Results
Thirty healthy participants (50% female) with an average age of 30 ± 5 years completed the study ( Table 1 ).

Note:

N = 30. Values are represented as mean (standard deviation) unless otherwise specified. D, Dominant; nD, non-dominant; BMI, Body Mass Index.

No side * day interaction was found in the RM-ANOVA for any of the variables ( P > 0.114), indicating a similar pattern across assessments of the dominant and non-dominant sides. A day effect was only found for the Nine Hole Peg test, revealing that the time for completing the task during the assessment-2 was less than during the assessment-1 (MD: 0.39 s; 95% CI [0.19–0.60]; P < 0.001). A side effect was observed for some variables, indicating that the dominant side performed with less time in the Nine Hole Peg test (MD: 0.92 s; 95% CI [0.68–1.16]; P < 0.001), exhibited lower active range of motion for wrist extension (MD: 3.2°; 95% CI [1.7–4.7]; P < 0.001) and total range (MD: 2.1°; 95% CI [0.3–3.9]; P = 0.026), as well as higher maximal isometric strength (MD: 15.4 N; 95% CI [11.0–19.9]; P < 0.001) compared to the non-dominant side ( Table 2 ).

Notes:

N = 30. Values are represented as mean (standard deviation). ECRB, extensor carpi radialis brevis; PPT, Pressure Pain Threshold.

Paired Student T-tests showed no differences across assessments for asymmetries in any of the included variables ( P > 0.123) ( Table 2 ).

Table 3 presents ICC 3,1 , SEM, MDC 90 , and MDC 95 for each variable. For the muscle mechanical properties of the dominant and non-dominant sides, reliability was ‘excellent’ for the frequency and stiffness parameters (ICC: 0.91–0.96), and ‘good’ to ‘excellent’ for the decrement (ICC: 0.86–0.91). For the manual dexterity, reliability was ‘good’ on both sides (ICC: 0.79–0.82). For the pressure pain thresholds, reliability was ‘excellent’ for the extensor carpi radialis brevis point (ICC: 0.90–0.93), and ‘good’ for the deltoideus point (ICC: 0.84–0.89). For the active range of motion, reliability was ‘excellent’ for both extension, flexion, and total range (ICC: 0.94–0.97). Similarly, reliability was ‘excellent’ for the maximal isometric strength on both sides (ICC: 0.97). In the case of the asymmetries, reliability was ‘excellent’ for the active range of motion in flexion (ICC: 0.96); ‘good’ for the myotonometry parameters (ICC: 0.72–0.78), the Nine-Hole Peg test scoring (ICC: 0.72), the total and extension active range of motion (ICC: 0.73–0.89), and the maximal isometric strength (ICC: 0.73); and ‘moderate’ for the pressure pain thresholds on both points (ICC: 0.53–0.58).

Note:

N = 30. AV, absolute values expressed in the units of measurement; RV, relative values expressed as a percentage of absolute value; IC, confidence interval; ICC, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient; SEM, Standard Error of Measurement; MDC, Minimum Detectable Change; ECRB, extensor carpi radialis brevis; PPT, Pressure Pain Threshold.

Correlation coefficients for muscle mechanical properties, manual dexterity, pressure pain thresholds, active range of motion, and manual isometric strength variables on both assessments for both sides and asymmetries are presented in the Supplemental Material . Consistently, ‘strong’ to ‘moderate’ positive correlations ( i.e ., significant correlations on both assessments) were found for both the dominant and non-dominant sides between the myotonometry parameters of frequency and stiffness (ρ > 0.875; P < 0.001), and between pressure pain thresholds at the deltoideus and extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle points (ρ > 0.520; P < 0.003), and between the total active range of motion and active extension (ρ > 0.674; P < 0.001) and flexion (ρ > 0.770; P < 0.001) range of motion. Additionally, only for the dominant side, consistent ‘moderate’ positive correlations were found between the myotonometry parameters of decrement and the active flexion range of motion (ρ > 0.518; P < 0.003), and ‘moderate’ negative correlations were found between maximal isometric strength and the active total (ρ < −0.612; P < 0.001) and flexion (ρ < −0.585; P < 0.001) range of motion. Furthermore, consistent ‘strong’ to ’moderate’ positive correlations between the asymmetries for the myotonometry parameters of frequency and stiffness (ρ > 0.919; P < 0.001), and the total active range of motion and active extension (ρ > 0.633; P < 0.001) and flexion (ρ > 0.491; P < 0.006) range of motion were found. No significant correlations were found between the other variables after applying the correction for multiple comparisons.