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    <div class="table-caption">
        <span class="label">Table 1</span>
        <span class="caption">Basic characteristics of the literature included in the study.</span>
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<th>Inclusion in the literature</th>
<th>Number of included studies/ sample size</th>
<th>Type of included study</th>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Intervention</th>
<th>Outcomes</th>
<th>Methodological quality assessment tools</th>
<th>Conclusion</th>
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<th></th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
<th>Experimental group</th>
<th>Control group</th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
<th></th>
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<td><a class="xref xref-bibr" data-jats-ref-type="bibr" data-jats-rid="ref-2" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.archger.2022.104855" title="Effects of exercise therapy on global cognitive function and, depression in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis">Ahn &amp; Kim (2023)</a></td>
<td>21/1,916</td>
<td>RCT</td>
<td>Aerobic, resistance, multicomponent, and neuromotor exercises</td>
<td>No treatment, usual treatment, usual care, health education and stretching</td>
<td>①</td>
<td>Cochrane Collaboration RoB</td>
<td>The effect of exercise therapy on reducing cognitive function in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="xref xref-bibr" data-jats-ref-type="bibr" data-jats-rid="ref-4" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.archger.2020.104048" title="Effects of physical exercise on cognitive function of older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis">Biazus-Sehn et al. (2020)</a></td>
<td>18/1,473</td>
<td>RCT</td>
<td>Sport</td>
<td>No treatment</td>
<td>①②③④⑤</td>
<td>Cochrane Collaboration RoB</td>
<td>Physical exercise improves cognitive deficits in older patients with mild cognitive impairment.</td>
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<td><a class="xref xref-bibr" data-jats-ref-type="bibr" data-jats-rid="ref-9" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.archger.2022.104751" title="Effects of multi-component non-pharmacological interventions on cognition in participants with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis">Gómez-Soria et al. (2022)</a></td>
<td>8/592</td>
<td>RCT</td>
<td>MNPI</td>
<td>Passive (no intervention) or active control</td>
<td>②</td>
<td>PEDro</td>
<td>Multicomponent non-pharmacological intervention (MNPI) improves overall cognitive performance in elderly MCI patients.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="xref xref-bibr" data-jats-ref-type="bibr" data-jats-rid="ref-17" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jphys.2019.11.014" title="Physical exercise attenuates cognitive decline and reduces behavioural problems in people with mild cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review">Law et al. (2020)</a></td>
<td>35/2,079</td>
<td>RCT</td>
<td>Physical exercise</td>
<td>No intervention/placebo</td>
<td>②</td>
<td>PEDro</td>
<td>Physical activity may reduce overall cognitive decline and behavioral problems in people with mild cognitive impairment or dementia.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="xref xref-bibr" data-jats-ref-type="bibr" data-jats-rid="ref-24" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fgps.5581" title="A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of physical activity in people with Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment with a comparison to donepezil">Pisani et al. (2021)</a></td>
<td>17/1,224</td>
<td>RCT</td>
<td>Physical exercise</td>
<td>No</td>
<td>①②</td>
<td>PEDro</td>
<td>Physical activity improved the cognitive abilities of MCI patients.</td>
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<td><a class="xref xref-bibr" data-jats-ref-type="bibr" data-jats-rid="ref-27" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijnurstu.2018.01.002" title="The effectiveness of physical exercise on cognitive and psychological outcomes in individuals with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis">Song et al. (2018)</a></td>
<td>7/620</td>
<td>RCT</td>
<td>Physical exercise</td>
<td>All types of controls</td>
<td>①②③</td>
<td>EPHPP</td>
<td>Physical exercise, especially aerobic exercise, is beneficial to the overall cognitive ability of MCI patients.</td>
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<td><a class="xref xref-bibr" data-jats-ref-type="bibr" data-jats-rid="ref-28" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gerinurse.2022.05.005" title="Effects of traditional Chinese medicine-based exercises on cognitive function in older people with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis">Song et al. (2022)</a></td>
<td>7/854</td>
<td>RCT</td>
<td>Traditional Chinese Medicine (Tai Chi, Baduan Brocade and Qigong)</td>
<td>All types of controls</td>
<td>②③</td>
<td>Cochrane Collaboration RoB</td>
<td>Tai Chi Promising as Alternative Mind-Body Intervention for MCI Rehabilitation in Elderly Patients.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="xref xref-bibr" data-jats-ref-type="bibr" data-jats-rid="ref-32" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0269215520969661" title="Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials assessing the impact of Baduanjin exercise on cognition and memory in patients with mild cognitive impairment">Yu et al. (2021)</a></td>
<td>10/709</td>
<td>RCT</td>
<td>Baduan Brocade/Baduan Brocade + conventional treatment</td>
<td>Conventional treatment</td>
<td>③</td>
<td>Cochrane Collaboration RoB</td>
<td>Compared to conventional treatment, Baduanjin plus conventional treatment significantly improved cognitive and memory function in patients with mild cognitive impairment.</td>
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<td><a class="xref xref-bibr" data-jats-ref-type="bibr" data-jats-rid="ref-33" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2022.966675" title="Dance activity interventions targeting cognitive functioning in older adu‘lts with mild cognitive impairment: a meta-an alysis">Yuan, Li &amp; Liu (2022)</a></td>
<td>12/820</td>
<td>RCT</td>
<td>Dance activity, dance practice or dance therapy</td>
<td>Unlimited/any type</td>
<td>②③</td>
<td>Cochrane Collaboration RoB</td>
<td>Dance activities significantly improve overall cognition, memory, visuospatial function, cognitive flexibility, attention and balance in older patients with mild cognitive impairment.</td>
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<td><a class="xref xref-bibr" data-jats-ref-type="bibr" data-jats-rid="ref-34" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMD.0000000000014581" title="Effects of traditional Chinese exercise on cognitive and psychological outcomes in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis">Zhang et al. (2019)</a></td>
<td>4/737</td>
<td>RCT</td>
<td>Chinese traditional sports</td>
<td>Do not receive any intervention, routine care or other sports that are different from traditional Chinese sports</td>
<td>②</td>
<td>PEDro</td>
<td>Traditional Chinese exercise is associated with significant improvements in visuospatial function, but does not affect specific cognitive domains.</td>
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<td><a class="xref xref-bibr" data-jats-ref-type="bibr" data-jats-rid="ref-35" href="https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fa-1186-1272" title="Meta-analysis: resistance training improves cognition in mild cognitive impairment">Zhang et al. (2020)</a></td>
<td>5/182</td>
<td>RCT</td>
<td>Any form and intensity of external resistance training</td>
<td>Lifestyle routines without any movement, balance and tone exercises, and sham training similar to resistance training</td>
<td>①②③</td>
<td>Cochrane Collaboration RoB</td>
<td>Resistance training can improve general cognitive function and can be used to slow cognitive decline in MCI patients.</td>
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<td><a class="xref xref-bibr" data-jats-ref-type="bibr" data-jats-rid="ref-37" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMD.0000000000020105" title="Effects of exercise interventions for specific cognitive domains in old adults with mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis and subgroup analysis of randomized controlled trials">Zhou et al. (2020)</a></td>
<td>8/428</td>
<td>RCT</td>
<td>Exercise intervention (aerobic, resistance or multi-component exercise)</td>
<td>Sham exercise (such as stretching), placebo or no treatment or health education</td>
<td>①②③</td>
<td>Cochrane Collaboration RoB, PEDro</td>
<td>Exercise intervention significantly improved overall cognitive function.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="xref xref-bibr" data-jats-ref-type="bibr" data-jats-rid="ref-36" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMD.0000000000030168" title="Exercise training for cognitive and physical function in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis">Zhou &amp; Li (2022)</a></td>
<td>7/430</td>
<td>RCT</td>
<td>Exercise interventions are not limited to exercise type, intensity, or duration</td>
<td>Other control interventions</td>
<td>②</td>
<td>Cochrane Collaboration RoB</td>
<td>Exercise training has a positive effect on cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment.</td>
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<td><a class="xref xref-bibr" data-jats-ref-type="bibr" data-jats-rid="ref-38" href="https://doi.org/10.3233%2FJAD-190681" title="Effects of aerobic dance on cognition in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis">Zhu et al. (2020)</a></td>
<td>3/524</td>
<td>RCT</td>
<td>Aerobic dance</td>
<td>Health education and/or exercise, not aerobic dance training</td>
<td>①②</td>
<td>Cochrane Collaboration RoB</td>
<td>Aerobic dance significantly improves overall cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="xref xref-bibr" data-jats-ref-type="bibr" data-jats-rid="ref-40" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apmr.2019.03.009" title="The beneficial effects of mind-body exercises for people with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review with meta-analysis">Zou et al. (2019)</a></td>
<td>9/1,105</td>
<td>RCT</td>
<td>Mind-body movement</td>
<td>Positive (such as educational programs, memory training, physical exercise) or passive comparisons (such as waiting lists or unchanged lifestyles)</td>
<td>②③</td>
<td>PEDro</td>
<td>Physical and mental exercise has the potential to improve various cognitive functions in patients with mild cognitive impairment.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="xref xref-bibr" data-jats-ref-type="bibr" data-jats-rid="ref-10" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2022-067293" title="Effects of different aerobic exercises on the global cognitive function of the elderly with mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis">Han et al. (2023)</a></td>
<td>18/1,700</td>
<td>RCT</td>
<td>Exercise interventions are not limited to exercise type, intensity, or duration</td>
<td>Controls could be exercises of stretching, activities of health education, routine care, daily lifestyle, and social recreation.</td>
<td>②③</td>
<td>Cochrane Collaboration RoB</td>
<td>Exercise training has a positive effect on cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="xref xref-bibr" data-jats-ref-type="bibr" data-jats-rid="ref-19" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12877-023-04235-z" title="Review articles (meta-analyses) effects of walking on cognitive function in individuals with mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis">Lin, Chen &amp; Cheng (2023)</a></td>
<td>14/560</td>
<td>RCT</td>
<td>Exercise interventions are not limited to exercise type, intensity, or duration</td>
<td>Participants in the control group either continued with their regular physical activities or engaged in sham exercises, such as stretching and balance activities.</td>
<td>②③</td>
<td>Cochrane Collaboration RoB</td>
<td>Walking has no significant benefit on cognitive function in individuals with mild cognitive impairment.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a class="xref xref-bibr" data-jats-ref-type="bibr" data-jats-rid="ref-5" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMD.0000000000034905" title="Effects of mind-body exercise on cognitive performance in middle-aged and older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis study">Cai et al. (2023)</a></td>
<td>27/2,526</td>
<td>RCT</td>
<td>physical and mental exercises such as taijiquan, Ba Duan Jin, qigong, meditation, yoga, music and dance</td>
<td>conventional care, health education or blank</td>
<td>②③</td>
<td>Cochrane Collaboration RoB</td>
<td>Physical and mental exercises has a positive effect on cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
    <div class="note">
        Notes: RCT (randomized controlled trial), NRCT (non-randomized controlled trial); ① for ADAS-cog, ② for MMSE, ③ for MOCA, ④ for COR-SOG,⑤ for NCSE.
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