞 (RBC) 检查 结果 检查 简单、便宜且广泛可用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "粪便镜检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@常见症状为血性腹泻、慢性腹泻（或者两者皆有），下腹部疼痛、急便感和肠外表现（特别是和结肠炎活动度相关的表现）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血性腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下腹部疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急便感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠外表现"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "卵巢癌@ 通常需行患侧卵巢切除术（而不是卵巢活检），或行腹腔或胸腔穿刺术留取腹水/胸水。卵巢癌@ 活检会增加癌细胞播散至腹腔的风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "卵巢癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸腔穿刺术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "20世纪90年代初期，有学者提出适用于小儿的肝性脑病分级标准： 第1度：意识模糊，有情绪变化。 第4度：①昏迷，对痛刺激有反应；②深昏迷，对任何刺激均无反应。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏迷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "对痛刺激有反应"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "深昏迷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "对任何刺激均无反应"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "意识模糊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "有情绪变化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "子宫内膜癌@ 转移症状、激素反应性相关的肺部小转移或骨转移也可能发生但很罕见。子宫内膜癌@ 。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "子宫内膜癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "子宫内膜癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "3.肾上腺皮质激素治疗 肾上腺皮质激素治疗GBS的疗效尚有争议。有报道指出肾上腺皮质激素与静脉注射丙球蛋白联合应用疗效显著。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "GBS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾上腺皮质激素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "GBS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "丙球蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "（四）脑积水 患脑膜炎时，脓性渗出物易堵塞狭小孔道或发生粘连而引起脑脊液循环障碍，产生脑积水。对暂时性脑积水可进行内科治疗，包括限制饮水或给予利尿剂等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "暂时性脑积水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "暂时性脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "限制饮水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "暂时性脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "利尿剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "如氧合改善不理想时，可试用高频震荡人工呼吸机（HFOV）。PPHN伴有肺实质性疾病时，呼吸治疗应考针对原发病而采取不同的策略，而高频通气常用于严重肺实质性疾病所致的呼吸衰竭。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "PPHN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高频震荡人工呼吸机"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "HFOV", "subject_type": "其他治疗", "object": {"@value": "高频震荡人工呼吸机"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "高频震荡人工呼吸机", "subject_type": "其他治疗", "object": {"@value": "HFOV"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "急性阑尾炎@伴有发热、食欲减退、恶心、呕吐及中性粒细胞计数的升高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲减退"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中性粒细胞计数的升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "第五章 儿童淋巴瘤 第一节 儿童霍奇金病 1832年，霍奇金（Hodgkin）首先对本病在解剖学水平进行描述，因此而命名为霍奇金病（Hodgkin disease，HD），当时认为它是一种脾脏和淋巴结异常性疾病。 （二）淋巴结肿大 无痛性锁骨上、颈部或其他部位淋巴结肿大为最常见，淋巴结质硬有橡皮样感觉。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "霍奇金病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淋巴结肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "霍奇金病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淋巴结质硬"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "霍奇金病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "锁骨上"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "霍奇金病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "霍奇金病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Hodgkin disease"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "霍奇金病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "Hodgkin disease", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "口腔黏膜炎@## 并发症 ### 查看全部   并发症 table 并发症 | 时间表 | 可能性 ---|---|--- ### 口腔念珠菌病 | 短期 | 中 接受头颈部放化疗的患者，尤其是唾液分泌功能严重受损的患者，常并发 _真菌感染_ 。 口腔黏膜炎@需要使用抗真菌药物治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "口腔念珠菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗真菌药物治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "口腔黏膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口腔念珠菌病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "口腔念珠菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "真菌感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（一）继发性巨输尿管 继发性巨输尿管的治疗关键是原发病的治疗，如后尿道瓣膜病人有40%～60%有输尿管反流；电灼瓣膜后反流有1/3缓解，1/3可被药物控制，只1/3需手术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "继发性巨输尿管", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "电灼瓣膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "继发性巨输尿管", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反流"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "继发性巨输尿管", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1/3缓解"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "继发性巨输尿管", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1/3可被药物控制"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "继发性巨输尿管", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1/3需手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "肺脓肿（lung abscess)由于化脓性感染造成肺实质的空洞性损害,并形成脓腔。起病通常隐匿，有发热、不适、食欲缺乏和体重下降等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不适"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肺脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "lung abscess"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（一）Laminin-α2链缺乏型CMD 此型是常染色体隐性遗传病。有些患者可有轻度的外周神经病变，表现为轻度感觉丧失，或者反射减弱。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Laminin-α2链缺乏型CMD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "轻度的外周神经病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Laminin-α2链缺乏型CMD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "轻度感觉丧失"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Laminin-α2链缺乏型CMD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反射减弱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "尘肺@### 急性铍中毒 查看全部   首选 –   皮质类固醇疗法 #### 第一选择 [ 泼尼松龙 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 最初剂量 40-70 mg，口服，每日一次，根据反应逐渐减少剂量 在美国较为罕见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性铍中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮质类固醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@### 非心绞痛胸痛 非心绞痛胸痛被定义为胸部不适只具备<1项典型心绞痛特征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "非心绞痛胸痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部不适"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "念珠菌病@ （三）内脏念珠菌病 1.念珠菌肺炎 具有支气管肺炎的各种症状和体征，如发热、气喘、发绀及肺部中小湿啰音及叩浊音等非特异性临床表现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "念珠菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "念珠菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气喘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "念珠菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发绀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "婴儿猝死综合征@ 这 3 类重要的风险类别/因素是： * 易受伤害的婴儿（例如早产儿、低出生体重、自主神经调节失调） * 处于体内平衡调节发育的关键时期（例如心肺功能调节机制成熟期） * 存在外源性的应激源（例如吸烟暴露、睡眠环境、过热）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易受伤害的婴儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早产儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低出生体重"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "自主神经调节失调"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "存在外源性的应激源"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸烟暴露"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睡眠环境"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "过热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "慢性髓性白血病@大多数患者在慢性期就诊。慢性髓性白血病@若有症状，通常表现为不适、发热、体重减轻、腹部不适和盗汗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不适"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重减轻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部不适"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "盗汗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "当一侧瞳孔缩小但对光反应正常，伴眼球轻微下陷、眼裂稍小及同侧面部少汗，称之为霍纳（Horner）综合征，往往由于颈部或脑干部交感神经受损伤所引起。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "霍纳（Horner）综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼球轻微下陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "霍纳（Horner）综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼裂稍小"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "霍纳（Horner）综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "同侧面部少汗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "疟疾感染@常伴有低钠血症。疟疾感染@很多机制会引起低钠血症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低钠血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低钠血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "垂体功能减退@雌激素经皮给药是垂体功能减退患者的最优途径，因为它避免了口服雌激素对其他激素结合蛋白的影响，且比口服需要的生长激素更少。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "雌激素经皮给药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生长激素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "胆囊炎@诊断基于炎症症状和体征，以及在右上腹出现的腹膜炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "B族链球菌感染@### 腹腔内感染的体征 腹部压痛僵硬、防卫征、反跳痛或肠鸣音减弱或消失。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腹腔内感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠鸣音减弱或消失"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "慢性肾病@CKD患者心血管疾病治疗的目标是早期识别和纠正危险因素，包括血脂治疗、优化血压和血糖控制、停止吸烟以及应用阿司匹林。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "心血管疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血脂治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "心血管疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血糖控制"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "心血管疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "停止吸烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "心血管疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿司匹林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@### 其他表现 心绞痛的不典型疼痛部位包括上腹、颈部、下颌或手臂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上腹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下颌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手臂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "登革热@建议尽快给予静脉滴注晶体液和胶体液，根据WHO提供的算法。 登革热@应尽量估算出患者处于危急阶段的时间以及之前的体液平衡情况。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "晶体液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胶体液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@如果发现骨质疏松，则应开始使用适当的药物和/或咨询骨科专家进行进一步评估。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "就诊科室", "subject": "骨质疏松", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨科"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@胆总管结石和胆管狭窄通常伴有肝酶升高以及胆总管扩张。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "胆总管结石", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆总管扩张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "胆管狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆总管扩张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆总管结石", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝酶升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆管狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝酶升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@中重度和暴发性UC患者可能需要英夫利昔单抗治疗，故在入院24小时内应进行结核皮肤试验、胸部X线、干扰素γ释放试验及血培养。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结核皮肤试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部X线"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "干扰素γ释放试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠胆汁淤积@### 体格检查 通常除仅在部分患者身上发现瘙痒导致的皮肤抓痕和/或轻度黄疸外，没有其他异常发现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体格检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "血吸虫病@## 诊断标准 ### 世界卫生组织超声标准 _曼氏血吸虫_ 和 _日本血吸虫_ 感染累及肝静脉和门静脉的严重程度是建立在肝实质的外观，门静脉周围有无浸润，静脉壁增厚和门静脉增宽证据的基础上。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "门静脉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝静脉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "（二）抗疟药物治疗 根据抗疟药物的性能和作用，大致分为三类：主要用于控制临床症状，如氯喹、奎宁、青蒿素等，是杀灭滋养体及裂殖体的有效药物；主要用于复发和传播，如伯氨喹、扑疟喹，是杀灭肝内的潜隐子（红细胞外期）及配子体的特效药；主要用于预防疟疾的感染，如乙胺嘧啶是孢子增殖杀灭剂，对红细胞内期裂殖体有抑制作用。 4.乙胺嘧啶 主要用于预防，一般与氯喹同用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乙胺嘧啶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗疟药物治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氯喹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "奎宁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青蒿素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伯氨喹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "扑疟喹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "帕金森病@ 经常会注意到齿轮样强直，尤其（尽管不仅限于）是合并震颤时。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "齿轮样强直"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "阴道出血应与“假月经”鉴别。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "阴道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "假月经"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "抗生素相关性腹泻:①金黄色葡萄球菌肠炎:多继发于使用大量抗生素后,病程和症状常与菌群失调的程度有关，有时继发于慢性疾病的基础上。②假膜性小肠结肠炎：由难辨梭状芽胞杆菌引起。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "抗生素相关性腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "假膜性小肠结肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "抗生素相关性腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "金黄色葡萄球菌肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "假膜性小肠结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "难辨梭状芽胞杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【实验室检查】 （一）梅毒螺旋体检查 取皮肤或黏膜破损的分泌物直接涂片，用暗视野显微镜检查梅毒螺旋体。 对于青霉素过敏者，有条件者可行脱敏疗法，无条件者可换用红霉素，剂量为20～30mg/（kg•d），疗程10～14天；或头孢曲松80mg/（kg•d），肌注，疗程10天。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "梅毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "梅毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "梅毒螺旋体检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@### 罕见 查看全部   ### 皮肤或睾丸肿块 髓外浸润的特征可能很明显。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤或睾丸肿块"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "心肌炎@### 心内膜心肌活检(EMB) DNA PCR持续检测到病毒基因组 通过PCR技术，研究了关于病毒基因组阳性的患者的预后。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心内膜心肌活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "心内膜心肌活检", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "EMB"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "急性咽喉炎@土拉菌病可能与膜性白喉类似。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "土拉菌病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 小儿甲亢的治疗不同于成人，在口服药、手术切除及同位素碘治疗三者中，首选为口服药，一般需口服治疗2～3年；桥本病导致者可缩短些。避免外来的刺激和压力，饮食应富有蛋白质、糖类及维生素等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "小儿甲亢", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "避免外来的刺激和压力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "基底细胞癌@## 诊断步骤 对于基底细胞癌患者，日光和紫外线暴露史可以从其日光受损的皮肤中看出，但仍然要询问其紫外线暴露的病史。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "日光和紫外线暴露史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "紫外线暴露的病史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@可见认知功能障碍伴急性记忆障碍、精神和行为表现（例如，畏缩，冷漠，意志缺乏，运动不能性缄默症，性格改变，精神异常行为，定向力障碍和幻觉）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "畏缩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冷漠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "意志缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "运动不能性缄默症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "性格改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精神异常行为"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "定向力障碍和幻觉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "定向力障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "幻觉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "白喉@### 皮肤病灶 创伤、烧伤或感染（例如，脓疱病）导致的皮肤开放性损伤可继发感染白喉；这是在热带地区特别常见的感染机制。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤开放性损伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "烧伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤开放性损伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "创伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤开放性损伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "脓疱病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤开放性损伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "皮肤开放性损伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白喉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "颅咽管瘤组织学上属良性肿瘤，但由于在鞍区以及对周围重要结构的浸润，临床上呈现为恶性肿瘤的表现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "颅咽管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "良性肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "颅咽管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶性肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "唇腭裂@结果 半侧面部肢体发育不良为半椎体或其他脊柱异常 ### 肾脏超声 检查 结果 检查 如果存在半侧颜面小应被重视。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾脏超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "室上性心动过速@在无旁道前传的患儿，地高辛或普萘洛尔是主要的治疗手段。 室上性心动过速@ 心脏正常的患儿如因长期心动过速而发生心力衰竭，心律转为窦性后心功能通常恢复正常，但这一过程可能需几天至几周。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "室上性心动过速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "室上性心动过速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "地高辛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "室上性心动过速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "普萘洛尔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "长期心动过速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠期高血压@### 妊娠超过37周 如果患者妊娠超过 37 周，通常最好的处理方案是通过引产进行分娩。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "分娩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "有些病儿直到尸检时才发现其为化脑。 （三）咽培养 对分离出致病菌有参考价值。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "慢性肾病@大部分高钾血症患者并无症状，也有少数表现为肌肉无力。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "高钾血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌肉无力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【倒Y型输尿管重复畸形】 倒Y型输尿管重复畸形是输尿管分支畸形中最罕见的，即输尿管近端为一支，远端分为两支，其中一根常呈异位开口。 倒Y型重复输尿管的胚胎发生被认为是双输尿管芽的顶端在进入后肾前融合成一根而造成的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "倒Y型输尿管重复畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双输尿管芽的顶端"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "倒Y型输尿管重复畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "融合成一根"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "疟疾感染@### 免疫缺陷患者（重症疾病） 有合并症的患者，包括HIV感染，更容易发展为严重疟疾。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫缺陷患者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "自身免疫性肝炎@ 在美国，每年有 100 000 至 200 000 患者感染自身免疫性肝炎，但是此病在慢性肝病患者中的患病率是 11%-23%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "11%-23%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "川崎病@口服阿司匹林及大剂量的静脉应用免疫球蛋白是治疗的基础。川崎病@如有因血栓所致的心肌梗死，溶栓治疗是必要的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿司匹林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫球蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溶栓治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溶栓治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "真菌性脑膜炎@### 念珠菌性脑膜炎 念珠菌性脑膜炎有高致病率及死亡率，因此应进行积极治疗。真菌性脑膜炎@在两性霉素 B 联合氟胞嘧啶的初始治疗（2 至 6 周）之后，可考虑进行氟康唑持续和/或维持治疗（对于氟康唑耐药性菌群或 _念珠菌_ 属，伏立康唑是一种替代选择），尤其适用于存在持续免疫抑制的患者或者对两性霉素 B 与氟胞嘧啶治疗有反应但已产生严重的药物相关毒性的患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "念珠菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氟胞嘧啶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "念珠菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氟康唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "念珠菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伏立康唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "甲状腺癌@该基因突变存在于多发性内分泌肿瘤（MEN）2A型（甲状腺髓样癌、嗜铬细胞瘤、甲状旁腺功能亢进）、2B型（甲状腺髓样癌、嗜铬细胞瘤、马凡综合征样表现、黏膜神经瘤/神经纤维瘤），或孤立性家族性甲状腺髓样癌患者中。 甲状腺癌@结果 可发现RET原癌基因种系突变 ### 新兴检查 ### 查看全部   ### 超声弹性成像 检查 结果 检查 初步的研究数据显示，对于细胞学无法明确的患者，超声弹性评分可作为是否需要手术的一个评判指标。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "甲状腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声弹性成像"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "缺铁通常经过以下3个阶段才发生贫血:①铁减少期（iron depletion,ID):此阶段体内贮存铁已减少,但供红细胞合成血红蛋白的铁尚未减少;②红细胞生成缺铁期（iron deficient erythropoiesis,IDE):此期贮存铁进一 步耗竭，红细胞生成所需的铁亦不足，但循环中血红蛋白的量尚未减少；③缺铁性贫血期（iron deficiency anemia,IDA):此期出现小细胞低色素性贫血，还有一些非造血系统的症状。年长儿可诉头晕、眼前发黑、耳鸣等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "缺铁性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头晕"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "缺铁性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼前发黑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "缺铁性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "耳鸣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【发病率】 普通人群中幽门肥厚发病率为0. 1%～1%，且有上升趋势，40年前的报告是1/900～1/300；而英国最近调查表明过去几十年以来，发病率已从0. 1%～0. 2%上升到0. 3%～0. 8%。Mayo Clinic的大样本人群调查显示：1950～1984年间美国Minnesota州Olmsted郡人群HPS总体发病率为0. 26%，但至调查后期，发病率已接近0. 5%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "幽门肥厚", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "0. 26%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "幽门肥厚", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "0. 5%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "幽门肥厚", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "0. 1%～1%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "幽门肥厚", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "0. 1%～0. 2%上升到0. 3%～0. 8%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "80%的儿童IgA肾病以肉眼血尿为首发症状，北美及欧洲的发生率高于亚洲，常和上呼吸道感染有关（Berger病）；与上呼吸道感染间隔很短时间（24～72小时），偶可数小时后即出现血尿。且多存在扁桃体肿大，扁桃体切除后多数患者肉眼血尿停止发作。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "IgA肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "扁桃体肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "IgA肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肉眼血尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "IgA肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "北美及欧洲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "IgA肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上呼吸道感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "食物中毒@结果 分离特定病原体 ### 粪便虫卵和寄生虫检查 检查 结果 检查 对粪便进行虫卵和寄生虫（包括吸虫虫卵）显微镜检。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "粪便虫卵和寄生虫检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "卵巢癌@在一项随机研究中，晚期卵巢癌患者在完成初始以铂类药物为基础的化疗后，接受培唑帕尼维持治疗，研究者发现患者的无进展生存期延长 5.6 个月（17.9 个月 vs 12.3 个月）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "卵巢癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "培唑帕尼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "病毒性脑膜炎@可能难以鉴别病毒性脑膜炎和细菌性脑膜炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "病毒性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细菌性脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "原发性高血压@高血压也是其它视网膜血管疾病恶化的主要危险因素，如视网膜静脉或动脉阻塞，或缺血性视神经病。原发性高血压@ ### 外周动脉病 | 长期 | 中 针对同时患有高血压和外周动脉病的患者，治疗高血压可降低心肌梗死、卒中或充血性心力衰竭风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "原发性高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外周动脉病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "真菌性脑膜炎@## 监测 隐球菌性脑膜炎： * 应对隐球菌性脑膜炎已恢复的患者进行针对症状复发的密切随访。真菌性脑膜炎@ * 已被诊断感染HIV的患者应持续进行抗逆转录病毒治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "隐球菌性脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "(二）一般治疗 1.妊娠期高血压患者可在家或住院治疗，轻度子痫前期应住院评估决定是否院内治疗，重度子痫前期及子痫患者应住院治疗。如口服药物血压控制不理想，可使用静脉用药：拉贝洛尔、尼卡地平、酚妥拉明、肼屈嗪。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "拉贝洛尔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尼卡地平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "酚妥拉明"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肼屈嗪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "重度子痫前期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "子痫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "轻度子痫前期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "重度子痫前期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "血吸虫病@### 血性腹泻 发生在80%急性感染。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血性腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "4.手术治疗 (1)急诊手术:当IBD患儿出现危及生命的并发症,如肠穿孔、顽固性出血或中毒性巨结肠,而药 物治疗无效者应及时手术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "IBD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠穿孔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "IBD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "顽固性出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "IBD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中毒性巨结肠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@Mohs手术医生需要训练重建技术以达到最佳的美观效果并尽可能的隐藏瘢痕。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "瘢痕", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Mohs手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@由于通常认为胰头是胰源性疼痛的开始部位，因此该治疗不常规用于缓解疼痛。慢性胰腺炎@ 胰体尾切除术治疗效果好， 然而目前尚无相关的随机对照临床试验报道。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰体尾切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "胰源性疼痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰头"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "狂犬病@病毒通过无髓鞘感觉和运动终板进入神经系统，由快速逆行轴突运输转运、每12小时穿过新突触。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经系统"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断】 支气管肺炎的诊断比较简单,一般有发热、咳嗽、呼吸急促的症状，肺部听诊闻及中、细湿啰音和 (或)胸部影像学有肺炎的改变均可诊断为支气管肺炎。②金黄色葡萄球菌：甲氧西林敏感者首选苯唑西林钠或氯唑西林, 耐药者选用万古霉素或联用利福平。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "万古霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苯唑西林钠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氯唑西林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "利福平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸急促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺部听诊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "三尖瓣闭锁@年长儿中可表现为呼吸急促、活动后蹲踞。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "三尖瓣闭锁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸急促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "三尖瓣闭锁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "活动后蹲踞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@苯二氮卓类药物或抗精神病药物等现有药物可导致反常的激越或静坐不能，这时可能需要减少剂量或完全停用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "治疗后症状", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "激越"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "治疗后症状", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "静坐不能"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "细菌性脑膜炎@结果 阳性 ### CSF中的抗原检测 检查 结果 检查 40%~95%的脑膜炎双球菌型脑膜炎患者可以通过乳胶凝集试验检测到血清群A、B、C、Y和W-135多糖抗原。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CSF中的抗原检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "类风湿关节炎@[ 系统性红斑狼疮 ](/topics/zh-cn/103) ### 骨关节炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 患病率随年龄增加而增长。类风湿关节炎@最常累及的关节为膝、髋、手以及腰椎和颈椎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "骨关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "骨关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "髋"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "骨关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "骨关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腰椎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "骨关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈椎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨关节炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "HIV 感染@ ### HIV 相关的肝病 | 长期 | 低 HIV 感染患者的终末期肝病 (end-stage liver disease, ESLD) 的发病率高，这主要是由于合并感染病毒性肝炎。HIV 感染@在 ART 治疗时代，ESLD 发病率几乎没有变化，但预计会随抗丙型肝炎病毒药物的出现而有所改观。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒性肝炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "终末期肝病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "end-stage liver disease"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "end-stage liver disease", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ESLD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "病毒性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "终末期肝病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "胰腺癌@胆管炎具有较高的发病率和死亡率，有报道胆管炎死亡率达13%-88%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "死亡率", "subject": "胆管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "13%-88%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "【鉴别诊断】 除化脓性细菌外，结核分枝杆菌、病毒、真菌等都可引起脑膜炎,并出现与化脓性脑膜炎相似的临床表现而需注意鉴别。 病毒性脑膜炎 临床表现与化脓性脑膜炎相似，感染中毒及神经系统症状均较化脓性脑膜炎轻，病程自限，大多不超过2周。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒性脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "细菌性脑膜炎@>1 月且<50 岁 – 联合 –   支持性疗法 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 患者有代偿性休克症状（神经功能状态通常保持正常，但脉搏率可能持续升高、皮肤斑驳、由于体循环血管阻力升高导致的四肢冰凉、毛细血管再充盈延长、尿量减少）或呼吸窘迫时应该补充供氧。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支持性疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "肥厚型心肌病@附加 –   地高辛 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [ 地高辛 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 0.125-0.5mg口服每日一次 地高辛可用于左心室扩张伴心功能下降的患者。肥厚型心肌病@在左室肥厚的情况下使用地高辛并非常规。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肥厚型心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "地高辛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "HIV 感染@## 预后 ### 大多数感染 HIV 的患者由于存在有效的免疫应答，能够在数年时间内调控病毒复制；然而，在目前的强效联合抗逆转录病毒治疗 (ART) 时代，建议对所有感染 HIV 的人启动 ART，而不是对未行治疗的患者通过连续血液检测和临床评估进行监测。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗逆转录病毒治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "抗逆转录病毒治疗", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "ART"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "调控病毒复制"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "一、沙眼衣原体肺炎 沙眼衣原体肺炎（chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia）为沙眼衣原体（CT）引起。鼻咽拭子可分离到沙眼衣原体，经酶联免疫吸附试验和微量免疫荧光试验可检测沙眼衣原体抗体。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "沙眼衣原体肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "酶联免疫吸附试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "沙眼衣原体肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "微量免疫荧光试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "沙眼衣原体肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "沙眼衣原体", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "沙眼衣原体", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "沙眼衣原体肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "H2受体拮抗剂治疗功能性消化不良的报道很多，药物的疗效在统计学上显著优于安慰剂。 质子泵抑制剂奥美拉唑，可抑制壁细胞H+-K+-ATP酶，抑制酸分泌作用强，持续时间长，适用于H2受体拮抗剂治疗无效的患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "功能性消化不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "奥美拉唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "乳腺原位癌@ 基于患者的偏好和进展为侵袭性癌的风险评估来选择观察或双侧乳房切除术。乳腺原位癌@ 焦虑未来可能出现侵袭性癌、具有乳腺癌家族史或有患病高风险的女性，可选择双侧乳腺切除术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "乳腺原位癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双侧乳房切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "中耳炎@### 耳痛 耳痛是年龄较大的儿童和成人诊断急性中耳炎所需的非特异性症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "耳痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "耳痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "近端肾小管酸中毒（proximal renal tubular acidosis，pRTA)是由于近端肾小管重吸HC03_收功能障 碍所致。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "近端肾小管酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "proximal renal tubular acidosis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "近端肾小管酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "pRTA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 患儿出生时即有贫血表现，皮肤苍白、心率增快，贫血严重时可表现为充血性心力衰竭、胎儿水肿、肝脾大、尿少及羊水少。双胎输血综合征的供血者出现贫血，受血者则表现为：多血，红细胞增多，血黏度增高，心、肝、肾、胰及肾上腺增大，羊水多，高胆红素血症，充血性心力衰竭等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "双胎输血综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贫血表现"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "双胎输血综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤苍白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "双胎输血综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "充血性心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "双胎输血综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胎儿水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "双胎输血综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "双胎输血综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "羊水少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "双胎输血综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脾大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "双胎输血综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心率增快"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "双胎输血综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "双胎输血综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "双胎输血综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红细胞增多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "双胎输血综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血黏度增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "双胎输血综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心、肝、肾、胰及肾上腺增大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "双胎输血综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "羊水多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "双胎输血综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高胆红素血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "双胎输血综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高胆红素血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "双胎输血综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "充血性心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "第六节 气道异物 气道异物是小儿常见危重急症。多见于5岁以内小儿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "气道异物", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5岁以内小儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "五、弥散性血管内凝血 弥散性血管内凝血（DIC）是许多疾病严重阶段的并发症，机体在某些致病因素作用下，凝血系统被激活，凝血过程加速，微循环内发生纤维蛋白沉积和血小板凝集，导致血管内广泛微血栓形成，由于凝血因子被消耗，发生广泛出血。 4.改善微循环 低分子右旋糖酐，10～20ml/kg，静脉滴注。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "弥散性血管内凝血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低分子右旋糖酐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "弥散性血管内凝血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "DIC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "成人哮喘@## 诊断步骤 诊断需要典型的症状和体征，以及确诊检查。 成人哮喘@### 病史 通常表现为反复发作的气急、喘息、胸闷或咳嗽。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "成人哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气急"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "成人哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喘息"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "成人哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸闷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "成人哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "多发性硬化症@那他珠单抗是一种单克隆抗体，静脉注射 (IV)，每 4 周一次。多发性硬化症@ 该产品最初于 2004 年秋季放行使用，但因在临床试验中接受那他珠单抗的 MS 患者报告出现 2 例 PML 而于 2005 年 2 月取消使用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "那他珠单抗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "胆囊炎@检查 ECG 缺血性改变（ST 段抬高或压低、T 波倒置、左束支传导阻滞）。 胆囊炎@心肌酶水平升高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌酶水平升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "前置胎盘@然而完全性前置胎盘一般不会恢复，但有必要通过系列超声检查进行监测。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "完全性前置胎盘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "完全性前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@### 弱 查看全部   ### 环境暴露 深色染发剂的使用、吸烟、饮酒与骨髓增生异常综合征和 AML 的关联较弱。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "环境暴露"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@他的临床表现还包括心动过速、呼吸过速、发热和低血压，轻微焦虑和意识模糊，以及出汗，伴有左肺呼吸音减弱。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心动过速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸过速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "轻微焦虑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "意识模糊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出汗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "左肺呼吸音减弱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "念珠菌病@多在长期应用抗生素的过程中，出现稽留热及剧烈的咳嗽，痰为无色胶冻样，偶带血丝。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "念珠菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "稽留热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "念珠菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "剧烈的咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "狂犬病@在脑炎型狂犬病患者中，前驱症状后常出现精神状态失常、亢奋、多动、震颤、流涎增多、瞳孔散大、吞咽困难、恐水及恐水性痉挛、恐风。狂犬病@脑炎症状后常出现瘫痪麻痹。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瘫痪麻痹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精神状态失常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "亢奋"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "震颤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瞳孔散大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吞咽困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流涎增多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恐水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恐风"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恐水性痉挛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "泌尿道感染（urinary tract infection，UTI)是指病原体直接侵人尿路,在尿液中生长繁殖，并侵犯尿路黏膜或组织而引起损伤。按病原体侵袭的部位不同，分为肾盂肾炎（pyelonephritis )、膀胱炎 (cystitis)、尿道炎（urethritis)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "泌尿道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾盂肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "泌尿道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膀胱炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "泌尿道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿道炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "泌尿道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾盂肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "泌尿道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "urinary tract infection"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "泌尿道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "UTI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "pyelonephritis", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾盂肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "cystitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "尿道炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "urethritis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "targetUrl=http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.94/full) ## 证据评分 抗生素疗法选择：有较差质量证据表明，阿莫西林或阿莫西林/克拉维酸在减轻急性中耳炎体征和症状方面比大环内酯类或头孢菌素更有效，而其他抗生素的疗效彼此相当。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿莫西林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大环内酯类"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头孢菌素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【病因】 能引起急性感染后肾小球肾炎的病原有：①β溶血性链球菌A组；②非链球菌（包括其他的葡萄球菌、链球菌及革兰阴性杆菌等）、病毒（流感病毒、柯萨奇病毒B4及EB病毒）、肺炎支原体及疟原虫等。由皮肤感染引起的肾炎则以49型为主，少数为2、55、57和60型，侵袭率可达25%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性感染后肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "49型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性感染后肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "β溶血性链球菌A组"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性感染后肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非链球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性感染后肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "葡萄球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性感染后肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "链球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性感染后肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "革兰阴性杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性感染后肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性感染后肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流感病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性感染后肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "柯萨奇病毒B"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性感染后肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "EB病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性感染后肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎支原体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性感染后肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疟原虫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "血氧饱和度测定在小婴儿隐匿性细菌性肺炎的诊断中至关重要，由于婴幼儿肺炎中3%缺乏典型的呼吸道症状及肺部体征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "隐匿性细菌性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血氧饱和度测定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "骨性关节炎@骨性关节炎最常累及膝、髋、手部小关节（近指间关节与远指间关节）、脊椎（特别是腰椎和颈椎）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "髋"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脊椎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈椎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手部小关节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "多发性骨髓瘤@### 危险因素 ### 强 查看全部   ### 意义未明的单克隆丙种球蛋白病 (monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance, MGUS) MGUS 进展为 MM 或相关疾病的风险约为每年 1%；血清单克隆蛋白的初始浓度是 20 年疾病进展的重要预测因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MGUS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "Q热@ 【临床表现】 急性Q热潜伏期2～3周。Q热@少数病例肝脾肿大，并发心肌炎、脑炎或脑膜炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性Q热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脾肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "（3）热损伤（如烧伤、烫伤等）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "热损伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烧伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "热损伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烫伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性阑尾炎@疼痛通常为持续性，伴间歇性腹部痛性痉挛，活动时或咳嗽时加重。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疼痛通常为持续性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "间歇性腹部痛性痉挛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "多发性骨髓瘤@骨髓穿刺和活检帮助区分 MM 与意义未明的单克隆丙种球蛋白病 (MGUS) 和孤立性浆细胞瘤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "孤立性浆细胞瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "单克隆丙种球蛋白病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "MM", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "MGUS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单克隆丙种球蛋白病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "孤立性浆细胞瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "消化性溃疡病@ ### 胃流出道梗阻 | 长期 | 低 当幽门管溃疡以瘢痕愈合或发生水肿时，慢性幽门狭窄可引起胃流出道梗阻。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "消化性溃疡病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃流出道梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "慢性幽门狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃流出道梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "多发性骨髓瘤@### 华氏巨球蛋白血症 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 无骨痛。多发性骨髓瘤@患者可能存在血清黏度增加的证据。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "华氏巨球蛋白血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清黏度增加"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "华氏巨球蛋白血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "破伤风@## 治疗流程 请注意，同一药物不同名称的剂型和剂量可能不同： [ 参见免责声明 ](https://bestpractice.bmj.com/info/disclaimer/) 初始 ### 干净或小型伤口 查看全部   首选 –   伤口清创 预防破伤风总是比治疗临床诊断破伤风综合征更可取。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伤口清创"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "癫痫持续状态@ 失神发作： * 静脉给予地西泮是最好的一线介入方法。癫痫持续状态@其他方法包括静脉给予劳拉西泮或静脉给予丙戊酸。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "地西泮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "劳拉西泮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "丙戊酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "成人哮喘@12 岁及之前有鼻息肉，以及其他器官受累的症状，如腹泻、吸收不良、发育停滞。 成人哮喘@检查 汗液氯化物试验：汗液中氯化物水平≥60 mEq/L。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "成人哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "汗液氯化物试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "成人哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "成人哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸收不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "成人哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发育停滞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "小儿哮喘@奈多罗米的短期治疗效果与吸入皮质类固醇相似。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "奈多罗米"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "白内障@进展性核硬化性白内障患者还可能主诉眼镜度数不够。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "进展性核硬化性白内障"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "痔@[ 贫血评估 ](/topics/zh-cn/93) ### 血栓 | 短期 | 中 急性痔血栓表现为突然肛周痛及出现肛管附近触痛性结节。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性痔血栓", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肛周痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性痔血栓", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "触痛性结节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "急性痔血栓", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肛管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血栓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "溶血性贫血@若患有血管内溶血，尿液分析会显示血红蛋白尿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿液分析"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@### 罕见 查看全部   ### 双相疾病 肠病毒、科罗拉多蜱热。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双相疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "从而引起巨幼红细胞性贫血。患儿可出现烦躁不安、疲乏无力、表情呆滞、反应迟钝、两眼直视、食欲差、嗜睡等症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "巨幼红细胞性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烦躁不安"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "巨幼红细胞性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疲乏无力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "巨幼红细胞性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "表情呆滞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "巨幼红细胞性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反应迟钝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "巨幼红细胞性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "两眼直视"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "巨幼红细胞性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲差"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "巨幼红细胞性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "普通感冒@对于年龄较大的儿童和成人，鼻充血的进一步治疗选择是联合抗组胺药物-减充血剂制剂，但不适用于幼儿。普通感冒@ 这种联用的一个示例是西替利嗪加伪麻黄碱。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "西替利嗪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伪麻黄碱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "高血压急症@## 病史和查体 ### 关键诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部   ### 血压高于 210/130 mmHg 高血压急症时血压通常高于 210/130 mmHg ### 存在的危险因素 危险因素包括：未充分治疗的高血压、老年、黑种人、男性、使用拟交感神经药、使用单胺氧化酶抑制剂。高血压急症@ ### 其他诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部   ### 神经系统症状 神经系统异常诸如眩晕、头痛、精神状态不佳、感觉缺失或肌力丧失，这些症状常与高血压急症有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "高血压急症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "未充分治疗的高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "高血压急症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眩晕"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "高血压急症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "高血压急症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精神状态不佳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "高血压急症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌力丧失"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "肛门癌@ 也可使用九价 HPV 疫苗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "九价 HPV 疫苗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "儿童偏头痛@[ 中耳炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/39) ### 脑膜炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 出现发热明确提示不能确诊为偏头痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中耳炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "帕金森病@ 认知功能障碍和其他对左旋多巴治疗反应较差的非运动症状是发病前 5 年伤残增加的主要决定因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "左旋多巴"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "小儿哮喘@ 如果FEV1或FVC水平增加12%，则结果有意义，提示可以诊断为哮喘。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "如果FEV1或FVC水平增加12%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "狂犬病@检查 血清或 CSF N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸（NMDA）谷氨酸受体抗体可能阳性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CSF N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "谷氨酸受体抗体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "NMDA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "CSF N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "NMDA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@间接胰腺功能检测（例如检测粪便弹性蛋白酶-1）方法简单、无创，但对轻中度慢性胰腺炎诊断准确性低，主要用于诊断重度慢性胰腺炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "重度慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "间接胰腺功能检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "重度慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "检测粪便弹性蛋白酶-1"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "百日咳@### 定义 百日咳（也称为WC）是一种以剧烈性咳嗽为特征的上呼吸道感染。百日咳@ _百日咳博德特氏菌_ 是典型的致病菌。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "百日咳", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "百日咳博德特氏菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "百日咳", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "剧烈性咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "自身免疫性肝炎@一旦疾病处于缓解期，大约 80% 的患者可以采用硫唑嘌呤单药治疗方案，成功进行维持治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硫唑嘌呤单药治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "失眠症@### 实验室检查 如果怀疑甲状腺异常是失眠症的病因，则评估 TSH 水平。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "评估 TSH 水平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲状腺异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "口腔黏膜炎@每日多次使用漱口水（半茶匙小苏打粉溶于一杯温水中）漱口能改善口腔湿润度。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "口腔黏膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "漱口水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "失眠症@ ### 药物依赖性 | 长期 | 低 苯二氮卓类和非苯二氮卓类安眠药都有一些产生依赖性的可能性。 失眠症@在一些高危患者人群（如药物滥用者），这种并发症尤其值得关注。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "药物依赖性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "药物滥用者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@ * 怀疑癌症时可进行全身 CT 和全身 PET 扫描。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "癌症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身 CT 和全身 PET 扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "肾细胞癌@Von Hippel Lindau (VHL) 综合征是与 RCC 相关的最常见的综合征。 肾细胞癌@### 获得性囊性肾病病史 获得性多囊肾最常见于慢性肾功能不全的患者或接受透析的患者，其引发 RCC 的危险性可能会增加 30 到 50 倍。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "肾细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "获得性囊性肾病病史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "RCC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性肾功能不全"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "近年有报道，个别肺炎链球菌肺炎出现化脓性并发症，X线上以肺实变区出现坏死病灶为特点，表现为单独的或多分隔的放射透亮区，邻近胸膜的感染部位可出现支气管肺胸膜瘘和大小不等的脓肿。 外周血白细胞总数及中性粒细胞均升高，ERS、CRP、PCT增加。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺炎链球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ERS、CRP、PCT增加"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肺炎链球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化脓性并发症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "化脓性并发症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "X线"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "登革热@### 循环衰竭迹象 提示存在休克，可诊断为DSS。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "循环衰竭迹象"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "DSS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "休克"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "慢性者潜隐起病，直至病程后期也常无明显临床症状。疾病后期表现慢性肾衰竭，伴显著高血压、高血压眼底改变及左心室肥厚，此时常难于区别原发病为肾小球疾病或间质炎症改变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "慢性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性肾衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "显著高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血压眼底改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "左心室肥厚"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "心肌炎@这些药物可能诱发急性肾功能衰竭或高钾血症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性肾功能衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高钾血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@若有家属患有克罗恩病，则发展为IBD的比例为15%-42%，而正常人群的比例为7%-17%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "IBD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "脑积水常见的后遗症为大头畸形、精神发育迟滞、癫痫及失明等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大头畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精神发育迟滞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癫痫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "失明"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "乙型肝炎@一些慢性感染患者可能有肝掌和蜘蛛痣，伴或不伴门脉高压的体征，比如腹水、黄疸和扑翼样震颤（肝性脑病的体征）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝掌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "蜘蛛痣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "门脉高压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄疸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "扑翼样震颤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "腹主动脉瘤@[ 肾绞痛 ](/topics/zh-cn/225) ### 肠易激综合征 (IBS) 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 间歇性腹部不适，发作时持续 2 至 4 天。 腹主动脉瘤@检查发现，大多数患者出现焦虑，但一般检查通常正常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠易激综合征 (IBS)", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "焦虑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠易激综合征 (IBS)", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "间歇性腹部不适"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "特点是PR间期逐步延长,最终P波后不出现QRS波，在PR间期延长的同时,RR间期往往逐步缩短，且脱漏的前后两个R波的距离小于最短的RR间期的2倍（图11-24) 0 【治疗】 室性心动过速是一种严重的快速心律失常，可发展为心室颤动、猝死。药物可选用利多卡因，此药能控制心动过速,但作用时间很短，剂量过大能引起惊厥、传导阻滞等毒性反应。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "室性心动过速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "利多卡因"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "治疗后症状", "subject": "室性心动过速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "惊厥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "治疗后症状", "subject": "室性心动过速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "传导阻滞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "室性心动过速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心室颤动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "室性心动过速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "猝死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "登革热@[ 脑膜炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/542) ### 伤寒感染 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 流行地区旅游史 有时体温逐渐增高。 登革热@玫瑰疹（压之褪色的红斑丘疹皮损）罕见；通常见于腹部。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "伤寒感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "玫瑰疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伤寒感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "伤寒感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体温逐渐增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "玫瑰疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "腹主动脉瘤@ * 其他并发症可能包括内漏、移植物闭塞、移植物移位伴主动脉颈扩张。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内漏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "移植物闭塞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "当甲状腺肿大时，可根据临床诊断分度： 正常：甲状腺看不见，摸不着。 Ⅱ度：由于甲状腺肿大，脖根明显变粗，大于本人1/3个拳头到相当于2/3个拳头，特点是“脖根粗”。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "甲状腺肿大", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Ⅱ度"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "儿童偏头痛@使用抗胆碱能药也有副作用（例如便秘、尿潴留、视力模糊、心动过速），而治疗前咨询应包括这些副作用的讨论。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗胆碱能药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "便秘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿潴留"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视力模糊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心动过速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "如室性心律失常虽经积极治疗仍快速进展至室性纤颤（这种情况在小婴儿更易发生）应即刻予以直流电复律。因心律失常可发生在心肌炎恢复后很长一段时间，因此，心肌炎患儿康复后需长期随访。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "直流电复律"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "真菌性脑膜炎@[ 组织胞浆菌病 ](/topics/zh-cn/918) ### 神经系统后遗症（例如听力不佳） | 长期 | 高 15%~30%从念珠菌性脑膜炎中恢复的患者（尤其是儿童患者）存在严重的神经系统后遗症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经系统后遗症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@### Durvalumab 一种以 PD-L1 为靶点的人源性单克隆抗体。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Durvalumab"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "帕金森病@结果 症状改善 ### 需要考虑的检查 ### 查看全部   ### 脑部 MRI 扫描 检查 结果 检查 帕金森病在临床上作出诊断，对于无非典型特征的病例，不需要进行其他诊断试验。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑部 MRI 扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "十、L型菌肺炎 L型菌肺炎是临床上难治性呼吸道感染的病原体之一。治疗应采用兼治原型和L型菌的抗生素，如氨苄西林或头孢霉素类加大环内酯类。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "L型菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氨苄西林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "L型菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "难治性呼吸道感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "癫痫持续状态@## 流行病学 SE 的发病率是 10-60/100,000 人年。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "SE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "10-60/100,000 人年"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@高风险的结果包括前壁大面积可逆缺损，多处中等大小面积可逆缺损，左心室扩张，或左心功能不全。稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@这些患者应考虑行冠状动脉造影。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "左心功能不全", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冠状动脉造影"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "先天性巨结肠（congenital megacolon)又称肠无神经节细胞症（aganglionosis)或赫什朋病（Hirschsprung disease,HD)，是由于直肠或结肠远端的肠管持续痉挛，粪便淤滞在近端结肠，使该肠管肥厚、扩张。以后即有顽固性便秘,3 ~7天甚至1 ~2周排便1次。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "顽固性便秘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "3 ~7天甚至1 ~2周排便1次"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "congenital megacolon"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠无神经节细胞症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "赫什朋病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肠无神经节细胞症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "aganglionosis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "赫什朋病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Hirschsprung disease"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "赫什朋病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "马蹄肾血供来源变异很大，可有多支肾动脉供应的情况发生。 马蹄肾没有明确症状，诊断常在B超或排泄性尿路造影（IVU）时才能明确，影像学上提示马蹄肾的表现包括：肾脏位置较低，靠近椎体；两肾的纵轴由外上行向内下在肾的下方相交；肾盏朝向背侧，位于肾盂后方；高位输尿管开口，上段输尿管被推向前方腹侧。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "马蹄肾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "B超"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "马蹄肾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "排泄性尿路造影"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "智能迟缓和脑性瘫痪的儿童，磨牙症有异常高的发生率。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "智能迟缓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑性瘫痪的儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "第六节 过敏性紫癜肾炎 过敏性紫癜（anaphylactoid purpura，AP）（henochschonlein purpura，HSP）是以皮肤紫癜、出血性胃肠炎、关节炎及肾小球肾炎为主要特点的临床综合征。HSPN好发于学龄儿童，男多于女，是儿童最常见的继发性肾小球疾病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "学龄儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男多于女"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "继发性肾小球疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤紫癜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血性胃肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾小球肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【病理】 APSGN的早期肾活检主要为弥漫性毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎。 【实验室检查】 （一）尿液分析 尿液改变有很大的个体差异。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "APSGN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿液分析"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "APSGN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "胃炎@化脓性胃炎是一种不常见的急性胃炎，由 _金黄色葡萄球菌_ ，链球菌， _大肠杆菌_ ， _肠杆菌_ ，其他革兰阴性细菌和 _魏氏梭状芽胞杆菌_ 引起。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "化脓性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "金黄色葡萄球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "化脓性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "链球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "化脓性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大肠杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "化脓性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "化脓性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "其他革兰阴性细菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "化脓性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "魏氏梭状芽胞杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "肝硬化@结果 胃食管静脉曲张、门脉高压性胃病 ### 肝穿刺 检查 结果 检查 肝活检仍是诊断肝硬化最为特异、敏感的方法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "一、生理性黄疸 新生儿生理性黄疸（physiological jaundice）是单纯由新生儿胆红素代谢的特点所致而无各种致病因素的存在，除黄疸外无临床症状，肝功能正常，血清未结合胆红素的增加在一定范围以内。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "新生儿生理性黄疸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "physiological jaundice"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性淋巴细胞白血病@ 检查 横纹肌肉瘤：免疫组织化学染色（IHC）或电子显微镜检查可以提供支持肌分化的证据，IHC可检测肌肉特异性蛋白。急性淋巴细胞白血病@ ### 再生障碍性贫血 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 再生障碍性贫血具有与ALL的非白血病性全血细胞减少亚型类似的表现 检查 外周血中无母细胞或成白红细胞增多的特征 骨髓穿刺和外周血涂片可帮助鉴别诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "横纹肌肉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "再生障碍性贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "(二）一般治疗 1.妊娠期高血压患者可在家或住院治疗，轻度子痫前期应住院评估决定是否院内治疗，重度子痫前期及子痫患者应住院治疗。用法：20 ～60mg口服，2～3次/日；静脉滴注：20～40mg加入5%葡萄糖溶液250ml，每日总量不超过360mg，该药副作用为头痛、恶心、心悸及颜面潮红。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心悸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颜面潮红"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "重度子痫前期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "子痫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "轻度子痫前期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "重度子痫前期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "口腔黏膜炎@对于在造血干细胞移植前接受高剂量化疗或放化疗的患者和接受头颈部放疗而未同时接受化疗的患者来说，弱激光治疗可减轻口腔黏膜炎的严重程度。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "口腔黏膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "弱激光治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@若干研究已论述了药物治疗的使用（例如，奥曲肽等生长抑素类似物、加贝酯、乌司他丁）、 适当的患者选择和放置支架等方法，可以预防胰腺损伤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "加贝酯"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乌司他丁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放置支架"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@此外，通常建议人工瓣膜心内膜炎患者在完成治疗时，需要进行经食道超声心动图（TOE）检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "人工瓣膜心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食道超声心动图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "人工瓣膜心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "TOE"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "抗生素相关性腹泻:①金黄色葡萄球菌肠炎:多继发于使用大量抗生素后,病程和症状常与菌群失调的程度有关，有时继发于慢性疾病的基础上。大便镜检有大量脓细胞和成簇的革兰阳性球菌，培养有葡萄球菌生长，凝固酶阳性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "金黄色葡萄球菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大便镜检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "抗生素相关性腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "金黄色葡萄球菌肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "疟疾感染@PCR可在早期检测到血清中的登革热病毒。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PCR"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "痛风@而对于毛利人，该病的患病率高达 6.4%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "6.4%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "通过近年各国医师临床实践，现全世界普遍采用2001年加拿大埃德蒙顿ILAR三次会议讨论制定的JIA诊断标准，引用如下： ILAR加拿大埃德蒙顿2001年幼年特发性关节炎（juvenile idiopathic arthritides JIA）诊断标准 （一）总定义 幼年特发性关节炎（juvenile idiopathic arthritides，JIA）是指16岁以下儿童的持续6周以上的不明原因关节肿胀，除外其他疾病称为幼年特发性关节炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "幼年特发性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "juvenile idiopathic arthritides"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "幼年特发性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "幼年特发性关节炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "juvenile idiopathic arthritides", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "幼年特发性关节炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "JIA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "幼年特发性关节炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "JIA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肿胀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "真菌性脑膜炎@### 隐球菌性脑膜炎 HIV 和非 HIV 相关感染都建议联合使用两性霉素 B 制剂和氟胞嘧啶初始诱导治疗 2 周。真菌性脑膜炎@在可用两性霉素 B 进行初始治疗时，不提倡单独使用氟康唑进行治疗，但在诱导治疗中可替代氟胞嘧啶作为两性霉素 B 的一种联合用药。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "隐球菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氟康唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "隐球菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "两性霉素 B"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "隐球菌性脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "隐球菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "两性霉素 B 制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "隐球菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氟胞嘧啶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@## 并发症 ### 查看全部   并发症 table 并发症 | 时间表 | 可能性 ---|---|--- ### 慢性心力衰竭 | 长期 | 中 由于相关危险因素（高血压）或冠状动脉疾病的并发症（心肌梗死），患者有慢性心力衰竭的风险。 稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@[ 慢性充血性心力衰竭 ](/topics/zh-cn/61) ### 心肌梗死 | 存在差异 | 高 发生原因为不稳定动脉粥样硬化斑块伴急性血栓形成和受影响的冠状动脉闭合。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌梗死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "普通感冒@ ### 病史 常见的症状包括下列任何或所有表现： * 流鼻涕/鼻塞 * 打喷嚏 * 咽喉痛 * 咳嗽 * 头痛 * 不适感 * 发热。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流鼻涕"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻塞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "打喷嚏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽喉痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不适感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠胆汁淤积@## 新兴疗法 ### 血浆置换术 对于重型患者，能够从循环中清除胆汁酸，从而可能延长孕周。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血浆置换术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "儿童期发病以局限性为多数，而系统性多发于年长儿和成人。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "局限性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "系统性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "年长儿和成人"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "膀胱癌@ 高风险 * 定义为原位癌、高分级 Ta 期或 T1 期尿路上皮癌（Ta = 非浸润性乳头状癌；T1 = 肿瘤侵及皮下结缔组织，即黏膜固有层）。膀胱癌@经尿道切除术是一线治疗方案。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "原位癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "经尿道切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "弥散性LCH 可合并脑实质损害,可出现吞咽困难、构音障碍和共济失调等。 影像学检査 X线:骨骼系统受累的LCH病变部位呈虫蚀样改变甚至巨大缺损,为溶骨性凿穿样损害，形状不规则，呈圆形或椭圆形。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "弥散性LCH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "X线"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "弥散性LCH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吞咽困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "弥散性LCH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "构音障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "弥散性LCH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "共济失调"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "麻风病@### 单剂化疗 ROM（利福平、氧氟沙星和米诺环素）单剂化疗已在单处病损少菌型麻风患者中取得了很有前景的初步结果。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单剂化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "少菌型麻风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ROM"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "少菌型麻风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "利福平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "少菌型麻风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氧氟沙星"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "少菌型麻风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "米诺环素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 皮肤黏膜型 好发于新生儿和小婴儿,尤其是肥胖多汗者。在新生儿期肛周、臀部、外阴及腹股沟等尿布包裹区最易受损,其次为腋窝、颈前及下颌。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "皮肤黏膜型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易受损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "皮肤黏膜型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肛周"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "皮肤黏膜型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "臀部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "皮肤黏膜型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外阴"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "皮肤黏膜型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹股沟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "皮肤黏膜型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿布包裹区"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "皮肤黏膜型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腋窝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "皮肤黏膜型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈前"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "皮肤黏膜型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下颌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "皮肤黏膜型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "皮肤黏膜型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小婴儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "皮肤黏膜型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肥胖多汗者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "影像学检査 癫痫患者做此项检查的主要目的是寻找病因，尤其是有局灶性症状和体征者，更应进行颅脑影像学检査，包括CT、MRI甚至功能影像学检査。头颅MRI在发现引起癫痫的病灶方面具有更大的优势。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "口腔黏膜炎@### 危险因素 ### 强 查看全部   ### 强化化疗方案 与其他化疗药物相比，某些化疗药物可引起更严重的黏膜炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "口腔黏膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "强化化疗方案"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "HELLP 综合征@如果患者的疼痛突然停止，发生低血压，应当怀疑包膜破裂。HELLP 综合征@这是手术急症，需要立即实施剖腹手术探查和／或介入性放射摄影术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "包膜破裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "剖腹手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "包膜破裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "介入性放射摄影术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "包膜破裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（三）特殊类型的偏头痛 1.偏瘫型偏头痛 头痛开始或头痛不久出现头痛对侧肢体瘫痪，可伴有瘫痪肢体麻木，持续时间长时可致瘫痪肢体抽搐。可分两类：家族性多呈常染色体显性遗传；散发性可表现为经典型、普通型和偏瘫型偏头痛的交替发作。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "偏瘫型偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "常染色体显性遗传"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "偏瘫型偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "对侧肢体瘫痪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "偏瘫型偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瘫痪肢体麻木"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "新生儿黄疸@结果 增多的 ### 直接Coombs试验 检查 结果 检查 以诊断ABO或Rh同种免疫。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "新生儿黄疸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "直接Coombs试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@应注意的是，缺血性脑卒中也可作为某些脑炎的一种并发症而存在。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "缺血性脑卒中"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "痛风@ 在检测腐蚀、痛风石和痛风特定双边轮廓征（透明软骨处的线型尿酸盐沉积）时，超声比 X 线检查更敏感。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "痛风石", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 凡诊断为GER的患儿，特别是有合并症或影响生长发育者必须及时进行治疗。年长儿亦应少量多餐，以高蛋白低脂肪饮食为主,睡前2小时不予进食，保持胃处于非充盈状态,避免食用降低LES张力和增加胃酸分泌的食物,如酸性饮料、高脂饮食、巧克力和辛辣食品。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "GER", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睡前2小时不予进食"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "B族链球菌感染@ 在等待检查结果期间（血液培养、全血细胞计数、白细胞分类计数和血小板计数、胸部X线检查[如果出现局灶性呼吸系统疾病体征] 和腰椎穿刺[如果婴儿足够稳定]），任何出现脓毒症体征的新生儿都应接受经验性抗生素治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血液培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白细胞分类计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血小板计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部X线检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脓毒症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "C-反应蛋白（CRP):细菌感染时血清CRP值多上升，非细菌感染时则上升不明显。 【诊断】 支气管肺炎的诊断比较简单,一般有发热、咳嗽、呼吸急促的症状，肺部听诊闻及中、细湿啰音和 (或)胸部影像学有肺炎的改变均可诊断为支气管肺炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "C-反应蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸急促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺部听诊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "C-反应蛋白", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "CRP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "5q13区存在2个SMN等位基因：SMN1和SMN2，只有SMN1基因的纯合缺失才会导致SMA，而SMN2基因的纯合缺失则出现在5%的正常人群中。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "SMA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "SMN1基因的纯合缺失"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "溶血性贫血@ 2.红细胞酶缺乏（葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶缺乏症 [G6PD]、丙酮酸激酶缺乏症） * G6PD 缺乏症：G6PD 缺乏症常见的诱发药物是磺胺类药物、呋喃妥因和水杨酸盐。溶血性贫血@应主动避免这些诱因，如正在使用，则应停用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "G6PD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "避免这些诱因"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "小细胞肺癌@患者可能不会出现典型的肺炎症状，如发热，呼吸困难和排痰性咳嗽。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "排痰性咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "播散性假丝酵母菌病综合征和假丝酵母菌菌血症（syndrome of disseminated candidiasis and candidemia):主要表现为长期发热,在原发病（白血病、恶性肿瘤等）的基础上体温增高，症状加重，全身状况恶化。念珠菌心内膜炎的赘生物较大且易发生栓塞;亦可经血行播散引起脑膜炎、脑脓肿，病死率高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "假丝酵母菌菌血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心内膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "假丝酵母菌菌血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "念珠菌心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "念珠菌心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "念珠菌心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑脓肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "栓塞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑脓肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "传播途径", "subject": "心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "死亡率", "subject": "心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "假丝酵母菌菌血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "candidemia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "假丝酵母菌菌血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白血病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "假丝酵母菌菌血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶性肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "假丝酵母菌菌血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体温增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "假丝酵母菌菌血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "症状加重"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "假丝酵母菌菌血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身状况恶化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【致病菌和入侵途径】 常见病原菌随年龄而异,新生儿期细菌性脑膜炎与大龄儿童、成人的细菌性脑膜炎在致病菌等诸多方面存在差异,其主要致病菌包括大肠埃希菌等革兰氏阴性杆菌、B族链球菌（GBS)、单核细胞增多性李斯特菌、脑膜炎球菌/脑膜炎奈瑟菌;<3个月婴儿以革兰氏阴性杆菌（如大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌等）和金黄色葡萄球菌多见，’而早期新生儿，大肠埃希菌、GBS和其他革兰氏阴性杆菌是常见致病菌,其中GBS常见于足月儿，大肠埃希菌常见于早产儿;3个月~3岁婴幼儿以流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎链球菌和脑膜炎双球菌多见，学龄前和学龄期儿童以脑膜炎双球菌、肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌多见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "B族链球菌", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "GBS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大肠埃希菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "革兰氏阴性杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "B族链球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜炎球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜炎奈瑟菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "铜绿假单胞菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "金黄色葡萄球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "GBS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "其他革兰氏阴性杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流感嗜血杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎链球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜炎双球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断及分期】 组织病理学检查是NB诊断的最重要手段，有时需结合免疫组织化学、电镜以明确诊断。 Ⅳ期：远处转移。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "NB", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Ⅳ期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "NB", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "组织病理学检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "冠状动脉瘤是川崎病中最严重的并发症。血管造影发现，55%的冠状动脉瘤可能持续10～21年。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血管造影"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冠状动脉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（一）喉部异物 （laryngeal foreign bodies） 患儿突然发生剧烈呛咳、憋气及发绀。如异物较大，阻塞喉腔，可迅速窒息死亡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "喉部异物", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "窒息死亡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "喉部异物", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呛咳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "喉部异物", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "憋气"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "喉部异物", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发绀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "从而引起巨幼红细胞性贫血。血小板严重降低时，皮肤可出现瘀点、瘀斑。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "巨幼红细胞性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤可出现瘀点、瘀斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@EMA 和 FDA 已批准其与顺铂和吉西他滨联用作为晚期鳞癌 NSCLC 的一线治疗选择；但是，仅获得中度的生存获益。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吉西他滨"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "鳞癌 NSCLC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "顺铂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "鳞癌 NSCLC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吉西他滨"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "BMD患者容易发生恶性高热，在全身麻醉时需予以重视。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "BMD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶性高热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "前置胎盘@胎盘创伤（例如性交、阴道检查）或在产程发动时宫颈开放可导致自发性阴道出血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阴道检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "自发性阴道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "在产程发动时宫颈开放"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "活产儿发病率为1 : 100 000~1 :400 000，占整个GSD的25%左右（第20版Nelson儿科学）。 胰高血糖素刺激试验 空腹和餐后2小时肌内注射胰高血糖素30~ 100g/kg，于注射后15分 钟、30分钟、45分钟、60分钟测定血糖。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "GSD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰高血糖素刺激试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "GSD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1 : 100 000~1 :400 000"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@ 【临床表现】 大多数患者有器质性心脏病，部分病人发病前有龋齿、扁桃体炎、静脉插管、介入治疗或心内手术史，临床症状可归纳为三方面：①全身感染症状；②心脏症状；③栓塞及血管症状。感染性心内膜炎@但同时具有以上三方面症状的典型患者不多，尤其2岁以下婴儿往往以全身感染症状为主，仅少数患儿有栓塞症状和（或）心脏杂音。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "栓塞症状和（或）心脏杂音"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "器质性心脏病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "念珠菌病@ （二）抗真菌治疗 1.浅部感染 （1）1%甲紫 ： 局部使用，多用于治疗鹅口疮、口角炎和外阴阴道炎，涂于患处。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "念珠菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1%甲紫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@不适合手术治疗 – 首选 –   放疗 对于手术风险过高的早期 NSCLC 患者，应在辅助化疗基础上接受传统的体外放疗或立体定向消融放疗 (Stereotactic ablative radiation, SABR)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "NSCLC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "辅助化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "NSCLC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体外放疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "NSCLC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "立体定向消融放疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "立体定向消融放疗", "subject_type": "其他治疗", "object": {"@value": "SABR"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@典型的严重症状表现为压迫或压榨性中心性胸痛。ST段抬高型心肌梗死@患者检查可以有各种表现，从正常到心原性休克的严重不适。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心原性休克"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肝硬化@### 失代偿期肝硬化 肝功能不全逐渐进展，出现肝脏合成功能降低和门脉高压的并发症，例如腹水、胃食管静脉曲张和静脉曲张出血、肝性脑病和/或黄疸，就称为失代偿期肝硬化。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "失代偿期肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "失代偿期肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃食管静脉曲张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "失代偿期肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "静脉曲张出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "失代偿期肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝性脑病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "失代偿期肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄疸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@ ### 急性 患者往往表现出外周或中央栓子的症状和体征，或出现失代偿心衰的证据。感染性心内膜炎@因此，任何患者出现头痛伴发热、脑膜刺激征、卒中的症状、胸痛、劳力性呼吸困难、端坐呼吸或夜间阵发性呼吸困难需要立即进行感染性心内膜炎的评估。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "栓子"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜刺激征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "卒中的症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "劳力性呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "端坐呼吸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "夜间阵发性呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【分类】 血管瘤的分型繁杂，我们通常按以下的传统分法： 1.毛细血管瘤包括新生儿斑痣（表皮毛细毛细血管瘤）、皮内毛细毛细血管瘤（橙红色斑、葡萄酒色斑、蜘蛛痣）、草莓状毛细血管瘤。 4.血管瘤性综合征遗传性出血性血管扩张症（Osler-Weber-Rendu disease）、斯特奇-韦伯综合征（Sturge-Weber syndrome）、林道-（冯）希佩尔综合征（Lindau-Von Hippel syndrome）、马富西综合征（Maffucci syndrome）、Klippel-Trenaunay综合征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "血管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "斯特奇-韦伯综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "血管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "林道-（冯）希佩尔综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "血管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "马富西综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "血管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Klippel-Trenaunay综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "血管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮内毛细毛细血管瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "血管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "草莓状毛细血管瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "皮内毛细毛细血管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "橙红色斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "皮内毛细毛细血管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "葡萄酒色斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "皮内毛细毛细血管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "蜘蛛痣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "斯特奇-韦伯综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Sturge-Weber syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "林道-（冯）希佩尔综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Lindau-Von Hippel syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "马富西综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Maffucci syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "前列腺癌@骨转移的患者，可使用这些药物预防骨相关事件。 前列腺癌@辅助放疗前应进行骨扫描、CT/MRI、活检或PSA倍增时间等检查，以排除转移性病变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@### 胰腺炎家族史 这类胰腺炎患者会在幼童时期出现腹痛表现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰腺炎家族史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "食管癌@### 弱 查看全部   ### 肥胖（腺癌） 研究表明肥胖是食管腺癌发生的危险因素，并呈剂量依赖性的方式作用，但是其发生机制尚不明确。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "食管腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肥胖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@### 心肌梗死 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 疼痛通常发生在胸骨后，且放射至下颌、颈和左上肢。急性胰腺炎@伴呼吸急促、恶心、呕吐和发汗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸急促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发汗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌梗死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肝硬化@手和指甲的特征 * 继发于低蛋白血症的白甲症（白色指甲） * 由于瘙痒时过度搔抓引起的亮甲 * 肝掌 * 蜘蛛痣 * 瘀伤 * 原发性胆汁性胆管炎患者中的杵状指和掌纹处胆固醇沉积 * 酒精性肝病患者出现手掌挛缩 * 肝肺综合征患者出现手指发绀、杵状指。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "过度搔抓引起的亮甲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝掌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "蜘蛛痣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瘀伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "杵状指"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "掌纹处胆固醇沉积"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "酒精性肝病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手掌挛缩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "酒精性肝病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手指发绀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "酒精性肝病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "杵状指"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "（三）长期治疗 川崎病的长期治疗取决于患者冠状动脉的受累程度，根据其有否心肌缺血来划分。这种划分有利于对患者进行有效的个人化的管理，如长期药物治疗，体格检查来进行诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体格检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@可经开胸术达到肺部，然而，微创手术（如胸腔镜手术）凭借其住院周期短和术后疼痛轻而越来越普遍。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸腔镜手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "B族链球菌感染@ ### 癫痫发作 | 短期 | 低 可见于 B族链球菌感染性脑膜患者，应给予苯二氮卓类或抗惊厥药物治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癫痫发作"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "癫痫发作", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苯二氮卓类"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "癫痫发作", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗惊厥药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "磨牙症@例如，通过张大嘴巴伸展颌肌，每日一次或两次，每次重复 10 遍，可对缓解症状有所助益。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大嘴巴伸展颌肌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "基底细胞癌@合理应用Mohs手术进行治疗的复发率很低（2%至5%），并且除了可以应用在影响美观的部位，Mohs手术也考虑作为大的硬斑病型基底细胞癌，或边界不清的基底细胞癌的治疗手段。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Mohs手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "大动脉炎@ 胸部X线片可显示主动脉钙化或主动脉增宽，超声波检查可显示周围动脉或主动脉等狭窄部位及程度，动脉造影和MRI可显示狭窄或扩张的部位及程度，以及血流减少的程度。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "大动脉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部X线片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "大动脉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声波检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "大动脉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "动脉造影"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "大动脉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 凡诊断为GER的患儿，特别是有合并症或影响生长发育者必须及时进行治疗。 促胃肠动力药(prokinetic agents):疗程4周。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "GER", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "促胃肠动力药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "促胃肠动力药", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "prokinetic agents"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "急性阑尾炎@应当开始静脉输液，例如给予乳酸林格氏液。 急性阑尾炎@不应延误实施阑尾切除术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阑尾切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "静脉输液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乳酸林格氏液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "类风湿关节炎@常用的治疗方案为每日口服小剂量泼尼松龙（≤5mg），每日剂量很少需要超过10mg。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泼尼松龙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "而在JIA总体阳性率不足15%，主要出现在多关节型JIA之中，RF阴性并不能除外诊断JIA。 2.隐匿性IgM型类风湿因子（HIgM-RF） 有发现HIgM-RF在JIA中有较高的检出率（71. 4%），其中多关节型阳性率为80. 0%，少关节型阳性率为71. 4%，全身型阳性率为58. 8%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "JIA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "类风湿因子"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "类风湿因子", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "RF"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "JIA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "隐匿性IgM型类风湿因子"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "如病人有肾上腺功能不全，常需要葡萄糖、钾及肾上腺皮质激素的补充。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肾上腺功能不全", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "葡萄糖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肾上腺功能不全", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钾"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肾上腺功能不全", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾上腺皮质激素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "单纯型膨出在其基底部做一横行切口，约0. 5～0. 8cm左右即可；异位型输尿管膨出则在其最下端纵行切开0. 5～0. 8cm。如效果不满意或出现反流，应做膨出切除及抗反流性输尿管膀胱再吻合术，并同时修复输尿管膨出后侧薄弱的膀胱壁。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "异位型输尿管膨出", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膨出切除"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "遗传性胰腺炎起病年龄多见于5～10岁。CT或超声检查显示缩小的、钙化胰腺伴导管扩张。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "遗传性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT或超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "遗传性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5～10岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "绝大多数的右室双出口伴有室间隔缺损，室间隔缺损可以是膜周型、肌部、远离大动脉或双动脉下。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "室间隔缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "室间隔缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膜周型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "室间隔缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "室间隔缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "远离大动脉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "室间隔缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双动脉下"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "（三）进一步检查 对呕吐原发病的位置和性质有初步判断后，应及时做进一步的检查，以明确诊断。对胃十二指肠、小肠部位的先天畸形，钡餐造影可帮助诊断，须注意检查结束时应洗胃，将胃内钡剂洗出，防止呕吐时钡剂吸入。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钡餐造影"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "第八节 肾小管间质性肾炎 肾小管间质性肾炎（tubulointerstitial nephritis，TIN）是指主要累及肾小管和肾间质的炎症，而肾小球及血管受累相对不明显的一种疾患。近年认识到它是引起小儿肾衰竭的重要原因；据估计成年人TIN占急性肾衰竭的5%～15%，进入终末期肾衰中占25%：小儿则分别为5%和6%～8%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肾小管间质性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小儿肾衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肾小管间质性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "tubulointerstitial nephritis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肾小管间质性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "TIN"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "肾小管间质性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾小管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "肾小管间质性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾间质"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "狂犬病@## 病史和查体 ### 关键诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部   ### 存在危险因素 主要危险因素包括最近在狂犬病流行国家被已知传播媒介抓伤或咬伤，最近与蝙蝠接触、职业或在娱乐活动中暴露。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "最近与蝙蝠接触"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "最近与蝙蝠接触"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "（二）其他睡眠障碍 梦呓的发生常常与其他睡眠障碍有关，如阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征、REM睡眠行为障碍、夜惊，鉴别诊断有赖于其他睡眠障碍的确定。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "梦呓", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "REM睡眠行为障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "梦呓", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "夜惊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "髓鞘化障碍是婴幼儿神经系统疾病，尤其是神经变性病和代谢病的主要表现之一。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "代谢病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "髓鞘化障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "神经变性病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "髓鞘化障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "白血病（leukemia)是造血组织中某一血细胞系统过度增生,浸润到各组织和器官，从而引起一系列临床表现的恶性血液病，是我国最常见的小儿恶性肿瘤。急性白血病占90% ~95%,慢性白血病仅占3% ~5%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性白血病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性白血病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "leukemia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "癫痫持续状态@对于这种情况，需要进行持续性脑电图监测，因为该方法可以诊断持续性全身 SE 小发作。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（二）酸碱失衡 过度呼吸或缺钾、抽吸胃液等可产生呼吸性和代谢性碱中毒，促进氨游离，加重肝性脑病。组织坏死、缺氧及肺部感染、肺水肿等可导致代谢性或呼吸性酸中毒。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呼吸性酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抽吸胃液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呼吸性酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "组织坏死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呼吸性酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "缺氧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呼吸性酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺部感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肺水肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸性酸中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "代谢性碱中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抽吸胃液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "代谢性碱中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "过度呼吸或缺钾"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠期高血压@### 偏头痛 相对于无偏头痛者，患有偏头痛的妇女妊娠期高血压发病风险可能更高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "偏头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "妊娠期高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断】 本病的诊断标准（试行，1994年10月，武汉）包括临床与实验室两个方面的依据： （一）临床诊断依据 能证实宿主体内有HCMV侵入，无论有无症状或病变均称为CMV感染。 （2）围生期感染（perinatal infection）： 由HCMV感染的母亲所生育的子女于出生14天内没有HCMV感染，而于生后第3～12周内证实有HCMV感染；为婴儿于出生过程或吸吮母乳感染。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "CMV感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "围生期感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "围生期感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "perinatal infection"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "小细胞肺癌@结果 正常或增高 ### 血清钠 检查 结果 检查 低钠血症可见于抗利尿激素分泌异常综合症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清钠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "垂体功能减退@ 3.炎性和浸润性病变 * 淋巴细胞性垂体炎典型表现为垂体肿块病变，导致部分或进行性垂体功能减退，特别是在妊娠或产后的情况下。垂体功能减退@ 它被认为是一种淋巴细胞和浆细胞浸润垂体的自身免疫性疾病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "炎性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "浸润性病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "淋巴细胞性垂体炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "垂体肿块病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "一旦红细胞破坏过多存在，溶血性贫血的诊断成立，然后，再根据抗人球蛋白（Coombs）直接及间接试验的阳性与否区分免疫性（Coombs试验阳性，血型不合溶血除外）与非免疫性（Coombs试验阴性）；非免疫性溶血性贫血可根据红细胞形态、脆性试验、葡萄糖孵育脆性试验、高铁血红蛋白还原试验、酸溶血试验（Ham）、红细胞酶谱分析、红细胞CD55/CD59流式细胞仪分析、珠蛋白小体（Hein’s body）、血红蛋白电泳等试验区分各种原因引起的溶血性贫血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗人球蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Coombs"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "抗人球蛋白", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "Coombs"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "非免疫性溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红细胞形态"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "非免疫性溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脆性试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "非免疫性溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "葡萄糖孵育脆性试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "非免疫性溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高铁血红蛋白还原试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "非免疫性溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "酸溶血试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "非免疫性溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红细胞酶谱分析"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "非免疫性溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红细胞CD55/CD59流式细胞仪分析"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "非免疫性溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "珠蛋白小体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "非免疫性溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血红蛋白电泳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "酸溶血试验", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "Ham"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "Hein’s body", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "珠蛋白小体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "肝癌@ 有症状的肝癌患者 5 年生存率只有 0～10%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "肝癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "0～10%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断与鉴别诊断】 慢性胃炎无特殊性表现，单凭临床症状诊断较为困难，对反复腹痛与消化不良症状的患儿确诊主要依靠胃镜检查与病理组织活体检查。根据有无腺体萎缩诊断为慢性浅表性胃炎或慢性萎缩性胃炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "慢性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性浅表性胃炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "慢性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性萎缩性胃炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反复腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化不良症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "慢性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "慢性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病理组织活体检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "食管癌@手术状况差和不适合行放化疗的患者，可行直接针对局部肿瘤的替代疗法用以减轻肿瘤相关症状。食管癌@应用激光及光动力疗法（PDT）可缓解症状，尽管该PDT可导致食管狭窄。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "食管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "激光及光动力疗法（PDT）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "类风湿关节炎@皮质类固醇还具有某种程度的疾病改善作用，因此有助于疾病的整体控制。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮质类固醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "白喉@如果任意一个培养为阳性，则开始另外 10 天红霉素或青霉素治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青霉素治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "②假膜性小肠结肠炎：由难辨梭状芽胞杆菌引起。亦见于外科手术后，或患有肠梗阻、肠套叠、巨结肠等病的体弱患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "假膜性小肠结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外科手术后"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "假膜性小肠结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "难辨梭状芽胞杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "念珠菌病@ （3）克霉唑： 广谱抗真菌药，口服容易吸收，毒性低，对皮肤和内脏真菌感染都有一定疗效。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "念珠菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "克霉唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "帕金森病@在这个多因素模型中，唯一一个无争议的危险因素是年龄。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "年龄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠期高血压@治疗应从饮食调节开始（通过咨询营养学家）。妊娠期高血压@应注意，对于肥胖患者并不推荐明显地降低体重，因为这可能会影响胎儿的生长；然而，肥胖孕妇体重增长有限或无增长对妊娠结局有利。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "饮食调节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "明显地降低体重"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "类癌综合征@ 这个反应率并不一定与类癌综合征的症状改善有关，经常与肿瘤相关症状，如体重减轻和疲劳有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重减轻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疲劳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "基底细胞癌@### 三氧化二砷暴露 众所周知，三氧化二砷暴露史是导致基底细胞癌的因素之一。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "三氧化二砷暴露"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "三氧化二砷暴露史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 新生儿由于免疫系统尚不成熟，很少接触外来抗原，生成的免疫记忆细胞数量少，HIV感染后免疫系统损害较成人严重，潜伏期短，出现症状早，病情进展快，发生淋巴细胞样间质性肺炎和继发细菌感染较多。 （二）细菌感染 严重的反复的细菌感染，如败血症、肺炎、腹泻、尿路感染、皮肤感染、中枢神经系统感染等成为婴儿死亡的重要原因之一。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HIV", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "严重的反复的细菌感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HIV", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "败血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HIV", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HIV", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HIV", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿路感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HIV", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HIV", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中枢神经系统感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "痔@## 鉴别诊断 ### 查看全部  ### 肛裂 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 肛裂表现为排便时有疼痛的出血及可能有前哨皮赘（有时患者称之为‘疼痛痔’）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肛裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肛裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肛裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前哨皮赘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 TBMN可发生于任何年龄，根据已有的报道，最小年龄1岁，最大年龄86岁；女性多见，男女比例约为1∶2～1∶3。部分患者在血尿同时伴有轻、中度蛋白尿，偶为肾病范围的大量蛋白尿，还有极少部分患者表现为孤立性蛋白尿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "TBMN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "轻、中度蛋白尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "TBMN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "孤立性蛋白尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "TBMN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "女性多见"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "喉癌@体格检查示口腔及口咽无明显异常；颈部检查发现右颈部包块，质硬、活动度差。喉癌@颅神经检查正常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "右颈部包块"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈部检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "肾小球肾炎@## 并发症 ### 查看全部   并发症 table 并发症 | 时间表 | 可能性 ---|---|--- ### 急性肾功能衰竭 | 短期 | 中 急性肾小球肾炎（如弥漫性肾炎）更易发生急性肾衰竭。肾小球肾炎@尽管已接受治疗，一些患者仍会发生进行性肾损伤，最终需要肾脏替代治疗（透析、移植）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "急性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "透析"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "急性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "移植"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性肾功能衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "急性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性肾衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "弥漫性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性肾衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（三）脑脊液检查 临床怀疑化脑，没有临床禁忌，应及早作腰椎穿刺取脑脊液检查；临床征象提示颅内压升高明显或腰穿导致脑疝可能、生命体征不稳定者，诊断性腰穿推迟。 【并发症】 （一）硬脑膜下积液 治疗过程中脑脊液检查好转，而体温持续不退，临床症状不消失；病情好转后又出现高热、抽搐及呕吐。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硬脑膜下积液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑脊液检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑脊液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "硬脑膜下积液", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体温持续不退"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "硬脑膜下积液", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "硬脑膜下积液", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抽搐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "硬脑膜下积液", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "小细胞肺癌@结果 一般正常 ### 肺功能试验 检查 结果 检查 所有预计接受放疗的患者都应测试第 1 秒用力呼气量 (FEV1) 和肺一氧化碳弥散能力 (DLCO)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺功能试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "真菌性脑膜炎@## 检查 ### 首要检查 ### 查看全部   ### CT和/或MRI头部扫描 检查 结果 检查 可能显示脑膜受累及增强、脑实质病变、脑积水。 真菌性脑膜炎@扫描结果正常并不能排除真菌性脑膜炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜受累及增强"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑实质病变、脑积水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "（二）内脏出血 新生儿内脏出血主要发生在产时，常由产伤引起，生后1～3天即发生贫血、失血性休克等严重临床表现，有时内脏出血不容易及时发现，导致死亡，应予以重视。 【临床表现】 1.颅内出血 颅内出血（详见颅内出血章节）是新生儿期常见的临床问题，出血部位包括硬膜下出血、蛛网膜下腔出血、脑室周围-脑室内出血、小脑出血和脑实质出血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "内脏出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅内出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "诊断ALL的主要依据是骨髓有核细胞中原始和幼稚淋巴细胞总和＞30%，此时正常的红系、巨核细胞系、粒系常明显受抑甚至消失。根据法国、美国和英国（FAB）形态学分类，ALL分为L1、L2、L3型，90%儿童ALL形态分型为L1，细胞形态较小；L3型肿瘤细胞的形态与Burkitt's淋巴瘤细胞相似；L2细胞大小不均，介于L1和L3之间。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "ALL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "L1"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "ALL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "L2"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "ALL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "L3"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肺结核@痰培养标本行核酸扩增试验检测可能有助于诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "核酸扩增试验检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@肺癌在欧洲是第三常见的肿瘤，且非小细胞肺癌占肺癌的80%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "欧洲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "类癌综合征@### 肝脏经动脉栓塞 肝转移通常是类癌综合征的原因，因此，如果应用生物疗法这样的最佳药物治疗后症状仍进展，此时肝动脉栓塞术可能会有作用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝转移"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝动脉栓塞术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "临床以出血倾向为主要表现的疾病称作出血性疾病，约占血液系统疾病的30%，要对这些疾病作出正确的诊断和鉴别诊断，必须对正常的止血机制有一个全面的了解，现简述于下。爱-唐（Ehlers-Danlos）综合征属常染色体显性遗传，皮肤弹性及胶原纤维发生数量改变、退行性变和断裂，导致皮肤弹性过强，血管脆性高，而易致出血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "爱-唐（Ehlers-Danlos）综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血性疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肛门癌@无病生存率和无结肠造口的生存率：高质量的证据显示，与单独放疗+ 丝裂霉素相比，放疗 + 丝裂霉素 + 氟尿嘧啶可达到较高的无病生存率和无结肠造口术的生存率。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单独放疗+ 丝裂霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放疗 + 丝裂霉素 + 氟尿嘧啶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@肿大的淋巴结会导致声嘶（侵犯喉返神经），膈无力（侵犯膈神经），吞咽困难（侵犯食道）或出现上腔静脉综合征，典型特点是上肢和面部水肿，端坐呼吸，咳嗽以及颈部和胸壁静脉扩张。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喉返神经"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膈神经"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食道"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上肢和面部水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "侵及周围组织转移的症状", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吞咽困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "侵及周围组织转移的症状", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膈无力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "侵及周围组织转移的症状", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "声嘶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "上腔静脉综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上肢和面部水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "上腔静脉综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "端坐呼吸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "上腔静脉综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "上腔静脉综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈部和胸壁静脉扩张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "免疫系统缺陷所致的反复感染也非常常见，通常与胸腺发育不良所致T细胞介导的免疫应答受损有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫系统缺陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "免疫应答受损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸腺发育不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "白喉@呼吸道白喉患者需要住院治疗、密切监测、及时给予白喉抗毒素、适当的抗生素治疗和支持治疗。白喉@心电图监测、血氧饱和度监测和细致的气道管理也很重要。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "呼吸道白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心电图监测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "呼吸道白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血氧饱和度监测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "呼吸道白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气道管理"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸道白喉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "呼吸道白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "住院治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "呼吸道白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白喉抗毒素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "呼吸道白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "呼吸道白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支持治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "血吸虫病@通过粪便或尿液镜检发现虫卵诊断；其他方法包括血清学测定或受感染的组织（直肠或膀胱）活检发现寄生虫虫卵。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿液镜检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清学测定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "组织（直肠或膀胱）活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（三）低血容量性休克 若系大量失血所致，如肺咯血、消化道出血、外伤等，应及时止血，予垂体后叶素、西咪替丁、6-氨基己酸等，必要时外科手术治疗。积极补充血容量，中度以上失血者（血红蛋白降至70～100g/L），应予输血，使HCT达到32%～34%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "低血容量性休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "输血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "低血容量性休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "止血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "低血容量性休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "垂体后叶素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "低血容量性休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "西咪替丁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "低血容量性休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "6-氨基己酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "第二节 肥厚性心肌病 肥厚性心肌病（hypertrophic cardiomyopathy，HCM）时左心室肥厚，但不扩张，诊断时应排除高血压、主动脉瓣狭窄、水肿及先天性心脏病等其他可引起肥厚的疾病。肥厚性心肌病@一般对称性多数为非梗阻性，不对称多数为梗阻性，但也有左心室壁与室间隔肥厚，右心室壁不肥厚而左心室流出道不狭窄的，即只有不对称而无梗阻的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肥厚性心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非梗阻性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肥厚性心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "梗阻性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肥厚性心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不对称而无梗阻的"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肥厚性心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "hypertrophic cardiomyopathy"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肥厚性心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HCM"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "肥厚性心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性心脏病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "肥厚性心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "肥厚性心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "主动脉瓣狭窄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "肥厚性心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肥厚性心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "左心室肥厚，但不扩张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@ 在 2013 年，美国有 116,793 人死于心肌梗死，其中大约 57% 为男性，43% 为女性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大约 57% 为男性，43% 为女性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "自身免疫性肝炎@### EB 病毒 有证据表明 EB 病毒会引发自身免疫性肝炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "EB 病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@吸烟是急慢性胰腺炎患病的危险因素，可增加急性胰腺炎向慢性胰腺炎进展的风险，并且吸烟患者发生胰腺钙化、胰腺癌等并发症的风险也有增加，此外，吸烟还可以加速胰腺癌等并发症的发生和进展。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性胰腺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "1995年，全国危重急救学学术会议（庐山）提出我国ARDS分期诊断标准。 （四）严重生理异常期 可以表现为持续低氧血症、高碳酸血症、失代偿性酸中毒、长期呼吸机依赖、间质纤维化，对于呼吸机治疗反应差，或突然性恶化、酸中毒和代谢紊乱，最后导致死亡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "ARDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "严重生理异常期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "痛风@疼痛减轻：质量差的证据显示，在减轻痛风患者的疼痛方面，没有一种 NSAIDs 比其他药物更有效。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "NSAIDs"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "小细胞肺癌@### 癫痫 脑转移的一个潜在症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癫痫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@示例包括：阿法替尼 (afatinib)、厄洛替尼、厄洛替尼与贝伐珠单抗的联合，和吉非替尼。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "阿法替尼", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "afatinib"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿法替尼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "厄洛替尼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吉非替尼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "真菌性脑膜炎@ * 局灶性临床表现、颅神经受累、视乳头水肿及癫痫发作属念珠菌性脑膜炎的非常见表现。真菌性脑膜炎@ * 应对患者进行查体，以寻找是否有弥散性念珠菌病的体征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅神经受累"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视乳头水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癫痫发作"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@结果 能够提供充足的恶性细胞数以进行完整的亚分型和基因突变检测 ### 纵膈淋巴结取样：纵膈镜和支气管内超声 检查 结果 检查 治疗方案的选择往往取决于纵膈淋巴结是否被侵犯。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "纵膈淋巴结取样"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "睾丸癌@在美国，黑人的发病率是白人发病率的1/3。 睾丸癌@### 弱 查看全部   ### 化学致癌物和少精 化学致癌物与睾丸癌的关联较弱，它被认为是继发的危险因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "睾丸癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化学致癌物和少精"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "小细胞肺癌@如果有胸腔积液存在，行胸腔穿刺术收集细胞以进行针对恶性的细胞评估。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸腔穿刺术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "痔@非手术治疗包括温水坐浴，口服轻度止痛剂及大便松软剂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "温水坐浴"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "破伤风@急性 ### 临床诊断破伤风 查看全部   首选 –   支持治疗 #### 第一选择 [ 埃索美拉唑 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 儿童：咨询专科医生以指导剂量；成人：20-40mg，静脉使用，每日一次 应稳定患者，并保护气道，以确保充足通气（肌肉痉挛可影响通气），并防止误吸入。破伤风@应将患者转诊至重症监护病房。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "埃索美拉唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "UC与多数细菌性肠炎的主要区别在于症状持续时间。 3.放射性结肠炎 是盆腔或腹部放射治疗后发生的并发症，以累及直肠、乙状结肠多见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "UC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放射性结肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "放射性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "盆腔或腹部放射治疗后"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "放射性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "直肠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "放射性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乙状结肠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "从那时起，人们开始认识到无论在战争时期或和平时期，各种创伤应激物均可引起创伤后应激障碍（posttraumatic stress disorder）。如果患儿有明显的睡眠问题、注意问题或警觉问题，可给予5-HT再摄取抑制剂治疗这些症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "创伤后应激障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5-HT再摄取抑制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "创伤后应激障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "posttraumatic stress disorder"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠期高血压@一篇综述发现没有随机对照临床试验 (RCT) 评估动态血压监测与常规（诊所）监测对改善结局的影响。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "动态血压监测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "胆囊炎@### 胆囊切除术 胆囊切除术是一项根治性治疗，因为尽管进行了保守治疗，胆囊炎通常仍会发作。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆囊切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断】 支气管肺炎的诊断比较简单,一般有发热、咳嗽、呼吸急促的症状，肺部听诊闻及中、细湿啰音和 (或)胸部影像学有肺炎的改变均可诊断为支气管肺炎。 腹胀的治疗:低钾血症者,应补充钾盐。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹胀的治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸急促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺部听诊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "多发性硬化症@1.复发缓解型 MS (RRMS)：多数患者的临床表现。 多发性硬化症@2.继发进展型 MS (SPMS)：＞50% 的 RRMS 患者可能继发转变为进展型病程。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多发性硬化症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "复发缓解型 MS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "继发进展型 MS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "复发缓解型 MS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "复发缓解型 MS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "RRMS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "继发进展型 MS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "继发进展型 MS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "SPMS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@对于服用可引起胰腺炎的药物（例如，呋塞米、去羟肌苷、雌激素、硫唑嘌呤、噻嗪类利尿剂、磺胺类药物、四环素类药物、舒林酸、巯嘌呤、丙戊酸盐、左旋天冬酰胺酶）的患者，应对其进行关于副作用和如何识别急性胰腺炎发作的教育。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "教育"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "（二）气管异物 （tracheal foreign bodies） 可表现咳嗽、声音嘶哑、呼吸困难、青紫等，但以喘鸣、听诊有气管拍击声、触诊有气管撞击感为特点。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "气管异物", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "气管异物", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嘶哑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "气管异物", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "气管异物", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青紫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "气管异物", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喘鸣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "气管异物", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气管拍击声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "气管异物", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气管撞击感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "胆管癌@## 检查 ### 首要检查 ### 查看全部   ### 血清胆红素 检查 结果 检查 结合胆红素在梗阻性黄疸中升高 结果 升高 ### 血清碱性磷酸酶 检查 结果 检查 肝功能指标升高时提示梗阻（或胆汁淤积） 结果 升高 ### 血清γ-GT 检查 结果 检查 肝功能指标升高时提示梗阻（或胆汁淤积） 结果 升高 ### 血清转氨酶 检查 结果 检查 可能轻度升高，升高较多常见于直接肝脏侵犯的肝内胆管癌。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "肝内胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清γ-GT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@记录显示，和 Encepur Children 疫苗相比，儿童接种 FSME-IMMUN Junior 后可获得更好的免疫应答。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Encepur Children 疫苗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "FSME-IMMUN Junior"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "3.迟发性喘息/哮喘 这些儿童有典型的特应症背景，往往伴有湿疹，哮喘症状常迁延持续至成人期，气道有典型的哮喘病理特征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "迟发性喘息/哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "湿疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "胆管癌@大部分是侵犯结节状或弥漫侵犯型。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "侵犯结节状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "弥漫侵犯型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "持续性抑郁症@ [ Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (QIDS) ](https://www.psy-world.com/qids.htm) 评定量表用于评定过去一周的抑郁严重性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "评定量表"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "表13-13 急性胰腺炎的症状和体征 4.诊断 水肿性胰腺炎的诊断并不困难，根据临床上剧烈腹痛、恶心、呕吐、发热等和血、尿淀粉酶测定来诊断。剧烈腹痛是胰腺炎的主要症状，但小儿有时仅表现为阵发性哭闹，而小婴儿可无腹痛，仅有反应差及面色灰等表现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "水肿性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "水肿性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阵发性哭闹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "水肿性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上剧烈腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "水肿性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "水肿性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "水肿性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "水肿性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血、尿淀粉酶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "失眠症@### 多导睡眠图 (PSG) PSG 监测睡眠期间多种生理变量，包括大脑活动（通过 EEG）、眼球运动、肌肉活动（通过 EMG）、心脏节律（通过 ECG）和呼吸功能。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多导睡眠图 (PSG)"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "【分类】 巨输尿管按原因可分为反流性、梗阻性、既反流又梗阻性和非反流非梗阻性四类。 （三）梗阻性巨输尿管 由输尿管远端的功能性或机械性梗阻导致。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "巨输尿管", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "梗阻性巨输尿管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "年长儿若患A组β溶血性链球菌咽峡炎，以后可引起急性肾小球肾炎和风湿热，其他病原体也可引起类风湿病等结缔组织病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "结缔组织病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "类风湿病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "当甲状腺肿大时，可根据临床诊断分度： 正常：甲状腺看不见，摸不着。 Ⅲ度：颈部失去正常形状，甲状腺大于本人2/3个拳头到相当于一个拳头，特点是“颈变形”。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "甲状腺肿大", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Ⅲ度"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "3.控制血压 脑血管意外是子痫患者死亡的最常见原因。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "脑血管意外", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "死亡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "自身免疫性肝炎@ ### 归因于硫唑嘌呤疗法的胰腺炎 | 存在差异 | 低 硫唑嘌呤疗法的罕见不良反应。自身免疫性肝炎@适当监测。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硫唑嘌呤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "缺血性卒中@结果 可以排除心肌梗死 ### 心电图 检查 结果 检查 进行该检查以排除心律失常或心肌缺血，这在缺血性卒中时比较常见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "另加O型即糖原合成酶缺乏共12型，其各型病因、受累组织、起病时间，及临床表现各不相同： GSD O型（aglycogenosis）糖原合成酶缺陷。受累组织为肝脏肝糖原缺乏，肝糖原合成酶活性小于2%，肌糖原正常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "GSD O型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脏肝糖原缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "第五章 儿童淋巴瘤 第一节 儿童霍奇金病 1832年，霍奇金（Hodgkin）首先对本病在解剖学水平进行描述，因此而命名为霍奇金病（Hodgkin disease，HD），当时认为它是一种脾脏和淋巴结异常性疾病。 （三）影像学检查 可选择性作胸部X线平片、腹部B超、胸部CT、腹部CT，以确定病变的范围。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "霍奇金病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部X线平片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "霍奇金病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部B超"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "霍奇金病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "霍奇金病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "霍奇金病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Hodgkin disease"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "霍奇金病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "Hodgkin disease", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "先天性睾丸发育不全综合征@一般应用环戊丙酸酯（cyclopentylproplonate ester），开始每次肌注50mg，每3周1次，每隔6～9个月增加剂量50mg，直至达到成人剂量（每3周250mg）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "环戊丙酸酯", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "cyclopentylproplonate ester"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@虽然钙通道阻滞剂经常使用，但是有高质量的证据表明，在降低不稳定型心绞痛患者的死亡率或心肌梗死率方面，其效果并不优于对照。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "不稳定型心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钙通道阻滞剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钙通道阻滞剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "普通感冒@[ 甲型禽流感 (H5N1) 病毒感染 ](/topics/zh-cn/455) ### 百日咳 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 起初为上呼吸道症状，几周后咳嗽程度明显加重。普通感冒@可出现吸气性哮咳声和咳嗽后呕吐。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "百日咳", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸气性哮咳声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "百日咳", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽后呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "百日咳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲型禽流感 (H5N1) 病毒感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "由于引起SSPE的并不是完整的麻疹病毒颗粒，所以一般不具有传染性。 【临床表现】 可发生于6个月～32岁，但好发于少年期，高峰发病年龄为5～15岁。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "SSPE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "6个月～32岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "SSPE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "少年期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "SSPE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5～15岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "睾丸癌@患者多是自己发现或在常规体格检查时发现睾丸处有一质硬无痛结节。 睾丸癌@睾丸的超声诊断准确率为90%-95%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "睾丸癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "宫颈癌@ * 对于免疫功能正常且以前筛查结果为阴性的女性，不应每年进行巴氏涂片检查或 HPV 筛查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "巴氏涂片检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "下消化道出血常见原因：坏死性小肠结肠炎、肠重复畸形、肠套叠以及先天性巨结肠。下消化道：细菌性肠炎、炎症性肠道疾病、息肉及痔。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "细菌性肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下消化道出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "炎症性肠道疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下消化道出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "息肉及痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下消化道出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "下消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠重复畸形、"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "下消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "坏死性小肠结肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "下消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性巨结肠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "坏死性小肠结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下消化道出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肠重复畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下消化道出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肠套叠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下消化道出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下消化道出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "抗病毒药物:急性上呼吸道感染以病毒感染多见,单纯的病毒性上呼吸道感染属于自限性疾病。若为流感病毒感染, 可用磷酸奥司他韦口服,每次2mg/kg，2次/日。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急性上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流感病毒感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急性上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "流感病毒感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "磷酸奥司他韦"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "在以免疫复合物介导的疾病中，补体下降往往提示疾病活动，免疫复合物介导的肾炎尤其如此，如狼疮肾炎、血清病、链球菌感染后肾炎、冷球蛋白血症及部分与风湿性疾病相关的肾炎（如多动脉炎肾炎）。 2.隐匿性RF（hidden rheumatoid factor） 沉降系数为19S，常规方法检测不出来，在血清中它与IgG结合在一起，用酸性凝胶滤过处理血清之后才能将其分离后再用ELISA方法测定。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "风湿性疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "隐匿性RF"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "隐匿性RF", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "hidden rheumatoid factor"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "【预防】 1.健康教育 平时注意膳食的营养平衡,经常食用富含维生素A的动物性食物和深色蔬菜和水果,一般不会发生维生素A缺乏。母乳喂养优于人工喂养，人工喂养婴儿应尽量选择维生素A强化的配方乳。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "维生素A缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "母乳喂养优于人工喂养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "维生素A缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "健康教育"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "维生素A缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "注意膳食的营养平衡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "多发性骨髓瘤@染色体异常的发生率因检测方法而异。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "染色体异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@非甾体抗炎药预防AD：有中等质量证据表明，关于这种类型的治疗，无充分证据。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "AD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非甾体抗炎药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "多发性硬化症@MS 可能伴有抑郁症、认知功能下降，甚至精神症状且在鉴别这些疾病时应当予以考虑，特别是存在相关身体症状或体征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抑郁症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "认知功能下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "儿童偏头痛@### 上睑下垂 在基底型偏头痛的患者中，可能有明显的上睑下垂伴曈孔扩大。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "基底型偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上睑下垂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "基底型偏头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "基底型偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "曈孔扩大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "3.眼部变化 是甲亢特有表现，由于眼球突出常作凝视状，不常瞬目，上眼睑挛缩，眼向下看时上眼睑不能随眼球立即下落，上眼睑外翻困难。 4.其他 可有青春期性发育缓慢，月经紊乱，闭经及月经过少等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲亢", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青春期性发育缓慢"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲亢", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "月经紊乱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲亢", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "闭经"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲亢", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "月经过少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲亢", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼球突出常作凝视状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲亢", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不常瞬目"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲亢", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上眼睑挛缩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲亢", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上眼睑外翻困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@### 腹胀 形成局限性肠梗阻。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹胀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "川崎病@ 某些临床表现提示有发生冠心病的危险，包括发热持续16天以上，反复发热之间间隔48小时以上，除了有Ⅰ°心传导阻滞以外的其他心律失常，小于1岁发病，心脏扩大，血小板计数﹑血清清蛋白及血细胞计数低。川崎病@最常受累的动脉有腋动脉、髂动脉、肾动脉和肠系膜动脉。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腋动脉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "髂动脉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾动脉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠系膜动脉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冠心病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热持续16天以上"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心脏扩大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血小板计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "食物中毒@### 经验性抗生素治疗 应该与当地微生物/感染病专科医师讨论所有的特异性抗微生物治疗，以确定当地的敏感性模式。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "经验性抗生素治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "肝豆状核变性（hepatolenticular degeneration)又称Wilson病,是一种常染色体隐性遗传性疾病，因基因异常，导致铜在体内贮积。 青霉胺与锌盐联合治疗可减少青霉胺的用量,青霉胺每日7 ~ 10mg/kg,4 ~ 6个月后可用锌盐维持治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肝豆状核变性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青霉胺与锌盐联合治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肝豆状核变性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "hepatolenticular degeneration"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肝豆状核变性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Wilson病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "多发性骨髓瘤@ 添加沙利度胺 (MPT) 诱导了 76% 的应答率，有利于改善无事件生存期，其为目前的新治疗标准。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "沙利度胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "沙利度胺", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "MPT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "类癌综合征@### 替莫唑胺 替莫唑胺是作为单药治疗用于 NETs 的口服烷化剂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "NETs", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "替莫唑胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "替莫唑胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "一、二尖瓣狭窄 【病理生理】 功能性二尖瓣狭窄将影响左房的肺静脉进入左心室，导致左心房、肺静脉及肺毛细血管压升高，继而导致充血的支气管静脉将压迫小支气管致气道阻力上升，由此导致呼吸困难、低氧血症及高碳酸血症。 当患儿有明显肺动脉高压表现时应进行心血管造影。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "二尖瓣狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心血管造影"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "【反流演进】 反流使部分尿液在膀胱排空后仍停留在输尿管中，从而为细菌从膀胱上行到肾脏提供了通路，因此反流常并发尿路感染，可表现为急性肾盂肾炎或无症状的慢性肾盂肾炎过程，80%的反流肾其组织学改变与肾盂肾炎一致。1959年Hodson首先发现肾瘢痕多见于泌尿系感染反复发作的小儿，并观察到有肾瘢痕的小儿中97%有膀胱输尿管反流，因此提出“反流性肾病”这一概念。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿路感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性肾盂肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无症状的慢性肾盂肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【分类】 根据溶血因素存在的部位不同，可将溶血性贫血分为红细胞内和红细胞外两大类。 4）谷胱甘肽还原酶缺乏。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "谷胱甘肽还原酶缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红细胞内"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红细胞外"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "（五）其他 脐动脉或静脉插管、换血疗法、红细胞增多症、动脉导管开放、低体温等情况时，NEC发生率较高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脐动脉或静脉插管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "换血疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红细胞增多症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "动脉导管开放"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "NEC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低体温"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "动脉导管未闭（patent ductus arteriosus JDA)为小儿先天性心脏病常见类型之一，占先天性心脏 病发病总数的10%。 【病理解剖】 未闭的动脉导管的大小、长短和形态不一，一般分为三型 管型 导管连接主动脉和肺动脉两端，粗细一致。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "动脉导管未闭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "管型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "动脉导管未闭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "patent ductus arteriosus"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "动脉导管未闭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "JDA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "帕金森病@起病的平均年龄约为 65 岁。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "65 岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 （一）肾外表现 主要是过敏性紫癜所致的皮肤、胃肠及关节等方面的症状与体征。 3.胃肠道症状 1/3病人出现阵发性腹部绞痛，脐周为主，可伴呕吐、黑便及呕血等，个别可出现肠梗阻、肠穿孔及肠套叠等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃肠道症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阵发性腹部绞痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黑便"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠穿孔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠套叠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脐周"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃肠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "室上速与室性心动过速（以下简称室速）的鉴别十分重要，因为地高辛可促使室速的患儿发生室性颤动。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "室性心动过速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "室速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "室上速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "室性心动过速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "广泛性焦虑障碍@三环类抗抑郁药（例如丙米嗪）或第二代抗精神病药物（例如喹硫平） 可作为对 SSRI、SNRI、普瑞巴林或丁螺环酮无应答或无法耐受患者的替代治疗方案。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "三环类抗抑郁药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "丙米嗪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "第二代抗精神病药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "SSRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喹硫平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "SNRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "普瑞巴林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "丁螺环酮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "食管癌@总之，食管癌在西方国家的发病率相较于其他恶性疾病增长的快的多。食管癌@尽管导致这种差异的原因不明，但我们可以猜测或许是遗传倾向导致或暴露于特有的环境毒素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "食管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "暴露于特有的环境毒素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "食管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "遗传倾向"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@[ 腹水评估 ](/topics/zh-cn/41) ### 瘘管 | 存在差异 | 低 见于 1%-2% 的患者中。慢性胰腺炎@ 原因可能与胰管的破坏或假性囊肿的破裂有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "瘘管", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰管的破坏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "瘘管", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "假性囊肿的破裂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瘘管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "骨性关节炎@假性痛风常累及腕关节和膝关节，尽管它可能累及几乎任何关节。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腕关节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膝关节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@在美国明尼达苏州奥姆斯特德县的一项以人群为基础的研究显示，发病率是4.95/100,000，最常见的病原体是 _草绿色链球菌_ 。感染性心内膜炎@对发病率是否不断增加仍存在许多争议，一些人认为发病率已趋于稳定，也有人认为发病率在逐年上升。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "草绿色链球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "4.95/100,000"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "百日咳@## 患者指导 患者需足疗程使用抗生素以确保百日咳的彻底根除。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "百日咳", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "第七节 卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎 卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎（pneumocystis Carinii pneumonia）又称为间质性浆细胞肺炎（interstitial plasma cell pneumonia），是宿主存在免疫缺陷的基础上发生的机会感染性疾病。 临床表现可分为两个类型：①婴儿型：主要发生于1～4个月虚弱婴儿及未成熟儿，起病缓慢，全身症状突出，主要表现为吃奶不好、烦躁不安，早期出现呼吸加快和发绀，1～2周内逐渐加重，出现咳嗽、鼻扇及三凹征，但肺部几乎听不到啰音。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "婴儿型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "pneumocystis Carinii pneumonia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "间质性浆细胞肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "间质性浆细胞肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "interstitial plasma cell pneumonia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吃奶不好"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烦躁不安"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸加快和发绀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1～2周内逐渐加重"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻扇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺部几乎听不到啰音"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "三凹征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "儿童偏头痛@对乙酰氨基酚或布洛芬 被认为是儿童急性期治疗的一线用药选择。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乙酰氨基酚"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "布洛芬"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "心房扑动@房扑也可发生在姑息性及纠治性房内手术后。心房扑动@提高迷走张力的方法（如颈动脉窦压迫、将脸浸于冰水）或给予腺苷通常可使心率暂时减慢。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "心房扑动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈动脉窦压迫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "心房扑动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "将脸浸于冰水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@阿司匹林可以作为治疗选择，其他非甾体类抗炎药物(NSAIDs)在动物实验中阻碍瘢痕形成。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿司匹林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非甾体类抗炎药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "非甾体类抗炎药物", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "NSAIDs"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "八、松果体区肿瘤 松果体区肿瘤占儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤的0. 4%～2%，包括生殖细胞肿瘤（40%～65%）、松果体实质细胞瘤（17%）和星形细胞瘤（15%）；其中生殖细胞肿瘤又可分为生殖细胞瘤、畸胎瘤和混合型生殖细胞肿瘤。除畸胎瘤有完整包膜，为局限性非侵袭性生长，其余肿瘤大多呈侵袭性生长，并可沿脑脊液发生播散性种植或远处转移如骨、肝及淋巴结等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "松果体区肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "松果体区肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "松果体区肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淋巴结"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "松果体区肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生殖细胞肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "松果体区肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "松果体实质细胞瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "松果体区肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "星形细胞瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "生殖细胞肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生殖细胞瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "生殖细胞肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "畸胎瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "生殖细胞肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "混合型生殖细胞肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "松果体区肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "松果体区肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "唇腭裂@结果 感音神经性听力丧失 ### 脊柱X射线 检查 结果 检查 如果存在半侧颜面小应被重视。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脊柱X射线"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感音神经性听力丧失"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "细菌性脑膜炎@ _表皮葡萄球菌_ (持续治疗时间取决于CSF的微生物学变化以及患者潜在的疾病） * 万古霉素 _绿脓杆菌_ （疗程21天） * 头孢他啶和庆大霉素。细菌性脑膜炎@ _肠球菌_ 类（疗程21天） * 氨苄西林和庆大霉素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头孢他啶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "庆大霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "万古霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氨苄西林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "第五章 青紫型先天性心脏病 第一节 法洛四联症 法洛四联症（tetralogy of Fallot，TOF）是最常见的青紫型先天性心脏病，约占青紫型先天性心脏病的70%左右，约占所有先天性心脏病的10%。 在动脉导管关闭前，肺循环血流量减少程度较轻，青紫可不明显，随着动脉导管的关闭和漏斗部狭窄的逐渐加重，青紫日益明显，并出现杵状指（趾）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "法洛四联症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "杵状指（趾）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "法洛四联症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "tetralogy of Fallot"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "tetralogy of Fallot", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "法洛四联症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "TOF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "法洛四联症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "法洛四联症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性心脏病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "法洛四联症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青紫型先天性心脏病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【病因】 新生儿低血糖的病因是多方面的，主要包括以下几方面（表5-8）： （一）糖原和脂肪贮存不足 胎儿肝糖原的贮备主要发生在胎龄最后的4～8周，胎儿棕色脂肪的分化从胎龄26～30周开始，一直延续至生后2～3周。 表5-8 新生儿低血糖的病因 （二）耗糖过多 新生儿患严重疾病（如窒息、RDS、硬肿症等）均容易发生血糖低下。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿低血糖", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "耗糖过多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿低血糖", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖原和脂肪贮存不足"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "放线菌病@ （五）脑型放线菌病 较少见。放线菌病@脑型放线菌病的临床表现与细菌性脑部病变感染略似，有以下两型：①局限性脑脓肿型：多见于大脑半球、少数发生在第三脑室和颅后窝。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "脑型放线菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "局限性脑脓肿型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "(—)肺炎链球菌肺炎(streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia) 肺炎链球菌肺炎是5岁以下儿童最常见的细菌性肺炎。世界上每年约有一百万5岁以下儿童死 于肺炎链球菌感染。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "死亡率", "subject": "肺炎链球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "每年约有一百万"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肺炎链球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎链球菌感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "细菌性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎链球菌肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肺炎链球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "肺炎链球菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5岁以下儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "儿童偏头痛@疑诊有脑干先兆的偏头痛时必须进行神经影像学检查及感染筛查，以排除其他诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "有脑干先兆的偏头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经影像学检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染筛查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@对于光动力疗法，应用局部光敏剂，如5-氨基乙酰丙酸，能使原卟啉在接受可见光照后改变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "光动力疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "局部光敏剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5-氨基乙酰丙酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "6.肾小球性血尿特点 肾小球性血尿为全程血尿，无血凝块；可有肾区钝痛；常合并蛋白尿及管型，特别是有红细胞管型更说明血尿来自肾实质；尿沉渣红细胞形态及容积分布曲线检查符合肾小球血尿。 （二）尿红细胞形态 近年来采用相差显微镜及扫描电镜观察尿红细胞形态变化，肾实质病变时红细胞通过基底膜受挤压，并受肾小管渗透压作用而变形，故认为当尿中红细胞形态以变形红细胞为主时属肾小球性血尿，其变形程度和肾病变严重性相一致。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "血尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿红细胞形态"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "急性咽喉炎@## 分类 ### 咽炎的临床分类 A 型 _链球菌_ (GAS) 咽炎： * 表现为发热、咽喉痛、咽分泌物、颈部淋巴结肿大，且不伴咳嗽 * 诊断依赖快速抗原检测或培养阳性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "培养阳性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "A 型 _链球菌_ (GAS) 咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "A 型 _链球菌_ (GAS) 咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽喉痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "A 型 _链球菌_ (GAS) 咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽分泌物、"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "A 型 _链球菌_ (GAS) 咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈部淋巴结肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "②1小时尿白细胞排泄率测定：白细胞数>30x104/h为阳性,可怀疑泌尿道感染;<20x104/h 为阴性,可排除泌尿道感染。 亚硝酸盐试纸条试验（Griess试验） 大肠埃希菌、副大肠埃希菌和克雷伯杆菌呈阳性;产气杆菌、变形杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和葡萄球菌呈弱阳性;粪链球菌、结核分枝杆菌呈阴性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "泌尿道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "亚硝酸盐试纸条试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "胃炎@出现提示存在可疑上消化道恶性肿瘤的特征时需要尽快做内镜检查。胃炎@这些特征包括消化道出血、贫血、早饱、难以解释的体重下降（ >10%的体重）、进行性吞咽困难、吞咽疼痛或持续呕吐。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "恶性肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "恶性肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早饱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "恶性肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "恶性肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "进行性吞咽困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "恶性肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吞咽疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "恶性肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "持续呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "恶性肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化道出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "恶性肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "放线菌病@ 【预防】 注意口腔卫生，及早治疗病变牙齿、牙周和扁桃体疾病；呼吸道、消化道炎症、溃疡灶应及早处理，以免形成慢性感染灶；医务人员加强对放线菌病的认识，可疑患者及早进行病原学和病理学检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "放线菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "注意口腔卫生"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "(二）腺病毒肺炎（adenovirus pneumonia) 腺病毒肺炎为腺病毒（ADV)感染所致，ADV共有42个血清型,引起儿童肺炎最常见的为3、7型。 ADV肺炎曾是我国儿童患病率和死亡率最高的病毒性肺炎，占20世纪70年代前病毒性肺炎的首位, 死亡率最高曾达33%，发病率现在被RSV肺炎取代。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "死亡率", "subject": "腺病毒肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "33%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "腺病毒肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "adenovirus pneumonia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "白内障@[ 干眼 ](/topics/zh-cn/962) ### 青光眼 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 周边视力可能下降。 白内障@视野测试可以显示视野缺损。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "青光眼", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视野缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青光眼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "青光眼", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "周边视力可能下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视野测试"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "常选用二联或三联杀菌性抗生素联合静脉给药，建议脓毒症患者的抗菌药物疗程一般为7 ~ 10天，对临床反应缓慢、感染灶难以充分引流和合并免疫缺陷者可适度延长疗程。 （3）基础疾病的治疗:脓毒症易发生在某些有基础疾病的患者,如糖尿病、肝硬化、慢性肾炎、恶性肿瘤等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脓毒症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@### 感染或发热 很多患者表现为发热和中性粒细胞减少相关的感染症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染或发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中性粒细胞减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "肺炎患儿的细菌学检查则较为困难。 （三）血气分析 对肺炎患儿的严重度评价、预后判断及指导治疗具有重要意义。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血气分析"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（十）肾脏症状 狼疮肾炎在SLE中很常见，且是危及远期生命质量的关键因素。 4.肾病综合征 此型约占LN总数的40%，临床上可表现为单纯性肾病综合征或肾病综合征伴明显肾炎综合征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "狼疮肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾病综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "SLE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "狼疮肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "登革热@在资源贫乏的地区，实验室确诊检查通常是没有的，因此可安排基本的实验室检查（例如，FBC包括血细胞比容和肝功能）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "FBC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "其他检査:血清学检测肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖抗体水平;荧光多重PCR检测细菌特异基因,如肺炎链球菌编码溶血素(ply)基因。 【诊断】 支气管肺炎的诊断比较简单,一般有发热、咳嗽、呼吸急促的症状，肺部听诊闻及中、细湿啰音和 (或)胸部影像学有肺炎的改变均可诊断为支气管肺炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清学检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "荧光多重PCR检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸急促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺部听诊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "气管狭窄的表现视其程度而定。并发急性呼吸道炎症时，则出现严重呼吸困难、烦躁、鼻扇、口唇及面部发绀、三凹征等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "气管狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性呼吸道炎症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性呼吸道炎症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性呼吸道炎症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烦躁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性呼吸道炎症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻扇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性呼吸道炎症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口唇及面部发绀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "转移性乳腺癌@ 始终建议对转移灶进行激素受体（ER 和 PR）和 HER2 neu 状态检测，以确保采用合适的治疗方案，因为原发灶和转移灶状态不一致的发生率达 10%-30%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HER2 neu 状态检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "喉癌@传统上，文献也支持正侧位胸片评估胸腔。喉癌@ 然而，近期研究显示，胸片对喉癌的远处转移灶评估不敏感。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "正侧位胸片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "1. WHOⅠ型（ISKDC1a，1b） 本型罕见，为正常肾小球或轻微病变，极少部分患儿免疫荧光或电镜下可见肾小球有少许沉积物。 2. WHOⅡ型（ISKDC2a，2b） 系膜增殖型肾小球肾炎，病变局限于系膜区，表现为程度不等的系膜细胞和基质增多，系膜区免疫沉积物阳性，仅有轻度节段性系膜增生者为2a型，系膜和系膜细胞增生为2b型。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "WHOⅠ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "系膜区"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "WHOⅡ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "系膜区免疫沉积物阳性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "WHOⅡ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "2a型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "WHOⅡ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "2b型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "四、弥漫性淋巴管瘤 弥漫性淋巴管瘤又称淋巴管瘤性巨肢症。有报道在手术中采用高选择性动脉造影，将其供应动脉栓塞，使病变逐渐萎缩。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "弥漫性淋巴管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "弥漫性淋巴管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淋巴管瘤性巨肢症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "第六节 急性会厌炎 急性会厌炎（acute epiglottis）亦称急性梗阻性声门上喉炎，婴儿与老年人易感。常由b型流感嗜血杆菌引起。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "急性会厌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "b型流感嗜血杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "急性会厌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "婴儿与老年人"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "图14-5 糖原分解、合成的代谢途径 （1）淀粉-（1，4→1，6）转葡萄糖苷酶 （2）糖原合成酶 （3）尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶 （4）磷酸葡萄糖变位酶 （5）磷酸己糖异构酶 （6）己糖激酶 （7）葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶 （8）淀粉-1，6-葡萄糖苷酶（脱支酶）（9）磷酸化酶 （10）磷酸葡萄糖变位酶；糖（11）磷酸己糖异构酶 （12）磷酸果糖激酶 GSD目前分为11型。 GSDⅩ型 肌肉磷酸甘油变位酶缺陷。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "GSD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "GSDⅩ型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@在这些人群中，又有20%的患者进展到中毒性巨结肠，存在穿孔和死亡的风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中毒性巨结肠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【病理】 过敏性紫癜的病理变化为广泛的白细胞碎裂性小血管炎，以毛细血管炎为主，亦可波及小静脉和小动脉。 关节症状约1/3病例可出现膝、踝、肘、腕等大关节肿痛，活动受限。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膝、踝、肘、腕等大关节肿痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "膝、踝、肘、腕等大关节肿痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "活动受限"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "伴主动脉下室间隔缺损的右室双出口的典型临床表现是在出生近1月时充血性心力衰竭而无青紫表现，与单纯大型室间隔缺损临床表现相似，如果生后早期出现心力衰竭则应考虑是否同时伴有水肿。 【辅助检查】 （一）心电图 常表现为窦性心律、电轴右偏及不同程度的右心室肥大，右胸前导联QRS波常表现为qR型。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单纯大型室间隔缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出生近1月时"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伴主动脉下室间隔缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "心肌炎@### 低血压 心肌炎可能表现为明显的左心室收缩功能不全，造成低血压。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "血吸虫病@[ 评估肉眼血尿 ](/topics/zh-cn/316) ### 复发沙门菌菌血症 | 短期 | 低 持续或复发 _沙门菌_ 菌血症与流行地区未治疗的慢性血吸虫病相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "复发沙门菌菌血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "评估肉眼血尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "第七节 特发性高钙尿症 特发性高钙尿症（idiopathic hypercalciuria，IH）是指病因不明尿钙排出增多而血钙正常的一组疾病。系儿童单纯性血尿的常见原因之一。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "特发性高钙尿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童单纯性血尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "特发性高钙尿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "idiopathic hypercalciuria"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "特发性高钙尿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "IH"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "idiopathic hypercalciuria", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "IH"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "特发性高钙尿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿钙排出增多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "转移性乳腺癌@### 恩替诺特 恩替诺特是一种正在研究中的组蛋白脱乙酰酶抑制剂，已获美国 FDA 批准，可与依西美坦联合使用并作为一种突破性疗法，针对经非甾体类芳香化酶抑制剂治疗后疾病出现进展的绝经后女性治疗局部复发或转移性雌激素受体阳性 (ER+) 乳腺癌。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恩替诺特"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "依西美坦"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "垂体功能减退@抗利尿激素缺乏通常被认为是垂体转移瘤、肉芽肿疾病和生殖细胞瘤的表现，很少被认为是垂体疾病的主要特征，除非肿瘤向上扩展，影响抗利尿激素合成。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肉芽肿疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗利尿激素缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "垂体转移瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗利尿激素缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "生殖细胞瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗利尿激素缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【病因和发病机制】 （一）病因 各种病原微生物即为尿感的病因，大肠杆菌占75%～90%，其次为肺炎克雷伯杆菌、变形杆菌、产气杆菌和产碱杆菌，近年来革兰阳性球菌的比例升高，如肠链球菌和葡萄球菌。真菌感染可能继发于糖尿病的留置导尿、免疫缺陷病或类固醇、广谱抗生素或其他免疫抑制剂的治疗过程中。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "尿感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "真菌感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "尿感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "各种病原微生物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "尿感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎克雷伯杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "尿感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "变形杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "尿感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大肠杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "尿感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "产气杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "尿感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "产碱杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "尿感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "革兰阳性球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "尿感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠链球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "尿感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "葡萄球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "广泛性焦虑障碍@### 精神检查 可能导致焦虑的原因需要通过了解全面的精神科病史和精神现状检查来明确。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精神科病史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精神现状检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "包括：①控制惊厥：频繁惊厥必须控制，以免发生脑缺氧及呼吸衰竭；②减低颅内压；③抢救休克及DIC；④矫正脑性低钠血症；⑤注意热量和液体的供应，维持水、电解质的平衡。 化脑的疗程根据病原菌而异。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "减低颅内压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "控制惊厥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抢救休克及DIC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "矫正脑性低钠血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "注意热量和液体的供应"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "第八节 肺静脉异位连接 肺静脉异位连接可分为完全性肺静脉异位连接及部分性肺静脉异位连接两类。合并肺静脉梗阻或存在限制性心房水平交通者，甚至可于出生后数周内夭折。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "完全性肺静脉异位连接", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出生后数周内夭折"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肺静脉异位连接", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "部分性肺静脉异位连接"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肺静脉异位连接", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "完全性肺静脉异位连接"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【病理】 HSPN的基本病理改变为肾小球系膜增生和系膜区IgA沉积，严重时尚有新月体形成和肾小管坏死，病理改变轻重差别很大，国际小儿肾脏病研究会根据光镜下肾小球的改变将HSPN分为6型： Ⅰ：肾小球轻微改变。 免疫荧光检查显示以系膜区团块状IgA沉积为主，可伴有C3、IgG和备解素，但荧光强度较IgA为弱。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "HSPN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫荧光检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理生理", "subject": "HSPN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾小球系膜增生"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理生理", "subject": "HSPN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "系膜区IgA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理生理", "subject": "HSPN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新月体形成"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理生理", "subject": "HSPN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾小管坏死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "HSPN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾小球轻微改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "B族链球菌感染@[ 休克 ] ### 颅内压升高 | 短期 | 中 由B族链球菌感染性脑膜炎引发，可导致脑水肿和癫痫发作。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅内压升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "颅内压升高", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "颅内压升高", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癫痫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "B族链球菌感染性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅内压升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "第四章 脑积水 脑积水（hydrocephalus）系指脑脊液的分泌、循环或吸收过程发生障碍，导致颅内脑脊液增多，引起脑室和（或）蛛网膜下腔异常扩大的病理状态。如果脑积水在颅缝闭合之前发生，则头颅增大异常显著。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头颅增大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "hydrocephalus"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "表13-8 炎症性肠病致营养不良原因 CD活动指数（CDAI）可正确估计病情及评价疗效（表13-13）。 2.粪便 粪便常规，细菌培养，涂片找滋养体、寄生虫及脂肪滴，难辨梭状芽孢杆菌毒素测定。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "CD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "粪便常规"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "CD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细菌培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "消化性溃疡病@体重减轻和厌食也可发生。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "消化性溃疡病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重减轻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "消化性溃疡病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "厌食"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "类癌综合征@除了切除，也可以采用射频消融术，有时在手术过程中使用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "射频消融术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@冠状动脉不稳定粥样硬化斑块会导致急性血栓形成和血管阻塞，从而导致心肌梗死。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "急性血栓", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌梗死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "血管阻塞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌梗死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "此外还可出现体重下降或生长发育不良。在明确为其他疾病前，1岁以内患儿发生胆汁性呕吐应首先考虑肠旋转不良。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠旋转不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠旋转不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生长发育不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠旋转不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆汁性呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "婴儿猝死综合征@## 案例 ### 案例 一名 3 月龄既往体健婴儿，其父母因觉孩子睡得比以往更久而查看其情况，发现孩子无呼吸，出现紫绀。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "紫绀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无呼吸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "子宫内膜癌@ 阴道复发需要同时行挽救性 EBRT 和短距离放疗，但可能增加并发症发生率。子宫内膜癌@最常见的治疗方法包括手术，之后给予化疗、 和受累野放射疗法，可按顺序或三明治式方法进行。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "子宫内膜癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "受累野放射疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "前置胎盘@应考虑输注红细胞、新鲜冰冻血浆和血小板，这取决于血红蛋白水平、血小板计数和凝血功能障碍的程度。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血红蛋白水平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血小板计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "凝血功能障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "原发性高血压@可能会出现肾动脉杂音。 原发性高血压@[ 肾动脉狭窄 ](/topics/zh-cn/435) ### 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 典型表现是白天嗜睡，打鼾或睡眠时窒息的肥胖患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "原发性高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@## 治疗流程 请注意，同一药物不同名称的剂型和剂量可能不同： [ 参见免责声明 ](https://bestpractice.bmj.com/info/disclaimer/) 初始 ### 疑似感染性心内膜炎 查看全部   首选 –   支持治疗 初始处理的目的是控制气道、呼吸和循环系统。感染性心内膜炎@患者可能需要复苏、氧疗及其他支持措施。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "感染性心内膜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "复苏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "感染性心内膜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氧疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "但抗原检测可以有假阳性，因此抗原检测的阳性结果只能提示可能有GBS感染，同时应结合感染的临床表现来综合判断。 【预防】 GBS是威胁新生儿生命的重要致病菌，因此对其采取预防措施是非常重要的，目前主要有化学预防。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "GBS感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化学预防"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "HSP肾炎和IgA肾病尽管免疫发病机制相似，但临床上有明显区别，IgA肾病缺乏HSP肾炎的肾外表现。有出血症状者应止血治疗，呕血者可静脉应用抗酸药物如甲氰米胍（cimetidine）10mg/（kg•d），或奥美拉唑（omeprazole，洛赛克，losec）每次0. 3～0. 5mg/ kg，每日2次。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "HSP肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "止血治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "HSP肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲氰米胍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "HSP肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "IgA肾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "腹主动脉瘤@女性收缩压与 AAA 之间存在显著的相关性；在两个性别中，曾经使用抗高血压药物与患 AAA 的风险之间存在显著相关性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "曾经使用抗高血压药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "不同病原所致的新生儿流行性腹泻各有一定特点： 1.大肠埃希菌肠炎 致病性大肠埃希菌肠炎的大便为水样、蛋花汤样，有腥臭味；产毒性大肠埃希菌肠炎的大便为稀水样；侵袭性大肠埃希菌肠炎的大便呈黏液脓血样，有腥臭味，大便量不多。 3.轮状病毒肠炎 起病急，常发热，大便稀水样，量多，腥臭味可不明显。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "新生儿流行性腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "轮状病毒肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "新生儿流行性腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大肠埃希菌肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "川崎病@ 【病因学】 尽管许多学者做了大量研究，川崎病的病因目前尚不清楚。 川崎病@ 相反，对患有川崎病的儿童的免疫系统所进行的观察发现，这些儿童都存在较严重的免疫紊乱。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "存在较严重的免疫紊乱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "其他病毒所致脑炎或脑膜炎由其他病毒,如单纯疱疹病毒、巨细胞病毒、EB病毒、呼吸道病 毒等引起的脑炎或脑膜炎，临床表现与手足口病合并中枢神经系统损害的重症病例表现相似。 1.重症病例 (1)神经系统受累的治疗:①控制颅内高压:限制入量,积极给予甘露醇降颅压治疗，每次0.5~ 1.0g/kg,每4 ~8小时一次，20 -30分钟快速静脉注射。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甘露醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肥厚性心肌病@ （二）手术治疗 对左心室流出道梗阻产生严重症状而药物治疗无效者（压差超过50mmHg），可经主动脉切除室间隔的部分肥厚心肌（Morrow手术），症状大多缓解。肥厚性心肌病@心脏移植是另一治疗手段。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "肥厚性心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心脏移植"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "肥厚性心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "症状大多缓解"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "多发性硬化症@患者还需要定期接受全血细胞计数和肝功能监测，并且存在致命的疱疹病毒感染再激活的可能性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全血细胞计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（三）病理型别 Shimada分类中UFH预后差。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "UFH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "预后差"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "早产@### 非特异性的下腹疼痛或背痛 非典型临床表现可能包括非特异性的腹痛或背痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非特异性的腹痛或背痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@她看起来患有黄疸，且颇为苦恼。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄疸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "膀胱癌@也可使用塞替派和多柔比星。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "膀胱癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "塞替派"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "膀胱癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多柔比星"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "腺泡型是第二位常见的横纹肌肉瘤，仅次于胚胎型。最多见于四肢和躯干，由具有嗜伊红细胞质的大圆细胞组成。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "腺泡型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "四肢"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "腺泡型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "躯干"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腺泡型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胚胎型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "腺泡型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "横纹肌肉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@叠加出现血栓块会阻塞冠状动脉血流，引起心肌缺血，导致 1 型心肌梗死。非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@1 型心肌梗死的最常见原因是动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂引起非闭塞性血栓，进而导致心肌供血血管中非闭塞性或近乎完全性血栓形成。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "非闭塞性血栓", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1 型心肌梗死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "1 型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血栓形成"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "心肌缺血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1 型心肌梗死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@[ 全血细胞减少症的评估 ](/topics/zh-cn/1024) ### 感染 | 短期 | 高 适当的抗生素治疗应覆盖革兰氏阴性菌。急性髓性白血病@此外，在持续发热患者中必须考虑覆盖病毒和真菌。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@## 治疗流程 请注意，同一药物不同名称的剂型和剂量可能不同： [ 参见免责声明 ](https://bestpractice.bmj.com/info/disclaimer/) 急性 ### 所有患者 查看全部   首选 –   初始液体复苏 使用晶体液（建议使用乳酸林格液，每小时 0.5 至 1 mL/kg）进行补液至关重要，应尽力确保每小时尿排出量高于 30 mL，以避免可能的肾损伤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乳酸林格液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "（二）免疫治疗 由于GBS是急性自身免疫性疾病，因此GBS的主要目标是抑制这种免疫反应，以防止对周围神经的进一步损害和使髓鞘有时间再生。 2.血浆置换 血浆置换可在7天内进行，分别在第1、3、5、7天每次置换血浆约50ml/kg。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "GBS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血浆置换"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病@ [ 肿瘤溶解综合征 ](/topics/zh-cn/936) ### 低丙种球蛋白血症 | 短期 | 中 CLL 淋巴细胞功能失调，并且无法产生抵制微生物菌剂所需的抗体。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低丙种球蛋白血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "第四节 黏多糖病 【概述】 黏多糖病（mucopolysaccharidosis，MPS）是一组遗传性溶酶体贮积症，因降解各种黏多糖所需的溶酶体酶缺陷，造成不能完全降解的黏多糖在溶酶体中贮积，并有大量黏多糖从尿中排出。临床主要特征是丑陋面容、骨骼异常及运动受限、肝脾肿大和智能低下。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "丑陋面容"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨骼异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "运动受限"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脾肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "智能低下"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "mucopolysaccharidosis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "黏多糖病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MPS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "mucopolysaccharidosis", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MPS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "儿童原发性糖尿病主要分为三大类： ① 1型糖尿病，因胰岛β细胞破坏、胰岛素分泌绝对缺乏所造成，必须使用胰岛素治疗，故又称胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ IDDM ） ， 95%儿童期糖尿病属此类型。其他特殊类型糖尿病:如青少年早发的2型糖尿病(maturity-onset type diabetes of the young, MODY ） ，包括HNF-1 α 、葡萄糖激酶及HNF-4 α等基因缺陷，这是一类常染色体显性的单基因遗传病，属非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病，儿童极为罕见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "儿童原发性糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "2型糖尿病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童原发性糖尿病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "儿童原发性糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1型糖尿病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰岛素依赖型糖尿病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "IDDM", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰岛素依赖型糖尿病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "2型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "maturity-onset type diabetes of the young"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "maturity-onset type diabetes of the young", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MODY"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "2型糖尿病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "系统性红斑狼疮@ （六）特殊检查 肾穿刺活组织检查，对狼疮肾炎的诊断、治疗和预后均有重要价值。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "系统性红斑狼疮", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾穿刺活组织检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "晚期血吸虫病则用60mg/kg（儿童70mg/kg）分3天服用。 2.不良反应 少而轻，且多为一过性，可有神经肌肉系统症状，如头昏、头痛、乏力、四肢酸痛、眩晕等较为多见，其次为晕厥、肌颤动、视力模糊、失眠、嗜睡、多汗、肢端麻木、耳鸣、步态不稳等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头昏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乏力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "四肢酸痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眩晕"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "晕厥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌颤动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视力模糊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "失眠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多汗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肢端麻木"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "耳鸣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "因为GBS患者发生自主神经系统并发症比较多且比较严重，所有患者从诊断之日起均应给予持续心电监护和血压监测，以便及时处理。因此对那些发病5天内不能吞咽的患者需给予营养支持。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "GBS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "营养支持"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "GBS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心电监护"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "GBS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血压监测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "小儿哮喘@根据成人中研究结果表明，与使用白三烯受体拮抗剂相比，在吸入性皮质类固醇(ICS)基础上联合使用LABAs在提高患者肺功能、减少无症状天数、急救性β2激动剂使用、改善症状、夜间觉醒和生活质量等方面具有统计学意义， 但在儿童患者中数据不充分，不足以判断作为辅助治疗使用白三烯受体拮抗剂是否与使用长效β受体激动剂(LABAs)效果等价或更好。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "皮质类固醇", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "ICS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "长效β受体激动剂", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "LABAs"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "重症失盐型需静脉滴注氢化可的松25 ~100mg;若低钠和脱水不易纠正,可口服氟氢可的松(9α-fludrocortisone acetate)0. 05 ~0. 1 mg/d。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "氟氢可的松", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "9α-fludrocortisone acetate"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "小儿哮喘@### 支气管软化 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 特点是呼气喘鸣或单侧呼气喘息。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼气喘鸣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单侧呼气喘息"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "心肌炎@ 当患者出现心脏功能急性下降，医学治疗无效时，亦应考虑EMB。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "EMB"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "三尖瓣闭锁@Fontan术后4%～13%并发失蛋白性肠病，胃肠道蛋白质极度流失能导致低蛋白血症和水肿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "三尖瓣闭锁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "失蛋白性肠病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "卵巢癌@### 从未使用口服避孕药 口服避孕药的使用与卵巢癌的发生率呈负相关。 卵巢癌@### Lynch II综合征 Lynch II综合征的特征为遗传性DNA错配修复基因突变，主要临床表现为遗传性非息肉性结肠癌 (hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer, HNPCC)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "卵巢癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Lynch II综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "(三）急性非淋巴细胞白血病（ANLL)的治疗 与ALL相比,ANLL的化疗难度更大，并发症较多，每个患者都必须经过严重的骨髓抑制期才有可完全缓解;而且，国际上多个协作组的化疗方案中都把造血干细胞移植推荐为“高危型ANLL”的治疗技术之一。 诱导治疗 除M3外，各型ANNL的诱导治疗常用的基本方案如下： ①DA方案:DNR每日30 ~ 40mg/m2静脉滴注,于第1 ~ 3天，每日1次;Ara-C每日150 ~ 200mg/m2 , 于第1 ~7天,静脉滴注或肌内注射,分2次(q12h)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "急性非淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "诱导治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "（三）咳嗽变异性哮喘 发病机制与支气管哮喘相似，其只咳不喘的原因或机制还不是非常清楚，部分学者认为可能为气道炎症和气道高反应没有达到哮喘发作的程度；另一些学者认为慢性气道炎症主要集中在中央气道，大气道平滑肌收缩刺激肌梭内咳嗽感受器引起剧烈咳嗽，而没有小气道阻塞表现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "咳嗽变异性哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管哮喘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "神经皮肤综合征@ 2.多发神经纤维瘤 于儿童后期出现，青春期后增多。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "神经皮肤综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多发神经纤维瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "1.急性维生素A过多症 成人一次剂量超过30万~100万IU,儿童一次剂量超过30万IU即可能发生急性中毒。婴幼儿以高颅压为主要临床特征，囟门未闭者可出现前囟隆起。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性维生素A过多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高颅压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性维生素A过多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前囟隆起"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性维生素A过多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高颅压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "65%患儿肿瘤原发于腹腔，大年龄儿童中肾上腺原发占40%，而在婴儿中只占25%。约70%NB在5岁前发病，极少数在10岁以后发病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "NB", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹腔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "NB", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾上腺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "NB", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5岁前"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "【流行病学】 肺吸虫病分布甚广，亚洲、非洲，北美洲、拉丁美洲及欧洲均有发生。初期即发生胸膜炎者，有咳嗽、胸闷，胸痛及上腹痛明显，可痰中带血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "分布甚广"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "亚洲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非洲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "北美洲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "拉丁美洲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "肺吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "欧洲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸闷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上腹痛明显"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "痰中带血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "缺血性卒中@### 酗酒 大量饮酒与缺血性卒中风险增加相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "酗酒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "第二节 急进性肾小球肾炎 急进性肾小球肾炎（rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis，RPGN）简称急进性肾炎，系急进性肾炎综合征。随着诊治水平的提高，特别是甲泼尼龙冲击疗法及血浆置换等技术的应用，近来疗效已大为提高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲泼尼龙冲击疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血浆置换"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "RPGN"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急进性肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急进性肾炎综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急进性肾小球肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@对于细胞遗传学有利的低风险组患者 [即t (8;21) 或 inv16] ，不论首疗程治疗后的骨髓结果如何，5 年生存率和复发风险分别为 76% 和 23%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "76%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@### 无色素黑色素瘤 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 皮损可无颜色或轻微着色，或表现为红色、粉色或瘢痕样白色。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无色素黑色素瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "无色素黑色素瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "或表现为红色"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "无色素黑色素瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "粉色或瘢痕样白色"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "（二）梦魇根据其严重程度可分为三度 1.轻度 发作少于每周一次，没有心理社交功能损害的表现。 3.重度 每夜发作，有中度或重度心理社交功能损害的表现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "梦魇", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "重度"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "梦魇", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "轻度"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@ ### 脾脓肿 | 短期 | 低 这是感染性心内膜炎的一种罕见并发症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脾脓肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠胆汁淤积@[HELLP 综合征] ### 急性妊娠期脂肪肝 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 患者感觉不适，常见表现为全身乏力、恶心，很多具有先兆子痫、凝血功能异常和肾脏损伤的典型症状。 妊娠胆汁淤积@检查 转氨酶小于1000units/L，多数出现低血糖、凝血酶原时间延长、肌酐升高及蛋白尿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌酐升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低血糖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "蛋白尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HELLP 综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身乏力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先兆子痫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "凝血功能异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾脏损伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "多发性硬化症@渐进式阻力训练是一种康复手段，它也可帮助减轻疲劳。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "渐进式阻力训练"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "高胰岛素血症时可行胰腺B超或CT检査;疑有糖原累积症时可行肝活检测定肝糖原和酶 活力。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "高胰岛素血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰腺B超"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "高胰岛素血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT检査"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（一）腮腺炎 典型病例先有发热、头痛、厌食和不适。腮腺导管口红肿有助诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腮腺导管口红肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "厌食"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不适"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "HELLP 综合征@因为本病被视为先兆子痫的一种严重形式，所以诱发因素尽管仍是推测的，但应当相似。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "先兆子痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HELLP 综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "永存动脉干的最常见合并畸形是主动脉弓异常。临床上与室间隔缺损合并动脉导管未闭或主肺动脉间隔缺损合并室间隔缺损相似。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "室间隔缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "永存动脉干", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "主动脉弓异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "隐性脊柱裂大部分临床上无症状，大多是在X线检查中无意发现的，可见脊椎椎板缺损未闭合。部分患儿成年后有慢性腰痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "隐性脊柱裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性腰痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "隐性脊柱裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "X线检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "隐性脊柱裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脊椎椎板缺损未闭合"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "约70%NB在5岁前发病，极少数在10岁以后发病。眼眶部转移形成具有特征性的熊猫眼，表现为眼球突出、眶周青紫。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "NB", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "熊猫眼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "NB", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5岁前"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "熊猫眼", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼球突出"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "熊猫眼", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眶周青紫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "麻疹感染@初次病毒血症发生于感染后的2-3天，随后数天期间，麻疹病毒在上皮及网状内皮系统组织内持续复制。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "麻疹感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "溶栓治疗 以血栓形成为主要表现且疗效不好，或DIC后期，器官功能恢复缓慢、又有明显血栓形成者，应考虑溶栓治疗。 尿激酶:首剂4000U/kg，静脉注射,之后4000U/h静脉持续滴人,可连用3 ~ 5天。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "DIC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿激酶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "近年临床经验表明，头孢三嗪或头孢噻肟加甲硝唑可能是治疗与中耳炎、乳突炎、鼻窦炎或青紫型先天性心脏病有关的脑脓肿的最好的经验性联合用药。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头孢三嗪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头孢噻肟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑脓肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲硝唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "银屑病性关节炎(psoriatic arthritis) ：1个或更多的关节炎合并银屑病,或关节炎合并以下任何2项:①指（趾)炎;②指甲凹陷或指甲脱离;③家族史中一级亲属有银屑病。 应排除下列情况:0)6岁以上HLA-B27阳性的男性关节炎患儿;②家族史中一级亲属有HLA-B27 相关的疾病（强直性脊柱炎、与附着点炎症相关的关节炎、急性前葡萄膜炎或舐髂关节炎）；③两次类 风湿因子阳性,两次间隔时间为3个月；(3)全身型JIA。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "银屑病性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身型JIA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "银屑病性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "psoriatic arthritis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "银屑病性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "指甲凹陷或指甲脱离"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "银屑病性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "指（趾)炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "指（趾)炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "指甲凹陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "指（趾)炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "指甲脱离"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "B族链球菌感染@这通常包括定期反复进行全血细胞计数、C反应蛋白、尿素和电解质检查，直至炎症消退。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "C反应蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "电解质检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "中间型和重型地中海贫血应采取下列一种或数种方法给予治疗。 输血和袪铁治疗 是基础治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "重型地中海贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "输血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "重型地中海贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "袪铁治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "病毒性脑膜炎@### 免疫抑制 细胞介导性免疫受损与巨细胞病毒和水痘带状疱疹病毒感染风险增加相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "病毒性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫抑制"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "心房扑动@ 除此之外，可见运动不能耐受、心力衰竭症状加重以及肺部不适。心房扑动@ 相对少见的是以低血压、晕厥或者栓塞事件为首发症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心房扑动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "运动不能耐受"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心房扑动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心房扑动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺部不适"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 维生素A缺乏症的临床表现与其缺乏的阶段和程度有密切关系（图5-3)，在边缘型维生素A缺乏和亚临床缺乏阶段主要表现为非特异的临床表现,如感染增加和贫血等，在重度缺乏阶段才表现为维生素A缺乏的经典表现——干眼症。继而角膜发生干燥、浑浊、软化，自觉畏光、眼痛,常用手揉搓眼部导致感染。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "干眼症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "畏光"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "维生素A缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "边缘型维生素A缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "维生素A缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "亚临床缺乏阶段"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "维生素A缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "重度缺乏阶段"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "儿童偏头痛@有先兆的偏头痛最初是以与临床受累区域相对应的大脑皮质的特异病征性扩散的血量减少为特征的，并常常超越该区域。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "有先兆的偏头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "GSDⅤ型（McArdle综合征）肌磷酸化酶缺陷。缺血运动试验后血乳酸不升高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "GSDⅤ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "缺血运动试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "GSDⅤ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "McArdle综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（一）婴儿感染 1.先天感染 生后2周内实验室证实有HCMV感染，可诊断之。外周血异型淋巴细胞（简称异淋）增多，脑脊液蛋白增高和血清肝酶增高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HCMV", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑脊液蛋白增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HCMV", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清肝酶增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "四、治 疗 ICH治疗原则是迅速控制出血，适时进行外科手术治疗，预防并发症与后遗症。 （二）手术治疗 早期手术清除血肿，适用于出血量大，有严重脑实质损害症状或出现脑疝危险症候的病例。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "ICH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手术清除血肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "普通感冒@## 病史和查体 ### 关键诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部   ### 存在的危险因素 重要的危险因素包括接触感染的患者、年龄较轻、冬季、参加日托、暴露于香烟烟雾或其他呼吸道刺激物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "接触感染的患者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "年龄较轻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冬季"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "参加日托"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "喉癌@纤维喉镜检查示右侧室带及声带可见坏死溃疡样肿物，累及会厌及杓会厌皱襞。喉癌@右侧声带固定，声门部分阻塞。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "纤维喉镜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "侵及周围组织转移的症状", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "累及会厌及杓会厌皱襞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@复极异常心电图随着时间变化表现为超急性T波，而后ST段抬高，T波倒置，最后出现病理性Q波。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "登革热@### 初始实验室检查 对于有症状的患者应首先进行全血细胞计数（FBC）。 登革热@白细胞减少，结合束臂试验阳性，在登革热流行地区阳性预测值为70%-80%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全血细胞计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "束臂试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "全血细胞计数", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "FBC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "儿童偏头痛@高血压、心动过缓、意识水平改变或任何局灶性神经系统缺陷的出现提示一种更严重的损伤或可能的诊断，并且是进行紧急中枢神经系统影像学检查的指征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心动过缓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "意识水平改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "局灶性神经系统缺陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "唇腭裂@## 检查 ### 首要检查 ### 查看全部   ### 听力图 检查 结果 检查 所有口腔颌面裂的新生儿口都应接受听力筛查测试，以评估有无相关的听力损失。 唇腭裂@结果 听力丧失 ### 需要考虑的检查 ### 查看全部   ### 听力脑干诱发电位（ABR）测试 检查 结果 检查 如果听力敏度图结果不确定，进行检查以评估是否存在相关听力受损。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "听力筛查测试"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "听力图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "听力脑干诱发电位（ABR）测试"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 维生素B1缺乏将导致脚气病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "维生素B1缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脚气病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "痔@## 治疗步骤 其治疗主要目的为缓解症状。痔@也因有症状痔是否为内痔，外痔，或混合痔而采取不同治疗方法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内痔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外痔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "混合痔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【发热的类型】 儿童发热可归类为：①伴有局部症状的短期发热；②不伴有局部症状的发热；③原因不明的发热。临床上按体温高低分为四类（均以腋下体温为标准）：①低热：＜38℃；②中热：38～39℃；③高热：39～41℃；④超高热＞41℃。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "儿童发热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "儿童发热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "儿童发热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "儿童发热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超高热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "儿童发热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不伴有局部症状的发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "儿童发热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "原因不明的发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "＜38℃"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "38～39℃"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "高热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "39～41℃"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "超高热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "＞41℃"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "狂犬病@[ 肠梗阻 ](/topics/zh-cn/995) ### 尿崩症 | 短期 | 中 出现在第二周。狂犬病@应该避免使用利尿剂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "利尿剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿崩症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（4）弥漫性血管内凝血（DIC）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "弥漫性血管内凝血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "DIC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@ ### 胆管梗阻 | 长期 | 低 总体发生率为5%-10%。 慢性胰腺炎@手术治疗是首选的治疗方式。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "胆管梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手术治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "胆管梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5%-10%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆管梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "根据其肢体瘫痪不对称,脑脊液中可有白细胞增多，周围神经传导功能正常，以及急性期粪便病毒分离阳性，容易与吉兰-巴雷综合征鉴别。 静脉注射免疫球蛋白（IVIG) 早期（1~2周内）给予静脉注射大剂量免疫球蛋白，能明显延缓本病的进展速度,减轻极期症状的严重程度，减少使用呼吸机的概率。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "吉兰-巴雷综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "静脉注射免疫球蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "静脉注射免疫球蛋白", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "IVIG"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "前列腺癌@ 如果术中发现切缘阳性（无阳性淋巴结转移），则术后可选择辅助放疗 或期待疗法。前列腺癌@ 如果手术时发现淋巴结阳性（伴或不伴切缘阳性），则后续治疗选择包括期待治疗或雄激素剥夺治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "辅助放疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "期待疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "急性咽喉炎@体格检查发现口腔温度为 38.5℃ (101°F) 且有渗出性咽炎，伴颈前淋巴结肿大且有触痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "38.5℃ (101°F)"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "渗出性咽炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "登革热@因此，从感染第一天开始，实验室检查对明确诊断极其重要。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "实验室检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "肝癌@因此，医生应该查看蜘蛛痣、肝掌、腹水、肝肿大、脾肿大、扑翼样震颤、黄疸、恶病质、肝性脑病、肝臭、脐周侧支静脉、直肠静脉扩张和血管杂音。 肝癌@### 超声 超声检查是首选的初始影像学检查， 被用于对高风险人群的肝癌筛查，例如已知有肝硬化或者有肝硬化高风险的人群。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肝癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "【实验室检查】 1.新生儿筛查 新生儿期的PKU患儿无任何临床表现，生后3个月后才渐渐出现PKU的表现。 4. HPLC尿蝶呤图谱分析 10ml晨尿加入0. 2g维生素C，酸化尿液后使8cm×10cm新生儿筛查滤纸浸湿，晾干，寄送有条件的实验室分析尿蝶呤图谱，进行四氢生物蝶呤缺乏症的诊断和鉴别诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HPLC尿蝶呤图谱分析"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生儿筛查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生儿筛查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "四氢生物蝶呤缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HPLC尿蝶呤图谱分析"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "三、周围肺动脉狭窄 自肺动脉瓣以后的肺动脉管道狭窄可发生于从主干至肺内动脉的各段，单发或多发，大多伴有其他畸形如肺动脉瓣狭窄，室间隔缺损、法洛四联症及主动脉瓣上狭窄（supravalvular aortic stenosis）等。 胸部X线上多属正常，但有时可见某侧或某段肺野血管影特少；心电图上右心室肥厚的程度可反映狭窄的严重性；二维超声可显示肺动脉主干及其近支的解剖。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "周围肺动脉狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部X线"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "周围肺动脉狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "周围肺动脉狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "二维超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肺动脉管道狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺动脉瓣狭窄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肺动脉管道狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "室间隔缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肺动脉管道狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "法洛四联症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肺动脉管道狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "主动脉瓣上狭窄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "周围肺动脉狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺动脉管道狭窄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（二）并发症的治疗 1.胆道蛔虫 治疗原则主要是镇痛、解痉、驱蛔和控制感染。 （3）内科治疗： 持久不缓解者，必要时可手术治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "胆道蛔虫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内科治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "（五）基因治疗 随着WD基因研究的进一步深入，基因治疗将为WD病的治疗开拓新的领域。②肌张力障碍，可选用苯海索。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "WD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌张力障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "WD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "基因治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肌张力障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苯海索"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "对乙酰氨基酚和异烟肼则与大分子细胞结合形成共价的肝脏毒性代谢产物有关，细胞内解毒物质的耗竭，如谷胱甘肽、肝细胞再生能力的损害、肝实质血流灌注的异常改变、内毒素血症和肝脏网状内皮系统功能下降等都参与了ALF的发生。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "ALF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细胞内解毒物质的耗竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "ALF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝细胞再生能力的损害"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "内毒素血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ALF"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "宫颈癌@ ### 宫颈肌瘤 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 月经量多、痛性包块、异常阴道分泌物、肌瘤脱出。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "宫颈肌瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "月经量多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "宫颈肌瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "痛性包块"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "宫颈肌瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "异常阴道分泌物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "宫颈肌瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌瘤脱出"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【定义】 新生儿全血血清葡萄糖>7. 0mmol/L(125mg/dl),或血清葡萄糖水平>8. 40mmol/L(150mg/dl)为新生儿高血糖（neonatal hyperglycemia)的诊断标准。 【防治】 早产儿,尤其是极低出生体重儿输糖速率应≤5 ~6mg/(kg • min),并应监测血糖水平,根据血糖水平调节输糖速率。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "新生儿高血糖", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "输糖速率应≤5 ~6mg/(kg • min)"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "新生儿高血糖", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "监测血糖水平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "新生儿高血糖", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "neonatal hyperglycemia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "假丝酵母菌病（candidiasis)是由假丝酵母菌属引起的皮肤、黏膜、脏器的急性、亚急性或慢性炎症，少数可引发脓毒症。 播散性假丝酵母菌病综合征和假丝酵母菌菌血症（syndrome of disseminated candidiasis and candidemia):主要表现为长期发热,在原发病（白血病、恶性肿瘤等）的基础上体温增高，症状加重，全身状况恶化。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "假丝酵母菌菌血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "candidemia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "candidiasis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "假丝酵母菌属"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脏器"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脓毒症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤、黏膜、脏器"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脓毒症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "假丝酵母菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黏膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "假丝酵母菌菌血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "candidemia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "假丝酵母菌菌血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白血病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "假丝酵母菌菌血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶性肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "假丝酵母菌菌血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体温增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "假丝酵母菌菌血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "症状加重"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "假丝酵母菌菌血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身状况恶化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "急性淋巴细胞白血病@## 治疗步骤 治疗目的是实现正常造血、预防出现耐药性亚克隆、预防疾病累及CNS等区域及清除微小残留病。急性淋巴细胞白血病@对于有较大纵膈肿块或胸腔积液相关症状等少数严重复杂疾病的患者，应进行紧急的抗白血病化疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗白血病化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@AML 也可继发于已有的血液系统恶性肿瘤，通常继发于骨髓增生异常综合征 (MDS)、慢性髓单核细胞白血病或骨髓增殖性肿瘤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "骨髓增生异常综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MDS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "HELLP 综合征@结果 AST升高(≥70IU/L)，ALT升高(≥70IU/L) ### 胆红素水平 检查 结果 检查 由于溶血性贫血，胆红素升高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆红素水平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆红素升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@对于所有用于治疗痴呆相关精神障碍的非典型和典型抗精神病药物，FDA 已发出了黑框警告。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "痴呆", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗精神病药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "精神障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗精神病药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "前列腺癌@ [ Prostate cancer: the Partin tables ](http://urology.jhu.edu/prostate/partin_tables.php) CT扫描的主要作用是评估前列腺大小和是否出现盆腔淋巴结肿大。 前列腺癌@结果 增大的前列腺和/或增大的盆腔淋巴结 ### 盆腔MRI/直肠内MRI 检查 结果 检查 如果诊断为 T3/T4 或 T1/T2 疾病，并且依据 Partin 表，淋巴结受累的概率＞10%，则进行该检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "盆腔MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "直肠内MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "中耳炎@对于婴儿，查体通常发现的体征与病毒性呼吸道感染一致，包括鼻溢和鼻塞。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻溢"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻塞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒性呼吸道感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "腹痛严重者伴腹肌紧张，酷似急腹症；腹泻可为水样便，多见血便和黏液便。 由于HUS存在广泛的微血管血栓形成，可导致多系统损害，除胃肠道和肾脏外，尤以中枢神经系统受累多见，是最常见的死因。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HUS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹肌紧张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HUS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水样便"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HUS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血便"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HUS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黏液便"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "中耳炎@## 病因学 呼吸道病毒感染是大多数中耳炎病例的病因，它是一种自限性疾病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸道病毒感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "心肌炎@检查发现可能包括啰音、颈静脉怒张、S3奔马律、S3和S4重迭奔马律、 心包摩擦音、外周灌注不足、窦性心动过速、 房性和室性心律失常、低血压、感觉异常和淋巴结病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "啰音"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈静脉怒张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心包摩擦音"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "窦性心动过速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感觉异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "S3奔马律"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "S3和S4重迭奔马律"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外周灌注不足"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "房性和室性心律失常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淋巴结病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "结节性硬化症@ 15%～20%的病人有指（趾）甲纤维瘤，在指（趾）甲下面，像一小块肉状的小结节。结节性硬化症@女孩较男孩多见，但青春期前较少见到。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "结节性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "女孩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "结节性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "指（趾）甲纤维瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "B族链球菌感染@结果 正常、分叶核白细胞增多或短暂性淋巴细胞增多（脑膜炎） ### 脑脊液葡萄糖和蛋白质 检查 结果 检查 对于出现脑膜炎体征和症状的患者和所有患有脓毒症的新生儿，均应考虑进行脑脊液检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑脊液葡萄糖和蛋白质"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "口腔黏膜炎@放射性黏膜炎通常局限于放疗部位。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "放射性黏膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放疗部位"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@附加 –   镁替代疗法 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [ 硫酸镁 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 第一日 1~2g，静脉注射，每 6 小时一次，随后每日 60 mg/kg，静脉注射，或参阅当地专科医生治疗方案，以寻求定量配药指导 如果确定水平低（通常可见于嗜酒患者），应同时补充镁。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "镁替代疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硫酸镁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "乙型肝炎@早期小肝癌没有任何转移的证据时可以考虑肝移植。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝移植"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 很大一部分CNS的患儿有阳性家族史。出生后常见特殊的外貌，如：鼻梁低、眼距宽、低位耳、颅缝宽、前囟和后囟宽大，还常见髋、膝及肘部呈屈曲畸形。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "CNS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻梁低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "CNS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼距宽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "CNS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "、低位耳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "CNS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅缝宽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "CNS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前囟和后囟宽大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "CNS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "髋、膝及肘部呈屈曲畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "根据甲状腺肿中是否有结节，临床上又可分为三型：①弥漫型：甲状腺均匀增大，摸不到结节；②结节型：在甲状腺上摸到一个或几个结节；③混合型：在弥漫肿大的甲状腺上，摸到一个或几个结节。 甲状腺如肿大明显，可压迫气管引起咳嗽和呼吸困难，压迫食管引起咽下困难，压迫喉返神经引起声音嘶哑，胸骨后甲状腺肿可使头部、颈部、上肢静脉回流受阻，表现为面部青紫、水肿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲状腺肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "压迫食管引起咽下困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "甲状腺肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "弥漫型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "甲状腺肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结节型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "甲状腺肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "混合型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "白喉@ 20 世纪 40 年代白喉总死亡率为 2.4%，90 年代俄罗斯暴发时仍在 2%-3%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "死亡率", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "2.4%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "死亡率", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "2%-3%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "消化性溃疡病@疗程：7天（四联疗法），10天（序贯疗法），或者14天（三联疗法）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "消化性溃疡病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "四联疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "消化性溃疡病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "序贯疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "消化性溃疡病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "三联疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "儿童偏头痛@除了舒马曲坦，支持同类其他药物应用的证据逐渐增多。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "舒马曲坦"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "七、先天性膈疝 先天性膈疝（congenital diaphragmatic hernia）是由于胚胎期膈肌发育缺陷，出现较大的裂隙或缺损，致生后一部分腹腔脏器疝入胸腔，压迫胸腔内组织，引起呼吸、循环障碍，或胃肠道梗阻、绞窄、出血甚至坏死。同时可伴呕吐、胸痛、吞咽困难、消化道出血及肠梗阻症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性膈疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性膈疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性膈疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吞咽困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性膈疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化道出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性膈疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性膈疝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "congenital diaphragmatic hernia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肝硬化@## 并发症 ### 查看全部   并发症 table 并发症 | 时间表 | 可能性 ---|---|--- ### 腹水 | 存在差异 | 高 腹水是肝硬化最常见的并发症，治疗包括限钠饮食和利尿。 肝硬化@难治性腹水患者（最大剂量利尿剂仍不足以控制腹水或者由于利尿治疗导致不能接受的不良反应/并发症）可以通过大量放腹水 (large-volume paracentesis, LVP) 和补充白蛋白或TIPSS治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "腹水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "TIPSS治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "限钠饮食"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "利尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "5.双氯芬酸（扶他林） 100例JIA患儿分3组，分别服用双氯芬酸、paduden（成分布洛芬）和阿司匹林，随访临床和实验室改变。 （二）改变病情抗风湿药 （DMARDs） NSAIDs不能延缓或阻止病情发展，临床常需联合DMARDs以稳定病情和减少远期致残率。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "JIA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "改变病情抗风湿药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "双氯芬酸", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "扶他林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "JIA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双氯芬酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "五、弥散性血管内凝血 弥散性血管内凝血（DIC）是许多疾病严重阶段的并发症，机体在某些致病因素作用下，凝血系统被激活，凝血过程加速，微循环内发生纤维蛋白沉积和血小板凝集，导致血管内广泛微血栓形成，由于凝血因子被消耗，发生广泛出血。 2.缺氧 缺氧导致酸中毒、血黏度增高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "弥散性血管内凝血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "缺氧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "弥散性血管内凝血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "DIC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "第七节 主动脉弓异常 主动脉弓异常（abnormalities of the aortic arch）指主动脉弓及其分支发育异常。 【治疗】 对所有有症状的血管环患儿均应进行外科手术治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "主动脉弓异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外科手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "第十章 脑性瘫痪 小儿脑性瘫痪（cerebral palsy，CP）简称脑瘫，是发育脑因各种原因所致的非进行性脑损伤综合征，主要表现为中枢性运动障碍、肌张力异常、姿势及反射异常。 【流行病学】 其患病率（一般以每1000名活产儿中脑瘫患儿的数目来表示）不同国家或地区患病不尽相同，西方国家脑瘫患病率为1. 5‰～2. 5‰活婴；没有证据表明脑瘫患儿存在地区差别；20世纪80年代以后，低出生体重儿童脑瘫患病率呈上升趋势；具有早产、低出生体重、黑人、多胎，以及母亲高龄等特征者，脑瘫患病率较高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "小儿脑性瘫痪", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1. 5‰～2. 5‰"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "小儿脑性瘫痪", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "cerebral palsy"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "小儿脑性瘫痪", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿脑性瘫痪", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中枢性运动障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿脑性瘫痪", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌张力异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿脑性瘫痪", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "姿势及反射异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "因此蛔虫病可在温暖季节传播，有时经年都可传播。蚴虫移行到身体其他器官可引起相应的症状，如脑膜炎、癫痫、视网膜炎、眼睑肿胀及尿的改变等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癫痫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视网膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼睑肿胀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿的改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "肝癌@ 在西方国家，只有 5%-10% 的患者在初次诊断为肝癌时适合手术切除。肝癌@索拉非尼是唯一批准用于治疗这组患者的一线靶向药物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肝癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "索拉非尼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断和鉴别诊断】 病毒性脑炎的诊断有赖于排除颅内其他非病毒性感染、其他各种脑病等急性脑部疾病后确立。主要治疗原则包括： 1 •应密切观察病情变化，加强护理,保证营养供给,维持水电解质平衡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "病毒性脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "加强护理"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "病毒性脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "保证营养供给"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "病毒性脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维持水电解质平衡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "多发性骨髓瘤@使用血清/尿电泳每 6 至 12 个月一次监测 MGUS，具体取决于单克隆成分（高水平或低水平）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "MGUS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清/尿电泳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "中耳炎@### 鼓膜炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 这些患者可能没有源于中耳的症状。 中耳炎@检查 耳镜检查发现鼓膜中间位置存在红斑和充血，无中耳炎的其他特征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "鼓膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼓膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "鼓膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "耳镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼓膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "破伤风@破伤风痉挛毒素对脊髓、脑干以及外周和自主神经的影响是持久的；新的轴突神经末梢的生长是康复所必需的，生长时间可能需要4-6周。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脊髓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑干"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外周"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "自主神经"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "（三）常用哮喘维持治疗药物 吸入糖皮质激素 （ICS）种类 ICS治疗哮喘的高效性和局部选择性的主要化学基础是在于激素甾体核的16α和17α 或17β位置上有一个亲脂基团的置换。 1.长效或控释β2受体激动剂 （1）沙丁胺醇缓释片（Etinoline）每片4mg。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "沙丁胺醇缓释片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖皮质激素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "沙丁胺醇缓释片", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "Etinoline"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@ ### 东部肿瘤合作组(ECOG)功能状态评分 医生和研究人员使用这些尺度和标准来评估患者的疾病进展和疾病如何影响患者的日常生活能力，并确定适当的治疗和预后: * 0级：活动能力完全正常，无任何限制参与所有病前活动。非小细胞肺癌@ * 3级：有限的自我照顾能力；日间一半以上时间卧床或坐轮椅 * 4级：完全失去能力；生活不能自理；完全限制于床或椅子 * 5级：死亡 。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "3级"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "4级"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5级"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "0级"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "痔@也可给予甲硝唑。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲硝唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "疟疾感染@结果 可以显示血小板减少，贫血，白细胞计数结果多样化 ### 凝血检测 检查 结果 检查 但出血较罕见 结果 凝血酶原时间可适当延长 ### 血清电解质、尿素和肌酐 检查 结果 检查 发热及水容量不足可能会导致轻度肾前性肾损害，扩容后肾功能改善。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "凝血检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清电解质、尿素和肌酐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "轻度肾前性肾损害", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "轻度肾前性肾损害", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水容量不足"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "狂犬病@在脑炎型狂犬病患者中，前驱症状后常出现精神状态失常、亢奋、多动、震颤、流涎增多、瞳孔散大、吞咽困难、恐水及恐水性痉挛、恐风。狂犬病@由于麻痹可能累及膀胱或肠道括约肌，故可致大小便失禁。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膀胱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠道括约肌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精神状态失常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "亢奋"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "震颤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瞳孔散大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吞咽困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流涎增多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恐水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恐风"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "脑炎型狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恐水性痉挛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "例如在苯丙酮尿症时，苯丙氨酸羟化酶缺乏，导致底物苯丙氨酸增高，代谢旁路开放，代谢产物苯乙酸及苯乳酸增高，这些物质的毒性作用造成了神经系统的损害。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "苯丙酮尿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苯丙氨酸羟化酶缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "苯丙氨酸羟化酶缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "底物苯丙氨酸增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "苯丙氨酸羟化酶缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "代谢旁路开放"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "婴儿暂时性糖尿病因不明,可能与患儿胰岛β细胞功能发育不够成熟有关。血糖增高，尿糖及酮体阳性，经补液等一般处理 或给予小量胰岛素即可恢复。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿暂时性糖尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血糖增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿暂时性糖尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿糖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿暂时性糖尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "酮体阳性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "第二章 原发性免疫缺陷病 免疫缺陷病（immunodeficiency diseases，ID）是指免疫系统的器官（如胸腺），免疫活性细胞（如淋巴细胞和吞噬细胞）及免疫活性分子（免疫球蛋白、淋巴因子、补体分子和细胞膜表面分子）发生缺陷引起某种免疫反应能力缺失或降低，导致机体防御能力普遍或部分下降的一组临床综合征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "免疫缺陷病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "immunodeficiency diseases"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "免疫缺陷病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ID"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "感染性休克在儿科最常见，尤以新生儿、先天性免疫功能缺陷、白血病、肿瘤或化疗者容易发生。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "感染性休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿科"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "感染性休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "感染性休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性免疫功能缺陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "感染性休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白血病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "感染性休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "感染性休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化疗者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "痛风@ ### 肾结石 | 存在差异 | 中 在美国，肾结石中有 10% 为尿酸结石。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾结石"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肾结石", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿酸结石"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "溶血性贫血@ ### 获得性：Coombs 试验阴性 Coombs（直接抗球蛋白试验）试验阴性提示非免疫性疾病。溶血性贫血@这些病因的治疗主要包括支持性治疗，以及消除可能存在的致病因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "获得性：Coombs 试验阴性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支持性治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "抗凝血因子的作用 已应用临床的有:①抗凝血酶Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ)浓缩剂:用于DIC早期补充AT- Ⅲ并可提升肝素的疗效;②蛋白-C浓缩剂：主要用于革兰氏阴性杆菌感染合并DIC，同肝素联合应用 取得了较好的效果。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "DIC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗凝血酶Ⅲ(AT-Ⅲ)浓缩剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "DIC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "蛋白-C浓缩剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "HIV 感染@检查 HIV 检测阴性 [ 普通感冒 ](/topics/zh-cn/252) ### 病毒性肝炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 右上腹痛，黄疸。 HIV 感染@检查 肝功能试验值升高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒性肝炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "病毒性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "右上腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "病毒性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄疸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "多发性骨髓瘤@结果 CRP 高或升高 ### 乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH) 检查 结果 检查 水平更高表明疾病更为广泛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乳酸脱氢酶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "LDH"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "乳酸脱氢酶", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "LDH"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "脊髓脊膜膨出可有不同程度的双下肢瘫痪及大小便失禁等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脊髓脊膜膨出", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双下肢瘫痪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脊髓脊膜膨出", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大小便失禁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "2.饮食治疗 饮食治疗目的在于满足患儿的生理需要，补充疾病消耗，并针对疾病特殊病理生理状态调整饮食，加速恢复健康。强调腹泻患儿继续喂养，饮食需适应患儿的消化吸收功能，根据个体情况，分别对待，最好参考患儿食欲及腹泻等情况，结合平时饮食习惯，采取循序渐进的原则，并适当补充微量元素和维生素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "饮食治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "肾小球肾炎@## 鉴别诊断 ### 查看全部  ### 肾结石 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 患者除了血尿外，通常伴严重的疼痛。 肾小球肾炎@检查 尿检可见血尿，但没有畸形红细胞尿或管形。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "肾结石", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肾结石", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾结石"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肾结石", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "（三）与外科疾病有关的呕吐 1.食管闭锁和食管气管瘘 食管闭锁者第一次喂奶（或喂水）时即发生呕吐，伴食管气管瘘者喂奶时出现呼吸困难、青紫，肺部闻湿啰音，每次喂奶时均出现类似情况。有些患儿出现类似螃蟹吐泡沫，插胃管时胃管受阻折返。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "螃蟹吐泡沫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食管闭锁和食管气管瘘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青紫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺部闻湿啰音"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "右位 心@最常见的合并畸形为房室连接不一致（心室左襻），约占50%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "房室连接不一致", "subject_type": "症状", "object": {"@value": "心室左襻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "右位 心", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "房室连接不一致"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "帕金森病@ * 如果患者使用多巴胺激动剂并开始出现疗效减退（症状波动），增加服药次数（最多每日 4 次）可能会改善症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "症状波动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多巴胺激动剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "当PCT正常、APTT、PT和TT均延长时，应属纤维蛋白生成障碍，涉及因子Ⅰ、Ⅻ异常或抗凝物质过多，可进一步测定纤维蛋白原量或作甲苯胺蓝纠正试验。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "纤维蛋白生成障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PCT正常、APTT、PT和TT均延长"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "乳腺原位癌@ 乳腺导管原位癌病史是同侧乳房出现癌症的风险因素之一，此类患者不推荐激素替代疗法。乳腺原位癌@如果激素替代疗法过程中出现乳腺导管原位癌，应采用其他方法治疗绝经期症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "乳腺原位癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乳腺导管原位癌病史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@伴酒精性疾病 – 联合 –   苯二氮卓 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [ 劳拉西泮 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 1~2mg，口服/静脉注射/肌肉注射，每 6~8 小时一次 酒精性胰腺炎患者可能需要接受酒精戒断预防治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "酒精性疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "劳拉西泮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "酒精性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "酒精戒断预防治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "（五）基因诊断 可采用PCR及序列分析检测CTNS基因突变对胱氨酸储积病作基因诊断。 【诊断】 具有常染色体隐性遗传特征，以多饮多尿、乏力便秘以及生长发育迟缓为突出表现，并出现糖尿、氨基酸尿、低磷血症和代谢性酸中毒等Fanconi综合征的表现，眼角膜或血白细胞发现胱氨酸沉积即可诊断胱氨酸储积病，对疑诊病人可行肾活体组织检查、白细胞内胱氨酸定量分析以及CTNS基因突变分析来确诊。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胱氨酸储积病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多饮多尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胱氨酸储积病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "便秘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胱氨酸储积病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乏力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胱氨酸储积病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生长发育迟缓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "胱氨酸储积病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PCR及序列分析"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Fanconi综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Fanconi综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氨基酸尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Fanconi综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低磷血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Fanconi综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "代谢性酸中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "胱氨酸储积病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾活体组织检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "胱氨酸储积病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CTNS基因突变分析"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@专家建议患者少食多餐、补充充足的胰酶、密切监测血糖、戒酒、避免摄入高糖食物，同时咨询膳食专家。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "少食多餐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "密切监测血糖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "戒酒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咨询膳食专家"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "补充充足的胰酶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "避免摄入高糖食物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "儿童因为夜尿增多可发生遗尿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "遗尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "夜尿增多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "白喉@## 鉴别诊断 ### 查看全部  ### 化脓性链球菌咽炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 起病急，伴明显喉痛和发热。 白喉@快速抗原检测可在几分钟内确定咽拭子中A 型链球菌糖抗原。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "化脓性链球菌咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "快速抗原检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化脓性链球菌咽炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "化脓性链球菌咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喉痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "化脓性链球菌咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "立克次体感染@其临床特征是高热和出血性皮疹。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "立克次体感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "立克次体感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血性皮疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "溶血性贫血@ * 输注浓缩红细胞可用于所有亚型，但应仅限于治疗具有临床症状的贫血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "输注浓缩红细胞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "新生儿筛查即是通过测定血苯丙氨酸，在群体中对每个新生儿进行筛检，使PKU患儿在临床症状尚未出现之前，而其生化等方面的改变已比较明显时得以早期诊断和早期治疗，避免智能落后的发生。 7. CT和MRI检查 患者头颅CT或磁共振影像（MRI）可无异常发现，也可发现有不同程度脑发育不良，表现为脑皮质萎缩和脑白质脱髓鞘病变，后者在MRI的T1加权图像上可显示脑室三角区周围脑组织条形或斑片状高信号区。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRI检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头颅CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "磁共振影像"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑皮质萎缩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑白质脱髓鞘病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "磁共振影像", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "免疫抑制剂主要用于肾病综合征频繁复发，糖皮质激素依赖、耐药或出现严重副作用者。 在小剂量糖皮质激素隔日使用的同时可选用下列免疫抑制剂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肾病综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫抑制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "（二）婴儿 上消化道出血常见原因：吞入母血、反流性食管炎、应激性溃疡、胃炎、出血性疾病以及Mallory-Weiss综合征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "上消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吞入母血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "上消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反流性食管炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "上消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "应激性溃疡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "上消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "上消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血性疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "上消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Mallory-Weiss综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "反流性食管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上消化道出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "应激性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上消化道出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上消化道出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "出血性疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上消化道出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "Mallory-Weiss综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上消化道出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "类风湿关节炎@和/或 [ 来氟米特 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 开始3天，100mg口服，每日1次，随后10-20mg，每日1次 和/或 [ 羟氯喹 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 200-400mg，口服，每日一次 患者在3个月或更短时间内利用诊断时采用的评分系统进行重新评估。类风湿关节炎@根据客观数据的改善情况确定下一步的治疗计划。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "羟氯喹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "癫痫（epilepsy )是一种以具有持久性的产生癫痫发作的倾向为特征的慢性脑疾病，可由遗传、代谢、结构、免疫等不同病因所导致。通常2〜14岁发病，8〜9岁为高峰，男略多于女。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "2〜14岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "epilepsy"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "惊厥（convulsion)是儿科最常见的急症之一,是由于脑大量神经元一过性同步化放电导致的所涉及随意肌的不可控制的抽搐或者肌张力改变，可以是部分身体（局灶性），也可以是全身性的（全面性）。 【病因及分类】 感染性病因 颅内感染:如由细菌、病毒、寄生虫、真菌引起的脑膜炎或脑炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抽搐或者肌张力改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "convulsion"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "缺血性卒中@意识水平下降或有难治性低氧血症的患者可能需要插管和机械通气。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "插管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "机械通气"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "溶血性贫血@自身免疫性溶血性贫血 (AIHA) – 第三 –   利妥昔单抗 #### 第一选择 [ 利妥昔单抗 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 咨询专科医生以指导剂量 利妥昔单抗是一种抗 CD20 单克隆抗体，被批准用于治疗非霍奇金淋巴瘤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "自身免疫性溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "AIHA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "自身免疫性溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "利妥昔单抗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@### 细菌性脑膜炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 有头痛、颈项强直、畏光和发热病史。 脑炎@检查 脑脊液 (CSF) 分析发现白细胞 (WBC) 升高（常以中性粒细胞为主）、蛋白升高、血糖降低。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑脊液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈项强直"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "畏光"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热病史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细菌性脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "脑脊液", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "CSF"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@检查 脑脊液乳酸 - 升高 MRI – 可见 T2 高信号区，但非大血管区域受累。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑脊液乳酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "疟疾感染@在西方国家，感染者多为旅行者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "旅行者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@ 美国的指南建议，在经历过一次 CNS 栓塞性事件的机械瓣膜感染性心内膜炎患者中，应将所有形式的抗凝治疗至少停用 2 周。感染性心内膜炎@不建议开始使用阿司匹林（或其他抗血小板药物）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "感染性心内膜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗血小板"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "图11-3 淋巴母细胞型NHL治疗框架图 注：#诱导第33天评估肿瘤缩小少于70%时进入高危ALL治疗方案；第63天评估仍有局部残留时行再次活检，残留组织中无肿瘤细胞继续原方案，仍有肿瘤细胞进入高危ALL方案。 *CNS受累的患儿再诱导后头颅放疗12Gy（年龄1～3岁）或18 Gy（年龄＞3岁）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "淋巴母细胞型NHL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CNS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "淋巴母细胞型NHL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头颅放疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@### 免疫缺陷 病因和临床表现的严重程度可因宿主的免疫状态而变化。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫缺陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "肠梗阻@ 静脉注射红霉素对治疗术后肠梗阻没有帮助， 而证据不足以支持推荐使用胆囊收缩素类药物、西沙必利、多巴胺激动剂、普萘洛尔或加压素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆囊收缩素类药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "西沙必利"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多巴胺激动剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "加压素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "(一)早期低血钙 是指发生于出生72小时内的低钙血症。 常见于早产儿，小于胎龄儿、糖尿病及妊娠高血压综合征母亲所生婴儿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "早期低血钙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早产儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "早期低血钙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小于胎龄儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "低钙血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早期低血钙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（2）纠正脱水： 小儿腹泻发生的脱水，大多可通过口服补液疗法纠正。纠正脱水应用ORS；补充累积损失量，轻度脱水给予50ml/kg，中度脱水50～80ml/kg，少量多次口服，以免呕吐影响疗效，所需液量在4～6小时内服完。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "脱水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "轻度脱水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "脱水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中度脱水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "被咬的手指甲显得短而不规则，有时可咬指甲边缘甲根部的皮肤而导致甲沟炎、口腔疱疹、或发展成化脓性指头炎。严重者可损害牙齿，使前齿边缘折断和发生牙龈炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "咬指甲", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前齿边缘折断"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "咬指甲", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "牙龈炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "咬指甲", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲沟炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "咬指甲", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口腔疱疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "咬指甲", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化脓性指头炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "口咽癌@听力障碍会导致孤独和抑郁，接受放疗或放化疗患者，应接受听力检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "听力障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "听力检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "白内障@伴闭角型青光眼 – 附加 –   残余屈光不正的矫正 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 如果术中未植入人工晶状体或存在残余屈光不正（例如，植入晶状体未能矫正的散光），那么患者可能需要配戴接触镜或眼镜，以获得良好术后视力。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "伴闭角型青光眼", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "残余屈光不正的矫正"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@抗血小板和抗凝药（例如：口服阿司匹林和氯吡格雷；肝素静脉给药）也适用于 STEMI 治疗，因为这能够通过抑制血小板激活和后续的血小板聚集，从而限制继发血栓形成。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "STEMI", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗凝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "STEMI", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿司匹林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "STEMI", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氯吡格雷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "STEMI", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@既往有面部的皮肤癌病史。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "面部的皮肤癌病史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "破伤风@游离毒素也可进入血流和淋巴，广泛传播至不同位置的运动神经元。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血流"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淋巴"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "二、爽身粉吸入 婴幼儿使用爽身粉、痱子粉时误吸所致。 主要症状为咳嗽伴气急。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "爽身粉吸入", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "爽身粉吸入", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气急"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "HELLP 综合征@如果肾功能衰竭程度不允许使用硫酸镁，可以使用苯妥英静脉给药，预防癫痫发作。HELLP 综合征@应密切监测患者，因为苯妥英静脉给药会导致严重的低血压和心律失常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心律失常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苯妥英"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硫酸镁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硫酸镁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "普通感冒@### 针灸和艾灸 在建议使用相关理疗（例如针灸和艾灸）治疗普通感冒症状前，需要进行更多的研究。 普通感冒@### 其他辅助疗法 单试验报告显示藿香正气滴丸 和非洲天竺葵 在治疗常见的感冒症状方面有效。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "藿香正气滴丸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "针灸和艾灸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "艾灸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "针灸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非洲天竺葵"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "尘肺@查体并没有尘肺特异性发现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "尘肺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "查体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "婴儿猝死综合征@症状可包括发烧、咳嗽、鼻充血、易激惹、易疲劳和困倦。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发烧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻充血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易激惹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易疲劳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿猝死综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "困倦"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "马蹄肾发生的具体过程至今尚未完全明了，1931年Boyden报告一例迄今为止最小的6周马蹄胚胎肾，他认为，当胚胎4. 5周时，两肾的位置靠得非常近，因某种因素作用造成了其下极融合。绝大多数情况下，峡部很庞大，由实质性组织组成，有其固有的血供。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "马蹄肾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "峡部很庞大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "新生儿黄疸@检查包括肝功能检测、血培养、尿液清除物质、血浆氨基酸、尿氨基酸、尿培养、腹部超声和经皮肝穿刺活检。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "新生儿黄疸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝功能检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "新生儿黄疸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "新生儿黄疸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血浆氨基酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "新生儿黄疸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿氨基酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "新生儿黄疸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "新生儿黄疸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "新生儿黄疸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "经皮肝穿刺活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "持续性抑郁症@### 感到无望 根据 DSM-5，至少应出现 6 项抑郁症状中的 2 项。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感到无望"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "胃炎@ _幽门螺杆菌_ 快速尿素酶试验用于胃镜获得的活检组织。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃镜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@缺血性心脏病特异和典型的心绞痛位于胸骨后，持续数分钟，由运动或情绪激动引起，休息或硝酸甘油可以缓解 。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "缺血性心脏病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "运动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "缺血性心脏病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "休息"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "缺血性心脏病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硝酸甘油"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "缺血性心脏病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸骨后"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "典型的心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸骨后"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "典型的心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "运动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "典型的心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "情绪激动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "缺血性心脏病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "运动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "缺血性心脏病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "情绪激动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠胆汁淤积@胆汁酸可能诱发心肌细胞损伤以及动脉痉挛，导致不安全的胎儿宫内状态。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "动脉痉挛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆汁酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "心肌细胞损伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆汁酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "白喉@抗生素治疗后培养阳性，需要使用红霉素进行最少 10 天的额外治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@有些病例表现为粘液腺癌（以前称为粘液型细支气管肺泡细胞癌）)，可能模拟整个肺而不是一个典型的孤立肺结节或亚实质性结节。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "粘液腺癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "食物中毒@### 虚弱 肌肉张力下降与肉毒中毒有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "虚弱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "13-三体综合征@消化道畸形可见结肠旋转不良、胰腺或脾组织异位等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "13-三体综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化道畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "13-三体综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结肠旋转不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "13-三体综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰腺或脾组织异位"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "帕金森病@联合使用卡比多巴/左旋多巴和多巴胺激动剂更加常见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "卡比多巴"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "左旋多巴"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多巴胺激动剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@肿块也会压迫和入侵臂丛神经（导致虚弱和/或手部固有肌萎缩，感觉缺失和/或在C8到T1分布区域疼痛）神经链（引起霍纳综合征，特点是眼睑下垂症，眼球内陷和同侧无汗）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "臂丛神经"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "侵及周围组织转移的症状", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "虚弱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "侵及周围组织转移的症状", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手部固有肌萎缩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "侵及周围组织转移的症状", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感觉缺失"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "侵及周围组织转移的症状", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "在C8到T1分布区域疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "霍纳综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼睑下垂症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "霍纳综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼球内陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "霍纳综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "同侧无汗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "帕金森病@如果由于存在非典型特征或临床诊断不明确需要进行诊断试验，那么试验可包括血清铜蓝蛋白。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清铜蓝蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（四）可加重生理性贫血的因素 1.生理性贫血的程度可因生后早期出现严重贫血的各种溶血过程增加而加重。 3.营养饮食因素 如缺铁、叶酸缺乏等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "生理性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "缺铁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "生理性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "叶酸缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "生理性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "营养饮食因素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "生理性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溶血过程增加"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "多发性硬化症@在停止使用某些疾病改善疗法（如芬戈莫德）治疗的 MS 患者以及转用其他治疗的患者中，已有关于疑似反弹综合征的报告。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "芬戈莫德"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "房室间隔缺损的形态变异较大，分型方法依据心脏间隔缺损的部位、大小，房室瓣口的形态以及房室瓣附着形态等，不同类型实际为同一病理改变的不同程度。 （三）过渡型房室间隔缺损 本型特点为前后两个共瓣之间，在室间隔肌嵴上有瓣叶组织相连，无裸露区，或裸露区很小，或在瓣叶的掩盖下，有小的裸露区，相连的瓣叶组织可为后共瓣或（和）前共瓣的延伸或为独立的瓣叶组织，瓣下缺损视瓣叶与室间隔嵴附着的形态而异，通常为小的室间隔缺损。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "房室间隔缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "过渡型房室间隔缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "前置胎盘@在美国，由于剖宫产增加，前置胎盘的发生率在不断提高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "剖宫产"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "第八节 肺静脉异位连接 肺静脉异位连接可分为完全性肺静脉异位连接及部分性肺静脉异位连接两类。 体格检查示小儿瘦小、易激惹。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "完全性肺静脉异位连接", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瘦小"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "完全性肺静脉异位连接", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易激惹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肺静脉异位连接", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "部分性肺静脉异位连接"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肺静脉异位连接", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "完全性肺静脉异位连接"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@### 抑郁症 会增加患 AD 的风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抑郁症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@### 高龄 它通常意味更长的光暴露史。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高龄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "光暴露史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "第四节 毛细支气管炎 毛细支气管炎（bronchiolitis）是婴儿期常见的下呼吸道炎症性疾病。严重病例有明显梗阻性肺气肿，常有极度烦躁不安、面色苍白及发绀。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "梗阻性肺气肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "毛细支气管炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "毛细支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "梗阻性肺气肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "毛细支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "极度烦躁不安"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "毛细支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "面色苍白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "毛细支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发绀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "毛细支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "bronchiolitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "梗阻性肺气肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "极度烦躁不安"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "梗阻性肺气肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "面色苍白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "梗阻性肺气肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发绀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "6.骨骼发育异常 如各种骨、软骨发育不良等，都有特殊的体态和外貌，可选择进行骨骼X线片及相关溶酶体酶学测定、基因分析等，以明确诊断。 【治疗】 对生长激素缺乏症的治疗主要采用基因重组人生长激素替代治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "生长激素缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨骼发育异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "生长激素缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "基因重组人生长激素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "登革热@### 立克次体病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 有蜱，跳蚤，或螨叮咬史。 登革热@立克次体感染的血清学检查（间接免疫荧光抗体）：阳性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "立克次体病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清学检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "立克次体病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "3.肺血管发育不全（underdevelopment） 指气道、肺泡及相关的动脉数减少，血管面积减小，使肺血管阻力增加。生后除短期内有窘迫外，在生后24小时内可发现有发绀，如有肺部原发性疾病，患儿可出现气急、三凹征或呻吟，动脉血气显示严重低氧，二氧化碳分压相对正常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺血管发育不全", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发绀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺血管发育不全", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气急"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺血管发育不全", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "三凹征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺血管发育不全", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呻吟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肺血管发育不全", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "underdevelopment"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@药物负荷CMR可以作为传统成像受限的稳定型缺血性心脏疾病患者的诊断手段。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "药物负荷CMR"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "高碳酸血症可引起血管扩张，颅内血流增加，致头痛及颅内压增高，严重高碳酸血症可出现中枢抑制，血pH降低。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "高碳酸血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血管扩张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "高碳酸血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅内血流增加"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "高碳酸血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "高碳酸血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅内压增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "高碳酸血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中枢抑制"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "高碳酸血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血pH降低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "铅中毒@全血铅检测是诊断铅中毒的主要方法，但在出现首个症状时就应该开始干预。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "铅中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全血铅检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "狂犬病@结果 阴性 ### 血清立克次氏体抗体 检查 结果 检查 用于排除立克次氏体感染。 狂犬病@结果 阴性 ### 头颅MRI 检查 结果 检查 用于排除急性播散性脑炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "立克次氏体感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头颅MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "食物中毒@表现为轻中度脱水且没有警示性症状或体征（例如便血、严重腹痛、发热和胃肠外表现）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "轻中度脱水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "HIV 感染@ 疫苗接种： * 对于 HIV 感染者，应该尽早或者一旦经 ART 治疗出现免疫系统恢复（因为随着免疫抑制加重免疫应答会减弱）就给予疫苗接种。HIV 感染@ * 推荐接种的疫苗包括肺炎球菌、流感、甲型肝炎和乙型肝炎以及破伤风疫苗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疫苗接种"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "麻风病@ 氯法齐明： * MB 麻风病采用的剂量几乎不含毒性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氯法齐明"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "结核性脑膜炎（tuberculous meningitis)，是小儿结核病中最严重的类型。 脑脊液检査对本病的诊断极为重要。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "结核性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑脊液检査"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "结核性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "tuberculous meningitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现及诊断】 对MAS临床诊断主要有以下方面： （一）宫内窘迫史 有宫内窘迫或产时窒息者，可以在出生后1、5、10分钟进行Apgar评分，低于3分，为严重窒息可能。 【治疗】 （一）清除胎粪和气道吸引 分娩时遇到胎粪污染的新生儿应作如下抉择：如果出生患儿为有活力儿（即有自主呼吸，肌张力基本正常，心率达到100次/分），则只需要用冲洗球或大口径吸引管清理口腔和鼻腔分泌物以及胎粪。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "MAS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "清除胎粪和气道吸引"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "MAS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "宫内窘迫史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【病因】 儿童胰腺炎的病因与成人显著不同。儿童的常见病因是病毒感染、外伤、多系统疾病和胰胆管系统的先天畸形，其中以病毒感染最为重要。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "儿童胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "儿童胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "儿童胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多系统疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "儿童胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰胆管系统的先天畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "（二）脑部损伤 以往曾以“轻微脑损伤”和“轻微脑功能失调”命名本病，说明脑部损伤和（或）脑功能失调是注意缺陷多动障碍的病因。那些已知有额叶损伤，或功能性神经影像学检查发现额叶血流灌注改变的成人，在这些测试中结果异常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "注意缺陷多动障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "有额叶损伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "注意缺陷多动障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "额叶血流灌注改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@患者告知其妻子，他感到压榨性疼痛，且疼痛放射至下颌及左肩。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "压榨性疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下颌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "左肩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "3.查多克（Chaddock）征 在足背外踝下部由足跟向足尖方向划去，正常趾跖曲，趾伸直为病理反射。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "查多克（Chaddock）征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "趾伸直"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@ * 电视胸腔镜手术(VATS)可以用来评估主动脉肺窗的淋巴结。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "电视胸腔镜手术", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "VATS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（二）不伴有局部症状的发热 病史和体格检查不能提示诊断，但实验室检查可明确病原。新生儿可能是社区获得性感染或新生儿脓毒败血症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "不伴有局部症状的发热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "社区获得性感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "不伴有局部症状的发热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生儿脓毒败血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "不伴有局部症状的发热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "实验室检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（二）慢性血吸虫病 流行区所见的患者大多为慢性早期血吸虫病，分无症状型及有症状型两种。无症状型起病常无明显症状而呈慢性经过，仅于普查时或因其他疾病就医时偶然发现；有症状型可表现腹胀，大便有时稀、次数增多，偶见黏液血便，食欲缺乏。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性早期血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹胀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性早期血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大便有时稀、次数增多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性早期血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "偶见黏液血便"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性早期血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "慢性血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性早期血吸虫病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "慢性血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无症状型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "慢性血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "有症状型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "5.缓解脑水肿 淹溺后产生严重神经系统损伤的发生率可达40%以上，目前在淹溺抢救方面特别强调注意脑复苏和维持正常颅内压。机械通气患者可采用过度通气，使动脉血CO2分压维持在25～30mmHg水平。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "淹溺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "过度通气"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@环孢A被认为能通过免疫抑制来促进皮肤癌，但是研究表明，皮肤的癌变中存在一种非免疫抑制依赖的机制。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "皮肤癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "环孢A"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "溶血性贫血@### 非结合（间接）胆红素 检查 结果 检查 血红素分解代谢升高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非结合（间接）胆红素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "多发性硬化症@## 案例 ### 案例 #1 白人女性，28 岁，每天 1 包烟，10 年吸烟史，单眼视力模糊亚急性发作，伴病眼运动时疼痛。多发性硬化症@她还指出辨色困难，特别是红色。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伴病眼运动时疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单眼视力模糊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "每天 1 包烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "辨色困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "产后抑郁症@ * 妊娠和分娩并发症 * 这些因素对产后抑郁症发病有微小但具显著性的影响。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "产后抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "妊娠和分娩并发症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "磨牙症@### 口腔功能紊乱 应询问患者是否意识到有各种口腔功能紊乱，如睡眠期间或白天磨牙、咬铅笔或指甲、伸舌和吸颊。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口腔功能紊乱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "急性阑尾炎@## 并发症 ### 查看全部   并发症 table 并发症 | 时间表 | 可能性 ---|---|--- ### 穿孔 | 短期 | 低 阑尾炎症不断进展超过 12 小时后可能发生。急性阑尾炎@ ### 弥漫性腹膜炎 | 短期 | 低 急性炎症期阑尾的大穿孔会导致弥漫性腹膜炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "穿孔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性阑尾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "穿孔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "弥漫性腹膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "弥漫性腹膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性阑尾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "广泛性焦虑障碍@或 [ 舍曲林 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 50-200mg/d，口服。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "舍曲林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "麻风病@ * 偶尔出现延迟的超敏反应，粒细胞缺乏症更少见。麻风病@ * 该药物治疗常引起中度溶血性贫血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溶血性贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "粒细胞缺乏症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "产后抑郁症@检查 TSH减低（甲状腺功能亢进）或TSH升高（原发性甲状腺功能减退）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲状腺功能亢进", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "TSH减低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "原发性甲状腺功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "TSH升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【导管依赖性循环】 动脉导管未闭在许多先天性心脏病中具有重要作用。 【维持动脉导管开放】 （一）前列腺素 E1和E2 前列腺素E具有保持动脉导管开放的作用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "动脉导管未闭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前列腺素 E1和E2"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "与ALL不同的是M3型临床有更严重的出血倾向，在治疗前及刚开始治疗时易发生DIC，而M5型齿龈浸润较多见。 体格检查除不同程度面色苍白、出血点、紫癜外，半数以上病人有肝、脾、淋巴结不同程度肿大；皮肤、皮下组织浸润时扪及结节，眼眶部浸润时可有眼球突出，这些浸润性肿块（肿瘤部分）切面可因肿瘤细胞所含的髓过氧化酶作用而转化为绿色，因此又将其称为“绿色瘤”。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "M5型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不同程度面色苍白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "M3型临床", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "更严重的出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "M5型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "齿龈浸润"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠期高血压@应详细问及患者的个人史及家族史，明确心血管疾病或其危险因素（如糖尿病、脂质异常）的相关证据。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心血管疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脂质异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖尿病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "心血管疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖尿病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "心血管疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脂质异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@心脏磁共振（CMR）能够通过药物负荷评估存活心肌和心脏功能。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "心脏磁共振", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "CMR"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "急性肾小管坏死（acute tubular necrosis，ATN）可分为缺血性及中毒性两类。中毒性ATN的病变限于近端小管，呈局灶性分布，坏死的肾小管基膜完整，小管上皮再生良好。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "缺血性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "近端小管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急性肾小管坏死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "缺血性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急性肾小管坏死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中毒性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@ 约5%的胰腺炎患者会发生无症状性髓内脂肪坏死。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无症状性髓内脂肪坏死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "婴儿型脚气病多发生于数个月的婴儿，发病急、突然，较成人型难以捉摸，可出现多种临床表现，但以心血管症状占优势。脑型表现主要为发作型哭叫似腹痛状，烦躁不安，前囟饱满，头后仰。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿型脚气病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发作型哭叫似腹痛状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿型脚气病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烦躁不安"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿型脚气病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前囟饱满"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "婴儿型脚气病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头后仰"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病@治疗方法包括支气管舒张剂、吸入性皮质类固醇和全身性皮质类固醇。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管舒张剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸入性皮质类固醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身性皮质类固醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "小细胞肺癌@手术干预在 SCLC 中的作用有限，因为大多数患者处于疾病晚期。小细胞肺癌@对于只有单个肺肿块而没有淋巴结病影像学证据的少数患者，建议进行术前纵膈镜检查来确认 N0 状态。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "纵膈镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "病毒感染后可继发细菌感染,最常见为溶血性链球 菌，其次为肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "细菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溶血性链球 菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "细菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎链球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "细菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流感嗜血杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "病毒感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细菌感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "因婴儿对缺水的耐受力差，在病理情况下如进水不足同时又有水分继续丢失时，由于肾脏的浓缩功能有限，将比成人更易脱水。年龄愈小，肾脏排钠、排酸、产氨能力也愈差，因而也容易发生高钠血症和酸中毒。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "高钠血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾脏的浓缩功能有限"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾脏的浓缩功能有限"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "潜伏期内40%～75%的患者于接触疫水部位出现尾蚴性皮炎。主要症状如下： 1.发热 急性感染者均有发热，热型不一，常为弛张热、间歇热或不规则热；体温多达39℃以上，早晨低，晚间高，开始有寒冷感。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "尾蚴性皮炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "由于呼吸功能不全和容易发生误吸，任何轻微的上呼吸道感染可迅速演变为重症肺炎，危及生命。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "重症肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@对于有进行性发热和全身性症状的患者，在鉴别诊断时必须总是要考虑到亚急性感染性心内膜炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "亚急性感染性心内膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "第四节 支原体肺炎 支原体肺炎（mycoplasmal pneumonia）由肺炎支原体（mycoplasma pneumoniae，MP）引起。 【治疗】 首选大环内酯类抗生素如红霉素，疗程一般较长，不少于2周，停药过早易于复发。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "支原体肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大环内酯类抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "支原体肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "咽峡炎绝大多数患儿可表现为咽部、扁桃体、腭垂充血、肿胀，可见出血点，伴有咽痛，部分患儿扁桃体表面可见白色渗出物或假膜形成@。咽部肿胀严重者可出现呼吸及吞咽困难。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "咽峡炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸及吞咽困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "咽峡炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "（二）缺铁性贫血诊断标准 1. Hb降低 符合WHO儿童贫血诊断标准，即6个月～6岁＜110g/L；6～14岁＜120g/L。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "缺铁性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Hb降低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@无创负荷试验用于明确缺血性心脏病诊断时应局限于依据年龄、性别和症状有中度可能性的患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "缺血性心脏病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无创负荷试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "六、恶性血管内皮瘤 恶性血管内皮瘤（malignant mesothelioma）又称血管肉瘤，小儿少见。多发生于皮肤、软组织、肝和脾等处。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "恶性血管内皮瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤、软组织、肝和脾"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "恶性血管内皮瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "malignant mesothelioma"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "恶性血管内皮瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血管肉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "恶性血管内皮瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小儿少见"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "麻风病@此病同样可能会出现多处浸润斑块或只是弥漫性皮肤浸润。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "弥漫性皮肤浸润"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多处浸润斑块"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "浸润斑块"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "类风湿关节炎@用于 RA 治疗的 TNF-α抑制剂包括依那西普、英夫利西单抗、阿达木单抗、赛妥珠单抗 (certolizumab pegol) 和戈利木单抗 (golimumab)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "RA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "英夫利西单抗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "RA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿达木单抗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "RA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "赛妥珠单抗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "RA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "certolizumab pegol"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "RA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "戈利木单抗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "RA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "golimumab"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "食管癌@也可以通过超声内镜行超声引导下细针穿刺活检。食管癌@ 目前，EUS结合FNA(EUS/FNA)是进行食管癌局部分期的最准确的影像学方法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "食管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "EUS结合FNA(EUS/FNA)"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "食物中毒@如果有以下发现时，则应立即行进一步检查： * 对于出现黄疸和/或重度腹痛的患者，应进行肝功能检查 (liver function test, LFT)，以识别肝炎和胆总管结石。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄疸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "重度腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝功能检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肝功能检查", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "liver function test"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆总管结石"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 （一）肾外表现 主要是过敏性紫癜所致的皮肤、胃肠及关节等方面的症状与体征。 3.水肿 一般为轻～中度，非凹陷性，伴大量蛋白尿时可为凹陷性水肿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃肠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "5.血浆AVP测定 血浆AVP水平对于中枢性尿崩症的诊断意义不大,但血浆AVP结合禁水试验有助于部分性中枢性尿崩症和肾性尿崩症的鉴别诊断。中枢性尿崩症血浆AVP浓度低于正常;肾性尿崩症血浆AVP基础状态可测出，禁饮后明显升高而尿液不能浓缩。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血浆AVP测定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "肾性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血浆AVP测定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "部分性中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血浆AVP结合禁水试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "肾性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血浆AVP结合禁水试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "在疱疹出现前2～3天（潜伏期）患儿常有烦躁、拒食、发热与局部淋巴结肿大。有发热者给予退热剂，患病期间应加强全身支持治疗如给予高维生素高营养流质，或静脉补充营养。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疱疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "退热剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "疱疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身支持治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "疱疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烦躁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "疱疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "拒食"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "疱疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "疱疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "局部淋巴结肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "登革热@[ 脑膜炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/542) ### 伤寒感染 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 流行地区旅游史 有时体温逐渐增高。 登革热@相对心动过缓（但这对于伤寒既不敏感，也没有特异性）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "伤寒感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "相对心动过缓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伤寒感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "伤寒感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体温逐渐增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "肾细胞癌@作为危险因素的囊性疾病：不充分证据表明，尽管慢性肾脏疾病本身可能会引发 RCC，但据估计，有囊肿的患者发展为 RCC 的危险性高达 30 到 50 倍。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "RCC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "囊性疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "营养性巨幼细胞性贫血（nutritional megaloblastic anemia)是由于维生素B12和（或）叶酸缺乏所致的一种大细胞性贫血。 【临床表现】 以6个月至2岁多见，起病缓慢。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "营养性巨幼细胞性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "6个月至2岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "营养性巨幼细胞性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "nutritional megaloblastic anemia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "营养性巨幼细胞性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素B12和（或）叶酸缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "血管炎综合征@ （二）继发性血管炎 感染相关性血管炎、继发于结缔组织病血管炎、药物超敏相关性血管炎、器官移植后血管炎以及混合性冷球蛋白血症等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "血管炎综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "继发性血管炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "感染相关性血管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "继发性血管炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "继发性血管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "药物超敏相关性血管炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "继发性血管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "器官移植后血管炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "继发性血管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "混合性冷球蛋白血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（七）儿童少年精神分裂症 发病初期常有注意缺陷多动障碍表现，但一般起病较晚（6岁以后），且有精神分裂症特征，如情感淡漠、人格改变、思维障碍、妄想和幻觉等，加以之鉴别。②惩罚：出现多动、注意难集中等不良行为后，家长表示不满或取消阳性强化方法中所给的奖励，或采取暂时隔离法，使患儿明白不良行为的后果，有意改正。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "注意缺陷多动障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "惩罚"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "急性膀胱炎@如果患者对复方新诺明或呋喃妥因过敏，或者复方新诺明或呋喃妥因在当地细菌耐药率高，那么，推荐进行为期 3 天的氟喹诺酮治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "复方新诺明"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呋喃妥因"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氟喹诺酮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "前置胎盘@应提醒母亲出现手术并发症的可能性，包括剖宫产子宫切除术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "剖宫产"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "登革热@也可能存在胃肠道症状（如厌食，恶心/呕吐，上腹不适/疼痛），嗜睡/躁动，虚脱，或头晕。登革热@通常情况下，患者会诉食欲不振和/或味觉改变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲不振"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "味觉改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "厌食"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上腹不适"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "躁动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "虚脱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头晕"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "17 α-羟化酶缺乏症（17 α-hydroxylase deficiency, 17-0HD) 本型亦罕见，由于皮质醇 和性激素合成受阻，而11-去氧皮质酮和皮质酮分泌增加，临床出现低钾性碱中毒和高血压。由于缺 乏性激素’女孩可有幼稚型性征、原发性闭经等;男孩则表现为男性假两性畸形，外生殖器女性化’有 乳房发育，但体格检查可见睾丸。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "17 α-羟化酶缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "幼稚型性征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "17 α-羟化酶缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "原发性闭经"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "17 α-羟化酶缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男性假两性畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "17 α-羟化酶缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "17 α-hydroxylase deficiency"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "17 α-羟化酶缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "17-0HD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "17 α-羟化酶缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低钾性碱中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "17 α-羟化酶缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "1.典型的21-羟化酶缺乏症的临床表现 （1）单纯男性化型： 21-羟化酶缺乏症部分性缺乏，占21-羟化酶缺乏症患者总数25%。这些患儿随着年龄增大，往往2岁后出现明显的雄激素过多的体征，阴茎粗大，但由于雄激素增高并非促性腺激素分泌增加所致，故睾丸并无增大，这与真性性早熟完全不同，后者伴睾丸明显发育。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "单纯男性化型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阴茎粗大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "单纯男性化型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睾丸并无增大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "3.胃肠减压 对外科疾病、呕吐较频繁、腹胀者，可先行胃肠减压，缓解症状，同时做有关检查。 5.体位 对呕吐患儿，应提高头部和上身的体位，一般30°左右 。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃肠减压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "提高头部和上身的体位"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体位"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@但超声检查受限于肥胖和肠气，且受操作者水平影响非常大。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "【并发症和后遗症】 硬脑膜下积液 约30% ~60%的化脓性脑膜炎并发硬脑膜下积液，若加上无症状者，其发生率可高达80%。 脑室管膜炎 主要发生在治疗被延误的婴儿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑室管膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "化脓性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硬脑膜下积液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "小细胞肺癌@### 呼吸困难 大多数患者在诊断时都存在呼吸困难的症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "慢性肾病@## 并发症 ### 查看全部   并发症 table 并发症 | 时间表 | 可能性 ---|---|--- ### 贫血 | 长期 | 高 CKD患者的贫血是由随GFR降低而出现的促红细胞生成素不足所导致的。慢性肾病@ ### 代谢性酸中毒 | 存在差异 | 中 代谢性酸中毒在CKD患者中常见，它是由于GFR<50ml/min时肾脏无法排泄酸而导致。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "慢性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "代谢性酸中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "慢性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "代谢性酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "GFR<50ml/min时肾脏无法排泄酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@[ 寻常疣 ](/topics/zh-cn/615) ### 结节性痒疹 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 picker结节是良性皮损，由于慢性摩擦、搔抓、人为破溃造成。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "寻常疣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "寻常疣", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结节性痒疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "结节性痒疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "picker结节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "缺血性卒中@检查 CT或MRI显示出血（高衰减）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@[ 骨髓纤维化 ](/topics/zh-cn/1132) ### 再生障碍性贫血 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 可能有可致再生障碍性贫血的用药史，例如氯霉素和非甾体抗炎药。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "再生障碍性贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "新生儿黄疸@新生儿高胆红素血症的风险在男婴中更高，而且胎龄越小风险越高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "新生儿高胆红素血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男婴"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "新生儿高胆红素血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胎龄越小"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "广泛性焦虑障碍@[ 消化性溃疡 ](/topics/zh-cn/80) ### 克罗恩病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 慢性腹泻、体重下降、右下腹部疼痛（疼痛性质与急性阑尾炎相似）。 广泛性焦虑障碍@检查 结肠镜检查显示黏膜溃疡，充血，水肿，鹅卵石样或跳跃性病变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结肠镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "克罗恩病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "右下腹部疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@所有方案都可导致骨髓抑制，恶心/呕吐，脱发和乏力。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "治疗后症状", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨髓抑制"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "治疗后症状", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "治疗后症状", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "治疗后症状", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脱发"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "治疗后症状", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乏力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 弓形虫可侵犯全身各器官，但以中枢神经系统、眼、淋巴结、心肺、肝脾和骨骼肌为主，新生儿的显性感染多为先天性获得。 2.循环抗体检查 检测弓形虫循环抗体可以作为早期特异性诊断方法，此法灵敏度和特异性高，可作为早期及急性期的诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "弓形虫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "循环抗体检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "弓形虫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中枢神经系统"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "弓形虫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "弓形虫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淋巴结"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "弓形虫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "弓形虫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脾"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "弓形虫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨骼肌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "【缺锌的原因】 （一）摄入不足 食物中含锌不足为锌缺乏的主要原因，母乳中锌的生物利用率比牛乳或大豆蛋白高，推测这与母乳中一种低分子量成分有关。 （二）肠道吸收不良 如患有消化系统疾病，如慢性腹泻、慢性痢疾、胆囊纤维化、肠道感染等疾病，均可减少锌的吸收。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "缺锌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠道吸收不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "缺锌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "摄入不足"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "锌缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "含锌不足"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "早产@ 阴道用制剂（微粒化黄体酮胶囊）可能减少早产。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阴道用制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断】 早产儿IVH的临床症状和体征较少，单凭临床表现很难诊断。 （三）脑脊液检查 IVH的脑脊液表现为出血早期脑脊液红细胞数量和蛋白含量增高，部分病例白细胞增高，然后脑脊液变为黄色，葡萄糖含量降低。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "IVH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑脊液检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "白喉@ 低社会经济地位已确定为白喉杆菌感染的危险因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低社会经济地位"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【病理】 RS的病理改变主要表现在脑和肝脏。星形胶质细胞水肿，颗粒减少，并有空泡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "RS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "星形胶质细胞水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "RS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颗粒减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "RS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "RS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@当患者出现恶心、呕吐和腹痛症状时，应首先对患者进行液体复苏，并禁食。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "液体复苏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "对于残余肿瘤，如果是脉络丛乳头状瘤，则应再次手术切除；若是脉络丛乳头状癌，可考虑放疗。本病预后较好，肉眼全切者，生存时间较长，并且可完全治愈。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "脉络丛乳头状癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "较好"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "脉络丛乳头状癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "转移性乳腺癌@胸腔积液可通过胸腔置管加胸膜固定而缓解。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "胸腔积液", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸腔置管加胸膜固定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "早产@降低围产儿死亡率：已有中等质量的证据表明，对既往有晚期流产史并存在明确早产风险的宫颈机能不全的孕妇行宫颈环扎术，能有效降低围产儿死亡率。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "围产儿死亡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "宫颈环扎术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "急性淋巴细胞白血病@在这种情况下，骨髓活检、外周血涂片、细胞化学和免疫学标记物对诊断很有帮助。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨髓活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外周血涂片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "根据出血部位的不同，ICH可分为脑出血、蛛网膜下腔出血和硬膜下出血等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "ICH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "ICH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "蛛网膜下腔出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "ICH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硬膜下出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "HIV 感染@NRTI、NNRTI 和 PI 是最常使用的抗逆转录病毒药物，并且在非洲南部等地区仅有这些类别的药物可供使用。HIV 感染@INSTI 一般仅在发达国家可用，在有些国家，可以考虑将该药作为一线治疗药物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "INSTI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "NRTI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "NNRTI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@溶栓治疗与卒中危险增加有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溶栓治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "七、脊髓内肿瘤 脊髓内肿瘤占儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤3%～6%，平均发病年龄10岁，包括星形细胞瘤（70%）、少突胶质细胞瘤和神经节胶质瘤（10%）、室管膜瘤（10%）及恶性胶质瘤（10%），其中多数为高度肿瘤。化疗多用于恶性星形细胞瘤和室管膜瘤以及术后残留的低度星形细胞瘤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "脊髓内肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "脊髓内肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童中枢神经系统肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "脊髓内肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "星形细胞瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "脊髓内肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经节胶质瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "脊髓内肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "室管膜瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "脊髓内肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶性胶质瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "脊髓内肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高度肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "脊髓内肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "10岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "乙型肝炎@[ 急性丙型肝炎病毒感染 ](/topics/zh-cn/128) ### 慢性丙型肝炎病毒感染 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 可能无特征性症状体征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性丙型肝炎病毒感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性丙型肝炎病毒感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@鳞状细胞癌通常发生于影响美观的部位，如面部。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "影响美观的部位"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "面部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "新生儿颅内出血（intracranial hemorrhage of the newborn)是新生儿、尤其早产儿常见疾病，也是严重脑损伤的常见形式。 【预防】 加强孕妇围生期保健工作,避免早产;提高产科技术，减少围生儿窒息和产伤;对患有出血性疾病的孕妇及时治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "新生儿颅内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "提高产科技术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "新生儿颅内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "intracranial hemorrhage of the newborn"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "新生儿颅内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "新生儿颅内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早产儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "严重脑损伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生儿颅内出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "新生儿黄疸@### 弱 查看全部   ### 分娩中的催产素 已有报道，与分娩中用前列腺素E2引产相比，产妇分娩中用催产素的新生儿黄疸发病率增加30%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "新生儿黄疸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "分娩中的催产素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "1995年，全国危重急救学学术会议（庐山）提出我国ARDS分期诊断标准。有条件时可以采用CT扫描，尤其对于发现肺泡萎陷、实变有帮助。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "ARDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "表16-15 先天性肌营养不良（CMDs） 目前有3种类型的基因缺陷已确立，它们是Laminin-α2链缺乏、α7缺乏和Fukuyama肌营养不良。近年对Lamininα2链缺乏型CMD、Fukuyama CMD、Walker-Warburg综合征以及肌-眼-脑病研究较多。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "先天性肌营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Lamininα2链缺乏型CMD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "先天性肌营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Fukuyama CMD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "先天性肌营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Walker-Warburg综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "先天性肌营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌-眼-脑病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性肌营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CMDs"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@## 案例 ### 案例 #1 一名 56 岁男性被送到急诊室，出现头痛、发热、视力模糊和嗜睡等症状，而后很快对口头指令无应答。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视力模糊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "对口头指令无应答"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "癫痫持续状态@在 10-15 分钟完全转化成苯妥英。 癫痫持续状态@如果患者使用的是小孔径静脉导管，则输注苯妥英可能会刺激静脉和引起损伤组织。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苯妥英"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病@### 年龄较大 年龄的影响可能与吸烟时间更长以及正常年龄相关的 FEV1 下降相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "年龄较大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病@[ Pneumothorax ](/topics/zh-cn/504) ### 呼吸衰竭 | 存在差异 | 中 一项包括大量慢阻肺合并急性呼吸衰竭患者的研究报告住院死亡率达到 17%-49%。慢性阻塞性肺疾病@ 治疗包括无创正压通气和/或机械通气。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "呼吸衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无创正压通气"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "呼吸衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "机械通气"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "死亡率", "subject": "慢阻肺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "17%-49%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "食物中毒@ * 如果出现严重腹痛，则应检查淀粉酶，以鉴别病因。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "检查淀粉酶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "口咽癌@### 头颈部PET-CT 检查 结果 检查 PET-CT扫描融合了从PET和CT扫描得来的生理和解剖信息，相比其中任何一种检查，进一步提高了检测远处转移的准确性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头颈部PET-CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PET-CT扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "普通感冒@## 监测 多数患者不需要监护。普通感冒@如果咳嗽持续超过 4 周，应进行 CXR 检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "(二）生后诊断 溶血的诊断新生儿娩出后黄疸出现早、且进行性加重,有母子血型不合，改良Coombs和抗体释放试验中有一项阳性者即可确诊。其他诊断溶血的辅助检査有:血涂片检查球形红细胞、有核红细胞、呼出气一氧化碳（ETCO)或血液中碳氧血红蛋白（COHb)水平等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "溶血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血涂片检查球形红细胞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "溶血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "有核红细胞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "溶血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼出气一氧化碳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "溶血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血液中碳氧血红蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "呼出气一氧化碳", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "ETCO"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "血液中碳氧血红蛋白", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "COHb"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断】 （一）诊断 年长儿童反复发作性肉眼血尿并多有上呼吸道或肠道感染的诱因，应考虑本病；表现为单纯镜下血尿或肉眼血尿或伴中等度蛋白尿时，也应怀疑IgA肾病，争取尽早肾活体组织检查。 Ⅱ级：少于50%的肾小球有系膜增生，罕有硬化、粘连和小新月体，称轻微病变，无小管和间质损害。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "IgA肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Ⅱ级"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "IgA肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾活体组织"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "急性阑尾炎@### 病毒性胃肠炎 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 儿童常见，由病毒、细菌或毒素引起。 急性阑尾炎@以水样腹泻、恶心、呕吐为特点。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "病毒性胃肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水样腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "病毒性胃肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "病毒性胃肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性阑尾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "病毒性胃肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "病毒性胃肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "病毒性胃肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "病毒性胃肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "毒素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【发病率】 原发性膀胱输尿管反流在正常婴儿和儿童的发生率很难知道，统计的发生率为1%～18. 5%，但70%发生在尿路感染的患儿中。胎儿肾积水中，由反流引起的也很常见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "原发性膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾积水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "原发性膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1%～18. 5%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "原发性膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿路感染的患儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "迟发型者约90%以上见于单纯母乳喂养儿，单纯母乳喂养儿维生素K缺乏性出血的机会是人工喂养儿的15～20倍，如合并腹泻、使用抗生素、肝胆疾病和长期禁食患儿更易发生，常见急性或亚急性颅内出血，以蛛网膜下腔、硬膜下、硬膜外出血为多见，脑室、脑实质出血少见，临床上有严重的中枢神经系统功能失常及颅内高压的表现，表现为高声尖叫、频繁呕吐、反复抽搐，严重的患儿可出现昏迷。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "迟发型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单纯母乳喂养儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "迟发型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中枢神经系统功能失常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "迟发型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅内高压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "迟发型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高声尖叫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "迟发型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "频繁呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "迟发型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反复抽搐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "肛门癌@在完成该挽救治疗后 6 周若仍未达到完全缓解，则可进行 APR，并行永久性结肠造口术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "永久性结肠造口术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "2.血肾功能及电解质检查 尿崩症者血钠正常或稍高，血浆渗透压多正常或偏高。 3.头颅MRI检查 了解下丘脑和垂体的形态改变，排除颅内肿瘤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头颅MRI检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血钠正常或稍高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "（二）免疫抑制剂 1.糖皮质激素 是治疗SLE基本药物，主要作用于G0期淋巴细胞，有强烈抗炎作用。 2.细胞毒类药物 很多观察均认为皮质激素联合细胞毒性药物治疗狼疮肾炎，疗效远较单用皮质激素或单用细胞毒类药物好。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "SLE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细胞毒类药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "SLE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖皮质激素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "1.营养支持IBD患儿的发病高峰年龄是儿童生长发育的关键时期，除了生长发育对营养物质的需求量增加之外，IBD患儿常有食欲下降、营养物质吸收障碍和丢失增多等现象，营养治疗是IBD 治疗的重要措施之一。可以给予全肠内营养，即停止经口摄食,给予多聚配方或要素配方经鼻胃管喂养。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "IBD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多聚配方"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "IBD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "要素配方"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "IBD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "营养支持"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "IBD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "IBD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "营养治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "【病理解剖】 右室双出口不是一种单一的先天性心脏畸形，该术语仅仅用于描述各种心脏畸形时大血管的位置。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性心脏畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性膀胱炎@### 母亲的泌尿系感染病史 母亲患有泌尿系感染的女性比对照组泌尿系感染风险高 1.6 倍。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "母亲的泌尿系感染病史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "前置胎盘@该患者在第28周因无痛性阴道出血（鲜红色）而返回就诊。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无痛性阴道出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "前置胎盘@边缘性前置胎盘或低置胎盘：足月 – 附加 –   抗 D 免疫球蛋白 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [抗 D 免疫球蛋白]:300μg，肌肉注射，在分娩后72小时内给药 应评估使用抗 D 免疫球蛋白的指征；前置胎盘对该药物的需求情况以及给药剂量并无影响，应遵循标准建议。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "低置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗 D 免疫球蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗 D 免疫球蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "垂体功能减退@### 甲状腺机能减退 用替代甲状腺激素治疗继发性甲状腺功能减退症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲状腺机能减退"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "癫痫持续状态@对于地西泮直肠给药，一直服用巴比妥类药物的患者需要较低剂量 (0.2 mg/kg)（以防中枢神经系统过度抑制），而一直服用苯二氮卓类药物的患者需要较高剂量（出于耐受的可能性）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "地西泮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "巴比妥类"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中枢神经系统"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苯二氮卓类药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@ 指南建议，怀疑或确诊急性冠脉综合征 (ACS) 的患者，如果含氧量正常，不应当常规吸氧。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急性冠脉综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ACS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "另一种形式的IgA称为分泌型IgA（SIgA），存在于人的外分泌物中，如唾液、眼泪、肠内分泌物以及初乳中。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "分泌型IgA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "SIgA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "心肌炎@ ### 纽约心脏协会功能分类(NYHA分类) 类别： * 患者患有心脏病，但未导致体力活动受限。心肌炎@即使在休息时也可能存在心功能不全或心绞痛综合征症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心脏病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心绞痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "登革热@[ 脑炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/436) ### 急性胰腺炎 | 存在差异 | 低 有突出的胃肠道症状，包括腹痛、呕吐者应考虑急性胰腺炎。 登革热@血清淀粉酶水平升高和超声检查可帮助诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清淀粉酶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性胰腺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "百日咳@处于疾病更晚期（感染后 3-10 周）的患者可能会主诉咳嗽加重，首先是阵发性咳嗽的频率增加，接着是咳嗽持续数周不变，继而是咳嗽频率逐渐减少。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "百日咳", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽加重"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "百日咳", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阵发性咳嗽的频率增加"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "百日咳", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽持续数周不变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "百日咳", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽频率逐渐减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "应与各种继发性远端肾小管酸中毒相鉴别。 利尿剂 噻嗪类利尿剂可减少尿钙排泄，促进钙重吸收,防止钙在肾内沉积。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "远端肾小管酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "噻嗪类利尿剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "胆囊炎@如果感染严重、存在解剖结构困难或严重出血，可能需要改为开腹手术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "开腹手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 对HUS的治疗强调加强支持、早期透析和积极对症处理的原则。具体为：①急性期后临床表现为肾小球肾炎或蛋白尿、血尿者用雷公藤多苷治疗；②急性期后表现为肾病综合征者用泼尼松治疗；③有条件者行肾活检检查，根据病理改变调整治疗方案，如有新月体形成或局灶节段性肾小球硬化者加用甲基泼尼松龙和（或）环磷酰胺冲击治疗；④对治疗无反应、仍呈肾功能进行性减退者停用激素和免疫抑制剂，以对症和肾替代疗法为主。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "HUS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "雷公藤多苷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "HUS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泼尼松治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "新生儿黄疸@结果 酶水平正常或降低 ### 渗透脆性试验 检查 结果 检查 在遗传性球形红细胞增多症中为阳性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "新生儿黄疸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "渗透脆性试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@结果 功能障碍 ### 基因筛查 检查 结果 检查 有会议共识表明，只有阳离子胰蛋白酶及丝氨酸蛋白酶1（PRSS1）基因突变检测对遗传性胰腺炎患者具有确切的临床意义，其他基因突变检测，包括囊性纤维化跨膜转运调节因子 (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, CFTR) 或Kazal-1型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂 (serine protease inhibitor, Kazal type 1, SPINK1)，仅应作为研究用途。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "基因筛查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "HELLP 综合征@结果 肌酐可能升高；电解质紊乱 ### 抗凝血酶水平 检查 结果 检查 在疾病进展中发生这些异常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗凝血酶水平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 （一）治疗原则 ALL以化学治疗（化疗）为主要手段。应用SMZco 25～50mg/（kg•d），诱导期可全程应用，缓解后每周用3天，防止发生卡氏肺囊虫肺炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "ALL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "卡氏肺囊虫肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "ALL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化学治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "多发性骨髓瘤@### 初步检查 初步检查包括：FBC 分类技术和血小板计数、尿素、血清肌酐和血清电解质、血清钙和白蛋白、骨骼检查和骨髓穿刺及活检。多发性骨髓瘤@诊断过程中的关键检查为血清和/或尿电泳、骨骼检查和基于骨髓活组织检查或浆细胞瘤活检的组织诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨骼检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨髓穿刺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血小板计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清钙和白蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清和/或尿电泳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨髓活组织检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "浆细胞瘤活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨骼检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "前置胎盘@如果患者已经临产，则需要进行急诊剖宫产手术，因为出血可能突然加重。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "剖宫产"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "惊厥（convulsion)是儿科最常见的急症之一,是由于脑大量神经元一过性同步化放电导致的所涉及随意肌的不可控制的抽搐或者肌张力改变，可以是部分身体（局灶性），也可以是全身性的（全面性）。在急诊情况下，对于惊厥持续状态者，推荐首先取血做血常规、血糖、血电解质（小婴儿必须包含钙、镁）检査,有条件者可以做急诊肝肾功能、血气分析、血氨,如果有病史线索提示时，可酌情行脑脊液检查、抗癫痫药血药浓度检测、血培养、血毒物检测等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血常规"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血糖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血电解质"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急诊肝肾功能"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血气分析"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血氨"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑脊液检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗癫痫药血药浓度检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血毒物检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抽搐或者肌张力改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "convulsion"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "食管癌@腹腔镜结合腹腔镜超声和腹腔灌洗对于确定淋巴结转移的灵敏度为67%，特异度为92%。 食管癌@一些学者提倡对食管和胃腺癌的患者常规行腹腔镜腹膜灌洗和细胞学检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "食管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细胞学检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "转移性乳腺癌@### 体重减轻 该病的常见体征。 转移性乳腺癌@### 罕见 查看全部   ### 神经性疼痛或无力、头痛、癫痫发作 提示可能的脑部或外周神经系统转移。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重减轻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "约70%NB在5岁前发病，极少数在10岁以后发病。 最常见的症状为不同部位的肿块。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "NB", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不同部位的肿块"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "NB", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5岁前"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "食物中毒@对于腹泻超过 3 天，且伴有发热、腹痛、呕吐、头痛或肌痛的患者，应使用能够覆盖志贺氏菌的药物（例如氟喹诺酮）进行治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "覆盖志贺氏菌的药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氟喹诺酮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "（二）梦呓根据其严重程度可分为三度 1.轻度 不是每周发生。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "轻度", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不是每周发生"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "破伤风@ ### 褥疮 | 短期 | 中 长时间卧床可导致褥疮。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "褥疮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "各种原因的急、慢性肝病均可伴发肝性脑病。临床可分四期： Ⅰ期（前驱期）：精神活动迟钝为主，轻度意识模糊，情绪变化，患者言语不清，睡眠规律紊乱，脑电图常无变化。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精神活动迟钝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "轻度意识模糊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "情绪变化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "言语不清"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "睡眠规律紊乱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "儿童糖尿病有特殊的自然病程： 1．急性代谢紊乱期 从出现症状到临床确诊，时间多在1个月以内。 4.永久糖尿病期 青春期后，病情逐渐稳定,胰岛素用量比较恒定,称为永久糖尿病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "儿童糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "永久糖尿病期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "儿童糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性代谢紊乱期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "急性阑尾炎@结果 阴性 ### 需要考虑的检查 ### 查看全部   ### 腹部超声 检查 结果 检查 受操作者影响。急性阑尾炎@对于儿童，可能首选此项检查，以限制 CT 扫描的辐射暴露。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT 扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "喉癌@## 案例 ### 案例 #1 57岁男性，声嘶6个月。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "57岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "川崎病@ 【临床表现】 （一）诊断标准 由于川崎病的病因尚不明确，所以没有经过验证的诊断标准，川崎病的诊断主要依靠临床标准。川崎病@在最近修订的标准中，由于许多患儿会较快地发生冠状动脉瘤，故只需4项表现即可诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发生冠状动脉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "胃黏膜保护剂:①硫糖铝:常用剂量为每日10~25mg/kg,分4次口服,疗程4~8周;②胶体次枸橼酸铋剂:剂量为每日6~8mg/kg，分2次口服，疗程4~6周。 3.消化性溃疡一般不需手术治疗 但如有以下情况，应根据个体情况考虑手术治疗:①溃疡合并穿孔;②难以控制的出血，失血量大,48小时内失血量超过血容量的30% ;③瘢痕性幽门梗阻，经胃肠减压等保守治疗72小时仍无改善;④慢性难治性疼痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "消化性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硫糖铝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "消化性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胶体次枸橼酸铋剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "B族链球菌感染@### 疗养院常住者 疗养院常住者的发病率高于同龄的老年社区居民。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疗养院常住者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "重症渗出性多形红斑@ （七）支持疗法 饮食宜富营养，易消化，进食困难的考虑静脉营养；注意维持水电解质平衡，补充丧失的血浆蛋白，补充维生素，必要时输新鲜血或血浆。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "重症渗出性多形红斑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支持疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "第八章 溶血尿毒综合征 【概述】 溶血尿毒综合征（hemolytic uremic syndrome，HUS）是一种累及多系统、以Grasser三联症（即微血管病性溶血、急性肾衰竭和血小板减少）为主要特征的临床综合征，是小儿急性肾衰竭常见的病因之一。根据其发病有无前驱症状（腹泻），分为典型HUS和非典型HUS。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "溶血尿毒综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "典型HUS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "溶血尿毒综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非典型HUS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "溶血尿毒综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "hemolytic uremic syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "溶血尿毒综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HUS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "川崎病的患儿几乎没有白细胞减少症。正细胞性贫血较常见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "正细胞性贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "基底细胞癌@### 影响美观的部位的低危亚型 查看全部   首选 –   Mohs手术 对于头颈部，从美容的角度来说，保留组织是非常重要的，而该手术具备这项优势。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Mohs手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "【流行病学及发病机制】 儿童淋巴瘤的发病率依年龄不同，在世界不同地区也有显著差异。所有年龄组内男性均占主导地位，但在小于15岁的儿童组内尤其显著，约有四分之三的病例发生于男性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "儿童淋巴瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "儿童淋巴瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小于15岁的儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "床边食管调搏可用于室上速的诊断、鉴别诊断及药物治疗疗效的评价。在危重情况下，如已发生严重心力衰竭，首先推荐直流同步电复律。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "室上速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "直流同步电复律"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "室上速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "床边食管调搏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "心力衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "直流同步电复律"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "胆管癌@## 鉴别诊断 ### 查看全部  ### 肝细胞肝癌 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 患者一般出现进行性肝硬化的症状，伴有黄疸，腹水，扑翼样震颤，下肢水肿，脐周围侧支静脉曲张，并可能酒精红斑症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝细胞肝癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "进行性肝硬化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝细胞肝癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄疸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝细胞肝癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝细胞肝癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "扑翼样震颤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝细胞肝癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下肢水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝细胞肝癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脐周围侧支静脉曲张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝细胞肝癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "酒精红斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病@在高危人群中，应进行肺量计筛查以记录气道阻塞。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺量计筛查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "肝癌@### 钍造影剂 钍造影剂（二氧化钍）是一种在 1920 年代早期到 1950 年代使用的放射性造影剂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钍造影剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "（一）Laminin-α2链缺乏型CMD 此型是常染色体隐性遗传病。 本病的另一个特征是脑白质髓鞘形成不足。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Laminin-α2链缺乏型CMD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑白质髓鞘形成不足"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@胸腔镜内脏神经切除术短期疼痛缓解作用与CPB治疗类似，然而由于尚无比较两种治疗方法的RCT研究、缺乏长期随访资料，且约16%的患者可出现术后并发症，因此该治疗手段仍需要进一步研究。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸腔镜内脏神经切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CPB治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "少量多餐，重症不能进食者给予静脉营养。 （二）病因治疗 绝大多数重症肺炎由细菌感染引起，或混合感染，需采用抗生素治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "少量多餐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "静脉营养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细菌感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "混合感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "持续性抑郁症@重性抑郁或心境恶劣的可卡因使用者，使用文拉法辛治疗并未能改善情绪或可卡因使用结局。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "文拉法辛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "唇腭裂@在系统的文献综述中发现口腔颌面裂通过常规二维超声检出率较低。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "口腔颌面裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "常规二维超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "肥厚型心肌病@### 罕见 查看全部   ### 猝死的家族史 受累家庭成员可能会出现猝死，因此无法明确诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "肥厚型心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "猝死的家族史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@术前常规进行心电图检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心电图检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@因为日光性角化和鳞状细胞癌属同一疾病谱，所以临床鉴别较为困难。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "日光性角化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鳞状细胞癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "胆管癌@### 胰腺癌 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 一个特征是显著的体重下降。胆管癌@患者也可能会出现上腹或腰背痛，这在胆管癌中不常见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上腹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腰背痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "疟疾感染@在恢复期，血清学抗体滴度较急性升高，但在疾病早期无帮助 [ 流感 ](/topics/zh-cn/6) ### 伤寒（伤寒菌感染） 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 在印度最常见。疟疾感染@偶尔需要骨髓培养。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "伤寒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨髓培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "伤寒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "印度"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "伤寒菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "印度"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "急性化脓性扁桃体炎起病急，局部及全身症状均较重，咽痛剧烈，吞咽困难，疼痛常向耳部放射。下颌角淋巴结肿大。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性化脓性扁桃体炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下颌角淋巴结肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性化脓性扁桃体炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽痛剧烈"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性化脓性扁桃体炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吞咽困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "急性化脓性扁桃体炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "耳部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性化脓性扁桃体炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疼痛常向耳部放射"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "小细胞肺癌@例如，放疗后患者可能出现肺炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "骨性关节炎@联合 –   非药物治疗方法 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 方法取决于骨性关节炎的位置，并包括患者教育、自我管理和运动计划， 物理治疗和职业治疗、 手法松动术、 股四头肌强化运动、 膝关节支具、选择正确的鞋子、以及针对髌股关节疼痛的髌骨支具或夹具。骨性关节炎@一项包含10个随机对照试验的Cochrane综述总结：合理锻炼可以减轻髋关节骨性关节炎的疼痛、改善其生理功能。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "合理锻炼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "患者教育"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "自我管理"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "物理治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "职业治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手法松动术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "股四头肌强化运动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膝关节支具"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "选择正确的鞋子"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "肥厚型心肌病@附加 –   转诊，心脏移植 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 如果患者药物治疗无效，建议转诊，考虑行心脏移植手术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "肥厚型心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心脏移植手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "胃炎@ 在蜂窝织炎性胃炎中，化脓性病变主要累及胃壁的黏膜下层和肌层。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "化脓性病变", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃壁的黏膜下层"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "化脓性病变", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌层"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "前列腺癌@ 如果淋巴结阳性的患者决定接受期待疗法，，则应每3~6个月复查PSA及进行体检（包括直肠指检）。前列腺癌@ 如PSA停止下降或连续两次升高时，应考虑给予包括LHRH激动剂的雄激素剥夺治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PSA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "慢性髓性白血病@### 慢性期 标准初始治疗是伊马替尼。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伊马替尼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "骨性关节炎@### 手术 在使用多种治疗方法后仍然存在疼痛的骨关节炎患者或疼痛需要常规阿片类药物或引起严重功能障碍时，则应当转诊征求骨外科的意见并应当考虑关节置换术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "治疗后症状", "subject": "骨关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "功能障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "骨关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节置换术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "③维持血糖在正常范围。 2. 控制惊厥 惊厥是重度HIE常见症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "HIE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维持血糖在正常范围"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "HIE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "控制惊厥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "有些病儿直到尸检时才发现其为化脑。 （六）特异性细菌抗原测定 利用免疫学技术检查患儿脑脊液、血、尿中细菌抗原为快速确定病原菌的特异方法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "特异性细菌抗原测定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "肾小球肾炎@[ 高甘油三酯血症 ](/topics/zh-cn/146) ### 高凝状态 | 短期 | 中 与狼疮（抗磷脂抗体）和肾病综合征（抗凝因子Ⅲ从尿中丢失，蛋白 C 和蛋白 S 水平的变化，血小板聚集能力增强）相关。肾小球肾炎@可能需要给予肝素和华法林抗凝。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "高凝状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "高凝状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "华法林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高凝状态"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "狼疮", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高凝状态"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肾病综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高凝状态"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 （一）治疗原则 ALL以化学治疗（化疗）为主要手段。 1.诱导缓解治疗 ALL诱导缓解治疗首选国内外常用的标准方案VDLP方案：即长春新碱（VCR）1. 5mg/m2，每周1 次×4次；柔红霉素（DNR）30mg/m2，每周1次，共2～3次（HR-ALL用3次，SR-ALL用2次）；左旋-门冬酰胺酶（L-Asparaginase，L-ASP）6000～10 000U/m2，隔天1次共6～8次（HR-ALL用8次，SR-ALL用6次）；泼尼松（Prednisone）每天60mg/m2，分三次口服，共28天，减停7天。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "ALL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "长春新碱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "ALL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "柔红霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "ALL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "左旋-门冬酰胺酶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "ALL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泼尼松"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "ALL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化学治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 各种细菌所致化脑的临床表现大致相仿，可归纳为感染、颅压增高及脑膜刺激症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅压增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜刺激症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜刺激"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "国外报道广泛性焦虑症在青少年的发病率为2. 9%～4. 1%，男女之比在青春前为1. 7∶1；青年期为1∶3。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "广泛性焦虑症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "2. 9%～4. 1%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "广泛性焦虑症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1. 7∶1"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "广泛性焦虑症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1∶3"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "（五）制定特殊治疗方法 消化道出血分非静脉曲张性出血和静脉曲张性出血两类，根据不同的类别采用不同的治疗方法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非静脉曲张性出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "静脉曲张性出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肾细胞癌@ * 替西罗莫司是一种 m-TOR 抑制剂，已经证实它可以改善无既往治疗史和预后不良的转移性 RCC 患者的总生存率。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肾细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "替西罗莫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "病毒性脑膜炎@### 检查 最重要的一项为脑脊液检查，应当对所有疑似脑膜炎患者进行该检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "病毒性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑脊液检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "广泛性焦虑障碍@或 [ 帕罗西汀 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 起始剂量为每天早晨口服一次10mg/d（速释型），后可每周增加10mg/d，最高剂量为60mg/d。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "帕罗西汀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠胆汁淤积@由于降低胆汁酸并达到有意义的疗效所需剂量会导致严重的腹胀、痉挛和便秘，很多患者无法忍受考来烯胺。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹胀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "痉挛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "便秘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【辅助检査】 脑电图 以弥漫性或局限性异常慢波背景活动为特征少数伴有棘波、棘-慢复合波。某些病毒性脑膜炎患者脑电图也可正常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "病毒性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "急性咽喉炎@## 二级预防 具有风湿热病史的患者才需要针对 A 型 _链球菌_ (GAS) 的抗生素预防。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素预防"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "血吸虫病@另外，克罗恩病肠外表现如关节炎、结节性红斑、葡萄膜炎和坏疽性脓皮病在慢性血吸虫病中不宜看到。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "克罗恩病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@### 腹痛 可能会出现重度腹痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "原发性高血压@检查 地塞米松抑制试验异常，24小时尿游离皮质醇和/或深夜唾液皮质醇。 原发性高血压@[ 库欣综合征 ](/topics/zh-cn/205) ### 嗜铬细胞瘤 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 阵发性血压升高，潮红和头痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "原发性高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜铬细胞瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "自身免疫性肝炎@[ 非酒精性脂肪性肝炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/770) ### 酒精性肝病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 临床表现类似于转氨酶慢性升高，且症状类似。 自身免疫性肝炎@肝组织学检查显示大泡性脂肪变性、中性粒细胞浸润、小静脉周炎症和纤维化分布、马洛里小体。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "酒精性肝病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝组织学检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "酒精性肝病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "转氨酶慢性升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "多发性骨髓瘤@结果 溶骨性病变 ### 血清游离轻链测定 检查 结果 检查 非分泌性 MM 的诊断性和随访检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清游离轻链测定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溶骨性病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "猫叫综合征@随年龄变化，小头持续存在，但脸变长，下颌骨发育不良更为明显。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "猫叫综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小头"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "猫叫综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脸变长"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "猫叫综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下颌骨发育不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "真菌性脑膜炎@ 组织胞浆菌性脑膜炎： * 因亚急性或慢性脑膜炎而出现的发热、头痛及颈部强直。真菌性脑膜炎@ * 因脑局部病灶及脊髓病变而产生的局灶性神经系统症状和卒中综合征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈部强直"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "组织胞浆菌性脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【流行病学】 国外流行病学调查显示MG年发病率为7. 4/10万。本病可见于任何年龄，既往认为有两个高峰年龄，第一个高峰年龄为20～40岁，女性多见；第二个高峰年龄在40～60岁，以男性多见，多合并胸腺瘤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "MG", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "女性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "MG", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "MG", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "40～60岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "MG", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸腺瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "MG", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "7. 4/10万"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "（三）抗病毒药物 1.高价免疫球蛋白 注射从人血清中提取的高价乙肝免疫球蛋白能有效清除乙肝病毒保护暴露人群。 2.干扰素（IFN） 目前多采用IFN-α 100万U皮下注射，连用一周后改为隔天一次，疗程3～6个月，抑制HBV的复制较肯定。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "乙肝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "干扰素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "乙肝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "IFN"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "乙肝", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高价免疫球蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "前列腺癌@加巴喷丁可以中等程度地减少男性患者由于雄激素缺乏导致的血管舒缩性障碍所引起的热潮红，推荐使用加巴喷丁之前，还需要与其他药物（如，甲地孕酮）进行随机对照研究。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "热潮红", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "加巴喷丁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "微小病变型肾小球未见以上沉积,其滤过膜静电屏障损伤原因可能与细胞免疫失调有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "微小病变型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "滤过膜静电屏障损伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@尽管对于急性心肌梗死，肌钙蛋白的诊断准确性优于和肽素，但已经证明，与单用肌钙蛋白相比，和肽素与肌钙蛋白联合可显著提高敏感性和阴性预测值。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "和肽素与肌钙蛋白联合"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@ * 人类疱疹病毒 6：免疫功能受损的患者应使用更昔洛韦或膦甲酸。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "更昔洛韦"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膦甲酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "产后抑郁症@ * 心理社会因素 * 生活事件：近期生活事件与产后抑郁症间关联紧密。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "产后抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "近期生活事件"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "第二节 急进性肾小球肾炎 急进性肾小球肾炎（rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis，RPGN）简称急进性肾炎，系急进性肾炎综合征。 （三）肾功能不全 表现为血尿素氮、肌酐浓度进行性升高，肌酐清除率明显降低。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾功能不全"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血尿素氮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌酐浓度进行性升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌酐清除率明显降低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "RPGN"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急进性肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急进性肾炎综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急进性肾小球肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "### 肝脏血肿 | 短期 | 低 见于大约 1% 的患者。HELLP 综合征@如果患者的疼痛突然停止，发生低血压，应当怀疑包膜破裂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "肝脏血肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "包膜破裂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "包膜破裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "中耳炎@幼儿出现急躁和不安，并伴随发热症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急躁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不安"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "急性感染性喉炎(acute infectious laryngitis)是指喉部黏膜的急性弥漫性炎症。可有发热、犬吠样咳嗽、声撕、吸气性喉鸣和三凹征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性感染性喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性感染性喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "犬吠样咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性感染性喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "声撕"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性感染性喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸气性喉鸣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性感染性喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "三凹征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急性感染性喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "acute infectious laryngitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "急性感染性喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喉部黏膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "B族链球菌感染@因此，新生儿还可能出现以下体征（具体取决于感染的病灶部位）：癫痫发作、颈项强直、囟门膨胀或克尼格氏征或布鲁金斯基氏征（脑膜炎）；心动过速、低血压、呼吸急促或毛细血管再充盈不佳（脓毒症）；耻骨上压痛或肋椎角压痛（尿路感染）；或者呼吸窘迫、发绀、鼻翼煽动、肋间或肋下凹陷、呼吸音减弱、听诊有湿啰音或胸膜摩擦音（肺炎）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癫痫发作"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈项强直"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "囟门膨胀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "克尼格氏征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "布鲁金斯基氏征（脑膜炎）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心动过速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸急促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸窘迫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发绀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻翼煽动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肋间或肋下凹陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸音减弱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "听诊有湿啰音"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸膜摩擦音（肺炎）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "真菌性脑膜炎@结果 阳性或阴性 ### 血清隐球菌抗原检测 检查 结果 检查 推荐用于所有未诊断或疑似真菌性脑膜炎的免疫缺陷患者中。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清隐球菌抗原检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "乙型肝炎@如果需要治疗，AASLD 指南指出，干扰素 α-2b 已批准用于治疗≥1 岁儿童，拉米夫定和恩替卡韦已批准用于治疗≥2 岁儿童（但恩替卡韦的耐药风险更低），替诺福韦二吡呋酯已批准用于治疗≥12 岁儿童。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "干扰素 α-2b"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "拉米夫定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恩替卡韦"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "替诺福韦二吡呋酯"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "尘肺@口服皮质类固醇用于慢性铍肺的治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性铍肺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮质类固醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病@结果 FEV1/FVC 比值＜0.70；完全缺乏可逆性不是必要结果，也不是最典型的结果 ### 脉搏血氧测定法 检查 结果 检查 急性表现时作为生命体征的一部分进行检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脉搏血氧测定法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "胆管癌@影像学检查结果与实验室检查一起分析后，如果胆管癌的临时诊断成立，患者将进一步行经内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）， 磁共振胰胆管造影（MRCP），或经皮肝穿刺插管（PTC）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "实验室检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "经皮肝穿刺插管（PTC）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "磁共振胰胆管造影（MRCP）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 （一）MDS的临床表现 多样，通常起病隐匿，症状轻重取决于贫血、白细胞和血小板减少的程度和速度。并发症以出血和感染多见，在未转变为急性白血病的病例中，大多死于这两个原因，两者的发生率约分别为20%和39%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "MDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "MDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "20%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "39%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "转移性乳腺癌@## 分类 ### 广为接受的是根据受累器官进行分组 尽管尚无公认的分组意见，但转移性乳腺癌一般按照如下进行分组： * 病变仅限于骨及软组织的患者：该组患者的病程一般更偏向于惰性，生存时间较长。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "软组织"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "前列腺癌@## 一级预防 最近的一项研究显示，给予5-α还原酶抑制剂（5-ARI）非那雄胺治疗的男性中，前列腺癌患病风险会降低25％。前列腺癌@ 虽然 5-ARI 可以降低前列腺癌的发病风险，但在使用前列腺特异性抗原 (PSA) 和直肠指检 (digital rectal examination, DRE) 进行前列腺癌规律筛查的男性中，5-ARI 可能会增加高级别前列腺癌的患病风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前列腺特异性抗原 (PSA)"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@ * 更多侵入性的检查包括淋巴结穿刺（特别是锁骨上和颈部）， 纤维支气管镜包括支气管内超声检查，内镜超声、经胸廓的针吸活检。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淋巴结穿刺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "纤维支气管镜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管内超声检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内镜超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "经胸廓的针吸活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "帕金森病@结果 黑质高回声 ### 使用碘-123 间碘苄胍 (meta-iodobenzylguanidine, MIBG) 进行心交感神经检查 检查 结果 检查 常规进行不现实。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黑质高回声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心交感神经检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "一般类型急性上呼吸道感染 症状 局部症状:鼻塞、流涕、喷嚏、干咳、咽部不适和咽痛等,多于3 ~4天内自然痊愈。腹痛多为脐周阵发性疼痛，无压痛，,可能为肠痉挛所致;如腹痛持续存在，多为并发急性肠系膜淋巴结炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无压痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "急性上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性肠系膜淋巴结炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻塞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流涕"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喷嚏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "干咳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽部不适"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腹痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脐周阵发性疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "腹痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠痉挛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "真菌性脑膜炎@鼻窦侵袭性曲霉菌病可能导致肥厚性硬脑膜炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肥厚性硬脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "鼻窦侵袭性曲霉菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肥厚性硬脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "EH的发病机制尚不清楚，多数学者认为与颅外静脉阻塞引起颅内静脉压力增高，尤其是上矢状窦压力升高，产生蛛网膜颗粒水平的脑脊液吸收障碍有关。常以头围增大就诊。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "EH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头围增大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "儿童偏头痛@症状缓解：有低质量的证据表明，与安慰剂相比，应用 3-5 个月之后，托吡酯在减少头痛发作频率方面更有效。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "安慰剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "托吡酯"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "抗原检测发现，Hib占所有化脑的51. 3%，其中58. 8%为1岁以下，80. 5%为5岁以下，5岁以下儿童Hib脑膜炎的发病率为10. 4/10万。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "Hib脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "10. 4/10万"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "唇腭裂@因此，口腔颌面裂新生儿都应接受听力筛查。唇腭裂@如果有咽鼓管功能障碍的证据时，鼓室和头颈部手术评估后行双侧鼓膜切开术和T型管（Shepard形）放置。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "T型管（Shepard形）放置"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "听力筛查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "咽鼓管功能障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双侧鼓膜切开术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "咽鼓管功能障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "T型管（Shepard形）放置"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "多发性骨髓瘤@副作用与高剂量治疗有关，包括贫血、中性粒细胞减少症、血小板减少症和感染风险增加。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中性粒细胞减少症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血小板减少症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "喉癌@ ### 呼吸音减弱。 喉癌@提示有呼吸道梗阻或肺炎，特别是吸气相时。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "呼吸道梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸音减弱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸音减弱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "早产儿发生败血症和脑膜炎的机会是足月新生儿的4倍，败血症死亡率高达30%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "死亡率", "subject": "败血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "30%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "胃炎@### 使用非甾体类抗炎药（NSAID） 5%-50%使用NSAIDs的患者有胃炎，但是只有10%-20%的患者存在消化不良的症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "使用非甾体类抗炎药（NSAID）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "胰腺癌@目前，研究派姆单抗治疗胰腺癌效果的 1 期和 2 期试验正在进行中。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "派姆单抗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "（二）颅内血容量增加 各种原因所致的颅内血容量增加均可导致颅压高。常见的疾病包括：脑外伤所致的脑血管扩张；蛛网膜下腔出血（脑血管畸形或其他原因所致）；颅内静脉窦血栓；动脉和静脉血压升高等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "脑血管扩张", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅压高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "蛛网膜下腔出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅压高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "颅内静脉窦血栓", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅压高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（一）溃疡性结肠炎的诊断和鉴别诊断 溃疡性结肠炎为局限于结肠黏膜的慢性弥漫性炎症，从直肠开始向近段蔓延呈连续性、对称性分布，病变为炎症和溃疡。 结肠镜检查和黏膜活体组织学检查是诊断的关键。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结肠镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黏膜活体组织学检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@由临床医生判定是否需要心脏彩超随诊评价。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心脏彩超"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "转移性乳腺癌@内脏转移的患者一般病情更加凶险，且存活时间更短。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内脏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "第二节 气胸与脓气胸 气胸（pneumothorax）是指肺外、胸膜腔内有气体蓄积。 少量闭合性或开放性气胸、肺压缩程度＜20%者，可让患儿卧床休息，气体大多在2～4周内被吸收。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "卧床休息"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "pneumothorax"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "一、急性鼻咽炎 急性鼻咽炎（acute nasopharyngitis）俗称伤风或感冒（common cold），病原体侵犯鼻及鼻咽部为主，主要病原为鼻病毒、副流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒和冠状病毒，其他病原少见。病程约3～5天，如体温持续不退或病情加重，应考虑合并细菌感染或出现并发症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性鼻咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "合并细菌感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急性鼻咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "acute nasopharyngitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急性鼻咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伤风"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急性鼻咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感冒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "common cold"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性鼻咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性鼻咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "副流感病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性鼻咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸道合胞病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性鼻咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冠状病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "急性鼻咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "急性鼻咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻咽部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "多发性硬化症@ 7.大脑功能 * 0 - 正常 * 1 - 情绪变化 * 2 - 心理状态轻度下降 * 3 - 心理状态中度下降 * 4 - 心理状态显著下降 * 5 - 痴呆 * V - 不确定。多发性硬化症@ 8.其他功能 * 0 - 正常 * 1 - 其他神经检查结果。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大脑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "癫痫持续状态@结果 能显示出血、缺血性卒中、水肿和肿瘤、脑积水。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "缺血性卒中"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "癫痫持续状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑积水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "结节性硬化症@多见于躯干背部及腰骶部皮肤，青春期后出现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "结节性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "躯干背部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "结节性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腰骶部皮肤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 中枢神经系统肿瘤的发病机制及其临床表现，具有缓慢进行性加重的特征。典型症状为头痛、呕吐、嗜睡及视神经乳头水肿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中枢神经系统肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中枢神经系统肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中枢神经系统肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中枢神经系统肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视神经乳头水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断】 破伤风的症状最有特征性，根据消毒不严的接生史、出生后典型发作表现，一般容易诊断；早期尚无典型表现时，可用压舌板检查患儿咽部，若越用力下压，压舌板反被咬得越紧，也可确诊。 3.氯丙嗪 每次0. 5～1mg/kg，稀释后静滴，每6～8小时可重复一次。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氯丙嗪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "类风湿关节炎@在 RA 患者使用生物制剂的综述中，在参加有偿工作方面几乎所有研究均获得阳性结果。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生物制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "成人哮喘@长效β激动剂 (LABA) 保护作用长达 12 小时。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "长效β激动剂", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "LABA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@诱导治疗方案 * 标准诱导疗法包括维 A 酸（又称为全反式维甲酸 [all-trans-retinoic acid, ATRA]）联合基于蒽环类药物的化疗（例如，伊达比星、柔红霉素）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "诱导疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "疟疾感染@此外，鼻咽拭子PCR可以排除流感病毒感染。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "流感病毒感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻咽拭子PCR"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "另外，克雷伯杆菌、李斯特菌也可引起新生儿宫内、出生时感染性肺炎。 巨细胞病毒、单纯疱疹病毒、风疹病毒等，以及原虫（如弓形虫）、衣原体、支原体（如解脲支原体）等也可引起新生儿感染性肺炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "巨细胞病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "克雷伯杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "李斯特菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单纯疱疹病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "风疹病毒等"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "原虫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "弓形虫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "衣原体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支原体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "解脲支原体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "急性咽喉炎@## 治疗流程 请注意，同一药物不同名称的剂型和剂量可能不同： [ 参见免责声明 ](https://bestpractice.bmj.com/info/disclaimer/) 急性 ### 全部患者 查看全部   首选 –   支持治疗 #### 第一选择 [ 对乙酰氨基酚 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 儿童：10~15mg/kg，口服，根据需要每4~6小时一次，最大剂量75mg/kg/d；成人：500~1000mg，口服，根据需要每4~6小时一次，最大剂量4000mg/d。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "对乙酰氨基酚"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "前置胎盘@[Premature labour] ### 胎盘异常附着 | 短期 | 中 胎盘附着在下方的子宫肌层。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胎盘异常附着"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "狂犬病@其他可用于缓解症状的药物包括阿片类止痛药、抗惊厥药物（用于癫痫发作）、神经肌肉阻滞剂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿片类止痛药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经肌肉阻滞剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗惊厥药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "一、病 因 许多血液病、脑血管发育异常及颅内外其他病变均与小儿ICH的发生有关，其病因可以是单一的，亦可由多种病因联合所致。 （二）血液病 血液病是小儿脑血管病的重要病因，在尸检的血液病例中有50%发现自发性脑出血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "ICH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血液病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "第十七章 瑞氏综合征 瑞氏综合征（Reye综合征，Reye’s syndrome，RS），又名脑病伴内脏脂肪变性，由澳大利亚小儿病理学家Reye等于1963年首先报道，以急性脑病和肝脏脂肪变性为主要临床特征。多数病例预后不良，因严重颅内压增高及脑疝致死，或遗留严重的神经系统后遗症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "瑞氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "严重颅内压增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "瑞氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑疝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "瑞氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Reye综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "瑞氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Reye’s syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "瑞氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "RS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "瑞氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑病伴内脏脂肪变性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "瑞氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性脑病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "瑞氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脏脂肪变性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@ 值得注意的是，这些诊断标准并未对胰腺炎的严重程度进行分级，并且将梗阻性胰腺炎、自身免疫性胰腺炎和肿瘤形成性胰腺炎等排除在慢性胰腺炎定义之外。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "梗阻性胰腺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "自身免疫性胰腺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肿瘤形成性胰腺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "早产@早产儿从宫内转运至有合适的支持监护设备的病房及产前使用皮质类固醇激素可降低围产儿的死亡率及并发症发病率。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "围产儿的死亡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮质类固醇激素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "（一）21-三体综合征（Down综合征） 据报道3%的HD患儿患有Down综合征，是正常人群发病率的4倍。与HD有关的其他染色体异常还有：常染色体2、10和13缺失症，11、22部分三体综合征等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "HD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "常染色体2、10和13缺失症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "HD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "11、22部分三体综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "HD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "21-三体综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "21-三体综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Down综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@ ### 糖尿病 | 长期 | 高 糖耐量异常常见。 慢性胰腺炎@可通过胰岛素补充进行治疗，然而由于低胰高血糖素血症和肝脏糖异生，出现低血糖的风险增加。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低血糖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖尿病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖耐量异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "低血糖", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脏糖异生"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "低胰高血糖素血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低血糖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性阑尾炎@[ 克罗恩病 ](/topics/zh-cn/42) ### 消化性溃疡疾病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 可能有也可能没有消化性溃疡病史。 急性阑尾炎@检查 立位 X 线胸片和腹部 X 线检查可能显示出膈下游离气体 [ 消化性溃疡疾病 ](/topics/zh-cn/80) ### 右侧输尿管结石 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 疼痛通常为绞痛，强度为重度。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "消化性溃疡疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "立位 X 线胸片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "消化性溃疡疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部 X 线检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "克罗恩病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化性溃疡疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "消化性溃疡疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化性溃疡病史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "右侧输尿管结石", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "绞痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "右侧输尿管结石"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "叶酸缺乏不发生神经系统症状，但可导致神经精神异常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "叶酸缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经精神异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "胆囊炎@腹腔镜胆囊切除术现在为首选治疗。胆囊炎@早期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (ELC) 可显著减少住院天数 但不会显著影响开腹胆囊切除术的转化率。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (ELC)"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹胆囊切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹腔镜胆囊切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 （一）维持正常脑灌注 大量IVH时，由于动脉压降低和颅内压增高，脑灌流减少，因此必须维持血压在足够的水平，同时避免血压的过度波动和脑血流速度的突然升高，没有必要的过分积极治疗反而会加重已经存在的脑损伤。 （四）出血后脑室扩张的处理 急性期过后，应随访颅脑超声，评估脑室大小，随访间隔时间根据病程而定，病情越重，间隔时间越短，一般5～10天随访1次。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "IVH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血后脑室扩张的处理"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "IVH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维持正常脑灌注"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@环孢A可以促进免疫缺陷小鼠的原发皮肤癌生长，以及体外角质形成细胞生长。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "环孢A"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "原发皮肤癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "环孢A"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "原发皮肤癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体外角质形成细胞生长"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "休克中晚期：面色苍白、四肢厥冷、脉搏细弱、尿量减少，有严重缺氧和循环衰竭表现，如呼吸急促、唇周发绀、烦躁不安、意识障碍、动脉血氧分压降低、血氧饱和度下降、代谢性酸中毒；心率增快、四肢及皮肤湿冷、出现花纹，血压降低，收缩压可低于40mmHg以下，尿量减少或无尿，晚期可有DIC表现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "面色苍白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "四肢厥冷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脉搏细弱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿量减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸急促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "唇周发绀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烦躁不安"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "意识障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "动脉血氧分压降低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血氧饱和度下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "代谢性酸中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心率增快"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "四肢及皮肤湿冷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出现花纹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿量减少或无尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "DIC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "骨性关节炎@### 利克飞龙 一项多中心研究发现了利克飞龙（一种脂氧合酶和环氧化酶抑制剂）与萘普生相比较，作为疾病改善药物对关节软骨的作用。骨性关节炎@磁共振成像检查与X线片检查分别在试验开始、6个月时（仅做磁共振成像检查）、12个月时和24个月时进行。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "萘普生"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "利克飞龙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "磁共振成像检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "X线片检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "急性咽喉炎@[ 传染性单核细胞增多症 ](/topics/zh-cn/123) ### 白喉 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 咽部附着灰色膜的一种咽炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白喉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "传染性单核细胞增多症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "口咽癌@然而，单独行PET扫描或联合CT扫描已非正式的改变了传统的诊断方式。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PET扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "联合CT扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "大约有50%的胸壁肿瘤是腺泡型横纹肌肉瘤，其他尚有骨骼外Ewing肉瘤和未分化肉瘤也可见这种组织类型。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "腺泡型横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸壁肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "部分毛细支气管炎患儿日后可发生反复喘息发作,甚至发展为哮喘，机制尚不完全清楚。主要表现为下呼吸道梗阻症状，出现呼气性呼吸困难、呼气相延长伴喘息。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "毛细支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下呼吸道梗阻症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "（二）全身症状 常有发热、精神萎靡、哭吵不安，严重者出现嗜睡、面色苍白、唇周发绀。 （三）水 、电解质平衡紊乱 新生儿腹泻常在短时间内发生脱水、酸中毒、低钠血症、低钾血症等并发症，严重者面色发灰、皮肤花纹、四肢发凉、尿少，出现休克。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精神萎靡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "哭吵不安"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "面色苍白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "唇周发绀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脱水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "酸中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低钠血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低钾血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "面色发灰"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤花纹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "四肢发凉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "休克"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "PKU属常染色体隐性遗传，其特点是：①患儿父母都是致病基因携带者（杂合子）；②患儿从父母各得到一个致病基因，是纯合子；③患儿母亲每次生育有1/4可能性为PKU患儿；④近亲结婚的子女发病率较一般人群为高。约80%患儿有脑电图异常，异常表现以癫痫样放电为主。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "普通感冒@在儿童中需考虑毛细支气管炎和哮吼。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "毛细支气管炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "哮吼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "转移性乳腺癌@结果 可能正常；骨转移或广泛转移至肝脏，则实验室检查结果异常（例如碱性磷酸酶升高或肝酶全部紊乱） ### 钙 检查 结果 检查 如果升高，应考虑进行骨扫描，因为可能是骨转移所致。 转移性乳腺癌@结果 可能正常；升高则可能提示骨骼病变 ### 胸部 X 线检查 (CXR) 检查 结果 检查 所有患者均需记录基础值。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "碱性磷酸酶升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "严重病例有明显梗阻性肺气肿，常有极度烦躁不安、面色苍白及发绀。胸部叩诊呈过清音，毛细支气管接近完全梗阻时，呼吸音明显减低或完全听不到，或仅有呼气延长及哮鸣音，喘憋时常听不到湿啰音，趋于缓解时则可有弥漫性中小水泡音、捻发音。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "梗阻性肺气肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部叩诊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "梗阻性肺气肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "极度烦躁不安"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "梗阻性肺气肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "面色苍白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "梗阻性肺气肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发绀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "唇腭裂@通过小腿外侧支撑植骨和鼻尖精炼技术（鼻翼软骨对缝和尖盾移植）改善对称性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外侧支撑植骨"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻尖精炼技术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "心房扑动@然而，消融治疗心房扑动通常是非常安全的。心房扑动@ ### 心动过速介导的心肌病 | 存在差异 | 低 由于不良心率控制和主动心房收缩丧失，心肌病可导致并支持对转律的需求。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "心房扑动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心动过速介导的心肌病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肺结核@如果这些药物无法组成最低数量的药物，则可以添加 D2 组中的一种药物（贝达喹啉适用于成人，德拉马尼适用于 6-17 岁儿童和成人）和 D3 组中的其他制剂（氨基水杨酸、亚胺培南/西司他丁、美罗培南、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、氨硫脲），以使药物总数达到 5 种。肺结核@该治疗方案可以通过使用高剂量异烟肼和/或乙胺丁醇进一步强化。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "西司他丁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "美罗培南"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿莫西林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "克拉维酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氨硫脲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氨基水杨酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "亚胺培南"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "根据支气管扩张的形态分为4型：①圆柱状：较局限，常见于轻症；②囊状：分布范围较广，多为重症；③核状：介于两者之间；④混合型：兼有以上两种形态，较常见。 轻症患儿胸片仅见肺纹理增粗，病变明显时可见中下肺大小不等的环状透光阴影，呈卷发状或蜂窝状，常伴肺段、肺叶不张影及周围炎性浸润影。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管扩张", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺纹理增粗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "支气管扩张", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "圆柱状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "支气管扩张", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "核状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "支气管扩张", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "囊状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "支气管扩张", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "混合型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "慢性肾病@对于CKD患者，首要的诊断性检查是血清肌酐和GFR，尿微量白蛋白，尿常规评估血尿和蛋白尿，以及进行肾脏超声以评估肾脏大小、占位病变、泌尿道梗阻和肾动脉血流情况。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "慢性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清肌酐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "慢性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "GFR"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "慢性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿微量白蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "慢性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿常规"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "慢性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾脏超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "进行性肌营养不良（progressive muscular dystrophy )是一组遗传性肌肉变性疾病。一般3岁后症状开始明显，骨盆带肌无力日益严重，行走摇摆如鸭步态，跌倒更频繁，不能上楼和跳跃。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "进行性肌营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "行走摇摆如鸭步态"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "进行性肌营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不能上楼和跳跃"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "进行性肌营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "跌倒更频繁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "进行性肌营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "progressive muscular dystrophy"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@### 疑似 APML 查看全部   首选 –   维 A 酸 #### 第一选择 [ 维 A 酸 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new 对于疑似急性早幼粒细胞白血病 (APML) 的患者，一旦怀疑该诊断，就应立即启动口服维 A 酸（又名全反式维甲酸 [ATRA]）早期治疗，以便减少与 APML 相关的凝血病，在证实诊断后，开始化疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急性早幼粒细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "APML"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性早幼粒细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维 A 酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "维 A 酸", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "ATRA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维 A 酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "急性早幼粒细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "痛风@### 短期管理 如无禁忌症，非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID) 是急性发作的一线治疗药物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非甾体抗炎药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "NSAID"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@在大约 20% 的病例中，WBC 计数可能会超过 100,000/μL。急性髓性白血病@通常伴有骨髓衰竭表现，例如贫血、中性粒细胞减少和/或血小板减少。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨髓衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨髓衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨髓衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中性粒细胞减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨髓衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血小板减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@### 记忆减退 阿尔茨海默病的标志性特征是记忆减退，首先是近期记忆丧失。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "记忆减退"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "白内障@## 诊断步骤 白内障患者主诉视力模糊或视力混浊。白内障@白内障的诊断可通过裂隙灯检查晶状体，查看其混浊程度；或者在直接眼底镜检查过程中，通过可见的红光反射缺陷观察晶状体混浊的程度。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼底镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视力模糊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视力混浊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "基底细胞癌@患者自诉，为了减少皱纹曾有过多次面部提拉，也做过多次整形美容治疗，包括肉毒素A注射。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "有过多次面部提拉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "做过多次整形美容治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肉毒素A注射"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "病毒性脑膜炎@检查 CSF 的隐球菌抗原测试对隐球菌脑膜炎的敏感度接近 100%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "隐球菌脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CSF"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "胃炎@### 其他表现 糜烂性胃炎可由以下因素引起：使用非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID)、饮酒或酒精滥用， 以及既往胃部手术或胆道手术（包括胆囊切除术）引起胆汁反流入胃。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "糜烂性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "使用非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID)"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "糜烂性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "饮酒或酒精滥用"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "溃疡好发于牙龈和颊黏膜，形态不定，大小多在1cm左右，表浅，披以污秽的、灰白色苔膜，擦去此苔膜时，出现溢血的溃疡面，但不久又再被覆以同样的苔膜，周围黏膜有明显充血水肿，触痛明显，并有特别强烈的坏死组织臭味。此病确诊的依据为特殊性口臭，苔膜与小溃疡，涂片中找到大量梭形杆菌与奋森螺旋体。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "特殊性口臭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苔膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小溃疡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "涂片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黏膜有明显充血水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "触痛明显"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "强烈的坏死组织臭味"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "牙龈"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颊黏膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "胃癌@## 患者指导 应鼓励患者遵循现有的健康指南，例如保持体重、戒烟以及均衡营养膳食。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "胃癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "保持体重"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "B族链球菌感染@新生儿和重度脓毒症患者也可能会出现血小板减少。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血小板减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "重度脓毒症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血小板减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "环境被蛔虫卵污染，是造成小儿感染蛔虫病的主要来源。 （二）蚴虫移行期引起的症状 蚴虫移行到肝可导致一过性肝脏炎性病灶，右上腹痛，肝大压痛和肝功能异常等改变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "右上腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "蛔虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "环境被蛔虫卵污染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "（四）低血糖症 糖代谢紊乱在新生儿期极为常见。由于血糖测定的方法和采血标本的差异，多数作者认为足月新生儿出生3天内全血血糖＜1. 67mmol/L（30mg/dl），3天后＜2. 2mmol/L（40mg/dl）；低体重儿出生3天内血糖＜1. 1mmol/ L（20mg/dl），1周后＜2. 2mmol/L（40mg/dl）为低血糖。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "低血糖症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血糖测定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低血糖症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖代谢紊乱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低血糖", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出生3天内血糖＜1. 1mmol/ L（20mg/dl）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "低血糖", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1周后＜2. 2mmol/L（40mg/dl）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@### 药物疗法和血运重建难治的心绞痛 由于冠心病患者生存率的提高，有越来越多的患者已经用尽了常规的药物和血运重建治疗方法，却仍有心绞痛症状。稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@这些治疗方法可包括脊髓电刺激，增强体外反搏和心肌血运重建术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "增强体外反搏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脊髓电刺激"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "心绞痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌血运重建术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "喉癌@手术切除喉部分或喉全切除将明显改变吞咽相关正常解剖结构。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手术切除喉部分"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喉全切除"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "如为二氢蝶呤还原酶（DHPR）缺乏时，N正常，B明显增加，N/B降低，B%可增高。新生儿筛查即是通过测定血苯丙氨酸，在群体中对每个新生儿进行筛检，使PKU患儿在临床症状尚未出现之前，而其生化等方面的改变已比较明显时得以早期诊断和早期治疗，避免智能落后的发生。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "二氢蝶呤还原酶（DHPR）缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "测定血苯丙氨酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "二氢蝶呤还原酶（DHPR）缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "N正常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "二氢蝶呤还原酶（DHPR）缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "B明显增加"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "二氢蝶呤还原酶（DHPR）缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "N/B降低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "二氢蝶呤还原酶（DHPR）缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "B%可增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "疟疾感染@## 病史和查体 ### 关键诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部   ### 存在感染疟疾的风险因素 主要风险因素包括去疟疾流行区旅行，未服用抗疟药物预防或服药不当，在流行区未使用杀虫剂处理蚊帐。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "去疟疾流行区旅行"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "未服用抗疟药物预防"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "服药不当"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断和鉴别诊断】 中枢性尿崩症需与其他原因引起的多饮、多尿相鉴别： 高渗性利尿 如糖尿病、肾小管酸中毒等,根据血糖、尿比重、尿渗透压及其他临床表现即可鉴别。 2.药物治疗 1-脱氨-8-D-精氨酸加压素（DDAVP):为合成的AVP类似物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1-脱氨-8-D-精氨酸加压素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "DDAVP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多饮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高渗性利尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肾小管酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高渗性利尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血糖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿比重"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿渗透压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖尿病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "中枢性尿崩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾小管酸中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "第十二节 EB病毒感染 EB病毒感染（EB virus infection）系EB病毒所致常见传染性疾病。 2.脾大 约50%～70%病例在病后3周内发生脾大，质柔软。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "EB病毒感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脾大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "EB病毒感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "EB virus infection"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "EB病毒感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "EB病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎@它可以帮助决定哪些患者需要紧急内镜检查，并且防止不必要的结肠镜检查（ >60%表现为下消化道症状的年轻患者，其中大部分人没有炎性肠病）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结肠镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "上呼吸道感染的并发症在婴幼儿较为多见。可波及邻近器官，或向下蔓延，引起中耳炎、鼻窦炎、咽后壁脓肿、颈淋巴结炎、喉炎、气管炎、支气管肺炎等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中耳炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻窦炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽后壁脓肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈淋巴结炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喉炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气管炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "上呼吸道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "上呼吸道感染的并发症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中耳炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "上呼吸道感染的并发症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻窦炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "上呼吸道感染的并发症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽后壁脓肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "上呼吸道感染的并发症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈淋巴结炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "上呼吸道感染的并发症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喉炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "上呼吸道感染的并发症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气管炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "上呼吸道感染的并发症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "上呼吸道感染的并发症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "婴幼儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "几乎所有OSAS的小儿均有呼吸费力的表现。 小儿OSAS对睡眠的影响与成人不同的是，OSAS患儿有正常数量的δ睡眠，睡眠中有持续部分气道阻塞的小儿并未显示睡眠的片段化。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿OSAS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸费力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "急性咽喉炎@## 检查 ### 首要检查 ### 查看全部   ### A型链球菌（GAS）快速抗原测试 检查 结果 检查 针对 A 型链球菌的快速抗原检测试验可在床边立即进行。 急性咽喉炎@结果 在 GAS 感染和无症状定植中呈阳性 ### 需要考虑的检查 ### 查看全部   ### A 型链球菌 (GAS) 的咽拭子培养 检查 结果 检查 咽拭子培养是诊断A型链球菌最敏感（90%-95%）和最特异的检查方法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "A 型链球菌 (GAS) 的咽拭子培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "A型链球菌（GAS）快速抗原测试"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "食管癌@ 单独放疗只适用于那些因严重疾病不能耐受同时放化疗的患者。食管癌@ 参考当地医学专家指南确定药物剂量 非手术患者 – 第二 –   内镜下消融 ± 支架 ± 短距离放疗用于缓解症状 如果患者不适合手术或联合放化疗，直接作用于局部肿瘤的消融治疗可以用以缓解肿瘤相关的症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "食管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单独放疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@ 一项纳入 14 项研究的 meta 分析表明，胰腺炎首次发作后的慢性胰腺炎患病率为 10%，而多次发作后的慢性胰腺炎患病率为 36%。慢性胰腺炎@发病率极高，其中多数为特发性/热带性胰腺炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "热带性胰腺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性胰腺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "10%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "36%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "垂体功能减退@ 与颅咽管瘤相比，Rathke 囊肿在成人中更常见，而颅咽管瘤在儿童中更普遍。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "Rathke 囊肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "成人"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "颅咽管瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "血吸虫病@使用皮质类固醇激素可以减轻炎症的症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮质类固醇激素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 （一）光疗 如怀疑溶血病，首先给予积极光疗，同时进行各项检查，确定诊断，评价病情，做好换血疗法的准备工作。输血量过多可致心力衰竭。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "溶血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "溶血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "光疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "麻风病@### 弱 查看全部   ### 遗传易感性 有证据显示，不是所有 _麻风分枝杆菌感染者_ 都会进展为麻风病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "遗传易感性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "食物中毒@### 病史 确定以下情况很重要：食物暴露史、动物暴露史、病程、当前地区食源性疾病的暴发情况、接触史、药物滥用史、旅行史（特别是国外旅行史）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食物暴露史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "动物暴露史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病程"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "接触史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "药物滥用史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "旅行史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "根据肿瘤细胞在骨组织中浸润和骨化的特性，成骨肉瘤可以分为成骨性骨肉瘤、成软骨性骨肉瘤和成纤维性骨肉瘤。切除肿瘤组织是成骨肉瘤治疗中最为重要和迫切的任务。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "成骨肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "切除肿瘤组织"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "成骨肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "成骨性骨肉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "成骨肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "成软骨性骨肉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "成骨肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "成纤维性骨肉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "成骨肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨性骨肉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性咽喉炎@在儿童可选择口服阿莫西林作为替代方案，其口味更易被接受。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿莫西林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@脂溶性维生素缺乏的患病率差异较大，研究表明维生素A缺乏的患病率为14.5%，维生素E为24.2%，而维生素D高达53%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "维生素A缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "14.5%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@结果 升高 ### 粪脂测定 (steatocrit) 检查 结果 检查 是一种快速检测粪便脂肪含量的方法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "粪脂测定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（四）其他部位 腹膜后横纹肌肉瘤可非常大，导致腹痛、消化道或尿路梗阻症状。消化道和胆道肿瘤少见，但如发生，则表现为消化道或胆道梗阻。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腹膜后横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化道或胆道梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腹膜后横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化道或尿路梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腹膜后横纹肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "消化道和胆道肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化道或胆道梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【病因与发病机制】 硬膜下出血主要由小脑幕或大脑镰撕裂所致。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "硬膜下出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小脑幕或大脑镰撕裂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【诊断和鉴别诊断】 MMA临床表现无特异性，易于漏诊或误诊，最常见的症状是反复呕吐、嗜睡、惊厥、运动障碍、智力及肌张力低下。 维生素B12有效型患者每周肌内注射维生素BI21 ~2次，每次1.0mg，部分患者可口服甲基钴胺素 500 ~ 1000μg/d。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "MMA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素B12"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "MMA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反复呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "MMA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "MMA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "惊厥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "MMA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "运动障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "MMA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "智力及肌张力低下"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "透析治疗 凡上述保守治疗无效者,均应尽早进行透析。透析的指征:①严重水潴留，有肺水肿、脑水肿的倾向;②血钾>6. 5mmol/L或心电图有高钾表现;③严重酸中毒,血浆HC03﹣<12mmol/L或动脉血PH<7. 2;④严重氮质血症,特别是高分解代谢的患儿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "严重水潴留", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "透析治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "肺水肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "透析治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "脑水肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "透析治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "严重酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "透析治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "严重氮质血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "透析治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "图9-27 超声心动图剑突下切面 A.和胸骨上切面；B.显示：大血管呈平行排列 Ao：主动脉；LV：左心室；PA：肺动脉；PDA：动脉导管未闭 图9-28 超声心动图胸骨旁短轴切面可清楚地显示冠状动脉 A.左冠状动脉行走于两个大血管前（箭头所示）；B.追踪其起源示：单一的主冠状动脉起源于窦2，然后分支成左和右（箭头所示）两根冠状动脉（缩写同图9-9） 室间隔完整的大动脉转位婴儿在行大动脉转换术（arterial switch procedure）前常需要多次超声检查，以了解室腔大小、室壁厚度、左心室容积和形态。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "大动脉转换术", "subject_type": "手术治疗", "object": {"@value": "arterial switch procedure"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@结果 可能显示胰腺邻近部位有前哨肠袢（某一肠节段的孤立性扩张）、至横结肠中部或左侧突然消失的右半结肠胀气（截断征）或钙化。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前哨肠袢"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钙化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "产后抑郁症@美国2001-2002年酒精及相关情况的全国流行病学调查中， 产后12个月内重性抑郁障碍的发病率为9.3%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "重性抑郁障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "9.3%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "急性阑尾炎@ ### 阑尾包块 | 短期 | 低 通常是由于诊治过程的延误所致。 急性阑尾炎@表现为右下腹有压痛的包块，超声和 CT 扫描可显示出包块。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阑尾包块", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "右下腹有压痛的包块"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "阑尾包块", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT 扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阑尾包块", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "包块"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "阑尾包块", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阑尾包块"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肝硬化@每天晚餐时饮2-4杯红酒，既往体检曾发现肝酶异常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝酶异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@男性患病率较女性高，同时肤色较淡的患者风险较高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肤色较淡的患者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "痛风@G6PD 缺乏与冯吉尔克氏病（一种I 型糖原贮积症）相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冯吉尔克氏病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "4.影像学检查 MRI对WD的诊断优于CT，测定T1及T2迟缓时间能反映WD治疗结果，判断症状改善或变化。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "WD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "影像学检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "WD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "VLBW在生后1～2天内处于一种非少尿性高钾血症状态，并在生后24小时达到高峰，高钾血症的原因可能与肾小球滤过率低、肾小管重吸收能力差以及红细胞Na+-K+-ATP酶的活性较高有关。酸中毒往往发生在生后初期，主要与缺氧有关，通过改善氧供和呼吸循环的功能可以及时纠正；生后2周以后发生的晚发性代谢性酸中毒，可能与蛋白质负荷高、尿酸化能力低（肾小管分泌H+功能差）和排出阈值低有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "VLBW", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "晚发性代谢性酸中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【病因】 （一）感染 各种感染可导致血管内皮细胞受损，通过激活Ⅻ因子而启动内源性凝血系统，是导致DIC最常见的病因，占DIC发病的1/3以上。其中细菌感染尤其重要，革兰阴性杆菌如绿脓杆菌、痢疾杆菌、大肠埃希菌、变形杆菌及沙门菌所致的败血症；革兰阴性球菌（如流行性脑脊髓膜双球菌）以及革兰阳性球菌（如金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血性链球菌等）所致的败血症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "DIC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细菌感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "DIC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "革兰阴性杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "DIC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "绿脓杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "DIC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "痢疾杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "DIC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大肠埃希菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "DIC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "变形杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "DIC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "沙门菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "DIC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "革兰阴性球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "DIC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流行性脑脊髓膜双球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "DIC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "革兰阳性球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "DIC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "金黄色葡萄球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "DIC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溶血性链球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "第三节 流行性感冒 流行性感冒（influenza，简称流感），是由流行性感冒病毒（简称流感病毒）引起的一种常见急性呼吸道传染病。对高热烦躁者给予解热镇静剂，避免使用阿司匹林（因其可能诱发Reye综合征）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "流行性感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "解热镇静剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "流行性感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿司匹林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "流行性感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "influenza"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "流行性感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "流行性感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸道"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "血吸虫病@结果 正常，除了在终末期肝病 ### 肾功能检测 检查 结果 检查 尿素和肌酐或24h肌酐清除率异常提示免疫介导的肾小球肾炎（ _曼氏血吸虫_ 病和 _埃及血吸虫_ ） 或由于终末期肾病（ _埃及血吸虫_ ）所致的梗阻性尿路病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾功能检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "多发性硬化症@已经证明，与安慰剂相比，年化复发率下降约 31%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "安慰剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@根据胸腔穿刺术、收集的富含淀粉酶的液体和显示瘘存在的 CT 扫描/逆行胰造影图作出诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "逆行胰造影图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（二）双胎输血综合征 双胎输血综合征（twin-twin transfusion syndrome，TTTs）绝大多数发生在单卵双胎，单绒毛膜双胎的胎盘中有丰富的吻合血管。如在分娩时发生或转为急性输血，供血者表现为急性失血性休克。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "双胎输血综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性失血性休克"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "双胎输血综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性失血性休克"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "双胎输血综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "twin-twin transfusion syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "双胎输血综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "TTTs"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "缺血性卒中@对于这些标准以外的缺血性卒中患者，如在症状发生 6 小时内使用，可以考虑支架取栓器；例如，在前循环阻塞且不能接受静脉内 tPA 的患者；其他血管（如大脑中动脉的 M2 或 M3 部分，大脑前动脉、椎动脉、基底动脉或大脑后动脉）阻塞的患者；或年龄<18 岁，或改良兰金残疾量表评分＞1，或 ASPECTS＜6 的患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支架取栓器"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "喉癌@结果 喉部溃疡、易碎、坏死性肿物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喉部溃疡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "6.肾小球性血尿特点 肾小球性血尿为全程血尿，无血凝块；可有肾区钝痛；常合并蛋白尿及管型，特别是有红细胞管型更说明血尿来自肾实质；尿沉渣红细胞形态及容积分布曲线检查符合肾小球血尿。 （八）肾活体组织检查 可明确肾小球血尿的病因，对指导治疗及判断预后有一定帮助，以下指征可考虑做肾活体组织检查：①血尿伴尿蛋白定量＞1～2g/24h，或伴高血压及氮质血症者；②伴持续补体C3下降者；③有肾炎家族史者；凡尿中的红细胞数量超过正常而无明确的临床症状、实验室改变及肾功能异常者，称为单纯性血尿，如持续半年以上，也应考虑肾活体组织检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "血尿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾活体组织检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@艾滋病毒可能会导致急性脑病，同时伴有血清转换。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "艾滋病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@结果 可检测非感染性或感染病因（例如结核病、结节病）所导致的病变 ### 脑部 CT 检查 结果 检查 因应用广泛，且对不配合的患者容易操作，多作为一种筛查工具。 脑炎@单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎：通常为正常或轻度异常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑部 CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑部 CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "喉癌@虽然喉癌的症状并不像其他恶性肿瘤明显，但延误诊断只轻微增加了头颈肿瘤的死亡风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "头颈肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "延误诊断"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@[ 腹主动脉瘤 ](/topics/zh-cn/145) ### 心肌梗死 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 下壁心肌梗死患者可能出现上腹痛、恶心、呕吐、大汗和呼吸困难等症状。 慢性胰腺炎@检查 通过心电图和血清心肌酶检测确诊。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清心肌酶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌梗死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大汗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠期高血压@### 肥胖 从 18 岁到初次妊娠体重指数和腰围的增加对妊娠期间未来发生高血压可能起到一定作用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肥胖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "腹痛是CD最常见的主诉，通常位于脐周，常发生于餐时或餐后，导致患儿不愿进食乃至厌食，只有回肠末端病变的腹痛位于右下腹部。腹泻常见于90%患儿，可由多种因素所致，如大片肠黏膜功能紊乱、胆盐吸收障碍、细菌过度生长以及炎症性蛋白丢失等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "CD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "对于血友病患者应输注Ⅷ因子，晚发性维生素K缺乏应输注维生素K和凝血因子复合物或新鲜血等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Ⅷ因子"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "晚发性维生素K缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素K"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "晚发性维生素K缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "凝血因子复合物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "晚发性维生素K缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新鲜血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "铅中毒@铅脑病患者可能出现癫痫发作。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "铅脑病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癫痫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "GSDⅢ型 淀粉-1，6-葡萄糖苷酶缺陷。受累组织为肝脏、肌肉及心脏等，有不同受累器官组合形式。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "GSDⅢ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "GSDⅢ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌肉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "GSDⅢ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心脏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "基底细胞癌@## 检查 ### 首要检查 ### 查看全部   ### 皮肤病理组织学活检 检查 结果 检查 肿瘤的诊断是基于组织学的；建议应选取刮除活检或钻取活检。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤病理组织学活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "刮除活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钻取活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "帕金森病@ * 如果存在姿势不稳，应避免需要良好平衡的活动。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "姿势不稳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@右室乳头肌断裂很少见，可以导致威胁生命的三尖瓣反流。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "右室乳头肌断裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "三尖瓣反流"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "乙型肝炎@### 斑丘疹或荨麻疹样皮疹 部分血清病样综合征患者及一些急性HBV感染者可出现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "斑丘疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "荨麻疹样皮疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "磨牙症@### 弱 查看全部   ### 遗传倾向 孪生子研究和家族分布分析表明夜磨牙症存在遗传倾向。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "遗传倾向"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "急性肾炎必须注意和以下疾病鉴别： 1.其他病原体感染后的肾小球肾炎多种病原体可引起急性肾炎,可从原发感染灶及各自临床 特点相区别。血沉正常可上学，但应避免重体力活动。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "急性肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "避免重体力活动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "【预后】 HLH总体预后比较差。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "HLH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "预后比较差"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "RIPA、vWF交叉免疫电泳及vWF∶Ag多聚体分析有助于vWD分型。 （二）获得性 vWD 小儿少见，多继发于淋巴系统增生性疾病、获得性单株γ球蛋白及其他免疫失调性疾病，无出血家族史。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "vWD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "获得性 vWD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "根据Wood临床评分标准可以对哮喘的病情做出判断（表8-8）。 表8-26 Wood临床评分标准 注：≥5分，为呼吸功能不全；≥7分，伴PaCO2＞8. 7kPa为呼吸衰竭 【治疗】 1.吸氧 给予吸入经湿化后的30%～50%浓度的氧，维持PaO260～80mmHg，SaO292%～95%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸氧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "呼吸衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "≥5分，为呼吸功能不全；≥7分，伴PaCO2＞8. 7kPa"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "肺结核@在这些重症患者中，吸收不良可能导致药物浓度不足，有可能需要使用肠外抗结核药物（例如异烟肼、利福平、左氧氟沙星和阿米卡星）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "异烟肼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "利福平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "左氧氟沙星"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿米卡星"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "广泛性焦虑障碍@检查 病毒抗体滴度，血培养，痰抗酸杆菌测试等检查可以评估可能的感染原因。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒抗体滴度"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "痰抗酸杆菌测试"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "本病应与细菌性气管炎相鉴别。后者主要病原是金黄色葡萄球菌，亦可由副流感病毒、卡他莫拉菌、不定型流感嗜血杆菌、厌氧菌引起。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "细菌性气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "金黄色葡萄球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "细菌性气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "卡他莫拉菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "细菌性气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不定型流感嗜血杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "细菌性气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "厌氧菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "细菌性气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "副流感病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@对临床怀疑或诊断急性冠状动脉综合征的患者应当使用阿司匹林并长期持续。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿司匹林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "胆囊炎@ 肝功能检查 (LFT) 可能提示胆红素、碱性磷酸酶和 γ-GT 升高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝功能检查 (LFT)"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "γ-GT 升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "卵巢癌@根据美国医疗保险的数据，与其他恶性肿瘤相比，卵巢癌患者深静脉血栓形成 (DVT) 以及肺栓塞 (pulmonary embolism, PE) 的发生率很高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "卵巢癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "深静脉血栓形成 (DVT)"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "临床研究亦显示产前给予糖皮质激素和出生后给予肺表面活性物质可以产生增强效果，更有利于预防RDS。 2.经鼻持续气道正压通气 （CPAP） 简易水封瓶CPAP装置，或带有湿化器的专用CPAP装置产品，比较简单，使用方便，但存在氧浓度无法控制和调节、压力不稳定、易诱发气胸等并发症的缺点。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "RDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "经鼻持续气道正压通气 （CPAP）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "急性阑尾炎@ 还可能存在心动过速和恶臭。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心动过速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶臭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "肾细胞癌@## 病史和查体 ### 关键诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部   ### 存在的危险因素 危险因素包括吸烟、男性、年龄为 55 到 84 岁、居住在发达国家、黑人或美洲土著民族、肥胖、高血压、阳性家族史、遗传性综合征病史、透析史、职业接触、多产次以及电离放射。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "肾细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "肾细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "肾细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "居住在发达国家"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "肾细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黑人或美洲土著民族"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "肾细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肥胖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "肾细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "肾细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阳性家族史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "肾细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "遗传性综合征病史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "肾细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "透析史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "肾细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "职业接触"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "普通感冒@## 检查 ### 首要检查 ### 查看全部   ### 无初步检查 检查 结果 检查 通常不需要检测。 普通感冒@结果 临床诊断 ### 需要考虑的检查 ### 查看全部   ### 全血细胞计数 (FBC) 检查 结果 检查 在病毒感染时可能因淋巴细胞增多导致白细胞计数上升。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全血细胞计数 (FBC)"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淋巴细胞增多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白细胞计数上升"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@伴感染性胰腺坏死 – 附加 –   经皮导管引流 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 通常很多患者适合“渐进”方案，先从经皮引流开始。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "感染性胰腺坏死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "经皮导管引流"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "肝硬化@诱因包括上消化道出血、便秘、饮食摄入蛋白过多、腹泻和呕吐、低血糖、电解质紊乱；药物因素包括利尿剂和镇静剂、诊疗因素（例如腹穿放液和TIPSS）；感染、贫血、缺氧、低血压。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上消化道出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "便秘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "饮食摄入蛋白过多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻和呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低血糖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "电解质紊乱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "细菌性脑膜炎@### 颅骨结构缺陷 先天性或获得性颅骨结构缺陷可能增加风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅骨结构缺陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "二、部分性肺静脉异位连接 部分性肺静脉异位连接是指一条或数条（但非全部）肺静脉的引流异常，目前其发生率还很难确定。 【预后】 大多数患儿的预后与左向右分流的房间隔缺损相同，很少出现肺血管疾病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "部分性肺静脉异位连接", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "很少出现肺血管疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "胆管癌@ 术前行 MR 血管造影术成像是一种无创的胆管癌分期方法，因此还可帮助确定是否可以切除。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MR 血管造影术成像"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "铅中毒@对于大多数儿童，破损的含铅油漆和含铅油漆污染的粉尘和土壤是主要来源。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "铅中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "破损的含铅油漆"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "食物中毒@### 进食熟肉制品 与李斯特菌病相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "进食熟肉制品"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "自身免疫性肝炎@结果 未经治疗的自身免疫性肝炎（免疫球蛋白 G 为主型多克隆高丙种球蛋白血症）患者的水平显著升高 ### 血清白蛋白 检查 结果 检查 肝细胞功能的良好指标。自身免疫性肝炎@大多数慢性肝病都会出现血清白蛋白水平下降，尤其是肝硬化。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清白蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "第六节 胎粪吸入综合征 胎粪吸入综合征（meconium aspiration syndrome，MAS）也称为胎粪吸入性肺炎（meconium aspiration pneumonia），多见于足月儿和过期产儿。 【临床流行病学】 胎粪污染羊水可见于1/10～1/4的活产足月和过期产新生婴儿，其中约1/3可以出现临床呼吸困难的症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胎粪吸入综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "临床呼吸困难的症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "胎粪吸入综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "meconium aspiration syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "胎粪吸入综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MAS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "胎粪吸入性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "meconium aspiration pneumonia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "胎粪吸入综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "足月儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "胎粪吸入综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "过期产儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "胎粪吸入综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胎粪吸入性肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "基底细胞癌@急性 ### 在不影响美观的部位的低危亚型 查看全部   可接受手术的患者 首选 –   传统手术 在不需要保留组织的情况下是较好的治疗选择，传统手术几乎都可以使疾病完全治愈。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "传统手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "流行性腮腺炎（mumps，epidemic parotitis)是由腮腺炎病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病,最常影响 5~ 15岁的儿童。以腮腺非化脓性炎症、腮腺区肿痛为临床特征，唾液腺和其他多种腺体组织及神经系统可受累。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腮腺非化脓性炎症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腮腺区肿痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "mumps"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "epidemic parotitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腮腺炎病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5~ 15岁的儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "各种的紧张、特异的创伤均使梦魇的频率和严重度增加。某些药物，包括L-多巴及类似的药物、β肾上腺素能阻滞剂、REM睡眠抑制药物的撤退可导致或增加梦魇的发生。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "梦魇", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "L-多巴及类似的药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "梦魇", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "β肾上腺素能阻滞剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "梦魇", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "REM睡眠抑制药物的撤退"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@脑脊液 (CSF) 的形态学和流式细胞检查可确诊。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑脊液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "CSF", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "脑脊液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "中耳炎@炎性病变可能还会涉及乳突气房。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乳突气房"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乳突气房"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "自身免疫性肝炎@泼尼松龙应与食物一起服用，以最大限度地减少风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泼尼松龙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "川崎病@ 通常在起病后3～5天出现手掌及足底发红，双手足硬肿。 川崎病@ 比较而言，其他的症状可见于90%以上的川崎病患儿，而颈淋巴结炎仅见于近50%～70%的患儿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈淋巴结炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@其中抗抑郁药，特别是三环类抗抑郁药，越来越常用于治疗慢性疼痛综合征。慢性胰腺炎@几项 meta 分析结果表明其能有效治疗慢性疼痛， 然而目前尚无研究分析其在慢性胰腺炎患者中的有效性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性疼痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗抑郁药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "急性淋巴细胞白血病@体格检查显示轻度皮肤苍白和双下肢瘀斑。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "轻度皮肤苍白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双下肢瘀斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "三尖瓣闭锁@在年长儿中，可作Fontan手术直接将体静脉血回流入肺循环，达到体肺循环分离。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "三尖瓣闭锁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Fontan手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@截瘫是 CPB 治疗的罕见并发症，主要发生于后方入路的 CPB， 但也有 EUS 引导下腹腔神经丛神经松解术后发生截瘫的报道。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "截瘫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CPB 治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "广泛性焦虑障碍@### 肺部疾病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 患者可能存在肺部疾病病史，如哮喘或COPD。 广泛性焦虑障碍@伴有躯体症状的窒息感可能是这类患者的特征性表现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺部疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "躯体症状的窒息感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺部疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "肺部疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "哮喘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "肺部疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "COPD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@有病例报告表明，更昔洛韦能改善治疗效果。脑炎@尚未确定西多福韦的给药间隔，所以需要时应咨询传染病专科医生。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "西多福韦"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "更昔洛韦"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "当体内已经有缺铁存在但尚无血红蛋白降低者称为缺铁（iron deficiency，ID）；只有当缺铁同时伴有血红蛋白下降者才称为缺铁性贫血（iron deficiency anemia，IDA）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "缺铁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "iron deficiency"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "缺铁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ID"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "iron deficiency", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ID"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "缺铁性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ID"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "iron deficiency anemia", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ID"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "缺铁性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "iron deficiency anemia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "缺铁性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "IDA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "铅中毒@儿童血铅水平≥3.4 μmol/L (≥70 μg/dL) 或＜3.4 μmol/L (＜70 μg/dL) 但有急性症状 – 联合 –   入住 ICU + 支持性疗法（如果是脑病） 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 须在 ICU 管理脑病患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "铅中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支持性疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "2、（1）子痫前期 轻度 临床表现：妊娠20周后出现收缩压≥140mmHg和（或）舒张压≥90mmHg伴蛋白尿≥0.3g/24h，或随机尿蛋白（+）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "子痫前期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "收缩压≥140mmHg"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "子痫前期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "舒张压≥90mmHg"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "子痫前期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "蛋白尿≥0.3g/24h"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@应对所有预计接受胸部放疗或手术治疗的肺癌患者应行 PFT 检查，包括 FEV1 和肺一氧化碳弥散量（后者适用于呼吸肺活量结果异常或存在呼吸困难的患者）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PFT 检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "肾小球肾炎@经常属于多系统损害的一部分 水肿是疾病严重或慢性化的表现 尽管不是所有的患者都需要进行肾穿刺活检，但肾穿刺活检是明确诊断的方法 治疗主要是针对潜在的疾病，控制血压、高脂血症和蛋白尿 一些患者可能最终需要进行透析或移植 ### 定义 肾小球肾炎 (GN) 是指一组肾小球受损的疾病，其特征性改变通常肾小球毛细血管袢和肾小球基底膜 (GBM) 的炎症性改变，但不绝对是。肾小球肾炎@损伤可以累及全部或部分肾小球或肾小球毛细血管网。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全部或部分肾小球"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾小球毛细血管网"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾穿刺活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高脂血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "蛋白尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "移植"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "透析"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "细菌性脑膜炎@ 美国于 2000 年引入了七价肺炎球菌疫苗，肺炎球菌性脑膜炎的整体发病率随后大幅降低（约 30%），从 1998-1999 年期间的 1.13/100,000 降低至 2004-2005 年期间的 0.79/100,000。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "肺炎球菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1.13/100,000"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "肺炎球菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "0.79/100,000"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "偏身肥大的发生率在人群中为1∶14 300，而在肾母细胞瘤患儿32例中就有1例，以女孩居多。 （三）泌尿生殖系畸形 发生率为4. 5%，如肾重复畸形、马蹄肾、多囊肾和异位肾等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肾母细胞瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泌尿生殖系畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "偏身肥大", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1∶14 300"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "泌尿生殖系畸形", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "4. 5%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "胆囊炎@4 项队列研究的证据表明，相比仅进行与身体质量指数 (BMI) 无关的低水平身体活动的患者，胆石病的患病率在进行适度身体活动的患者中下降。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "进行适度身体活动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "原发性肾病综合征的病因不清楚，其发病往往因呼吸道感染及过敏反应等而触发，继发性肾病综合征病因则主要有感染、药物、中毒等或继发于肿瘤、遗传及代谢疾病以及全身性系统性疾病之后。 （六）代谢及内分泌疾病 糖尿病、桥本甲状腺炎及淀粉样变性等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "继发性肾病综合征病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "继发性肾病综合征病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "桥本甲状腺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "继发性肾病综合征病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "淀粉样变性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "原发性肾病综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸道感染及过敏反应"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "继发性肾病综合征病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "继发性肾病综合征病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "继发性肾病综合征病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "继发性肾病综合征病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "遗传及代谢疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "继发性肾病综合征病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "全身性系统性疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "原发性肾病综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（四）Santavuori肌营养不良（肌-眼-脑病） 本病属常染色体隐性遗传病，多见于芬兰人。血清CK增高；肌肉病理学检查示肌原性改变；脑组织形态学改变为小多脑回和脑回增厚。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Santavuori肌营养不良（肌-眼-脑病）", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清CK增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Santavuori肌营养不良（肌-眼-脑病）", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清CK增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Santavuori肌营养不良（肌-眼-脑病）", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小多脑回"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Santavuori肌营养不良（肌-眼-脑病）", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑回增厚"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "Santavuori肌营养不良（肌-眼-脑病）", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "芬兰人"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "早产@### 吸烟 尽管难以探究因果，但吸烟与早产之间存在很强的剂量相关性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "第十节 冠状动脉异常 冠状动脉畸形种类很多，包括起源、通路和走向的异常，重者可影响心肌的供血，轻者在心脏手术时可因误伤而使手术失败。近年来选择性冠状动脉造影和超声检查的广泛开展，冠状动脉畸形更加引起临床界的注意。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "冠状动脉异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冠状动脉造影"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "冠状动脉异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "冠状动脉异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "影响心肌的供血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "冠状动脉异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "冠状动脉畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "三尖瓣闭锁@年长儿脑脓疡的发病率较高，引起此类疾病的原因是由于心房水平右向左分流，体循环中的细菌可直接到达脑部繁殖，产生脑脓疡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "三尖瓣闭锁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑脓疡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "第十三章 消化道出血 小儿消化道出血（gastrointestinal hemorrhage）在临床上并不少见，就体重和循环血量而论，儿童患者出血的危险性比成人大，故迅速确定出血的病因、部位和及时处理，对预后有重要意义。 根据出血部位的不同，可将消化道出血分为上消化道出血及下消化道出血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "小儿消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上消化道出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "小儿消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下消化道出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "小儿消化道出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "gastrointestinal hemorrhage"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "麻风病@表现为皮肤上大量的出血性梗死和斑块，随后发生坏死和溃疡，留有萎缩性瘢痕。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "斑块"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "坏死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溃疡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "萎缩性瘢痕"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "新生儿黄疸@检查提示直接Coombs试验是阳性且外周血涂片可见小球形红细胞。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "新生儿黄疸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Coombs试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@一些国家推荐使用氨苄西林/舒巴坦+庆大霉素持续治疗 4-6 周。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氨苄西林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "舒巴坦"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "庆大霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "胆囊炎@每年约 1% - 2% 的无症状性胆结石变成症状性胆结石。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "无症状性胆结石", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "症状性胆结石"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "一、肺动脉瓣狭窄 肺动脉瓣狭窄占所有右室流出道梗阻性病变的80%～90%。亦有患者劳动时感胸痛或上腹痛，可能由于当时心排出量不能相应提高，致使心肌供血不足或心律失常所致，这些都是预后可虑的信号，应着手准备手术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺动脉瓣狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "肺动脉瓣狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肺动脉瓣狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "右室流出道梗阻性病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "溶血性贫血@她进行了尿液分析和尿路感染 (UTI) 治疗。溶血性贫血@症状继续恶化后，她回到初级卫生保健医生处继续就诊。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "就诊科室", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "初级卫生保健医生处"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿液分析"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "咽结膜热(pharyngo-conjunctival fever):病原体为腺病毒3、7型。以发热、咽炎、结膜炎为特征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "咽结膜热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "咽结膜热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "咽结膜热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "咽结膜热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腺病毒3、7型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "癫痫持续状态@对于心因性非癫痫性发作 (PNES)，发作期间脑电图正常。癫痫持续状态@常见较多肌肉和运动假象。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心因性非癫痫性发作 (PNES)", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "较多肌肉和运动假象"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "心因性非癫痫性发作 (PNES)", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "【流行病学】 HCMV感染率在世界各地有很大差别。 2.水平传播 主要通过密切接触和医源性传播。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "传播途径", "subject": "HCMV", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "密切接触和医源性传播"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "前置胎盘@如果不是完全性前置胎盘，且没有明显出血，应在28至32周复查超声。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "完全性前置胎盘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性咽喉炎@此外，前期对青霉素治疗无效也提示该病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "自身免疫性肝炎@无限期硫唑嘌呤治疗方案可在诱导缓解后，用硫唑嘌呤替代泼尼松龙/泼尼松。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无限期硫唑嘌呤治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硫唑嘌呤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泼尼松龙/泼尼松"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@附加 –   胰酶联合质子泵抑制剂 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [ 胰酶 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 用药剂量参考药品说明书 和 [ 奥美拉唑 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 10-20 mg，口服，每日一次 对于已经戒酒并已排除解剖学异常因素所致疼痛的慢性胰腺炎患者，在应用镇痛药物的同时应给予胰酶补充剂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰酶联合质子泵抑制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰酶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "奥美拉唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "镇痛药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰酶补充剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "双糖不耐受患儿食用含双糖(包括乳糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖）的饮食可使腹泻加重,其中以乳糖不耐受最多见，治疗中应注意减少饮食中的双糖负荷，如采用不含乳糖代乳品或去乳糖配方奶粉等。 过敏性腹泻的治疗:如果在应用无双糖饮食后腹泻仍不改善，应考虑食物过敏（如对牛奶过敏）的可能性,应回避过敏食物，也可以采用游离氨基酸或深度水解蛋白配方饮食。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "过敏性腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "过敏性腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "回避过敏食物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "多无症状，显性感染表现如下： （1）HCMV肝炎： 最常见，可呈黄疸型或无黄疸型，轻到中度肝大，常伴脾大，黄疸型常有不同程度胆汁淤积，血清肝酶轻到中度升高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HCMV肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中度肝大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HCMV肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脾大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HCMV肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆汁淤积"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "HCMV肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清肝酶轻到中度升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "传染性单核细胞增多症（infectious mononucleosis,IM)是由 EB 病毒（Epstein-Barr virus,EBV)所致的急性感染性疾病,主要侵犯儿童和青少年,临床上以发热、咽喉痛、肝脾和淋巴结肿大、外周血中淋巴细胞增多并出现异型淋巴细胞等为特征。其他少见的并发症包括间质性肺炎、胃肠道出血、肾炎、自身免疫性溶血性贫血、再生障碍性贫血、粒细胞缺乏症及血小板减少症等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "间质性肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃肠道出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "自身免疫性溶血性贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "再生障碍性贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "infectious mononucleosis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "IM"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "infectious mononucleosis", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "IM"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "由 EB 病毒（Epstein-Barr virus,EBV)所致"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽喉痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脾和淋巴结肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青少年"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "肺结核@## 检查 ### 首要检查 ### 查看全部   ### 胸部 X 线检查 (CXR) 检查 结果 检查 一线检查 此检查结果在免疫功能正常的个体中常出现异常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部 X 线检查 (CXR)"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "幽门螺杆菌是慢性活动性胃炎的主要致病因素，是消化性溃疡发病的重要因素。幽门螺杆菌的长期感染也与胃腺癌和胃黏膜相关淋巴组织（MALT）淋巴瘤的发生相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "胃腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "幽门螺杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "慢性活动性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "幽门螺杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "消化性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "幽门螺杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "幼年型皮肌炎@ 2. Gottron征，关节伸侧对称性变化，为有光泽的红斑样萎缩性鳞片状斑。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "幼年型皮肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Gottron征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "类癌综合征@因此，依维莫司或舒尼替尼改善类癌综合症的证据非常有限。类癌综合征@依维莫司是 mTOR（哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白）的蛋白激酶抑制剂，RADIANT-3 研究证明可以延长无进展生存期。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类癌综合症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "依维莫司"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类癌综合症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "舒尼替尼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "应与各种继发性远端肾小管酸中毒相鉴别。 纠正电解质紊乱 低钾血症可服10%柠檬酸钾0.5~1mmol/(kg.d)，每日3次。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "远端肾小管酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "柠檬酸钾"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "确需吸入氧气治疗（如发生呼吸暂停），应监测和控制用氧浓度吸入时间，同时监测血氧饱和度，使其保持在88%～93%为宜。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "呼吸暂停", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氧气治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "胃炎@一个表示胃黏膜炎症的组织学术语。胃炎@罕见的类型包括化脓性胃炎（一种罕见的细菌感染）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化脓性胃炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "其他内分泌检査 生长激素缺乏症诊断一旦确立,应检查下丘脑-垂体轴的其他内分泌功能。 染色体检査 对矮身材患儿具有体态发育异常者应进行核型分析,尤其是女性矮小伴青春期发育延迟者,应常规行染色体分析，排除常见的染色体疾病如Turner综合征等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "生长激素缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "染色体检査"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "急性阑尾炎@ [ 急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统 II (APACHE II) ](/calculators/en-gb/ApacheScore.htm) 穿孔 – 联合 –   阑尾切除术 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 有两种阑尾切除术术式：开腹和腹腔镜。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阑尾切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "1.轻度脱水 患儿精神稍差，略有烦躁不安；体检时见皮肤稍干燥，弹性尚可，眼窝和前囟稍凹陷；哭时有泪，口唇黏膜略干，尿量稍减少。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "轻度脱水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精神稍差"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "轻度脱水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烦躁不安"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "轻度脱水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤稍干燥，弹性尚可"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "轻度脱水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼窝和前囟稍凹陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "轻度脱水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "哭时有泪"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "轻度脱水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口唇黏膜略干"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "轻度脱水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿量稍减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "流行性腮腺炎（mumps，epidemic parotitis)是由腮腺炎病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病,最常影响 5~ 15岁的儿童。在已经实施腮腺炎免疫接种的国家，该病的发病率已经显著下降。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫接种"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "mumps"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "epidemic parotitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腮腺炎病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5~ 15岁的儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "80%发生于重复肾和输尿管的上肾部输尿管。异位型输尿管膨出一般较大而开口较小，多位于膀胱基底部近膀胱颈或后尿道内，女孩甚至可脱出尿道，造成尿路梗阻。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "异位型输尿管膨出", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "80%发生于重复肾"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "异位型输尿管膨出", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "输尿管的上肾部输尿管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "异位型输尿管膨出", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膀胱基底部近膀胱颈"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "异位型输尿管膨出", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "后尿道内"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "混合表现为部分肢体为伸展，部分肢体为屈曲。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "混合", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "部分肢体为伸展"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "混合", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "部分肢体为屈曲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【病因】 新生儿低血糖的病因是多方面的，主要包括以下几方面（表5-8）： （一）糖原和脂肪贮存不足 胎儿肝糖原的贮备主要发生在胎龄最后的4～8周，胎儿棕色脂肪的分化从胎龄26～30周开始，一直延续至生后2～3周。 （三）高胰岛素血症 暂时性高胰岛素血症常见于母亲患糖尿病的婴儿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿低血糖", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高胰岛素血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿低血糖", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖原和脂肪贮存不足"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【产前诊断】 Turner综合征的产前诊断可采用羊水穿刺、脐带血的核型分析。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "Turner综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "羊水穿刺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "Turner综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脐带血的核型分析"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@患者可能会出现发汗、心动过速和呼吸过速。急性胰腺炎@脉搏忽然变得细弱，与血管内血容量不足一致。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸过速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发汗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心动过速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脉搏忽然变得细弱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠胆汁淤积@胎盘血管收缩效应可能是导致该疾病相关的突然胎儿窒息事件的原因。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "胎儿窒息", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胎盘血管收缩效应"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "三尖瓣闭锁@ 【预后】 本病的自然病程取决于肺动脉流出道梗阻情况、是否存在左室梗阻、有无左心室功能不全等因素。三尖瓣闭锁@若体肺循环血流量平衡，患儿早期可存活，但如不治疗，90%的病人在10岁以前死亡，一些患者可活至20～30岁，不过长期左心室超负荷必然会引起左心室功能不全、二尖瓣功能障碍、心排出量减少，最终导致死亡。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "三尖瓣闭锁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "患儿早期可存活"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "三尖瓣闭锁", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "90%的病人在10岁以前死亡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "机会感染（隐球菌病和曲菌病）和恶性肿瘤（Kaposi肉瘤）均可引起儿童和成人AIDS的心脏疾患。 【实验室检查】 （一）病因学检查 1.特异性抗体检测 可用于HIV感染的流行病学调查和现症患者的诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "AIDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "特异性抗体检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠期高血压@[ 子痫前期 ](/topics/zh-cn/326) ### 母亲有心血管疾病 | 长期 | 低 未来发生心血管疾病的风险增加。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心血管疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "多发性硬化症@β干扰素制剂通过肝脏代谢且需要定期监测全血细胞计数 (FBC) 和肝功能。多发性硬化症@ 另一种制剂是格拉默，其不会产生干扰素的流感样副作用但可能需要 6 至 9 个月才有临床效果。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "格拉默"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "β干扰素制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全血细胞计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "FBC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "基底细胞癌@最主要的意义在于该类型常被误诊为毛发上皮瘤或毛发上皮瘤相关的肿瘤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "毛发上皮瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "幼年型皮肌炎@多种感染，尤其是病毒感染，特别是柯萨奇病毒与皮肌炎发病有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "幼年型皮肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "幼年型皮肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "柯萨奇病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "溃疡性结肠炎可按以下情况进行分型： 1.按临床表现程度 轻度、中度、重度和极重度。 3.按病变范围 直肠炎、直-乙状结肠炎、左半结肠炎、右半结肠炎、区域性结肠炎及全结肠炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "直肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "直-乙状结肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "左半结肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "右半结肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "区域性结肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全结肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "轻度"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中度"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "重度"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "溃疡性结肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "极重度"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "肾小管功能受损时，131I-邻碘马尿酸钠（OIH）动态肾显像不清，并特别敏感，诊断符合率达95%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "肾小管功能受损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "131I-邻碘马尿酸钠（OIH）动态"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "痛风@### 弱 查看全部   ### 肥胖和胰岛素抵抗 与高尿酸血症相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肥胖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰岛素抵抗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高尿酸血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "帕金森病@## 鉴别诊断 ### 查看全部  ### 进行性核上麻痹 (progressive supranuclear palsy, PSP) 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 在诊断后 1 年内出现凝视麻痹和早期跌倒。 帕金森病@神经系统检查：垂直性凝视麻痹和明显姿势不稳。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "进行性核上麻痹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经系统检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "进行性核上麻痹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "垂直性凝视麻痹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "进行性核上麻痹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "明显姿势不稳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "进行性核上麻痹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "帕金森病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "进行性核上麻痹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "进行性核上麻痹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "progressive supranuclear palsy"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "进行性核上麻痹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PSP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "进行性核上麻痹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "凝视麻痹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "进行性核上麻痹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早期跌倒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "腹主动脉瘤@[ 肠易激综合征 (IBS) ](/topics/zh-cn/122) ### 炎性肠病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 腹痛常为痉挛痛，位于左侧。 腹主动脉瘤@常伴恶心、呕吐、厌食。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "炎性肠病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "急性淋巴细胞白血病@ 结果 可反映中枢神经系统浸润 ### 胸部CT 检查 结果 检查 喘鸣、哮鸣、心包积液和上腔静脉综合征可能与T-ALL所致的纵膈肿块有关。急性淋巴细胞白血病@如果出现纵隔增宽，可以进行胸部CT。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "麻风病@可出现周围神经干神经损伤，表现为受累神经支配的皮肤感觉丧失和肌肉无力，从而致残。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤感觉丧失"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌肉无力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "致残"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "麻风病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "周围神经干神经损伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "5-氟胞嘧啶（5-fluorocytosine) 是一种口服系统性抗真菌化学药物，对白色假丝酵母菌有 良好的抑制作用。与两性霉素B合用时可减少耐药性，药量可稍减，毒性反应可减轻,可缩短疗程。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "白色假丝酵母菌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "两性霉素B"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "白色假丝酵母菌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5-氟胞嘧啶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "白色假丝酵母菌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5-fluorocytosine"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "5-氟胞嘧啶", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "5-fluorocytosine"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@SABR 可能是一种更有效的技术，它使用一些极大剂量的治疗（12-20 Gy/天到 48-60 Gy）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "非小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "SABR"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "毛细胞白血病@如果初始治疗 3~6 个月后骨髓没有反应，应该对初始诊断的准确性进行再评估，因为只有大约 4% 的 HCL 患者对包含嘌呤类似物的起始治疗没有反应。 毛细胞白血病@附加 –   支持治疗 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 支持治疗包括抗生素、非甾体抗炎药 (NSAIDs;若培养阴性)、辐照血制品输注、粒细胞集落刺激因子 (G-CSFs)，可能对 HCL 治疗起一定作用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "HCL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "HCL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非甾体抗炎药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "HCL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "辐照血制品"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "HCL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "粒细胞集落刺激因子"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "念珠菌病@ （五）念珠菌所致的变态反应 念珠菌及其代谢产物也可引起皮肤过敏反应，称为念珠菌疹。念珠菌病@念珠菌引起的内脏过敏反应表现为胃炎、结肠炎、过敏性鼻炎、哮喘、眼色素膜炎等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "念珠菌所致的变态反应", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "念珠菌所致的变态反应", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "念珠菌所致的变态反应", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "过敏性鼻炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "念珠菌所致的变态反应", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "哮喘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "念珠菌所致的变态反应", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼色素膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "铅中毒@[ 学习困难和认知迟缓的评估 ](/topics/zh-cn/884) ### 高血压 | 长期 | 中 螯合治疗不能逆转高血压，必须根据原发性高血压的诊治指南进行管理。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "铅中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "心肌炎@利尿剂治疗也可能诱发低钾血症或低镁血症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低钾血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低镁血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【流行病学】 在儿童中AML与ALL发病比例约为1∶4～5，但在出生后4周内诊断的先天性白血病几乎均为AML。根据上海市1990～1992年的肿瘤登记资料，上海地区0～15岁的AML年发病率为4. 92/100万。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "AML", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "4. 92/100万"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "血友病A和B大多在2岁时发病，亦可在新生儿期即发病。 肌肉出血和血肿 重型血友病A常发生肌肉出血和血肿，多发生在创伤或活动过久后，多见于用力的肌群。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌肉出血和血肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "普通感冒@给予对乙酰氨基酚或布洛芬退热，同时规律补液。普通感冒@鼻用和口服减充血剂对成人和儿童均安全、有效，至少首剂治疗时如此。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "减充血剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "对乙酰氨基酚"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "布洛芬"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "疟疾感染@结果 正常或轻度受损；严重感染时可伴有肾功能衰竭 ### 血清肝功能检查 检查 结果 检查 高胆红素血症以非结合胆红素升高为主。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清肝功能检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "高胆红素血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非结合胆红素升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "张力性气胸时，由于大量气体积聚，不但肺组织受压，而且纵隔严重移位，导致腔静脉回流障碍，易引起严重的心肺功能障碍，表现烦躁、发绀、全身冷汗、脉搏细速、血压下降等休克症状，甚至出现意识不清、昏迷等。典型体征为患侧胸部饱满、呼吸运动减弱或消失、叩诊呈鼓音、触觉语颤及听诊呼吸音减弱或消失，气管及纵隔移向对侧。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "张力性气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部饱满"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "张力性气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸运动减弱或消失"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "张力性气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "叩诊呈鼓音"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "张力性气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "触觉语颤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "张力性气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "听诊呼吸音减弱或消失"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "张力性气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气管及纵隔移向对侧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "张力性气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烦躁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "张力性气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身冷汗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "张力性气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发绀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "张力性气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脉搏细速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "张力性气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血压下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "张力性气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "休克"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "张力性气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "意识不清"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "张力性气胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏迷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@## 案例 ### 案例 一名 58 岁的男子到其初级医疗卫生医生处就诊，主诉疲劳感日益增加，且有腿部瘀斑。急性髓性白血病@他还主诉有骨痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疲劳感日益增加"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腿部瘀斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "第七章 心肌病 心肌病（cardiomyopathy）为发生于心肌的疾病。心肌病@③限制型心肌病（restrictive cardiomyopathy）：心房显著扩大，一般心室大小及收缩功能正常，舒张功能损害，症状由肺及体循环静脉充血引起，也可出现晕厥。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "限制型心肌病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "cardiomyopathy"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "限制型心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "restrictive cardiomyopathy"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "限制型心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心房显著扩大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "限制型心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "舒张功能损害"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "毛细支气管炎（bronchiolitis)是一种婴幼儿较常见的下呼吸道感染,多见于2 ~6个月的小婴儿， 以喘息（wheezing)、三凹征和气促为主要临床特点。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "毛细支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "bronchiolitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "毛细支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "2 ~6个月的小婴儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "毛细支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喘息"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "毛细支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "wheezing"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "毛细支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "三凹征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "毛细支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "甲状腺癌@ ### 快速的颈部肿大 提示甲状腺淋巴瘤，尤其是存在桥本甲状腺炎者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲状腺淋巴瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "快速的颈部肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "有些病儿直到尸检时才发现其为化脑。 3.免疫荧光试验 用荧光素标记已知抗体，再加入待检抗原（如脑脊液、血液标本），然后用荧光显微镜观察抗原抗体反应。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "化脑", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫荧光试验"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（一）左冠状动脉异常 畸形左冠状动脉起源于肺动脉，右冠状动脉起源正常。心内膜弹力纤维增生症、心肌炎、糖原累积病累及心脏可有类似表现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "左冠状动脉异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心内膜弹力纤维增生症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "左冠状动脉异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "左冠状动脉异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖原累积病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "左冠状动脉异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺动脉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 小儿甲亢的治疗不同于成人，在口服药、手术切除及同位素碘治疗三者中，首选为口服药，一般需口服治疗2～3年；桥本病导致者可缩短些。 4.如心血管症状明显者可加用肾上腺素能受体阻断药普萘洛尔作为辅助药物，减轻交感神经过度兴奋所致的心律快、多汗及震颤等症状，用量为1～2mg/（kg•d），分3次口服。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "小儿甲亢", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "普萘洛尔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "胆管癌@# 证据 ## 证据评分 肝移植术后生存率：有一低级证据，来自于2000年出版的梅奥诊所试点队列研究，非常鼓舞人心的是1年，3年和5年的移植后结合新辅助放化疗的生存率（分别为92%，82%和82%），但这些结果尚未被成功重复。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝移植"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "92%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "82%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "82%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "尘肺@### 罕见 查看全部   ### 胸部听诊时有湿啰音 慢性铍肺可能会出现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "尘肺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部听诊时有湿啰音"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "研究发现CVS患儿发病前有过度的HPA激活，表现为血清促肾上腺皮质激素（CRF）、糖皮质激素水平升高及随后血清血管升压素、前列腺素E2和血尿儿茶酚胺水平增加，部分患儿表现发病时有高血压及液体潴留。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病机制", "subject": "CVS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "过度的HPA激活"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "由于儿童时期感染局限在尿路某一部位者较少,且临床上又难以准确定位,故常不加区别，统称为泌尿道感染。可根据有无临床症状，分为症状性泌尿道感染（symptomatic urinary tract infection)和无症状性菌尿（asymptomatic bacteriuria)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "泌尿道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "症状性泌尿道感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "泌尿道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无症状性菌尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "asymptomatic bacteriuria", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无症状性菌尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "症状性泌尿道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "symptomatic urinary tract infection"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "3）纠正酸中毒：轻、中度酸中毒无需另行纠正，因为在输入的溶液中已含有一部分碱性溶液，而且经过输液后循环和肾功能改善，酸中毒随即纠正。常用的碱性药物有碳酸氢钠和乳酸钠。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "碳酸氢钠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乳酸钠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "细菌性脑膜炎@几乎所有导致脑膜炎的耐青霉素肺炎球菌菌株都属于血清型 6、9、14、18 和 23。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "耐青霉素肺炎球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@ 两项随机对照临床试验、 一项系统评价和两项Meta分析 结果表明，慢性胰腺炎患者可通过进行神经阻滞获益，阻滞方法包括腹腔神经丛阻滞 (coeliac plexus block, CPB) 和胸腔镜内脏神经切除术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹腔神经丛阻滞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸腔镜内脏神经切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "婴儿猝死综合征@### 其他诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部   ### 无新陈代谢性疾病 ### 无易激惹、困倦 若存在这些症状，可能表明有感染、新陈代谢性疾病或心律失常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新陈代谢性疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易激惹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易激惹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "困倦"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新陈代谢性疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "困倦"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心律失常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易激惹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心律失常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "困倦"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "胃炎@### 胆汁反流性胃炎 对于原发性胆汁反流患者，或者胃部或胆道手术后的反流患者，初始治疗应首选雷贝拉唑或硫糖铝缓解症状，而不是手术干预。 胃炎@对于既往接受胃部手术和症状持续存在的患者，可以考虑 Roux-en-Y 转流术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "胆汁反流性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Roux-en-Y 转流术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "胆汁反流性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "雷贝拉唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "胆汁反流性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硫糖铝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "HIV 感染@### Kaposi 肉瘤 Kaposi 肉瘤可能表现为皮肤或口腔内粉色或紫罗兰色斑片。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Kaposi 肉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "自身免疫性肝炎@## 诊断步骤 虽然自身免疫性肝炎的临床表现可能类似于许多其他肝病，但是需要设法查找的典型特征包括其他自身免疫性疾病的存在、转氨酶水平升高、特异性自身抗体的存在和肝穿刺活组织检查揭示的界面性肝炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "转氨酶水平升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "特异性自身抗体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝穿刺活组织检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "界面性肝炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "胆囊炎@如果在超声检查时无法确诊，可进行此项检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "手足口病（hand,foot and mouth disease,HFMD)是由肠道病毒引起的急性发热出疹性疾病,发病人 群以5岁以下儿童为主，同一儿童可因感染不同血清型的肠道病毒而多次发病。 【病原学】 主要感染病原体是肠道病毒71型（enterovirus 71, EV-A71)和柯萨奇病毒A16型（Coxsaclde virus A16,CV-A16)，近年来CV-A6和CV-A10感染也呈现上升趋势。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠道病毒71型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "柯萨奇病毒A16型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CV-A6"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CV-A10感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "hand,foot and mouth disease"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HFMD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠道病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "手足口病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5岁以下儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肠道病毒71型", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "enterovirus 71"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肠道病毒71型", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "EV-A71"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "柯萨奇病毒A16型", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "Coxsaclde virus A16"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "柯萨奇病毒A16型", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "CV-A16"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "2.中度脱水 患儿精神萎靡或烦躁不安；皮肤苍白、干燥、弹性较差，眼窝和前囟明显凹陷哭时泪少，口唇黏膜干燥；四肢稍凉，尿量明显减少。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中度脱水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精神萎靡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中度脱水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烦躁不安"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中度脱水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤苍白、干燥、弹性较差"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中度脱水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼窝和前囟明显凹陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中度脱水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "哭时泪少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中度脱水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口唇黏膜干燥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中度脱水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "四肢稍凉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "中度脱水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿量明显减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "一般于1～2天内由Ⅰ级进展至Ⅴ级，危重者多于起病后数日内死亡，重型RS来势凶猛，发展迅速，甚至在24小时内死亡。可出现低肉碱血症、低胆固醇血症、低脂蛋白血症和二羧酸血（尿）症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "RS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低肉碱血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "RS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低胆固醇血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "RS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低脂蛋白血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "RS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "二羧酸血（尿）症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "中耳炎@## 诊断标准 ### 急性（化脓性）中耳炎 美国儿科学会急性中耳炎标准： * 中度到重度鼓膜隆起，或 * 鼓膜轻度隆起，以及耳痛近期发作或鼓膜上严重红斑。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中度到重度鼓膜隆起"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性（化脓性）中耳炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@### 教育和生活方式改变 SIHD 患者应有个体化教育计划，以优化治疗护理和促进健康。稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@一定要加强对患者的教育，让他们认识到坚持服药对于管理症状和延缓疾病恶化的重要性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "SIHD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "加强对患者的教育"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "【病因】 （一）微生物感染或细菌感染 进食污染微生物和细菌毒素的食物后引起的急性胃炎中，多见沙门菌属、嗜盐杆菌及某些病毒等。近年发现幽门螺杆菌也是引起急性胃炎的一种病原菌。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "微生物感染或细菌感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "沙门菌属"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜盐杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "国内可能仍以大肠杆菌为主要致病菌。另外，克雷伯杆菌、李斯特菌也可引起新生儿宫内、出生时感染性肺炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大肠杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "克雷伯杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "李斯特菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "铅中毒@### 铅污染水供应 含铅管道以及铅焊接的铜管道内，水呈酸性（强酸）时会显著增加铅暴露风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "铅中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "铅污染水供应"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "毛细胞白血病@### 白人血统 HCL 在白种人更多见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "毛细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白人血统"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "肥厚型心肌病@## 检查 ### 首要检查 ### 查看全部   ### 心电图 检查 结果 检查 最常见的心电图异常是 ST 段或 T 波异常，可能包括 ST 段压低或巨大倒置 T 波。 肥厚型心肌病@20%-50%的患者可有明显的Q波，多发生于II、III、aVF、V5和V6导联。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肥厚型心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（4）其他： 全身性疾病如高血压脑病、阿-斯综合征和尿毒症等，抗癫痫药物撤退，预防接种如百白破三联疫苗等均可发生惊厥。 【临床表现】 小儿惊厥多表现为全身性发作，患儿意识丧失，全身骨骼肌不自主、持续地强直收缩，或有节律的阵挛性收缩；也可表现为部分性发作，神志清楚或意识丧失，局限于单个肢体、单侧肢体半身性惊厥，有时半身性惊厥后产生暂时性肢体瘫痪，称为Todd麻痹。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "患儿意识丧失"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身骨骼肌不自主"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "持续地强直收缩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "有节律的阵挛性收缩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小儿惊厥", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神志清楚或意识丧失"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "食物中毒@ * 检测艰难梭菌毒素以排除艰难梭菌性腹泻。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "食物中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "检测艰难梭菌毒素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "食管癌@共焦激光内镜靶向活检可以提高监测组患者食管癌诊断率和减少黏膜活检的次数。食管癌@有时会在内镜检查前行钡餐检查以明确有无梗阻，但是并非常规要求。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "食管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钡餐检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@影响美观部位，直径大于2cm – 附加 –   化疗 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [ 卡培他滨 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new 和 [ 干扰素α-2b ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new 或 [ 卡培他滨 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new 多系统化疗药物被用于治疗转移性皮肤鳞状细胞癌。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "卡培他滨"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "干扰素α-2b"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "转移性皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多系统化疗药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "肛门癌@该病与 HPV 感染有关，常见于男男性行为者及免疫抑制者，特别是 HIV 阳性者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "HPV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肛门癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男男性行为者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫抑制者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HIV 阳性者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "（三）抗病原体治疗 细菌性肺炎以早期静脉给予抗生素为宜，原则上根据病原菌选用抗生素，如金黄色葡萄球菌可用耐酶青霉素、第一代头孢菌素或阿米卡星；G-阴性菌可用第三代头孢菌素。衣原体肺炎首选红霉素治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "细菌性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "细菌性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "细菌性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "耐酶青霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "细菌性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "第一代头孢菌素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "细菌性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿米卡星"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "细菌性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "第三代头孢菌素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@[ 心肌炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/244) ### 胃食管反流病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 患者表现为胸骨后不适，抗酸治疗能缓解症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃食管反流病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "胃食管反流病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗酸治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "原发性dRTA的基因突变有两种。常染色体显性遗传主要涉及细胞Cl-阴离子交换转运蛋白（AE1）基因的突变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "原发性dRTA", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "常染色体显性遗传"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "急性恶化期全身应用抗生素2～3周，囊性纤维化患儿适当延长疗程，但盲目延长可能会增加耐药性和耐药菌株的产生。最好根据痰培养和药物敏感试验结果选择相应抗生素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "囊性纤维化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "胰腺癌@ * 胰腺癌晚期的其他迹象包括体重下降、厌食、易疲劳、上腹部包块、肝肿大、Courvoisier's征（无痛性胆囊增大以及黄疸），或弥散性血管内凝血（DIC）：瘀斑、紫癜、青紫。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "厌食"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易疲劳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上腹部包块"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Courvoisier's征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "弥散性血管内凝血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瘀斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "紫癜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青紫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "痔@[ 脓毒症 ](/topics/zh-cn/245) ### 肛门狭窄 | 长期 | 低 广泛，环形切除增加其发生率。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肛门狭窄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "重症并发呼吸衰竭者，可用持续正压呼吸或气管插管后机械通气。 （三）抗病原体治疗 细菌性肺炎以早期静脉给予抗生素为宜，原则上根据病原菌选用抗生素，如金黄色葡萄球菌可用耐酶青霉素、第一代头孢菌素或阿米卡星；G-阴性菌可用第三代头孢菌素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "细菌性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "正压呼吸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "细菌性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气管插管后机械通气"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "细菌性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "细菌性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "耐酶青霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "细菌性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "第一代头孢菌素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "细菌性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿米卡星"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "细菌性肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "第三代头孢菌素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "肾小球肾炎@### 溶血性尿毒症综合征 与膜增生性肾小球肾炎相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溶血性尿毒症综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "小细胞肺癌@可通过 CT 引导下的活检或者经支气管镜活检（伴或不伴支气管内超声）获得病理学样本以进行诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT 引导下的活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "经支气管镜活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "为 了避免发生脑细胞酸中毒和高钠血症,对酮症酸中毒不宜常规使用碳酸氢钠溶液，仅在血pH<7. 1, HCO3ˉ<12mmol/L时,始可按2mmol/kg给予1. 4%碳酸氢钠溶液静滴，先用半量，当血pH≥7. 2时即 416 停用，避免酸中毒纠正过快加重脑水肿。 胰岛素治疗:胰岛素是糖尿病治疗能否成功的关键,但胰岛素治疗需要个体化，方案的选择 依据年龄、病程、生活方式(如饮食、运动时间、上学）和既往健康状况等决定。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "酮症酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰岛素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "酮症酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "碳酸氢钠溶液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "痔@### 便秘 慢性便秘伴排便费力时会反复拉长痔垫组织并使支持组织断裂，从而造成痔组织的扩大及充血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "痔", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "便秘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "急性淋巴细胞白血病@ 2. 环境因素：包括暴露于原子弹爆炸、射线、吸烟、使用染发剂以及电力工人等职业。急性淋巴细胞白血病@ 3. 病毒感染是ALL发病的可能原因。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "暴露于原子弹爆炸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "射线"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "使用染发剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "电力工人"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠胆汁淤积@她表示症状在夜间发作，但现在已扩展到除脸部以外的全身瘙痒。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身瘙痒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "伴主动脉下室间隔缺损的右室双出口的典型临床表现是在出生近1月时充血性心力衰竭而无青紫表现，与单纯大型室间隔缺损临床表现相似，如果生后早期出现心力衰竭则应考虑是否同时伴有水肿。心前区隆起且心尖搏动弥散，在左侧胸骨旁可及高调的2～3级收缩期杂音，当伴有肺动脉狭窄时则可及3～4级响亮的收缩期杂音，第二心音通常响亮而单一。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心前区隆起"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心尖搏动弥散"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高调的2～3级收缩期杂音"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "3～4级响亮的收缩期杂音"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "左侧胸骨旁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单纯大型室间隔缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出生近1月时"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伴主动脉下室间隔缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "消化性溃疡病@虽然大多数的临床医生会使用一种PPI，但最好的治疗方案和周期是不确定的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "消化性溃疡病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PPI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "真菌性脑膜炎@在特定疫区（发病率﹥10例/100患者-年），在HIV感染且CD4细胞计数＜150/mL的患者中，建议使用伊曲康唑进行组织胞浆菌病预防治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "﹥10例/100患者-年"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伊曲康唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "川崎病@ 4.唇红、干燥、皲裂 口咽黏膜充血，舌乳头隆起似杨梅。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "唇红"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "干燥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皲裂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "（七）铅中毒 （lead poisoning） 铅中毒可引起多动症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "多动症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "铅中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "第五章 青紫型先天性心脏病 第一节 法洛四联症 法洛四联症（tetralogy of Fallot，TOF）是最常见的青紫型先天性心脏病，约占青紫型先天性心脏病的70%左右，约占所有先天性心脏病的10%。必要时也可皮下注射吗啡每次0. 1～0. 2mg/kg。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "法洛四联症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮下注射吗啡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "法洛四联症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "tetralogy of Fallot"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "tetralogy of Fallot", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "法洛四联症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "TOF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "法洛四联症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "法洛四联症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性心脏病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "法洛四联症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青紫型先天性心脏病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肝硬化@结果 异常 ### γ-谷氨酰转肽酶 (GGT) 检查 结果 检查 肝脏这一微粒体酶血清水平升高代表着酶的活化，酒精和某些药物可以诱导GGT升高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "γ-谷氨酰转肽酶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "γ-谷氨酰转肽酶", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "GGT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "一、沙眼衣原体肺炎 沙眼衣原体肺炎（chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia）为沙眼衣原体（CT）引起。病程可持续数周或1个月以上，多可自愈。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "沙眼衣原体肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多可自愈"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "沙眼衣原体肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "沙眼衣原体", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "沙眼衣原体", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "沙眼衣原体肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病@通常是晨起咳嗽，但随着疾病进展变成持续性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "普通感冒@## 病理生理学 病毒感染后数天内鼻黏膜下可出现多形核白细胞 (PMNs) 聚集，且与症状相关。 普通感冒@## 分类 ### 国际疾病与相关健康问题统计分类（第 10 版）(ICD-10) * J00 急性鼻咽炎（普通感冒） * J01 急性鼻窦炎 * J02 急性咽炎 * J03 急性扁桃体炎 * J04 急性喉炎和气管炎 * J05 急性梗阻性喉炎（哮吼）和会厌炎 * J06 多部位和不明部位的急性上呼吸道感染 。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性上呼吸道感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻黏膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性鼻咽炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性鼻窦炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性咽炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性扁桃体炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性喉炎和气管炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性梗阻性喉炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "普通感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "会厌炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（三）促进食欲 缺锌的小儿会出现食欲减退、厌食，这种与锌有关的厌食机制是较为复杂的，可能的机制包括与释放鸦片样物质、胆囊收缩素或作用于大脑或小肠的神经肽Y有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "缺锌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲减退"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "缺锌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "厌食"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "右位 心@伴发畸形主要有为房室连接不一致及大血管转位，但明显较右位心伴内脏正位少见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "侵及周围组织转移的症状", "subject": "右位 心", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "房室连接不一致"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "侵及周围组织转移的症状", "subject": "右位 心", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大血管转位"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "B族链球菌感染@### 留置中心静脉导管 提供 B族链球菌侵入途径。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "留置中心静脉导管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "肾细胞癌@禁止联用ACE抑制剂，因为可能会发生皮下血管性水肿。肾细胞癌@ * 依维莫司是另一种 m-TOR 抑制剂，一项针对二线或三线治疗用药的大型随机对照试验，其显示有对既往治疗史的患者依维莫司可提高3个月的无进展生存期。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肾细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "依维莫司"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "喉癌@女性及治疗过程中出现体重下降易出现放疗晚期毒性反应。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "放疗晚期毒性反应", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "肥厚型心肌病@第二 –   心肌切除术/室间隔酒精消融/双腔起搏+避免高强度的运动 #### 第一选择 [ 外科心肌切除术 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new #### 第二选择 [ 室间隔酒精消融（仅限成人） ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new #### 第三选择 [ 双腔起搏 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new 心肌切除术是缓解儿童和成人 HCM 患者的药物难治性 LV 流出道梗阻的最佳治疗方式。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "肥厚型心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "肥厚型心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "室间隔酒精消融"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "肥厚型心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双腔起搏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "HCM", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@结果 结果取决于病因；病毒（肠病毒，脊髓灰质炎病毒、虫媒病毒、HSV-1、HSV-2、VZV、CMV、EBV、淋巴细胞性脉络丛脑膜炎病毒、腺病毒、麻疹病毒、HIV、狂犬病病毒）；细菌（ _肺炎支原体_ 、结核杆菌）；真菌（隐球菌、曲霉病） ### 需要考虑的检查 ### 查看全部   ### 尿液培养 检查 结果 检查 尿液病毒培养不是常规检测。 脑炎@结果 可检测脊髓灰质炎病毒、水痘带状疱疹病毒、腮腺炎病毒和麻疹病毒 ### 粪便肠病毒培养 检查 结果 检查 如果儿童胃肠道症状先于脑炎出现，应更频繁地进行该项检测。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿液培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "粪便肠病毒培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "前列腺癌@外照射后，有两个常用的PSA生化复发的定义。前列腺癌@ 根治性前列腺切除术后的PSA生化复发并没有明确的定义，通常使用0.2和0.4微克/升(0.2到0.4ng/mL)之间的值。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "根治性前列腺切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "隐性颅裂在临床上多无症状，大多在做头颅X线检查时偶然发现，可见边缘光滑的颅骨缺损。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "隐性颅裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头颅X线检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "【预后】 成人IgA肾病10年后约15%进展到终末肾功衰竭，20年后升至25%～30%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "IgA肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "终末肾功衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "高血压紧急状态的治疗，目的在于在24小时内使血压降低。应先将患儿置于光线较暗、体位舒适的地方，30分钟后复测血压，若仍保持较高血压，先给予口服药治疗，如硝苯地平（心痛定）、卡托普利等，应监护患儿1～2小时，以确保治疗有效而无不良反应。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "高血压紧急状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硝苯地平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "高血压紧急状态", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "卡托普利"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "硝苯地平", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "心痛定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "立克次体感染@立克次体是革兰阴性胞内寄生菌，生物学特征介于病毒和细菌之间，在动物宿主包括啮齿动物如鼠类和家畜等贮存宿主体内繁殖，传播途径主要是由节肢动物蜱、螨、蚤、虱等媒介的叮咬或暴露，以及气溶胶方式进行传播。立克次体感染@无论传统立克次体病还是新发立克次体病，其临床共同特点主要是不明原因高热（ ≥ 38 ℃ ） 、头痛、肌肉酸痛、皮疹、粒细胞小板减少，一般抗病毒药及抗生素治疗无效，而对多西环素、四环素、氯霉素等敏感。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "立克次体感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不明原因高热（ ≥ 38 ℃ ）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "立克次体感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "立克次体感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌肉酸痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "立克次体感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "立克次体感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "粒细胞小板减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "传播途径", "subject": "立克次体感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气溶胶方式进行传播"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "立克次体感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多西环素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "立克次体感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "四环素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "立克次体感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氯霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "HIV 感染@痰培养结核分枝杆菌阳性，胸部 X 线检查结果也符合结核表现，从而确诊为肺结核。HIV 感染@目前正在服用的药物包括抗结核药和吡哆醇。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吡哆醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗结核药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "我国新中国成立前每年约100万新生儿死于破伤风，建国后发病率和死亡率显著下降，但在边远农村、山区及私自接生者新生儿破伤风仍不罕见。 （四）抗生素 青霉素：能杀灭破伤风梭菌，10万～20 万U/（kg•d），每天分2次，疗程10天左右。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "新生儿破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "新生儿破伤风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 锌缺乏的临床表现是一种或多种锌的生物学活性降低的结果。 （二）厌食、食欲降低 缺锌后常引起口腔黏膜增生及角化不全，易于脱落，而大量脱落的上皮细胞可以掩盖和阻塞舌乳头中的味蕾小孔，使食物难以接触味蕾，不易引起味觉和促进食欲。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "锌缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "厌食"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "锌缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲降低"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "肛门癌@对于 CD4 细胞计数＜200/μL 或出现其他 HIV 相关疾病体征或症状的患者，建议采用较低剂量的放疗和/或化疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "较低剂量的放疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "肛门癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "HIV 感染@### 临床检查 从医生对患者的总体印象开始，应该确定患者身体状况良好还是不佳。HIV 感染@查体时应特别关注以下内容： * 体重和身高测量 * 检查是否有全身性淋巴结肿大，记录淋巴结的位置、大小和活动程度 * 皮肤视诊以查找 HIV 相关的皮疹和瘢痕（包括带状疱疹）、瘙痒性丘疹、真菌感染或卡波西肉瘤 * 检查口腔有无鹅口疮、口腔毛状白斑、卡波西肉瘤和牙周疾病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤视诊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "检查口腔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "HIV 感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "临床检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "肝硬化@[ 男性性腺机能减退 ](/topics/zh-cn/1093) ### 肝性骨营养不良 | 存在差异 | 低 这一术语用来描述慢性肝病相关的骨质疏松症和骨软化症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男性性腺机能减退"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝性骨营养不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "新生儿狼疮综合征@部分患儿由于母体的自身抗体，生后即出现短暂的皮肤及血液改变和持续的心脏异常等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿狼疮综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤及血液改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿狼疮综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "持续的心脏异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "第三节 先天性肾病综合征 先天性肾病综合征（congenital nephrotic syndrome，CNS）指生后3个月内起病的肾病综合征。 免疫荧光检查病早期无Ig和补体沉着。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "先天性肾病综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫荧光检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性肾病综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "congenital nephrotic syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性肾病综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CNS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "congenital nephrotic syndrome", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CNS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现和实验室检査】 β地中海贫血 根据病情轻重的不同，分为以下三型。 实验室检查:成熟红细胞有轻度形态改变，红细胞渗透脆性正常或减低，血红蛋白电泳显示HbA2 含量增高（0. 035 ~ 0.060),这是本型的特点。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "β地中海贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HbA2 含量增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "β地中海贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血红蛋白电泳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 儿童糖尿病强调综合治疗，应加强对患者或者家庭的健康教育，使患儿能长期维持血糖接近正常水平，保证儿童获得正常的生活和活动。 3.运动治疗 运动对糖尿病患儿至关重要，是儿童正常生长发育所必须的生活内容，不要限制糖尿病患儿参加任何形式的锻炼，包括竞技运动。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "儿童糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "运动治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "儿童糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "综合治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "广泛性焦虑障碍@结果 正常 ### 肺功能检查 检查 结果 检查 如果患者焦虑症状考虑为气短所致则需完善该检查排除肺部疾病。广泛性焦虑障碍@ 此种情况较少见。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气短"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "广泛性焦虑障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺功能检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "前列腺癌@结果 异常细胞 ### 尿液生物标志物 检查 结果 检查 很多研究证实，通过尿液检测前列腺癌，在技术上是可行的，但很少有标志物得到了多个大样本研究的验证。 前列腺癌@结果 检测到特殊标志物 ### 血清标志物 检查 结果 检查 遗传标志物有可能有助于疾病的筛查、改善预后判断和提高对治疗反应的预测。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清标志物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "第十三章 硬皮病 【概述】 硬皮病（scleroderma）是儿童时期少见的慢性结缔组织病。 主要病理表现结缔组织炎性细胞浸润，血管内膜增生，血管壁萎缩、纤维化，结果造成管腔狭窄或闭塞。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "硬皮病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结缔组织炎性细胞浸润"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "硬皮病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血管内膜增生"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "硬皮病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血管壁萎缩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "硬皮病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "纤维化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "硬皮病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "scleroderma"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "白内障@初始眼科评估还包括眼内压测量。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "白内障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼内压测量"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "急性膀胱炎@附加 –   尿痛症状的缓解 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [ 非那吡啶 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 需要时，每次口服 200mg，每日三次，共 2 日 为缓解尿痛症状，可以在抗生素治疗时应用非那吡啶。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非那吡啶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "失眠症@当在临床医生的指导下进行时，非药物干预是有益的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非药物干预"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "PKU患者苯丙氨酸羟化酶缺乏，酪氨酸及正常代谢产物减少，血Phe含量增加，刺激转氨酶发育，次要代谢途径增强，生成苯丙酮酸、苯乙酸和苯乳酸，并从尿中大量排出，故称苯丙酮尿症。高浓度的Phe及其异常代谢产物抑制酪氨酸酶，使黑色素合成障碍。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黑色素合成障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "苯丙酮尿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黑色素合成障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "苯丙酮尿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抑制酪氨酸酶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苯丙氨酸羟化酶缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血Phe含量增加"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "乳腺原位癌@乳腺导管原位癌的其他不常见症状包括乳头溢液或乳房肿块。乳腺原位癌@ 诊断为 DCIS 男性的首发症状通常是乳头血性分泌物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "乳腺原位癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乳头溢液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "乳腺原位癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乳房肿块"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "基底细胞癌@### 毛发上皮瘤/毛胚细胞瘤 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 两者皆为良性滤泡性上皮肿瘤，形成乳头状间叶细胞体，滤泡单位与毛囊球相似。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "毛发上皮瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "基底细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "毛胚细胞瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "良性滤泡性上皮肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "毛发上皮瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "良性滤泡性上皮肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "毛胚细胞瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "宫颈癌@已经表明，根治性子宫切除术后进行辅助放疗可增加治疗相关并发症的风险，并且不改善无疾病进展生存期或总生存期。 宫颈癌@### 非妊娠IIB-IVA期：局部晚期宫颈癌 查看全部   首选 –   放化疗 #### 第一选择 [ 顺铂 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new 和 [ 放疗 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new 大多数研究证实，与放疗±羟基脲相比，顺铂±氟尿嘧啶联合放疗可以改善无进展生存期。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "顺铂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "18-三体综合征@还可出现食管气管瘘。18-三体综合征@右肺异常分叶或缺如。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "食管气管瘘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "右肺异常分叶或缺如"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "癫痫持续状态@诊断非惊厥性 SE 很难，但是识别很重要，因为快速阻止有助于防止严重脑损伤，尤其对意识障碍的患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "非惊厥性 SE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "意识障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "在小儿时期慢性TIN还可由代谢病引起，如①胱氨酸病：见本章第四节。②草酸盐过度产生或小肠过度吸收，造成肾排出草酸盐增多，则肾小管内草酸钙结晶沉积，受累小管萎缩，周围炎症细胞浸润和纤维化。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "草酸盐过度产生", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性TIN"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "小肠过度吸收", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性TIN"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "胱氨酸病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性TIN"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "类癌综合征@患者还需要输注奥曲肽以防止类癌危象，应用时间是手术开始前至少 2 小时，直到手术后 48 小时。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类癌危象", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "奥曲肽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【实验室检查】 1.新生儿筛查 新生儿期的PKU患儿无任何临床表现，生后3个月后才渐渐出现PKU的表现。 6.脑电图 约80%病儿有脑电图异常，可表现为高峰节律紊乱及灶性棘波等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生儿筛查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "PKU", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生儿筛查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "初期即发生胸膜炎者，有咳嗽、胸闷，胸痛及上腹痛明显，可痰中带血。肺内囊肿、脓肿可穿破至胸腔，发生胸水、脓胸或脓气胸等体征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺内囊肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脓肿可穿破至胸腔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脓胸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脓气胸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸闷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上腹痛明显"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "痰中带血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "高血压好发于年龄偏大者，成人占20%，儿童仅5%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "年龄偏大者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "胃炎@采用一种PPI、克拉霉素和阿莫西林的三联疗法时，一般治疗时间为14天，阿莫西林过敏的患者可以使用甲硝唑替代。 胃炎@之前已经使用了大环内酯类抗生素或甲硝唑的患者，推荐使用7-14天的铋剂为基础的四联疗法（联合四环素、甲硝唑和一种PPI）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大环内酯类抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲硝唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "四联疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "克拉霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿莫西林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "PPI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "细菌性脑膜炎@### 婴儿的囟门膨胀 显示颅内压已经升高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "婴儿的囟门膨胀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "有毒气体（氯气、一氧化碳等）中毒者应首先脱离中毒环境，加强通风，积极吸氧，以排除呼吸道内残留毒气。食入水溶性毒物者可用胃肠道脱毒方法，包括催吐、洗胃、导泻和胃肠内吸附毒物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "催吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "洗胃"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "导泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃肠内吸附毒物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脱离中毒环境"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "加强通风"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "积极吸氧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "2.家族性矮小症 父母身高都矮，身高常在第3百分位数左右，但其年增长速率＞5cm，骨龄与年龄相称，智能与性发育均正常，GH激发峰值＞10μg/L。 【治疗】 对生长激素缺乏症的治疗主要采用基因重组人生长激素替代治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "生长激素缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "家族性矮小症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "生长激素缺乏症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "基因重组人生长激素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "胆囊炎@重度胰腺炎患者脐周区可出现瘀斑（Cullen 征）或胁腹部出现瘀斑（Grey Turner 征）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "重度胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Cullen 征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "重度胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Grey Turner 征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "溶血性贫血@结果 血栓性血小板减少性紫癜或溶血性尿毒综合征患者其指标升高 ### 肝功能检测 (LFT) 检查 结果 检查 特别是酒精性肝硬化与红细胞膜结构改变以及溶血症有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝功能检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肝功能检测", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "LFT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "结节性硬化症@ 4.颅内高压征 极少数病人因室管膜下结节阻塞脑脊液循环通路，或并发脑室内星形细胞瘤而阻塞室间孔等引起颅高压。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "结节性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颅内高压征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "自身免疫性肝炎@1 型自身免疫性肝炎可通过检测抗核抗体、平滑肌自身抗体 (SMAs) 和/或抗肌动蛋白抗体确诊。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "1 型自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗核抗体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "1 型自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "平滑肌自身抗体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "1 型自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗肌动蛋白抗体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "平滑肌自身抗体", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "SMAs"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "儿童偏头痛@### 临床病史 有或无先兆的偏头痛 * 食物（例如：乳酪、巧克力、柑橘类水果）和压力可能是易感性儿童的触发因素。儿童偏头痛@ * 伴随症状包括恶心、呕吐、复视、畏光、高声恐怖和视力模糊。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "有或无先兆的偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "有或无先兆的偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "有或无先兆的偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "复视"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "有或无先兆的偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "畏光"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "有或无先兆的偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高声恐怖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "有或无先兆的偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "视力模糊"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "有或无先兆的偏头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "压力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易感性儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "百日咳@应将阳性血清学检查反应理解为患者通过近期或远期感染，或通过近期或远期疫苗接种暴露于百日咳。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "百日咳", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清学检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "图9-21 正常大动脉发育 一、血管环 血管环（vascular ring）最常见类型是主动脉双弓及右位主动脉弓伴迷走左锁骨下动脉及左侧动脉导管或动脉韧带，多为单独畸形，占先天性心脏病1%以下。易误诊为哮喘，多有反复上呼吸道感染。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "血管环", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "哮喘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血管环", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上呼吸道感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "细菌性脑膜炎@在使用首剂抗生素治疗之前辅以地塞米松治疗并持续 4 天可改善临床结果。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "地塞米松"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "第一节 感染性口炎 一、细菌感染性口炎 （一）球菌性口炎 （coccigenic stomatitis） 细菌性口炎以球菌感染多见，常以黏膜糜烂、溃疡伴假膜形成为其特征，又称膜性口炎或假膜性口炎。但当内外环境发生变化，身体防御能力下降时，如感冒、发热、感染、滥用抗生素及（或）肾上腺皮质激素、化疗和放疗等，口腔内细菌增殖活跃，毒力增强，菌群关系失调，就可发病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "球菌性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感冒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "球菌性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "球菌性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "球菌性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "球菌性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "细菌性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "球菌感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "细菌性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黏膜糜烂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "细菌性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溃疡伴假膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "细菌性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膜性口炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "细菌性口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "假膜性口炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（二）出疹期 病程第3～5天体温骤然退至正常，同时或稍后出现皮疹。首现于躯干，然后迅速波及颈、上肢、脸和下肢。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "皮疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "躯干"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "皮疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "皮疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上肢"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "皮疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "皮疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "下肢"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "前额多向前突出，眶顶受压下陷，眼球下推，以致双眼下视，上方的巩膜外露，可见眼球下半部常落到下眼睑下方，呈现所谓的“落日（setting sun）征”，是先天性脑积水的特有体征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前额多向前突出"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眶顶受压下陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼球下推"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双眼下视"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上方的巩膜外露"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "落日（setting sun）征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "宫颈癌@## 治疗流程 请注意，同一药物不同名称的剂型和剂量可能不同： [ 参见免责声明 ](https://bestpractice.bmj.com/info/disclaimer/) 急性 ### 非妊娠女性 IA1 期病变：微小浸润性病变 查看全部   首选 –   局部切除±盆腔淋巴结清除术 锥切术是诊断性切除术的首选方法，不过只要能达到足够的切缘、定位恰当以及获取非碎片样本，环形电切术 (LEEP) 也是可以接受的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "锥切术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠期高血压@### 定义 妊娠期高血压定义为：孕前血压正常，妊娠20周后，血压值持续≥140/90mmHg，尿蛋白阴性（24小时尿蛋白小于300mg）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿蛋白阴性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "垂体功能减退@ * 生长激素缺乏会引起肥胖、瘦体重和骨重量减少、运动能力降低、疲乏、身心健康降低、长期胰岛素抵抗、心血管疾病风险增加以及生活质量降低。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肥胖", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生长激素缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "唐氏综合征（Down syndrome,DS)又称21三体综合征（trisomy 21 syndrome),是人类最早被确定的染色体病,在活产婴儿中发生率约为1 :000 ~1 :600，母亲年龄越大，发生率越高。 约50%的患儿伴有先天性心脏病,其次是消化道畸形。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "唐氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性心脏病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "唐氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化道畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "唐氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Down syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "唐氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "DS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "唐氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "21三体综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "21三体综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "trisomy 21 syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "唐氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1 :000 ~1 :600"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "唐氏综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "母亲年龄越大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "多发性硬化症@### 维生素 D 缺乏 越来越多的证据表明，童年时阳光暴露量低以及诊断时维生素 D 水平低是 MS 的危险因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素 D 缺乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@## 诊断标准 ### 国际胰腺病协会 (International Association of Pancreatology, IAP)/美国胰腺协会 (American Pancreatic Association criteria, APA) 标准 急性胰腺炎的诊断必须基于以下 3 项标准中的任 2 项： * 临床病史（上腹痛） * 实验室检查结果（血清淀粉酶或脂肪酶＞正常上限的 3 倍） * 影像（CT、MRI、超声）标准。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清淀粉酶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脂肪酶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "支气管软化主要表现为喘鸣，如病变发生在一侧（左侧多），可发生病侧喘鸣音更响、气体进入延迟。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "支气管软化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喘鸣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "五、CVS的治疗 因CVS的病因和发病机制尚未完全明确，目前尚无特殊治疗方法证明对CVS绝对有效。预防治疗药物：抗阻胺药（赛庚啶）、抗抑郁药（阿米替林）及β受体拮抗剂（普萘洛尔）等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "CVS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "赛庚啶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "CVS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿米替林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "CVS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "普萘洛尔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "肺结核@## 案例 ### 案例 一名 34 岁男性患者就诊于基层医师，患者有 7 周干咳史，期间食欲下降并自觉衣服宽松。肺结核@偶有发热，但从未测过体温。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "干咳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "α地中海贫血 静止型:患者无症状,也可呈现正常血红蛋白量;红细胞形态正常，甚至没有红细胞体积的变小，出生时脐带血中Hb Bart含量为0.01 -0. 02,但3个月后即消失，故容易漏诊。 中间型:又称血红蛋白H病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "α地中海贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中间型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "α地中海贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血红蛋白H病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "α地中海贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "静止型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "中间型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血红蛋白H病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "伴主动脉下室间隔缺损的右室双出口的典型临床表现是在出生近1月时充血性心力衰竭而无青紫表现，与单纯大型室间隔缺损临床表现相似，如果生后早期出现心力衰竭则应考虑是否同时伴有水肿。体格检查可发现典型的青紫和杵状指（趾），身高、体重明显落后于同龄人。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "典型的青紫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "杵状指（趾）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单纯大型室间隔缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出生近1月时"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心力衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "右室双出口", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伴主动脉下室间隔缺损"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "骨性关节炎@在骨性关节炎中通常会有一些其他细小的炎性特征出现，如皮温升高、红肿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮温升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "百日咳@百日咳疫苗通常与其他疫苗以不同的强度联合使用：白喉、破伤风和无细胞百日咳 (diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis, DTaP) 疫苗已在许多国家/地区被用于初始儿童期疫苗接种（有时还会与脊髓灰质炎病毒和 _流感嗜血杆菌_ B 类疫苗等其他疫苗联合使用）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "百日咳", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "百日咳疫苗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@## 案例 ### 案例 #1 一名50岁男性因胸部正中不适2周就诊，步行5分钟以上或上楼梯超过一层后即感不适。稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@该患者肥胖，并有高血压病史，一天抽10支烟。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部正中不适"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "病理（细胞）形态学满足NHL的基本诊断，免疫学已成为当今NHL诊断分型的必要手段，有条件时应尽可能进行相关亚型的分子生物学特征检测，如伯基特淋巴瘤常存在t（8；14）及其变异，而间变大细胞淋巴瘤常存在t（2；5）及其变异，使诊断更为可靠。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "伯基特淋巴瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "存在t（8；14）及其变异"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "间变大细胞淋巴瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "存在t（2；5）及其变异"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "第八节 流行性腮腺炎 流行性腮腺炎（mumps，epidemic parotitis）是由腮腺炎病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病。 【诊断】 根据流行病学资料、接触史和典型腮腺炎表现易确定诊断，缺乏腮腺炎表现或接种过疫苗的患儿需进行病原学诊断，方法包括： （一）病毒分离 收集急性期唾液标本和脑膜脑炎发生后5天内脑脊液接种敏感细胞，病变细胞可见胞质内嗜酸性包涵体，形成多核巨细胞。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒分离"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "mumps"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "epidemic parotitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸道"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腮腺炎病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "真菌性脑膜炎@ * 脑积水的症状包括：头痛、恶心、视物模糊或复视、协调障碍或步态失调、失忆、混乱、性格改变及尿失禁。真菌性脑膜炎@ 念珠菌性脑膜炎： * 成年念珠菌性脑膜炎可能存在脑膜炎的急性或亚急性症状，其中发热与头痛是患者最常被报道的症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "真菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿失禁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "步态失调"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑积水", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "协调障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病@[ 细支气管炎 ](/topics/zh-cn/28) ### 上气道功能障碍 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 可以累及任何年龄的患者，既往外伤或插管史非常有助于诊断。慢性阻塞性肺疾病@肺部查体通常正常，但也可能出现上气道受限的征象，例如哮鸣音或喘鸣音。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "上气道功能障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "哮鸣音"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "上气道功能障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喘鸣音"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "慢性阻塞性肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上气道功能障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "白喉@## 检查 ### 首要检查 ### 查看全部   ### 细菌学培养和显微镜检查 检查 结果 检查 需要使用选择性培养基如亚碲酸血琼脂、加强型莱夫勒、霍伊尔、米勒或廷德尔培养基，所以需要提前准备及与微生物学家联络。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细菌学培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "白喉", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "显微镜检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "持续性抑郁症@一项关于酒精及相关疾病流行病学数据库的国内流行病学调查 (National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, NESARC)研究显示 慢性 MDD 12 个月和终身患病率（分别为 1.5% 和 3.0%）比心境恶劣（分别为 0.5% 和 0.9%）更高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "慢性 MDD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1.5%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "慢性 MDD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "3.0%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@### 急性应激性心肌病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 临床特征与非ST段抬高型心肌梗死相似，可能包括胸痛、呼吸急促和左心室壁运动异常。非ST段抬高型心肌梗死@典型特征是临床状况通常由剧烈的心外应激原（例如颅内出血、嗜铬细胞瘤、使用外源性儿茶酚胺、高度精神紧张、章鱼壶心肌病、心尖球型综合征）触发。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "颅内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性应激性心肌病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "嗜铬细胞瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性应激性心肌病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性应激性心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "使用外源性儿茶酚胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性应激性心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高度精神紧张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "章鱼壶心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性应激性心肌病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "心尖球型综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性应激性心肌病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "非ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性应激性心肌病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性应激性心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性应激性心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸急促"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性应激性心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "左心室壁运动异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "第二节 房间隔缺损 房间隔缺损（atrial septal defect，ASD）是指心房间隔任何部位出现缺损造成心房水平的交通。发生率为1/1500，临床上较常见，占所有先心病的6%～10%，以女性多见，男女比例约为2∶1。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "房间隔缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1/1500"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "房间隔缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "女性多见"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "房间隔缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "atrial septal defect"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "房间隔缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ASD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "房间隔缺损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心房间隔任何部位"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "致病性大肠杆菌肠炎大便呈蛋花汤样，腥臭，有较多的黏液，偶见血丝或黏胨便，常伴有呕吐，多无发热和全身症状。侵袭性大肠杆菌肠炎，起病急，高热，腹泻频繁，大便呈黏胨状，带脓血，常伴恶心、腹痛及里急后重等症状，有时可出现严重中毒症状，甚至休克。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "大肠杆菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "侵袭性大肠杆菌肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "大肠杆菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "侵袭性大肠杆菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "侵袭性大肠杆菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻频繁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "侵袭性大肠杆菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大便呈黏胨状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "侵袭性大肠杆菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "，带脓血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "侵袭性大肠杆菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "侵袭性大肠杆菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "、腹痛及里急后重等症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "侵袭性大肠杆菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "严重中毒症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "侵袭性大肠杆菌肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "休克"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "淹溺经复苏后可考虑作相应辅助检查以了解病情程度和并发症情况。最重要的化验是血气分析。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "淹溺", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血气分析"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "对健康成人的心理评估显示，来自环境或心理的紧张与磨牙密切相关。遗传因素也是考虑因素之一。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "磨牙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "遗传因素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "磨牙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "环境或心理的紧张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "急性咽喉炎@口腔黏膜的弥漫性炎症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口腔黏膜的弥漫性炎症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "血吸虫病@结果 在受感染组织的虫卵周围可见肉芽肿 ### 腹部CT或MRI 检查 结果 检查 在诊断和后续的治疗随访过程中有意义。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部CT或MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "需与脑萎缩及硬脑膜下积液相鉴别。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "脑萎缩", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硬脑膜下积液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "持续性抑郁症@由美国精神病学协会出版的 DSM-5 针对持续性抑郁症（包括慢性重性抑郁症和心境恶劣障碍（心境恶劣），或慢性轻度抑郁）制定了新的诊断标准。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性重性抑郁症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心境恶劣障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "心境恶劣障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心境恶劣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性轻度抑郁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "小儿哮喘@添加长效β2受体激动剂可能对持续哮喘管理有一定帮助。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "长效β2受体激动剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@典型体征包括上腹部压痛、发热和心动过速。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上腹部压痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心动过速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "（三）凝血障碍引起的出血性疾病 1.血友病 凝血障碍性出血性疾病约占我国小儿出血性疾病的12%，其中血友病甲约占70%～80%，血友病乙约占10%～15%，血友病丙仅占1%～2%，前二者为性联隐性遗传，后者为不完全性常染色体隐性遗传。血友病的特点是轻微损伤后出血不止的倾向，重者常有软组织的深部血肿和关节腔出血，后者反复出现终致关节畸形和丧失功能。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "软组织的深部血肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节腔出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血友病甲"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血友病乙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血友病丙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "血友病甲", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "性联隐性遗传"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "遗传因素", "subject": "血友病乙", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "性联隐性遗传"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "胆囊炎@饥饿、全胃肠外营养、麻醉性镇痛药和久坐不动是非结石性急性胆囊炎的诱发因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "非结石性急性胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "饥饿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "非结石性急性胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全胃肠外营养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "非结石性急性胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "麻醉性镇痛药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "非结石性急性胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "久坐不动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "乳腺原位癌@检测结果有利于指导下一步治疗。 乳腺原位癌@结果 阳性或阴性 ### BRCA基因检测 检查 结果 检查 对于有≥2个BRCA危险因素的人群，推荐进行基因检测。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "乳腺原位癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "BRCA基因检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "胃炎（gastritis )是指由各种物理性、化学性或生物性有害因子引起的胃黏膜或胃壁炎性病变。 肠蛔虫症 常有不固定腹痛、偏食、异食癖、恶心、呕吐等消化功能紊乱症状,有时出现全身过敏症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠蛔虫症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "gastritis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠蛔虫症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不固定腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠蛔虫症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "偏食"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠蛔虫症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "异食癖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠蛔虫症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠蛔虫症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠蛔虫症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身过敏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "癫痫（epilepsy )是一种以具有持久性的产生癫痫发作的倾向为特征的慢性脑疾病，可由遗传、代谢、结构、免疫等不同病因所导致。 肌阵挛发作:为突发的全身或部分骨骼肌触电样短暂收缩(0.2秒），常表现为突然点头、前倾或后仰，或两臂快速抬起，重者致跌倒,轻者感到患儿“抖”了一下。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌阵挛发作"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "癫痫", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "epilepsy"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "口腔黏膜炎@### 口腔黏膜红斑或溃疡 口腔黏膜改变可表现为红斑、片状溃疡或融合性溃疡（表面常常覆盖渗出物形成的假膜）及明显坏死。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "口腔黏膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口腔黏膜红斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "口腔黏膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溃疡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "口腔黏膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "口腔黏膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "片状溃疡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "口腔黏膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "融合性溃疡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "口腔黏膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "明显坏死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "乙型肝炎@### 实验室检查 全血细胞计数 (FBC)、基础代谢检查、肝脏检查（天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶 [aspartate aminotransferase, AST]，丙氨酸氨基转移酶 [alanine aminotransferase, ALT]，胆红素、碱性磷酸酶和白蛋白）为初始检查项目。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全血细胞计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "FBC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "全血细胞计数", "subject_type": "检查", "object": {"@value": "FBC"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "基础代谢检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@患者常有潜在的癌症或高凝状态，因此对胸部、腹部和盆腔进行CT扫描可发现原发性肿瘤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "原发性肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CT扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "抗感染治疗 利巴韦林为广谱的抗病毒药物，毛细支气管炎多为RSV感染所致，但并不推荐常规应用利巴韦林，包括雾化吸入途径给药，偶用于严重的RSV感染或有高危因素的RSV感染患儿。支原体感染者可应用大环内酯类抗生素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "毛细支气管炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大环内酯类抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "儿童偏头痛@迄今发表的试验（虽然是在较小的患者群体）似乎支持使用鼻用舒马曲坦，并且在英国已批准 12 岁及以上儿童使用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻用舒马曲坦"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "胃炎@需要进行维生素B12的替代治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素B12的替代治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素B12的替代治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "1）禁食：急性胰腺炎的患者应绝对禁食，直到腹痛消失可开始进少量流质。可选用头孢类抗生素如头孢噻肟、头孢哌酮等并用甲硝唑。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头孢噻肟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头孢哌酮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲硝唑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "隐球菌病@ （二）神经系统表现 中枢神经系统是临床上最常见的感染部位。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "隐球菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中枢神经系统"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "遗传代谢病是基因突变引起的终生性疾病，然而由于有时肝肾功能异常或者服用药物也可导致代谢改变，所以对代谢异常的判断需结合临床分析，并且经过多次验证。基因突变检测能明确遗传学改变，有利于进一步的遗传咨询和产前诊断，值得推广。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "遗传代谢病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "基因突变检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "遗传代谢病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "基因突变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "代谢改变", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝肾功能异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "代谢改变", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "服用药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 膀胱外翻涉及整个下腹部及盆腔脏器的发育异常，包括腹壁肌肉、骨盆骨骼、泌尿生殖系统及直肠肛门。 生殖系统异常在男性表现为尿道背侧壁缺如。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "膀胱外翻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生殖系统异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "生殖系统异常", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿道背侧壁缺如"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@出现食欲不振和失眠时，使用米氮平是一种恰当的治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "食欲不振"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "失眠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "米氮平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@## 检查 ### 首要检查 ### 查看全部   ### 静息心电图 检查 结果 检查 静息心电图可用于明确基线心电图是否存在不宜行运动心电图或无创负荷试验的异常。 稳定型缺血性心脏疾病@结果 往往正常;然而，胸痛发作时作心电图可显示ST段压低，提示缺血 ### 血红蛋白 检查 结果 检查 贫血增加心脏负荷，减少心脏供氧，加重心绞痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "静息心电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心绞痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "稳定型缺血性心脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血红蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "期前收缩@ 室性期前收缩可起源于心室的任何部位，特征为提前出现的、增宽的、畸变的QRS波群，其前无P波。期前收缩@如室性期前收缩的形态一致，则称之为单源性室性期前收缩。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "室性期前收缩", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单源性室性期前收缩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "室性期前收缩", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心室的任何部位"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@ * 疣状癌表现为皮肤或黏膜外生性、真菌样生长、疣状结节或斑块。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "疣状癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤或黏膜外生性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "疣状癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "真菌样生长"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "疣状癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疣状结节或斑块"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "百日咳@### 其他诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部   ### 打喷嚏 在疾病早期（感染后1-2周）患者都会出现打喷嚏。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "百日咳", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "打喷嚏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠期高血压@### 弱 查看全部   ### 黑人或拉丁美裔 黑人妇女比白人妇女发病风险更高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黑人妇女"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黑人或拉丁美裔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黑人或拉丁美裔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "早产@应进行胎心监测以发现有无胎儿心动过速（＞160次/分），这是绒毛膜羊膜炎的体征之一。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "绒毛膜羊膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胎心监测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "绒毛膜羊膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胎儿心动过速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 （一）一般治疗 保持室内空气新鲜，并保持适当的室温（18～20℃）及湿度（60%左右）。 （二）病因治疗 绝大多数重症肺炎由细菌感染引起，或混合感染，需采用抗生素治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "保持室内空气新鲜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细菌感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "混合感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "类癌综合征@并发症有类癌心脏病，应激时的类癌危象（如手术中）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "类癌心脏病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "类癌危象"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "3. TBMN和腰痛-血尿综合征（loin pain-hematuria syndrome，LPH） 如前所述，TBMN可有腰痛发作，且Hebert等报道近50%的LPH患者肾活体组织检查有GBM变薄，作者认为腰痛可能是由于红细胞阻塞肾小管所致。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "TBMN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腰痛-血尿综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "腰痛-血尿综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "loin pain-hematuria syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "腰痛-血尿综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "LPH"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "百日咳@### 咳嗽后呕吐 这一症状对于百日咳的诊断敏感度不高，但特异性高达80%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "百日咳", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽后呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "正常值> 120 分钟，DIC纤溶亢进时缩短,常<70分钟。 凝血时间（TT)测定:是反映凝血第3阶段的试验，正常值为（20±1.6)秒，比正常对照延长3 秒以上有诊断意义。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "DIC", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "凝血时间（TT)测定"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "维拉帕米（verapamil）主要用于成人HCM患者。短、长期研究表明口服维拉帕米可改善心脏症状及运动能力，但该药有潜在的致心律失常作用及偶可引起肺水肿及猝死，因而在儿童极少应用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "HCM", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心律失常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "HCM", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "HCM", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "猝死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "HCM", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维拉帕米"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "维拉帕米", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "verapamil"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "一、干性胸膜炎 干性胸膜炎（dry or plastic pleurisy）又称纤维素性胸膜炎，常与肺部细菌感染有关，亦可发生于急性上呼吸道疾病过程中。病变多局限于脏层胸膜，胸膜面粗糙而无光泽，一般无渗出液或很少渗出液，迅速吸收后留存纤维素层，形成粘连，可能逐渐吸收。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "干性胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脏层胸膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "干性胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "dry or plastic pleurisy"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "干性胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "纤维素性胸膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "病毒性脑膜炎@脑功能异常，如行为改变或语言/运动失常，特别是伴发热时，提示脑炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "行为改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "语言/运动失常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "多发性硬化症@已尝试使用过许多药物来治疗 MS 中的震颤，但最常用的是普萘洛尔、扑米酮和氯硝西泮。多发性硬化症@因为存在潜在的副作用，使用每种治疗时必须谨慎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氯硝西泮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "扑米酮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "普萘洛尔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "唇腭裂@颅面发育过程比较复杂的，而在发育过程中某些表型表达的异常可导致畸形发生。唇腭裂@ * 单纯性单侧唇裂：口轮匝肌 (orbicularis oris, OO) 是一圈负责缩和皱口括约肌的向心性肌肉。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "唇腭裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单纯性单侧唇裂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "5）扁平颅底：常合并Arnold-Chiari畸形，阻塞第四脑室出口或环池，引起脑积水。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "扁平颅底", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Arnold-Chiari畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "扁平颅底", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑积水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "多发性骨髓瘤@硼替佐米联合 MP 与仅使用 MP 相比使应答率升高至 71%，且显著延长了患者的总生存期。 多发性骨髓瘤@替代选择为来那度胺或沙利度胺与地塞米松联合用药，其已被证实能够实现 60% 至 80% 的缓解率。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "来那度胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硼替佐米联合 MP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "第二节 过敏性紫癜 【概述】 过敏性紫癜（anaphylactoid purpura）也称亨-舒综合征（Henöch-Schöhlein syndrome，Henoöch-Schönlein purpura，HSP），是一种以小血管炎为主要病变的系统性血管炎，临床表现为皮肤紫癜，常伴关节炎、腹痛、便血和肾小球肾炎；多发于学龄前和学龄期儿童，男孩多于女孩，一年四季均有发病，以春秋两季居多，国内报告HSP患病率有逐年增高趋势。 （五）腹部超声波检查 有利于早期诊断肠套叠等外科急腹症；有中枢神经系统症状患儿可予头颅MRI助诊；肾脏症状较重和迁延患儿可行肾穿刺以了解病情给予相应治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹部超声波检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "便血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾小球肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "anaphylactoid purpura"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "亨-舒综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Henöch-Schöhlein syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Henoöch-Schönlein purpura"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HSP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤紫癜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男孩多于女孩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发季节", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "春秋两季居多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发季节", "subject": "过敏性紫癜", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "春秋"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@## 监测 由于对于周期性筛查没有好的循证医学指南，大部分有经验的临床医生建议诊断鳞状细胞癌后每3-6个月进行一次皮肤科检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "周期性筛查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "周期性筛查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤科检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "阻断M1及M2受体，抑酸差，解痉镇痛好，限用于DU及少数有痉挛疼痛的GU患者，消化性溃疡有胃排空不良者不用。 4.组胺H2受体阻断剂阻断组胺与壁细胞膜H2受体结合，抑制胃酸分泌，是相当安全的药物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "消化性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "组胺H2受体阻断剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "6.感染性疾病 肠道内感染或肠道外感染均可引起新生儿呕吐，常伴有感染表现如神萎、食欲缺乏，肠道内感染伴有腹泻、腹胀。 7.先天性代谢性疾病 发生呕吐时间无规律性，一般呕吐较频繁和剧烈，常伴有其他代谢病的临床表现，如酸中毒、电解质紊乱、脱水、肝脾大等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿呕吐", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性代谢性疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "早期先天性梅毒多见于早产儿、低出生体重儿或小于胎龄儿;生后的发育、营养状况落后于同胎龄儿。 【治疗和预防】 首选青霉素，每次5万U/kg，每12小时1次，静脉滴注,7天后改为每8小时1次,共10~ 14天。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "先天性梅毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "先天性梅毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早产儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "先天性梅毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低出生体重儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "先天性梅毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小于胎龄儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "B族链球菌感染@这可能表现为低血压、心动过速和发热。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心动过速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "登革热@结果 阳性 ### 非结构蛋白1检测（NS1） 检查 结果 检查 用ELISA和快速诊断试剂盒对NS1进行检测对早期诊断很有用，并且可用于疾病的第1到9天。 登革热@结果 阳性 ### 需要考虑的检查 ### 查看全部   ### 凝血检查 检查 结果 检查 对诊断非必需，但对有出血迹象患者的治疗有用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ELISA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "凝血检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "登革热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非结构蛋白1检测（NS1）"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "慢性肾病@黑种人、西班牙人以及家族成员中有确诊肾脏疾病的个体，相较于一般人群发病率更高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "慢性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黑种人"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "慢性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "西班牙人"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "为 了避免发生脑细胞酸中毒和高钠血症,对酮症酸中毒不宜常规使用碳酸氢钠溶液，仅在血pH<7. 1, HCO3ˉ<12mmol/L时,始可按2mmol/kg给予1. 4%碳酸氢钠溶液静滴，先用半量，当血pH≥7. 2时即 416 停用，避免酸中毒纠正过快加重脑水肿。 在治疗过程中,应仔细监测生命体征、电解质、血糖和酸碱平衡状态，以避免在酮症酸中毒治疗过程中发生合并症,如脑水肿等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "酮症酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "酮症酸中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "碳酸氢钠溶液"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "小儿哮喘@步骤6（持续） – 附加 –   噻托溴铵 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [ 吸入噻托溴铵 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : （1.25 或 2.5 μg/剂的吸入喷雾）2.5 μg，每日一次 对于使用吸入皮质类固醇加长效 β-2 受体激动剂的≥12 周岁的患者，建议使用长效抗毒蕈碱剂作为辅助治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸入噻托溴铵"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "前列腺癌@＜10年预期生存期 – 附加 –   近距离加强放疗 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 高容量中等风险前列腺癌的患者，如果担心外照射放疗实现局部控制的效果，，也可以选择接受近距离加强放疗，利用低剂量率或高剂量率方案。 前列腺癌@≥10年预期生存期 – 首选 –   期待疗法 中等风险患者定义为至少包括以下条件之一：T2b/T2c期，PSA 10~20微克/升 (10~20纳克/卫生)，或者Gleason评分7分。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "前列腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "期待疗法"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "子宫内膜癌@药物治疗包括阴道局部用雌激素及经皮雄激素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "子宫内膜癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "雌激素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "子宫内膜癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "经皮雄激素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "血吸虫病@疾病持续状态 ### 慢性血吸虫病（在暴露后数年发生肉芽肿和纤维素样变性疾病） 查看全部   埃及血吸虫，曼氏血吸虫，或间插血吸虫感染；非妊娠 首选 –   吡喹酮（2次/d剂量） #### 第一选择 [ 吡喹酮 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 大于4岁的儿童和成人：20mg/kg口服2次/d，共1天；或20mg/kg口服3次/d，共1天。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性血吸虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吡喹酮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "胃肠道平滑肌肉瘤可分布于从胃至直肠的各个部位，可有多发现象。胃肠道的诊断可做X线钡餐造影，典型征象为边缘整齐的充盈缺损，也可有溃疡表现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "平滑肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "X线钡餐造影"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "平滑肌肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃至直肠的各个部位"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@目前可用的药物有加兰他敏缓释型和卡巴拉汀经皮制剂，如果依从性有问题，或者更愿意使用简单给药方案，则应考虑使用这类药物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "卡巴拉汀经皮制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "第二十节 新生儿硬肿症 新生儿硬肿症（scleredema of newborn）为一综合征，主要由寒冷损伤引起，故又称寒冷损伤综合征（cold injury syndrome），简称新生儿冷伤。 【临床表现】 （一）病史 多发生在寒冷季节；生后一周内发病者更常见；有早产、窒息、产伤、感染、热量供给不足等病史。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "新生儿硬肿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生后一周内发病者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿硬肿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "窒息"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿硬肿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "产伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "新生儿硬肿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "新生儿硬肿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "scleredema of newborn"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "寒冷损伤", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "cold injury syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "寒冷损伤综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "cold injury syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "新生儿硬肿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "寒冷损伤综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "新生儿硬肿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生儿冷伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肝癌@肝细胞上有雌激素受体，这可能会导致肝细胞恶性转化形成肝癌。 肝癌@### 男性 男性易发生肝癌，可能与高雄激素水平有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "肝癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "二、爽身粉吸入 婴幼儿使用爽身粉、痱子粉时误吸所致。胸部X线表现中下肺野有条索状、小片状、斑点状或网状阴影。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "爽身粉吸入", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部X线"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（三）共济失调型 （ataxic forms） 占全部病人的4%；此型不多见。临床表现为步态不稳，走路时两足间距加宽，四肢动作不协调，上肢常有意向性震颤，快变转化的动作差，指鼻试验易错误，肌张力低下。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "共济失调型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "步态不稳"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "共济失调型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "走路时两足间距加宽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "共济失调型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "四肢动作不协调"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "共济失调型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "上肢常有意向性震颤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "共济失调型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "快变转化的动作差"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "第二节 急进性肾小球肾炎 急进性肾小球肾炎（rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis，RPGN）简称急进性肾炎，系急进性肾炎综合征。但2～3周后，上述症状不仅不能缓解，反而加剧，出现持续性少尿、严重高血压及循环充血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "循环充血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "RPGN"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急进性肾小球肾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急进性肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急进性肾炎综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急进性肾小球肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌@### 结痂 不同程度的角化过度和致密角质层的堆积最终形成皮角。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "皮肤鳞状细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "结痂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "（三）病原学检查 要及时留取标本做细菌培养。 【预防】 新生儿流行性腹泻的预防主要是消毒隔离和治疗患者，以切断感染源。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "新生儿流行性腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病原学检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "新生儿流行性腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消毒隔离"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "新生儿流行性腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "治疗患者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "新生儿流行性腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "切断感染源"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "中耳炎@## 病史和查体 ### 关键诊断因素 ### 常见 查看全部   ### 存在的危险因素 关键因素包括男性、年龄小、可能暴露于呼吸道病毒环境（如托管于日间托儿所、接触哥哥姐姐）、阳性家族史及美洲土著人或阿拉斯加土著人。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "年龄小"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "暴露于呼吸道病毒环境"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阳性家族史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "第四节 血管性血友病 血管性血友病（von Willebrand disease，vWD）是一种复杂的止血功能缺陷的出血性疾病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "血管性血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "von Willebrand disease"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "血管性血友病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "vWD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 电流对人体的损伤程度主要取决于触电电压的大小和接触时间。 （一）局部灼伤 见于电源接触部位，可使局部组织发生严重的灼伤，皮肤可见黄色或褐色干燥灼伤，偶见水泡，与周围皮肤界限清楚，严重灼伤者可深达肌肉和骨骼，甚至于皮肤碳化、骨骼断裂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "触电", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄色或褐色干燥灼伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "触电", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "水泡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "触电", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤碳化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "触电", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨骼断裂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "急性阑尾炎@检查 立位 X 线胸片和腹部 X 线检查可能显示出膈下游离气体 [ 消化性溃疡疾病 ](/topics/zh-cn/80) ### 右侧输尿管结石 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 疼痛通常为绞痛，强度为重度。 急性阑尾炎@通常不存在白细胞增多。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "右侧输尿管结石", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白细胞增多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "右侧输尿管结石", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "绞痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化性溃疡疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "急性阑尾炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "右侧输尿管结石"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "第三节 流行性感冒 流行性感冒（influenza，简称流感），是由流行性感冒病毒（简称流感病毒）引起的一种常见急性呼吸道传染病。 （三）肺炎型流感（流感病毒性肺炎） 见于老年、幼儿、体弱多病或正在使用免疫抑制剂者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "流行性感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎型流感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "流行性感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "influenza"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "流行性感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "流行性感冒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸道"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肺炎型流感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流感病毒性肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "肺炎型流感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "老年"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "肺炎型流感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "幼儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "肺炎型流感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体弱多病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "肺炎型流感", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "正在使用免疫抑制剂者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "【附】维生素A过多症和胡萝卜素血症 维生素A摄入过多可以引起维生素A过多症，分为急性和慢性两种。维生素A过量会降低细胞膜和溶酶体膜的稳定性，导致细胞膜受损，组织酶释放，引起皮肤、骨骼、脑、肝等多种脏器组织病变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "维生素A过多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "维生素A过多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨骼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "维生素A过多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素A摄入过多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "维生素A过多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "维生素A过多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "如期前收缩频发，有时可表现为固定的节律，如期前收缩与正常搏动交替（二联律），或两个正常搏动后一个期前收缩（三联律）。单个期前收缩发生时，大多数患儿感觉不到，但有些患儿可感到心前区跳动感。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "期前收缩", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心前区跳动感"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "期前收缩", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "固定的节律"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "痛风@RA 和痛风似乎是负相关，因为几乎没有两者共存的病例报告。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "RA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "放线菌病@ （四）皮肤型放线菌病 皮肤原发性放线菌病可发生在四肢、躯干、臀部、面部等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "皮肤原发性放线菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "四肢"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "皮肤原发性放线菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "躯干"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "皮肤原发性放线菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "臀部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "皮肤原发性放线菌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "面部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "铅中毒@结果 结果多样；可能在腹部检查到不透射线物质 ### 神经传导研究 检查 结果 检查 出现周围神经病变的考虑本检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "铅中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神经传导研究"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "现分述病毒性心肌炎各期主要症状、体征。 （二）迁延期 急性期过后，临床症状反复出现，心电图和X线改变迁延不愈，实验室检查有疾病活动的表现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "X线"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "迁延期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "迁延期", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒性心肌炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "胰腺癌@检查 断层扫描上均匀增大的且不伴有胰管扩张的胰腺可能提示血清IgG4检查或胰腺活检（可能有诊断价值），但是这些应当在胰腺中心进行。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "断层扫描"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰腺活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清IgG4检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "痛风@受累关节出现肿胀、渗出、温热、红斑和/或触痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肿胀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "渗出"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "温热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "红斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "触痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "根据美国20 000例CF患者的调查，表现急性或持续呼吸道症状者占50. 5%，生长发育障碍、营养不良者占42. 9%，大便异常（如脂肪泻）占35. 0%，胎粪性肠梗阻为18. 8%，有家族史者占16. 8%。新生儿期可因胎粪性肠梗阻、腹膜炎而引起注意并得到诊断。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "CF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胎粪性肠梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "CF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "CF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性或持续呼吸道症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "CF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生长发育障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "CF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "营养不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "CF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大便异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "（四）心导管检查 历史上，心导管检查在HCM的诊断及研究中起了重要作用。 β受体阻滞剂普萘洛尔（propranolol）为本病治疗的主要药物，它减慢心率，降低心肌收缩力，从而减轻左心室流出道梗阻；且可减低心肌的张力，使氧需量减少，缓解心绞痛心绞痛；此外，普萘洛尔尚有一定的抗心律失常作用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "HCM", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "β受体阻滞剂普萘洛尔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "HCM", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心导管检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "β受体阻滞剂普萘洛尔", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "propranolol"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "多发性骨髓瘤@ ### 椎体骨折 | 存在差异 | 高 椎体的病理性和压缩性骨折以及高钙血症均与溶骨性骨质破坏相关。 多发性骨髓瘤@双膦酸盐为 MM 相关骨病的标准疗法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "溶骨性骨质破坏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双膦酸盐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "溶骨性骨质破坏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高钙血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "溶骨性骨质破坏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "压缩性骨折"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "椎体骨折"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "MM 相关骨病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双膦酸盐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "冬季常见呼吸道合胞病毒和流感病毒感染，肠道病毒感染多发生在夏秋季节。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发季节", "subject": "肠道病毒感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "夏秋季节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "心房扑动@### 低血压 心房扑动的罕见表现。 心房扑动@### 栓塞事件 例如卒中。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "心房扑动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "栓塞事件"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@ 不建议在泌尿生殖道或胃肠道手术操作中使用抗生素。 感染性心内膜炎@口腔手术操作后最常见的感染性心内膜炎的病因是 _草绿色链球菌_ （α-溶血链球菌）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "草绿色链球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "α-溶血链球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "肥厚型心肌病@通过药物治疗或外科手术减轻梗阻并不能降低猝死的风险。肥厚型心肌病@ * 有不明原因的晕厥史。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病史", "subject": "猝死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "不明原因的晕厥史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肥厚型心肌病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "晕厥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "肝硬化@难治性腹水患者（最大剂量利尿剂仍不足以控制腹水或者利尿治疗出现不可接受的不良反应/并发症）可以考虑大量放腹水 (large-volume paracentesis, LVP) 且同时补充白蛋白。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "大量放腹水", "subject_type": "其他治疗", "object": {"@value": "LVP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "肝硬化", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大量放腹水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "5.急性肾衰竭 起病时暂时性轻度氮质血症并不少见，病程中可发生急性肾衰竭。其原因为：①低血容量，不恰当地大量利尿致肾血液灌注不足，甚至可致肾小管坏死；②严重的肾间质水肿，肾小管为蛋白管型堵塞以致肾小囊及近曲小管内静水压力增高而肾小球滤过减少；③药物引起的肾小管间质病变；④并发双侧肾静脉血栓形成；⑤肾小球严重增生性病变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "氮质血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾小管坏死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "氮质血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾小球严重增生性病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "氮质血症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性肾衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@在符合 Duke 标准定义为“可能的 IE”的患者中，以及证实存在感染性栓塞事件时，SPECT/CT 和 18F-FDG PET/CT 可能尤其有用。 感染性心内膜炎@### 磁共振成像 (magnetic resonance imaging, MRI) 磁共振成像 (MRI) 是检查感染性心内膜炎脑部并发症的首选影像学检查方法，多项研究一致报告，在高达 80% 的患者中显示脑梗死。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "磁共振成像"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "MRI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病@## 新兴疗法 ### 来那度胺 来那度胺是一种以肿瘤微环境为靶标的免疫调节药物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "来那度胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "慢性泌尿道感染 是指病程迁延或反复发作，伴有贫血、消瘦、生长迟缓、高血压或肾功能不全者。 无症状性菌尿 在常规的尿过筛检查中，可以发现健康儿童中存在着有意义的菌尿，但无任何尿路感染症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性泌尿道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无症状性菌尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "慢性泌尿道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿过筛检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性泌尿道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病程迁延或反复发作"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性泌尿道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消瘦"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性泌尿道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "生长迟缓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "慢性泌尿道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "慢性泌尿道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "慢性泌尿道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾功能不全"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "临床分型根据vWF交叉免疫电泳结果，vWD分为量或质的异常，前者为1型，后者为2型。2型又分4种亚型：血浆中大和中等大小的多聚体缺乏者为2A型，缺乏大多聚体且与血小板GPⅠb亲和性增加为2B型，vWF与血小板GPⅠb结合力降低为2M型，与因子Ⅷ结合力降低者为2N型。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "vWD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "2A型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "vWD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "2B型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "vWD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "2M型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "vWD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "2N型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "vWD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "vWD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "2型"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "除了胆汁性呕吐，患儿可有腹胀、脱水和激惹等；绞窄性肠梗阻患儿则有意识淡漠及感染性休克表现；其他临床表现包括腹壁潮红、腹膜炎、酸中毒、血小板减少、白细胞增多或减少，以及由肠黏液局部缺血所至肠道出血和（或）黑便。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "绞窄性肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "意识淡漠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "绞窄性肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染性休克"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠黏液局部缺血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠道出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠黏液局部缺血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黑便"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "绞窄性肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹壁潮红"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "绞窄性肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白细胞增多或减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "绞窄性肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "绞窄性肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "酸中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "绞窄性肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血小板减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@早期人工瓣膜心内膜炎通常是由 _金黄色葡萄球菌_ 或凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌引起的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "早期人工瓣膜心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "金黄色葡萄球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "急性膀胱炎@氟喹诺酮治疗的替代方案包括为期 7 天的头孢氨苄或头孢泊肟治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氟喹诺酮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头孢氨苄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头孢泊肟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "HELLP 综合征@当担心液体超负荷时，最好给予冷沉淀物。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "给予冷沉淀物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "狂犬病@### 幻觉 常见于脑炎型狂犬病患者 ### 自主神经功能紊乱的体征 包括高血压、高热、大量流涎、心动过速、阴茎异常勃起、通气过度。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "自主神经功能紊乱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "幻觉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "自主神经功能紊乱", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "自主神经功能紊乱", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大量流涎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "自主神经功能紊乱", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心动过速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "自主神经功能紊乱", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阴茎异常勃起"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "自主神经功能紊乱", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "通气过度"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "先天性巨结肠（congenital megacolon)又称肠无神经节细胞症（aganglionosis)或赫什朋病（Hirschsprung disease,HD)，是由于直肠或结肠远端的肠管持续痉挛，粪便淤滞在近端结肠，使该肠管肥厚、扩张。 【临床表现】 1.胎便排出延缓、顽固性便秘和腹胀 患儿生后24 ~48小时内多无胎便或仅有少量胎便排出，可于生后2 ~3天出现低位肠梗阻症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胎便排出延缓"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "顽固性便秘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹胀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无胎便"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "少量胎便排出"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（症状）", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "低位肠梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "congenital megacolon"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠无神经节细胞症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "先天性巨结肠", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "赫什朋病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肠无神经节细胞症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "aganglionosis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "赫什朋病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Hirschsprung disease"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "赫什朋病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "HD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "胆管癌@### 慢性伤寒带菌 在胆管癌发病率较高的东南亚地区，慢性伤寒带菌者发展为肝胆恶性肿瘤的风险为普通人的六倍。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "肝胆恶性肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性伤寒带菌者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "东南亚地区"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "癫痫持续状态@对于一些使用麻醉药风险大于效果的案例，比如复杂部分性 SE 患者，其他常规用药失效时，拉科酰胺可能是合理的选择。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "复杂部分性 SE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "拉科酰胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "多发性骨髓瘤@重要的是，其与地塞米松和来那度胺产生协同效应，为这一联合用药的临床评估提供了框架。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "地塞米松"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "多发性骨髓瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "来那度胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "多发性硬化症@到她出现在急诊科时，她逐渐发展为行走困难且还发现患有泌尿道感染 (UTI)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "行走困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泌尿道感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "泌尿道感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "UTI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性膀胱炎@### 发热 不存在于单纯性膀胱炎患者。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单纯性膀胱炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠期高血压@### 1型糖尿病 患有1型糖尿病的妇女发生妊娠期高血压的风险可能增加。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1型糖尿病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "妊娠期高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "心房扑动@这一节律通常与心房颤动有关，心房扑动可能进展为心房颤动。 心房扑动@### 定义 典型心房扑动（围绕三尖瓣环呈逆时针折返峡部依赖性心房扑动）是一种大折返房性心动过速， 心房率一般超过 250 次/分，最高为 320次/分。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "心房扑动", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大折返房性心动过速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "人工喂养的小儿容易发生锌缺乏。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "锌缺乏", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "人工喂养的小儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "狂犬病@急性 ### 有症状的狂犬病 查看全部   首选 –   姑息治疗 #### 第一选择 [ 氟哌啶醇 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 初始0.5-10mg，每1~4小时一次，口服，根据反应情况调整剂量，最大剂量为100mg/日 偶有报道狂犬病幸存者，但目前仍无公认有效的治疗方案。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "姑息治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氟哌啶醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "病毒性心肌炎(viral myocarditis)是由病毒感染引起的心肌间质炎症细胞浸润和邻近的心肌细胞坏死、变性,有时病变也可累及心包或心内膜。 X线检査 显示心影增大，但无特异性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "X线检査"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌间质炎症细胞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肌细胞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "viral myocarditis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病毒感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心包"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "病毒性心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心内膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "类癌综合征@后肠肿瘤一般是非功能性的，并且很少发生类癌综合征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "后肠肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "类癌综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "帕金森病@ * 步态检查部分可能发现前屈、拖曳小碎步及手臂摆动幅度减小。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "步态检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "前屈、拖曳小碎步"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手臂摆动幅度减小"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "慢性髓性白血病@[ 特发性肺动脉高压 ](/topics/zh-cn/292) ### 酪氨酸激酶抑制剂 (TKI) 相关的骨髓抑制 | 存在差异 | 中 可出现Ⅲ-Ⅳ级骨髓抑制，患者表现为贫血、中性粒细胞减少或血小板减少。慢性髓性白血病@ 在毒性缓解至2级或更佳之前，可通过适当的生长因子或撤用TKI进行治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中性粒细胞减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血小板减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "肠黏膜缺氧缺血凡导致缺氧缺血的疾病,如围生期窒息、严重呼吸暂停、严重心肺疾病、休克、双胎输血综合征、红细胞增多症、母亲孕期滥用可卡因等,可能导致肠壁缺氧缺血引起肠黏膜损伤。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "围生期窒息", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠黏膜缺氧缺血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "呼吸暂停", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠黏膜缺氧缺血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "心肺疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠黏膜缺氧缺血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "休克", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠黏膜缺氧缺血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "双胎输血综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠黏膜缺氧缺血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "红细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠黏膜缺氧缺血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肠黏膜缺氧缺血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "母亲孕期滥用可卡因"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎@美国心脏协会列出了以下高危特性： * 既往感染性心内膜炎病史 * 人工心脏瓣膜或假体材料修复心脏瓣膜 * 先天性心脏疾病包括：未修复的紫绀型先天性心脏疾病（包括姑息性分流与导管）；经植入假体材料及设备完全修复的先天性心脏病（无论是通过手术植入还是导管介入植入）且在治疗操作后的前 6 个月内。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性心脏疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "急性咽喉炎@ ### 体格检查 急性咽炎的体格检查几乎只需要手电筒和压舌板。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "急性咽喉炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体格检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "急性咽炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体格检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "第十一节 病态窦房结综合征 病态窦房结综合征（sick sinus syndrome）由窦房结或心房传导组织的异常所引起。病态窦房结综合征@如有些快慢综合征的患儿用药物（普萘洛尔、奎尼丁、普鲁卡因胺）控制心动过速时可出现症状性心动过缓。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "病态窦房结综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "奎尼丁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "病态窦房结综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "普鲁卡因胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "病态窦房结综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "普萘洛尔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "病态窦房结综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "sick sinus syndrome"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "麻疹感染@### 斑丘疹 皮疹起于头部，数天内扩散至躯干和四肢。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "麻疹感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "斑丘疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "皮疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "皮疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "躯干"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "皮疹", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "四肢"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "支气管肺炎（bnHichopneumonia)是累及支气管壁和肺泡的炎症，为儿童时期最常见的肺炎,2岁以内儿童多发。 【病因】 最常见为细菌和病毒感染，也可由病毒和细菌混合感染。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细菌和病毒感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "bnHichopneumonia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "支气管壁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺泡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "支气管肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "阿尔茨海默病@一项meta分析显示，阿司匹林使用者的汇总相对风险较低，为0.87 (95% CI 0.70-1.07)，表明非甾体抗炎药在部分程度上可预防发生 AD。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "阿尔茨海默病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿司匹林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "保持头在中线位置有利于颈静脉血流畅通，预防颈静脉充血而导致颅内出血。 控制惊厥 见本章第五节。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "颅内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "控制惊厥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "颅内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "保持头在中线位置"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "颅内出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈静脉充血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "3.药物治疗 （1）抗生素治疗： 根据感染性腹泻病原谱和部分细菌性腹泻有自愈倾向的特点，WHO提出90%的腹泻不需要抗菌药物治疗，国内专家提出大约70%的腹泻病不需要也不应该用抗生素，抗生素适用于侵袭性细菌感染的患儿（约30%）。 3）呋喃唑酮：每日5～7mg/kg，分3～4次口服。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "感染性腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呋喃唑酮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "病毒性脑膜炎@结果 不显著；可能会排除脓肿或细菌性脑膜炎 ### 需要考虑的检查 ### 查看全部   ### EEG 检查 结果 检查 脑炎患者的脑电图常有异常，也可能显示癫痫活动。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑电图"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "如将Bruton病改为X连锁无丙种球蛋白血症（XLA），将瑞士型无丙种球蛋白血症改为严重联合免疫缺陷病（SCID）等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "Bruton", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "X连锁无丙种球蛋白血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "Bruton", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "XLA"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠胆汁淤积@## 流行病学 妊娠肝内胆汁淤积症(ICP)是最常见的妊娠期特有的肝脏疾病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "妊娠肝内胆汁淤积症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ICP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肝脏疾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "妊娠肝内胆汁淤积症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "有研究显示全肠内营养甚 克罗恩病 内镜（胃镜/肠镜） 组织学 溃疡（阿弗他、线形、裂隙状） 鹅卵石样改变 狭窄 瘘管 口腔或肛周病变 跳跃性病变 节段性分布 黏膜下层累及或全层累及 隐窝扭曲、变形 隐窝脓肿 溃疡 肉芽肿（非干酪样、非黏液性） 局部病变、灶性分布 220 至可以取代激素治疗用于克罗恩病的诱导缓解。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "内镜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃镜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "内窥镜检查", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠镜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溃疡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鹅卵石样改变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "狭窄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瘘管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口腔或肛周病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "跳跃性病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "节段性分布"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "隐窝扭曲、变形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "隐窝脓肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "溃疡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "克罗恩病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "局部病变、灶性分布"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "胃炎@如果不进行治疗，可能进展为消化性溃疡病。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化性溃疡病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "成人哮喘@美国食品药品监督管理局 (FDA) 已批准其作为添加维持治疗，用于成人重度哮喘和嗜酸粒细胞表型患者。 成人哮喘@### Lebrikizumab 已经发现 IL-13 存在于哮喘患者气道，并介导哮喘的多项特征，包括气道高反应性、炎症、黏膜上皮化生、气道成纤维细胞活化与增殖，这些都会导致有害的气道重塑。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "成人哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Lebrikizumab"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "近年来,由于产前皮质类固醇、出生后表面活性物质、吲哚美辛的应用，以及脐带结扎延期、温和通气等策略的实施,PVH-IVH发病率或严重性已明显降低。头颅影像学将PVH-IVH分为4级：I级:室管膜下生发基质出血；II级:脑室内出血，但无脑室扩大；III级:脑室内出血伴脑室扩大;IV级:脑室扩大伴脑室旁白质损伤或脑室周围终末静脉出血性梗死。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "PVH-IVH", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头颅影像"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "流行性腮腺炎（mumps，epidemic parotitis)是由腮腺炎病毒引起的急性呼吸道传染病,最常影响 5~ 15岁的儿童。可通过接种腮腺炎减毒活疫苗进行主动免疫。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "接种腮腺炎减毒活疫苗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "mumps"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "epidemic parotitis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腮腺炎病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "流行性腮腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "5~ 15岁的儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@澳大利亚：墨累山谷脑炎、库京病毒、澳大利亚蝙蝠狂犬病病毒。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "多发地区", "subject": "墨累山谷脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "澳大利亚"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "第三节 Bartter综合征 Bartter综合征以低血钾性碱中毒，血肾素、醛固酮增高，但血压正常，肾小球旁器增生和肥大为特征。早期表现为多尿、烦渴、便秘、厌食和呕吐，多见于5岁以下小儿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Bartter综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Bartter综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Bartter综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "烦渴"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Bartter综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "便秘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Bartter综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "厌食"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "磨牙症@磨牙症可导致牙齿磨耗；修复牙体的断裂；肌肉肥大；颌肌紧张、疼痛；头痛；牙疼；干扰同床人睡眠；以及整体生活质量下降。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "整体生活质量下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "牙疼"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颌肌紧张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌肉肥大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "修复牙体的断裂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "牙齿磨耗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体生活质量下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "磨牙症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "干扰同床人睡眠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "乳腺原位癌@ 病变并不局限于乳腺导管，也可能侵犯周围组织。乳腺原位癌@ [ 局部侵袭性乳腺癌 ](/topics/zh-cn/716) ### 不典型增生 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 临床表现无症状，较难鉴别。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "乳腺原位癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乳腺导管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "（2）脑脊液吸收障碍 1）静脉窦压力增高，如静脉窦血栓、颈静脉血栓及上腔静脉阻塞等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "静脉窦血栓", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "静脉窦压力增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "颈静脉血栓", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "静脉窦压力增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "上腔静脉阻塞", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "静脉窦压力增高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "狂犬病@### 癫痫 可见于临终前。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "狂犬病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癫痫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "喉癌@临床表现为咽下困难，部分患者可行食管扩张而改善。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽下困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "垂体功能减退@### 头颅照射 放疗引起的激素缺乏程度与患者年龄、接受的辐射剂量以及距离下丘脑 - 垂体轴接触辐射的时间有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "头颅照射"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "三、化脓性胸膜炎 化脓性胸膜炎（purulent pleurisy）又称脓胸（empyema），是指胸膜腔内有脓液积聚。 （三）胸腔闭锁引流 脓液稀薄者，可每日或隔日用粗针穿刺抽脓。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "化脓性胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸腔闭锁引流"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "化脓性胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "purulent pleurisy"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "化脓性胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脓胸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "脓胸", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "empyema"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病机制", "subject": "化脓性胸膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "指胸膜腔内有脓液积聚"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "肾小球肾炎@结果 阳性或阴性 ### 丙肝病毒和乙肝病毒血清学检测 检查 结果 检查 阳性提示急性或慢性乙型肝炎病毒或丙型肝炎病毒感染。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "丙型肝炎病毒感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "丙肝病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乙肝病毒血清学检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "慢性乙型肝炎病毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乙肝病毒血清学检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "【治疗】 （一）光疗 如怀疑溶血病，首先给予积极光疗，同时进行各项检查，确定诊断，评价病情，做好换血疗法的准备工作。光疗方法：轻中度黄疸可行单面光疗或光纤毯光疗，严重黄疸者需双面光疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "溶血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "单面光疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "溶血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "光纤毯光疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "溶血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双面光疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "溶血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "光疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "传染性单核细胞增多症（infectious mononucleosis,IM)是由 EB 病毒（Epstein-Barr virus,EBV)所致的急性感染性疾病,主要侵犯儿童和青少年,临床上以发热、咽喉痛、肝脾和淋巴结肿大、外周血中淋巴细胞增多并出现异型淋巴细胞等为特征。中毒症状多不严重。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中毒症状多不严重"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "infectious mononucleosis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "IM"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "infectious mononucleosis", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "IM"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "由 EB 病毒（Epstein-Barr virus,EBV)所致"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "儿童"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咽喉痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脾和淋巴结肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "传染性单核细胞增多症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青少年"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "多发性硬化症@MS 最常发生于 20-40 岁之间。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "多发性硬化症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "20-40 岁之间"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "（一）急性再障 （重型再障）的治疗 1.去除病因 对一切可疑的致病因素，均应立即停止接触、应用。当血小板计数下降至20×109/L时，出血的机会则大大增加，应积极输注足量的血小板或新鲜全血，要求使血小板数量至少达到20×109/L以上。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大大增加"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "输注足量的血小板"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新鲜全血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "急性再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "去除病因"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "床边食管调搏可用于室上速的诊断、鉴别诊断及药物治疗疗效的评价。去氧肾上腺素也可应用，通过压力反射来增加迷走张力。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "室上速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "去氧肾上腺素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "室上速", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "床边食管调搏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "产后抑郁症@ ## 病理生理学 确切的病理生理机制不明。产后抑郁症@一些患产后抑郁症的妇女可能易感于某个特定产褥期诱发因素。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "产后抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病理生理学"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "18-三体综合征@尚可见胰或脾异位、肠回转不良及胆囊发育不良等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "18-三体综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胰或脾异位"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "18-三体综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠回转不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "18-三体综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆囊发育不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "例如VE0-IBD中较多见IL-10RA和IL-10RB缺陷患者,肠道炎症 即为免疫应答缺陷直接导致的。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "肠道炎症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫应答缺陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "VE0-IBD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "IL-10RB缺陷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@结果 升高 ### 血清 IL-8 检查 结果 检查 灵敏度达 65~70%，特异性达 69~91%，用于预测重症急性胰腺炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血清 IL-8"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "【病理】 APSGN的早期肾活检主要为弥漫性毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎。 2.急进性肾炎 起病与急性肾炎相同，常在3个月内病情持续进展恶化，血尿、高血压、急性肾衰竭伴少尿持续不缓解，病死率高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "APSGN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急进性肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "APSGN", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@不良反应较少见，但在用药剂量突然调整时可能会伴发高血糖症 ，而在大剂量使用肠溶制剂酶（每日＞10,000 脂肪酶单位/kg）时可能会伴发结肠狭窄。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "慢性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血糖症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（二）抗疟药物治疗 根据抗疟药物的性能和作用，大致分为三类：主要用于控制临床症状，如氯喹、奎宁、青蒿素等，是杀灭滋养体及裂殖体的有效药物；主要用于复发和传播，如伯氨喹、扑疟喹，是杀灭肝内的潜隐子（红细胞外期）及配子体的特效药；主要用于预防疟疾的感染，如乙胺嘧啶是孢子增殖杀灭剂，对红细胞内期裂殖体有抑制作用。 目前已经研发的复方青蒿素有：复方蒿甲醚、双氢青蒿素哌喹、复方萘酚喹和复方青蒿素片。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "复方蒿甲醚"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双氢青蒿素哌喹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "复方萘酚喹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "复方青蒿素片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗疟药物治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氯喹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "奎宁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青蒿素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伯氨喹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "扑疟喹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乙胺嘧啶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "急性胰腺炎@其他发病机制包括Oddi括约肌功能障碍、高甘油三酯血症诱导或氧自由基形成。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Oddi括约肌功能障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "急性胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高甘油三酯血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "缺血性卒中@ ## 分类 ### 急性卒中治疗 Org 10172 试验（TOAST 标准） 按照病理生理学将缺血性卒中分为以下几类： 大动脉粥样硬化 * 梗死发生在狭窄>50%的颅内或颅外动脉灌注范围内，且无其他可能引起卒中的病因。缺血性卒中@ 由其他明确病因引起的卒中 * 包括由于动脉炎、动脉夹层和高凝状态引起的脑梗死。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "动脉炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "动脉夹层"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高凝状态"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "缺血性卒中", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大动脉粥样硬化"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "乙型肝炎@美国肝病研究协会指南推荐在高风险HBV携带者中每隔6-12个月进行一次超声检查。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "超声检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠胆汁淤积@[急性妊娠期脂肪肝] ### 妊娠瘙痒性荨麻疹及斑块(PUPPS) 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 通常表现为瘙痒性丘疹。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "妊娠胆汁淤积", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性妊娠期脂肪肝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "小儿哮喘@晨间平均肺功能增加和每日β-2 受体激动剂使用减少：有低质量证据显示，在增加平均晨间肺功能（通过 FEV1 测量）和减少每日β-2 受体激动剂使用方面，常规治疗联合口服孟鲁斯特（白三烯受体拮抗剂）比常规治疗联合安慰剂更为有效，但在减少不使用β-2 受体激动剂天数、哮喘恶化儿童比例、至少经历一次哮喘发作儿童比例和夜间因哮喘觉醒方面未见这种优势。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "小儿哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白三烯受体拮抗剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "急性淋巴细胞白血病@ ### 男性 ALL在男性中发病率稍高。急性淋巴细胞白血病@ ### 白种人 在白人中的发病率高于黑种人（在美国，白种人的发病率为1.5/10万人，黑人的发病率为0.8/ 10万人)。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "男性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "自身免疫性肝炎@然而，由于高血压、肾功能不全、高脂血症、多毛症、机会性感染和恶性肿瘤的风险较高，高毒性限制了环孢素的应用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾功能不全"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高脂血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多毛症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "机会性感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶性肿瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "宫颈癌@ 巴氏检查（巴氏涂片）的筛查方法及后续的阴道镜检查可诊断出浸润前的病变。宫颈癌@ 局部晚期的宫颈癌可表现为阴道出血、分泌物、疼痛或阻塞性尿路病变。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "筛查", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "巴氏检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "局部晚期的宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阴道出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "局部晚期的宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "分泌物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "肺孢子虫病@此外，常见症状为呼吸加速、咳嗽、发绀、三凹、鼻扇及腹泻。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺孢子虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸加速"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺孢子虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺孢子虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发绀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺孢子虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "三凹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺孢子虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼻扇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肺孢子虫病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹泻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "类癌综合征@ ### 肠梗阻或肠出血 | 存在差异 | 中 患者常常出现反复发作的腹痛，饱餐后更严重。类癌综合征@必要时行肠切除术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "肠出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反复发作的腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肠出血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反复发作的腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "如果患儿同时有肺结核，那么肠结核的诊断不难。如有生殖系结核或伴其他器官结核，血中腺苷酸脱氨酶（ADA）活性增高，多考虑肠结核，肠结核的肠壁病变活体组织检查可有干酪样坏死及黏膜下层闭锁。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠壁病变活体组织"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "膀胱输尿管反流分为原发性和继发性两种。前者系活瓣机能先天性发育不全，后者继发于下尿路梗阻，如后尿道瓣膜及神经源性膀胱等。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "下尿路梗阻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "继发性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "神经源性膀胱", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "继发性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "原发性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "膀胱输尿管反流", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "继发性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "（二）直肠肛管测压 直肠肛管测压诊断HD的准确率高达85%。 （三）直肠活体组织检查 直肠活体组织检查可确诊HD。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "HD", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "直肠活体组织检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "中耳炎@ 引发 AOM 的最常见细菌是 _肺炎链球菌_ （大约 40%）、不可分型 _流感嗜血杆菌_ （25% - 30%），以及 _卡他莫拉菌_ （10% - 15%）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "AOM", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎链球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "AOM", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流感嗜血杆菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "AOM", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "卡他莫拉菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "期前收缩@恶性室性期前收缩常继发于其他事件，如电解质紊乱、缺氧、药物中毒及心脏损伤等。期前收缩@胺碘酮一般用于难治病例或伴有血流动力学损害的患儿。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "室性期前收缩", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胺碘酮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "自身免疫性肝炎@如果可能，使用免疫抑制剂替代皮质类固醇，或者尝试隔日给药治疗方案。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫抑制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "自身免疫性肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮质类固醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@动脉粥样硬化斑块表面产生裂隙或破裂并形成血栓，是大多数STEMI患者的潜在病因。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "STEMI"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "胆管癌@### 胆囊结石 胆囊结石增加了肝内胆管癌的风险，OR为4.0，95%CI为2.0-7.99。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "肝内胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆囊结石"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "急性膀胱炎@### 高龄 在老年人群中比较常见，其中部分患者没有临床表现。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高龄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "2.促动力药物 根据有对照组的临床验证，现已肯定甲氧氯普胺（胃复安）、多潘立酮（吗丁啉）及西沙比利对消除功能性消化不良诸症状确有疗效。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "甲氧氯普胺", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "胃复安"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "多潘立酮", "subject_type": "药物", "object": {"@value": "吗丁啉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "功能性消化不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "西沙比利"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "功能性消化不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲氧氯普胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "慢性肾病@如患者不能通过饮食控制磷的摄入，则应开始应用磷结合剂，例如钙、镧以及司维拉姆，以使血磷维持在正常水平。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "钙、镧以及司维拉姆"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "Pelser等报道，在儿童中幽门螺杆菌感染率不仅很高，而且随着年龄增加而递增，3月龄～1岁为13. 5%，2～4岁为48. 5%，5～9岁为67. 3%，10～14岁为84. 2%，总之幽门螺杆菌在发展中国家儿童中有较高的感染率。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "很高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "13. 5%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "48. 5%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "67. 3%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "84. 2%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "3.硬肿 全身皮下脂肪聚集的部位均可出现硬肿、水肿或硬而不肿，触及呈橡皮样。 表5-14 新生儿硬肿症诊断分度评分标准 注： （1）体温、硬肿范围和器官功能改变分别评分，总分为0分属轻度，1～3分为中度，4分及以上为重度 （2）硬肿范围计算：头颈部20%，双上肢18%，前胸及腹部14%，背部及腰骶部14%，臀部8%，双下肢26% （3）器官功能低下，包括不吃、不哭、反应低下、心率慢或心电图、血生化异常；器官功能衰竭指休克、心力衰竭、DIC、肺出血、肾衰竭等 （4）体温＜35℃时，腋-肛温差负值提示机体产热衰竭，0或正值为未衰竭 4.感染并存者常并发肺炎、败血症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿硬肿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硬肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "新生儿硬肿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "硬肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "新生儿硬肿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "新生儿硬肿症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "败血症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "妊娠期高血压@## 二级预防 不再推荐卧床休息。③补钙：低钙饮食（摄入量<600mg/d）的孕妇建议补钙。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "妊娠期高血压", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "补钙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "失眠症@引导意象和冥想指导患者以舒适、宁静的意象替代忧心忡忡的想法。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "引导意象和冥想"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "意象和冥想"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "小细胞肺癌@可有特征性的咳嗽、呼吸困难、咯血、体重减轻、发热、关节痛、皮肤病变、盗汗，或者无症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咯血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重减轻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤病变"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "小细胞肺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "盗汗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "十二、腺泡型软组织肉瘤 腺泡型软组织肉瘤（alveolar soft part sarcoma）是一临床-病理实体，小儿少见，多见于15岁左右的青少年，女性多于男性。切面呈黄白或灰红色，中央含坏死和出血区，肿瘤周围有较粗的血管。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腺泡型软组织肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "切面呈黄白或灰红色"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腺泡型软组织肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中央含坏死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腺泡型软组织肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血区"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腺泡型软组织肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "较粗的血管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "腺泡型软组织肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "alveolar soft part sarcoma"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "腺泡型软组织肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小儿少见"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "腺泡型软组织肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多见于15岁左右的青少年"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "腺泡型软组织肉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "女性多于男性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "乙型肝炎@### 同性恋 与HBV感染性伴侣的性接触是传播的重要途径。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "同性恋"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "与HBV感染性伴侣的性接触"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "胆管癌@## 病因学 感染，炎症和癌症之间有密切的关联。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "炎症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "癌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "转移性乳腺癌@### 肝功能检查 (LFT) 检查 结果 检查 所有转移性乳腺癌患者均需记录基础值并定期随访。 转移性乳腺癌@结合全血细胞计数，结果有时可提示癌症是否扩散至了骨或肝脏。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全血细胞计数"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "转移部位", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "转移性乳腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝功能检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "（三）急性细菌性痢疾 细菌性痢疾夏季发病率高，患儿多有不洁食物史，潜伏期24～72小时。粪便培养可确诊。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性细菌性痢疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "粪便培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发季节", "subject": "急性细菌性痢疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "夏季"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "急性细菌性痢疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "患儿多有不洁食物史"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "细菌性脑膜炎@### 确诊感染：大肠杆菌和其他革兰氏阴性肠杆菌 查看全部   首选 –   抗生素靶向治疗 #### 第一选择 [ 庆大霉素 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 新生儿：剂量请咨询指导专家；儿童：2 mg/kg，静脉给药分剂量每8 小时一次；成人：1mg/kg，静脉给药，每 8 小时一次。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗生素靶向治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "中耳炎@### 较低的社会经济状况 观察研究发现此危险因素与急性中耳炎发病有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "急性中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "较低的社会经济状况"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "早产 胎龄越小，PS合成及分泌量也越低，RDS的发生率越高。 糖尿病母亲婴儿（infant of diabetic mother, IDM ) 也易发生此病，RDS发生率比正常增加5 ~6倍。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "RDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖尿病母亲婴儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "RDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "早产"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "糖尿病母亲婴儿", "subject_type": "流行病学", "object": {"@value": "IDM"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "糖尿病母亲婴儿", "subject_type": "流行病学", "object": {"@value": "infant of diabetic mother"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "（一）急性再障 （重型再障）的治疗 1.去除病因 对一切可疑的致病因素，均应立即停止接触、应用。 （5）大剂量丙种球蛋白。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "急性再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "大剂量丙种球蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "急性再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "去除病因"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "骨性关节炎@在III期随机双盲试验中比较了878名有下腰痛或骨性关节炎疼痛（髋或膝）超过90天的患者对他喷他多和羟考酮快速释放的反应。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "腰痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "他喷他多"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "腰痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "羟考酮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "儿童偏头痛@发作逐渐减少可能证明其他药物的作用：可选择的药物有阿米替林、丙戊酸、卡马西平和加巴喷丁，尽管每种药物开始使用都需要主任医生批准并且要严密监测不良反应。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿米替林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "丙戊酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "卡马西平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "儿童偏头痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "加巴喷丁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "1%亚甲蓝以每次0. 1～0. 2ml/kg，稀释后缓慢推注，或维生素C以0. 5～1g用葡萄糖20ml稀释后静注；气促者给予吸氧。 19.毒蛇咬伤中毒 伤肢制动，以减慢毒素扩散；肢体伤口的近心端2～3cm处用绳或布条缚扎，每15～30分钟放松1 ～2分钟。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "亚甲蓝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "维生素C"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "中毒", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伤肢制动"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "脑炎@脑炎后 5 年内癫痫的发病率为 10%，20 年内为 20%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "10%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "预后生存率", "subject": "脑炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "20%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}]}
{"text": "感染性心内膜炎（infective endocarditis，IE ) 80%以上由链球菌和葡萄球菌所致,其他尚有真菌、衣原体、立克次体及病毒等。 免疫学征象:肾小球肾炎、Osler结节、Roth斑、类风湿因子阳性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Roth斑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Osler结节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾小球肾炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "链球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "葡萄球菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "真菌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "衣原体"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "立克次体及病毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "infective endocarditis"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "感染性心内膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "IE"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "HELLP 综合征@### 病史 关键危险因素包括白人族裔、高龄孕妇、多胎妊娠、肥胖、慢性高血压、糖尿病、自身免疫性疾病、胎盘形成异常（例如葡萄胎妊娠）、既往发生先兆子痫伴有或不伴有 HELLP 综合征的妊娠。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白人族裔"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高龄孕妇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多胎妊娠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肥胖"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖尿病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "自身免疫性疾病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胎盘形成异常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "HELLP 综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性高血压"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "第六节 溶血性贫血 一、总 论 溶血性贫血（hemolytic anemia）是由多种病因引起红细胞寿命的缩短和过早地破坏，且红细胞的破坏超过了骨髓生血功能的代偿能力而发生循环中红细胞数和血红蛋白含量减少的一种贫血。因此，如轻度溶血时，外周血中的红细胞数能被骨髓造血功能的增加所完全代偿，此时，临床上虽有溶血存在但并不发生贫血；如果红细胞的破坏超过了骨髓造血的代偿能力，则发生溶血性贫血。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "外周血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "溶血性贫血", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "hemolytic anemia"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性膀胱炎@### 泌尿系感染特点 25%-35% 初发泌尿系感染的女性在接下来 3 到 6 个月内会再次感染。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泌尿系感染特点"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "类癌综合征@ 栓塞术使用可以重复，但其有效性随着反复操作而逐渐下降。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "类癌综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "栓塞术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "疟疾感染@应当使用氯喹（首选）或羟氯喹治疗感染，共 3 次给药。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氯喹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疟疾感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "羟氯喹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "部分患儿对IVIG输注后无效，可重复使用1次，或选择使用糖皮质激素。 【预后】 川崎病为自限性疾病，多数预后良好。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖皮质激素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@结果 可能正常；血清钙、钾、磷、尿酸和乳酸水平可能升高；血清钙可能降低 ### 肾功能 检查 结果 检查 是一项基线检查，并在整个治疗过程中持续监测。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾功能"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "慢性淋巴细胞白血病@检查 套细胞淋巴瘤、滤泡性淋巴瘤和淋巴浆细胞性白血病细胞可能模仿 CLL 形态。 慢性淋巴细胞白血病@CLL 细胞在流式细胞术检查中对 CD5 和 CD19 呈阳性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "CLL", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "流式细胞术检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "军团菌肺炎（legionaires disease）是一种严重的多系统损害性疾病，主要表现为发热和呼吸道症状。可加用利福平。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "军团菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "利福平"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "军团菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "legionaires disease"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "军团菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "军团菌肺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸道症状"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "胃炎@通常的推荐意见是，根除治疗后，PPI停药7-14天，抗生素和铋剂停药至少28天可以采用尿素呼吸试验检测 _幽门螺杆菌_ 根除效果。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿素呼吸试验检测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "慢性胰腺炎@约5%的胰腺炎患者会出现无症状性髓内脂肪坏死。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "胰腺炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无症状性髓内脂肪坏死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "第五章 急性肝功能衰竭 【概述】 急性肝功能衰竭（acute liver failure，ALF）一般是指原无肝病者在短时间内发生的因肝细胞大量坏死导致合成、解毒、排泄和生物转化等功能发生严重障碍或失代偿，出现以凝血机制障碍和黄疸、肝性脑病、腹水等为主要表现的一组临床综合征。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急性肝功能衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "acute liver failure"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "急性肝功能衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "ALF"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性肝功能衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝细胞大量坏死"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性肝功能衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "凝血机制障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性肝功能衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "黄疸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性肝功能衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹水"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "急性肝功能衰竭", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝性脑病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "失眠症@### 年龄增长 失眠症报告随年龄增加而增加，但它似乎与老年人常见的健康并发症而不是衰老进程相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "失眠症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "年龄增长"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "心肌炎@应用Swan－Ganz气囊漂浮导管，进行侵袭性血流动力学监测，可辨别发生低血压的病因，并为是否使用这些药物提供信息。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "侵袭性血流动力学监测"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "心肌炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Swan－Ganz气囊漂浮导管"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "非小细胞肺癌@支气管肺泡灌洗（BAL）表现为混合细胞型，淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、肥大细胞、泡沫状巨噬细胞增高和偶尔的浆细胞增高。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "支气管肺泡灌洗", "subject_type": "其他治疗", "object": {"@value": "BAL"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "乙型肝炎@### 注射吸毒者 吸毒者通过共用针头可导致经皮肤传播。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "注射吸毒者"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "乙型肝炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸毒者通过共用针头"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "（一）SMA-Ⅰ型 也称为婴儿型脊髓性肌萎缩症或Werdnig-Hoffmann病。患者有严重肌无力（以四肢近端为主，躯干肌也可受累）和肌张力的低下，但括约肌的张力和感觉仍保持正常；仰卧时腿呈蛙式，由于肋间肌无力影响呼吸，引起胸廓凹陷畸形，双侧腹部脏器突出和膈肌麻痹；患者面肌和咀嚼肌无力，故吮吸及吞咽困难；由于不能摄取足够的能量，造成营养不良；除了手指和脚趾之外，无自发活动，常常有手指的细微震颤，称为多发性微小肌阵挛（polyminimyoclonus）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "SMA-Ⅰ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "严重肌无力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "SMA-Ⅰ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌张力的低下"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "SMA-Ⅰ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "仰卧时腿呈蛙式"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "SMA-Ⅰ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸廓凹陷畸形"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "SMA-Ⅰ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双侧腹部脏器突出"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "SMA-Ⅰ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膈肌麻痹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "SMA-Ⅰ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "面肌和咀嚼肌无力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "SMA-Ⅰ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吮吸及吞咽困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "SMA-Ⅰ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "营养不良"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "SMA-Ⅰ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手指的细微震颤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "SMA-Ⅰ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多发性微小肌阵挛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "SMA-Ⅰ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "婴儿型脊髓性肌萎缩症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "SMA-Ⅰ型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Werdnig-Hoffmann病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "婴儿型脊髓性肌萎缩症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Werdnig-Hoffmann病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "严重肌无力", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "四肢近端"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "严重肌无力", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "躯干肌"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "多发性微小肌阵挛", "subject_type": "症状", "object": {"@value": "polyminimyoclonus"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "GSDⅠa型（Von Gierke病）葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶缺陷。患儿呈娃娃脸，肝脏、肾脏肿大，身材矮小，智能发育正常。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "GSDⅠa型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "娃娃脸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "GSDⅠa型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脏、肾脏肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "GSDⅠa型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "身材矮小"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "GSDⅠa型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "智能发育正常"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "GSDⅠa型", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Von Gierke病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "恶性疟最严重，常出现以下凶险类型： 1.脑型疟 有高热，谵语，抽搐，昏迷，脑膜刺激征阳性。 （七）慢性疟疾 多为重复感染或未正规治疗的结果，主要症状是精神不振，贫血，肝脾肿大，血液中可找到疟原虫。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "恶性疟", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "慢性疟疾"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "恶性疟", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑型疟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑型疟", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "高热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑型疟", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "谵语"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑型疟", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏迷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "脑型疟", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜刺激征阳性"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "精神不振"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "贫血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝脾肿大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性疟疾", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血液中可找到疟原虫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "骨性关节炎@### 酮咯酸 一项小型研究（35 例受试者）显示，关节内给予酮咯酸对疼痛的缓解与注射皮质类固醇相似。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "疼痛", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "酮咯酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "骨性关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "酮咯酸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "转移性乳腺癌@一般用滑石粉造成炎症反应以填塞胸膜间隙。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病因", "subject": "炎症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "滑石粉"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "痛风@对于 GI 并发症高危患者，使用时应联合预防措施，如质子泵抑制剂或米索前列醇。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "预防措施"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "质子泵抑制剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "米索前列醇"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "腹主动脉瘤@如果主髂动脉解剖结构合适，则 EVAR 是最有效的修复方法；否则应进行传统开放修复术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "EVAR"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "传统开放修复术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "（一）一般治疗 急性期、活动期及重症均强调休息、加强营养和避免日晒，静止期逐步恢复活动及上学。 （二）免疫抑制剂 1.糖皮质激素 是治疗SLE基本药物，主要作用于G0期淋巴细胞，有强烈抗炎作用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "SLE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "强调休息"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "SLE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "加强营养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "SLE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "避免日晒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "SLE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "逐步恢复活动及上学"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "SLE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖皮质激素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "骨性关节炎@痛风通常累及足部，特别是第一跖趾关节，尽管它可能累及几乎任何关节。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "足"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "痛风", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "(2)几种常见类型肠炎的临床特点 轮状病毒肠炎:是婴儿腹泻最常见的病原。粪便显微镜检査偶有少量白细胞，感染后1 ~3天即有大量病毒自大便中排出，最长可达6天。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "组织学检查", "subject": "轮状病毒肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "粪便显微镜检査"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "肠炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "轮状病毒肠炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "第五章 青紫型先天性心脏病 第一节 法洛四联症 法洛四联症（tetralogy of Fallot，TOF）是最常见的青紫型先天性心脏病，约占青紫型先天性心脏病的70%左右，约占所有先天性心脏病的10%。 【临床表现】 （一）青紫 为其主要表现，其程度和出现的早晚与肺动脉狭窄程度有关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "法洛四联症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青紫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "法洛四联症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "tetralogy of Fallot"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "tetralogy of Fallot", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "法洛四联症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "TOF", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "法洛四联症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "法洛四联症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "先天性心脏病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "法洛四联症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青紫型先天性心脏病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "产后抑郁症@[ 双相情感障碍 ](/topics/zh-cn/488) ### 甲状腺功能障碍 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 可能存在甲状腺功能亢进的症状（例如体重减轻、出汗、紧张、心悸）或甲状腺功能减退的症状（例如倦怠、便秘、畏寒）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "产后抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双相情感障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "甲状腺功能障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双相情感障碍"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "甲状腺功能障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲状腺功能亢进"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "甲状腺功能障碍", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "甲状腺功能减退"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲状腺功能亢进", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重减轻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲状腺功能亢进", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出汗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲状腺功能亢进", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "紧张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲状腺功能亢进", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心悸"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲状腺功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "倦怠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲状腺功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "便秘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "甲状腺功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "畏寒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "类风湿关节炎@结果 阳性（70%的患者） ### 影像学 检查 结果 检查 关节侵蚀开始于没有软骨覆盖的骨缘，首先破坏软骨下骨，然后进展为关节狭窄。类风湿关节炎@基线期应行影像学检查，随后每年监测病情进展状况。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "阶段", "subject": "关节侵蚀", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "基线期"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "胆管癌@胆道旁路手术的发病率和死亡率与手术操作最相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "胆管癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆道旁路手术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 典型的Turner综合征患者在出生时就有身高和体重发育落后，在新生儿时期可见颈后皮肤过度折叠以及手、足背发生水肿等特殊症状。还有肘外翻及皮肤多痣等症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Turner综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肘外翻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Turner综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤多痣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Turner综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "身高和体重发育落后"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Turner综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈后皮肤过度折叠"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "Turner综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "手、足背发生水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "IgA肾病从病理变化到临床表现都有很大差异，预后也有很大区别，因此，治疗措施必须做到个体化。 （一）一般治疗 儿童最多见的临床类型是反复发作性的肉眼血尿，且大多有诱因如急性上呼吸道感染等，因此要积极控制感染，清除病灶，注意休息。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "IgA肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肉眼血尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "IgA肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "清除病灶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "IgA肾病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "注意休息"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "急性髓性白血病@在大约 10% 的患者中可见白细胞计数升高（白细胞计数＞100,000/μL），因而诱发了一些并发症，例如肿瘤溶解综合征、中枢神经系统受累和白细胞淤滞。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肿瘤溶解综合征"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中枢神经系统受累"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白细胞淤滞"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "急性髓性白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白细胞计数升高"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "幽门螺杆菌感染与NSAIDs/ASA诱发的胃炎是消化性溃疡的两大潜在因素，所以对幽门螺杆菌阳性的溃疡患者亦予以幽门螺杆菌根除疗法；如果可能，停用ASA/NSAIDs。 3.抗胆碱能药物阻断壁细胞的乙酰胆碱受体（M1分布胃黏膜，尤为壁细胞，M2分布心、膈肌、膀胱及胃肠平滑肌），乙酰胆碱对G细胞的作用，使胃酸及胃泌素分泌减少。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "消化性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗胆碱能药物"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "消化性溃疡", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "乙酰胆碱"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "幽门螺杆菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化性溃疡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "NSAIDs/ASA诱发的胃炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "消化性溃疡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肾细胞癌@### 阴囊精索静脉曲张 极小部分男性会因 RCC 而引起精索静脉曲张。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "肾细胞癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阴囊精索静脉曲张"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "1型糖尿病起病多数较急骤，几天内可突然表现明显多饮、多尿，每天饮水量和尿量可达3～5L，易饿多食，但体重下降，称为“三多一少”。 婴幼儿多饮多尿不易发现，有相当多的病人常以急性酮症酸中毒为首发症状，表现为胃纳减退、恶心、呕吐、腹痛、关节肌肉疼痛、呼吸深快、呼气中带有酮味，神志萎靡、嗜睡、反应迟钝，严重者可出现昏迷。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "急性酮症酸中毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胃纳减退"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "恶心"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呕吐"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "关节肌肉疼痛"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸深快"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼气中带有酮味"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "神志萎靡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "嗜睡"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "反应迟钝"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "昏迷"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "起病多数较急骤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多饮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多尿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "易饿多食"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "1型糖尿病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "体重下降"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "口咽癌@ ### 牙关紧闭 | 长期 | 低 颞下颌关节和翼外肌的继发纤维化。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "口咽癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "牙关紧闭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "1.强直-阵挛性发作（tonic-clonic seizures） 发作时突然意识丧失，瞳孔散大，全身肌肉强直或阵挛或强直-阵挛性收缩。强直发作以肌群持续而强烈的收缩为特征，肢体躯干固定在某个姿势5～20秒钟。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "强直-阵挛性发作", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肌群持续而强烈的收缩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "强直-阵挛性发作", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发作时突然意识丧失"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "强直-阵挛性发作", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "瞳孔散大"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "强直-阵挛性发作", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "全身肌肉强直"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "强直-阵挛性发作", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阵挛或强直-阵挛性收缩"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "2.异位型 此型占60%～80%，女性及小儿多见。异位型输尿管膨出一般较大而开口较小，多位于膀胱基底部近膀胱颈或后尿道内，女孩甚至可脱出尿道，造成尿路梗阻。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病性别倾向", "subject": "异位型输尿管膨出", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "女性及小儿多见"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "异位型输尿管膨出", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "60%～80%"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "异位型输尿管膨出", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "膀胱基底部近膀胱颈"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病部位", "subject": "异位型输尿管膨出", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "后尿道内"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "18-三体综合征@ 【诊断】 18-三体综合征临床表现有很大的变异，而且没有一种畸形是18-三体综合征特有的，因此，不能仅根据临床畸形做出诊断，必须做细胞染色体检查，确诊根据核型分析结果。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "18-三体综合征", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "细胞染色体检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "膀胱癌@这些因素在病例中占四分之一以上。 膀胱癌@### 盆腔放疗 盆腔放疗（常用于前列腺癌）可显著增加膀胱癌的风险。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "膀胱癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "盆腔放疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "持续性抑郁症@研究显示在急性期（12 周）采用心理治疗（认知行为心理分析系统 [CBASP]）联合抗抑郁药（例如，奈法唑酮）比单用心理治疗或单用药物治疗有更好结果。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "奈法唑酮"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "认知行为心理分析系统", "subject_type": "其他治疗", "object": {"@value": "CBASP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "认知行为心理分析系统"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "由于新生儿高血糖症常无特异临床表现，诊断主要依据血糖和尿糖检测，但应及时查清原因，以利治疗。 【预防】 预防的主要措施是控制葡萄糖输入的速度，临床上应注意以下几点： 1.对母分娩前短时间内和新生儿在产房复苏时用过葡萄糖者，入病房后先查血糖（用试纸法或微量血糖法），然后决定所需输糖速度。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "新生儿高血糖症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "控制葡萄糖输入的速度"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}]}
{"text": "持续性抑郁症@CBASP 是一种为治疗慢性抑郁开发出的心理治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "持续性抑郁症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "CBASP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "垂体功能减退@外伤性脑损伤会造成垂体功能减退越来越得到认可。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "外伤性脑损伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "垂体功能减退"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "急性淋巴细胞白血病@治疗还包括鞘内化疗。急性淋巴细胞白血病@ 初始腰椎穿刺可分为：CNS1级：阴性；CNS2:非创伤性，≤5个白细胞/μL，含母细胞的脑脊液；CNS3：非创伤性性，>5个白细胞/μL，含母细胞的脑脊液；TLP(+)：创伤性（>10红细胞/ml或可见血色）伴母细胞；TLP(-):创伤性无母细胞。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "化疗", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鞘内化疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "【流行病学】 全球不同国家和地区虽均有HUS散发或流行的报道，但本病有一定的地域性，以阿根廷、荷兰、南非、美国加利福尼亚州和加拿大魁北克省居多。美国儿童HUS发病率为0. 3/10万～10/10万，澳大利亚等国5岁以下儿童为1. 35/10万～5. 8/10万，日本的HUS病例数则有逐年增多趋势。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "HUS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "0. 3/10万～10/10万"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病率", "subject": "HUS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "1. 35/10万～5. 8/10万"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "气管狭窄的表现视其程度而定。轻度狭窄常无症状，较严重时，可出现气急，发绀，吸气时可闻喘鸣音。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "气管狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "气急"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "气管狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发绀"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "气管狭窄", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喘鸣"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "targetUrl=http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.539/full) ## 证据评分 住院时间：有质量差的证据表明，早期胆囊切除术（在诊断时或症状发作 7 日内）可能比延后的胆囊切除术（在症状发作后 6 周或以上）更有效地缩短住院时间。 胆囊炎@住院时间：有质量差的证据表明，腹腔镜胆囊切除术可能比开腹胆囊切除术更有效地缩短住院时间。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胆囊切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腹腔镜胆囊切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "胆囊炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "开腹胆囊切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "对于内部浸润型肿瘤，无法手术，主要靠放射治疗。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "放射治疗", "subject": "内部浸润型肿瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "放射治疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "口腔黏膜炎@对于接受化疗的患者，保持良好的口腔卫生可以减轻口腔黏膜炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "口腔黏膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "口腔卫生"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "B族链球菌感染@在本组非妊娠成人中，最常见的感染是病灶不明的脓毒症、皮肤和软组织感染、脑膜炎和尿路感染。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病灶不明的脓毒症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑膜炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿路感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "B族链球菌感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "皮肤和软组织感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "二、广泛性焦虑症 广泛性焦虑症（generalized anxiety disorder）的基本特征为广泛和持续的焦虑，但不一定是在某一特殊情境中发生。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "广泛性焦虑症", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "generalized anxiety disorder"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "肺结核@其他发展成为活动性结核病的危险因素包括近期结核菌素皮试的阳转、无家可归、吸毒、吸烟和免疫功能低下人群（即：糖尿病、长期皮质类固醇治疗、终末期肾病、营养不良和血液系统的恶性肿瘤）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "无家可归"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸烟"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "肺结核", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "免疫功能低下人群"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "中耳炎@对抗生素无反应或严重疼痛 – 联合 –   鼓膜穿刺术 针对经选择患者组全部患者的治疗推荐 鼓膜穿刺除了用于诊断病因外，还可以缓解中耳腔的压力，并缓解耳痛。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "中耳炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "鼓膜穿刺术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "小儿口炎在婴幼儿较多见，可以单独发病，也可继发于腹泻、营养不良、急性感染和久病体弱等全身性疾病。根据致病因素分为感染性口炎和非感染性口炎。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "小儿口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "感染性口炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "病理分型", "subject": "小儿口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "非感染性口炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "多发群体", "subject": "小儿口炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "婴幼儿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "腹泻", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小儿口炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "营养不良", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小儿口炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "急性感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小儿口炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "相关（导致）", "subject": "久病体弱", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "小儿口炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "早产@### 母体感染 泌尿道感染（包括无症状菌尿）与早产密切相关。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "母体感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "相关（转化）", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泌尿道感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "但抗原检测可以有假阳性，因此抗原检测的阳性结果只能提示可能有GBS感染，同时应结合感染的临床表现来综合判断。 【治疗】 GBS感染的初期治疗包括青霉素和氨基糖苷类。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "GBS感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "青霉素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "GBS感染", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氨基糖苷类"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "右位 心@在胸部X线平片上，异位引流的肺静脉在右肺野表现为“短弯刀”样阴影。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "右位 心", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部X线平片"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "2.防治感染 急性再障预后凶险，病死率可高达80%以上，死亡的主要原因之一是严重感染。 4.纠正贫血 当病情进展迅速，血红蛋白＜40g/L时，有可能出现贫血性心功能衰竭和组织缺氧的表现，应尽快输血，但输血速度宜缓慢，以防促进心功能衰竭。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "急性再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "速度宜缓慢"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预防", "subject": "急性再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "以防促进心功能衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "预后状况", "subject": "急性再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "凶险"}, "object_type": {"@value": "预后"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "死亡率", "subject": "急性再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "病死率"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "高危因素", "subject": "急性再障", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "严重感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "毛细胞白血病@检查 由于 t（11；14）染色体异位导致的 cyclin D1 过表达是套细胞淋巴瘤的典型特征。 毛细胞白血病@### 幼淋巴细胞白血病 体征/症状 检查 体征/症状 临床上，幼淋巴细胞白血病和 HCL 难以鉴别。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "鉴别诊断", "subject": "毛细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "幼淋巴细胞白血病"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "川崎病@ （二）急性期后的治疗 在起病后6～8周应复查血小板、血沉及心脏超声波。川崎病@如实验室检查均正常，且没有冠状动脉损伤，阿司匹林可停药。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "没有冠状动脉损伤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阿司匹林"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "川崎病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心脏超声波"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "2. 控制惊厥 惊厥是重度HIE常见症状。 3. 治疗脑水肿 避免输液过量是预防和治疗脑水肿的基础,每日液体总量不超过60~80ml/kg。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "HIE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "治疗脑水肿"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "HIE", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "控制惊厥"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "脑水肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "避免输液过量"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死@如果条件合适，可以选用双心室起搏。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "ST段抬高型心肌梗死", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "双心室起搏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "急性膀胱炎@在治疗复杂性急性膀胱炎患者期间，有必要经常复查尿常规和尿培养，以确保感染已得到治愈。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "复杂性急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿常规"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "复杂性急性膀胱炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "尿培养"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "成人哮喘@### 第 6 级：重度持续，对高剂量 ICS+辅助药物反应不佳 查看全部   首选 –   口服糖皮质激素 #### 第一选择 [ 泼尼松龙 ](/druglink?dd=MARTINDALE) open_in_new : 0.5 mg/kg/日，口服，分 1-2 次给药，持续 3-5 天 重度持续定义为：症状持续，活动受限，急性发作频繁，夜间症状频繁，FEV1≤60% 预计值，PEFR 变异率>60%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "成人哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "糖皮质激素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "成人哮喘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "泼尼松龙"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "腹主动脉瘤@ * 并发症包括心肺事件、肠系膜缺血、肾功能衰竭、出血、伤口和移植物感染、脊髓缺血/截瘫、栓塞/肢体缺血、迟发性移植物并发症（即：主动脉肠瘘和主动脉假性动脉瘤）。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "心肺事件"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肠系膜缺血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾功能衰竭"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "出血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "伤口"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "移植物感染"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脊髓缺血/截瘫"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "栓塞/肢体缺血"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "迟发性移植物并发症"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "主动脉肠瘘"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "并发症", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "主动脉假性动脉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "在美国，除小儿先天畸形、早产、低出生体重外，SIDS目前是婴儿死亡最常见的原因。本症的发病年龄为28天～1岁，约占婴儿时期（1个月～1岁）疾病死亡率的25%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "发病年龄", "subject": "SIDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "28天～1岁"}, "object_type": {"@value": "流行病学"}}]}
{"text": "(―)一般治疗 ①保温:将婴儿置于暖箱或辐射式抢救台上,保持皮肤温度在36. 5℃ ;②监测:体温、呼吸、心率、血压和动脉血气;③保证液体和营养供应:第1天液体量为70 ~80ml/(kg • d)，以后逐渐增加，液体量不宜过多，否则易导致动脉导管开放，甚至发生肺水肿;④抗生素:RDS患儿在败血症被排除前，建议常规使用抗生素。 (二）氧疗（oxygen therapy)和辅助通气 吸氧 轻症可选用鼻导管、面罩、头罩或鼻塞吸氧，维持PaO250 ~80mmHg(6.7~10.6kPa)和经皮血氧饱和度（TcS02)90% ~ 95%为宜。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "RDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氧疗"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "RDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "辅助通气"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助治疗", "subject": "RDS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "吸氧"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "氧疗", "subject_type": "其他治疗", "object": {"@value": "oxygen therapy"}, "object_type": {"@value": "其他治疗"}}]}
{"text": "喉癌@ ### 喘息 无论何种组织类型喉癌晚期都可出现呼吸道梗阻。喉癌@少数声门上型喉癌患者喘息为首发症状。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "声门上型喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "喘息"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "喉癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸道梗阻"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "垂体功能减退@### 疲乏 肾上腺皮质功能不全。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "肾上腺皮质功能不全", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疲乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "垂体功能减退", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "疲乏"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "腹主动脉瘤@组织学检查发现，动脉中层和外膜的胶原蛋白和弹性蛋白消失，平滑肌细胞减少和继发的中层壁逐渐变薄，淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞浸润，新生血管形成。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "平滑肌细胞减少"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "继发的中层壁逐渐变薄"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "腹主动脉瘤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "新生血管形成"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "急性淋巴细胞白血病@对于白细胞超过25 x 10^9/L (25 000/μL)的高白血病负荷患者，建议有一个谨慎细胞减少的阶段，可联合使用皮质类固醇和长春新碱或环磷酰胺。急性淋巴细胞白血病@另外，对于有白细胞瘀滞症状的患者，治疗开始前需进行白细胞去除术。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "急性淋巴细胞白血病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白细胞去除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "白细胞瘀滞症状", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "白细胞去除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "病毒性脑膜炎@ 艾滋病病毒的病毒负载量测试可在血清转换前诊断急性 HIV 感染。 病毒性脑膜炎@结果 可能呈阳性 ### 新兴检查 ### 查看全部   ### 脑脊液 C 反应蛋白 (CRP) 检查 结果 检查 脑脊液 CRP 低对细菌性脑膜炎的阴性预测值＞97%。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "辅助检查", "subject": "病毒性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑脊液 C 反应蛋白 (CRP)"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "细菌性脑膜炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脑脊液 CRP"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "类风湿关节炎@其他常用的一线DMARD包括来氟米特、柳氮磺吡啶、和羟氯喹。类风湿关节炎@羟氯喹比其他DMARD疗效弱。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "羟氯喹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "氟米特"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "柳氮磺吡啶"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "DMARD"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "类风湿关节炎", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "来氟米特"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "胰腺癌@保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术和Kausch-Whipple胰十二指肠切除术后的生存质量和生存率可能相同。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "胰腺癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "Kausch-Whipple胰十二指肠切除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}]}
{"text": "小儿哮喘@### 劳力性呼吸困难 症状发作时往往伴有喘息和咳嗽，很少单独出现呼吸困难。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "劳力性呼吸困难", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "咳嗽"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "劳力性呼吸困难", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "呼吸困难"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "（二）依临床表现分为两型 1.单纯型NS（simple type NS） 2.肾炎型NS（nephrotic type NS） 凡具有以下四项之一项或多项者属于肾炎型NS；①2周内分别3次以上离心尿检查RBC≥10个/HP，并证实为肾小球源性血尿者；②反复或持续高血压（学龄儿童≥130/90mmHg，学龄前儿童≥120/ 80mmHg）并除外使用糖皮质激素等原因所致；③肾功能不全，并排除由于血容量不足等所致；④持续低补体血症。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "单纯型NS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "simple type NS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "肾炎型NS", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "nephrotic type NS"}, "object_type": {"@value": "疾病"}}]}
{"text": "Q热@慢性Q热的其他表现还有血管受累、动脉瘤、骨髓炎、长期发热、肺炎、肝炎或紫癜样皮疹。Q热@采用四环素或多西环素治疗，但应争取早期治疗，过晚治疗对于缩短急性起病程没有作用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "慢性Q热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "四环素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性Q热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "血管受累"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性Q热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "动脉瘤"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性Q热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "骨髓炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性Q热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "发热"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性Q热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肺炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性Q热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肝炎"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "慢性Q热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "紫癜样皮疹"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "Q热", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "多西环素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【临床表现】 男性尿道上裂表现为阴茎头扁平，阴茎体短、向背侧弯曲而上翘，自异位尿道口到阴茎头顶部为被覆黏膜的尿道板。女性表现为阴蒂对裂，阴唇分开，间距增大及耻骨联合分离。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "尿道上裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阴蒂对裂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "临床表现", "subject": "尿道上裂", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "阴唇分开"}, "object_type": {"@value": "症状"}}]}
{"text": "念珠菌病@大片皮损周围可有散在的斑丘疹、水疱或丘水疱。念珠菌病@有时可扩展至腋下、颈部、眼睑、眼结膜和其他部位。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "大片皮损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "腋下"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "大片皮损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "颈部"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "大片皮损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼睑"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "外侵部位", "subject": "大片皮损", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "眼结膜"}, "object_type": {"@value": "部位"}}]}
{"text": "前置胎盘@附加 –   抗 D 免疫球蛋白 针对经选择患者组部分患者的治疗推荐 #### 第一选择 [抗 D 免疫球蛋白]:300μg，肌肉注射，在流产/妊娠终止事件后72小时内给药 应评估使用抗 D 免疫球蛋白的指征；前置胎盘对该药物的需求情况以及给药剂量并无影响，应遵循标准建议。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "前置胎盘", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗 D 免疫球蛋白"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "宫颈癌@对于存在淋巴血管入侵的 IA1 期宫颈癌患者，除锥切活检外，还推荐进行盆腔淋巴结清除术。宫颈癌@随后的治疗视切缘受累情况而定，如果切缘阳性，可能需要重复进行锥切活检。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "手术治疗", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "盆腔淋巴结清除术"}, "object_type": {"@value": "手术治疗"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "实验室检查", "subject": "宫颈癌", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "锥切活检"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "帕金森病@抗胆碱药（例如苯海索）和金刚烷胺在治疗轻度症状（尤其是震颤）时也可能有效，但是抗胆碱能药物的不良反应常限制了其在老年患者中的使用。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗胆碱药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "苯海索"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "帕金森病", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "金刚烷胺"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "毒蛇咬伤后的症状常因被咬者的年龄、体质、被咬部位、毒液量多少以及毒蛇的种类等因素决定，一般在15～20分钟内出现症状。 （三）全身处理 尽快应用蛇药口服（如南通蛇药片、群生蛇药）或注射抗毒血清，注射前应先做皮试，阴性时作静脉注射，阳性者可做脱敏疗法，如无蛇药，可选用中草药解毒。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "毒蛇咬伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "蛇药"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "毒蛇咬伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "抗毒血清"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": true, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "毒蛇咬伤", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "中草药解毒"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "【病原和流行病学】 流感病毒（influenza virus）属正黏病毒科，基因组为单股正链RNA，其结构包括核衣壳（含NP蛋白）、蛋白壳（含M1蛋白）和包膜。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "同义词", "subject": "流感病毒", "subject_type": "社会学", "object": {"@value": "influenza virus"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}
{"text": "脑水肿的处理可用肾上腺皮质激素，如颅内压增高较明显可静脉推注脱水剂或利尿剂。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "脑水肿", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "肾上腺皮质激素"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "颅内压增高较明显", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "脱水剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}, {"Combined": false, "predicate": "药物治疗", "subject": "颅内压增高较明显", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "利尿剂"}, "object_type": {"@value": "药物"}}]}
{"text": "二、肺动脉吊带 肺动脉吊带亦称左肺动脉异常，由Glaevecke和Doehle 1897年首次报道近50%患儿伴发动脉导管未闭和左上腔静脉残存。 【辅助检查】 胸部X线检查可发现两侧肺透光度不同，右侧肺过度充气。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": true, "predicate": "影像学检查", "subject": "肺动脉吊带", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "胸部X线检查"}, "object_type": {"@value": "检查"}}]}
{"text": "早产@ * 家庭暴力与早产密切相关，在所有社会群体中均存在着这一相关性。", "spo_list": [{"Combined": false, "predicate": "风险评估因素", "subject": "早产", "subject_type": "疾病", "object": {"@value": "家庭暴力"}, "object_type": {"@value": "社会学"}}]}