Jung's Typology
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Carl Jung's
Typology
was the father of socionics and other typological theories such as the
MBTI
.
Jung
introduced the concept of psychological functions and psychological types in his work
Psychological Types
(1921).
There Jung proposed concepts now central to socionics. The psychic functions sensation and intuition he termed "perceiving," and thinking and feeling "judging." Each of these four functions came in introverted and extraverted forms. He went on to make the first description of types of people with those information elements as dominant functions, describing in detail his concept of the Extraverted Thinking type, Extraverted Feeling type, Introverted Thinking type, Introverted Feeling type, Extraverted Intuition type, Extraverted Sensation type, Introverted Intuition type, and Introverted Sensation type. In his work he described eight types while acknowledging two varieties of auxiliary (2nd) functions per main type. Later both
Isabel Myers
and
Aushra Augusta
would develop systems of 16 types based on Jung's work.
Jung
seems to have based a very large part of his concept of these types on observations of his patients as a practicing psychoanalyst. His descriptions mix from-the-inside glimpses of the perception of these different types, anecdotal evidence, and insights on the motivation of different types.
Jung's Typology and socionics
Aushra Augusta
chose to work with Jung's Typology rather than numerous others for two reasons: 1) it was explanatory in nature rather than being simply descriptive, and 2) it described traits inherent to healthy individuals, as opposed to the typologies of psychopathology she had studied. While
Augusta
based her socionic model of the psyche on Jung's, she was creative in her interpretation and introduced some new "twists." Most importantly, her goal was to find objective causes of different varieties of relationships between people. As far as we know, Jung thought little about this, besides comments on interviews that extraverts and introverts seemed to be mutually most compatible. Nevertheless, some of his followers and intellectual heirs began to develop their ideas about the
compatibility
of types.
Other innovations of
Augusta
included relating psychic functions to more abstract and philosophical categories such as "time," "space,"
"bodies," and "fields"
(this practice has since lost some popularity). In doing so, she tried to introduce more logical consistency into the definitions. For example, extraversion and introversion had to have the same meaning for each of Jung's four psychic functions. As a result, a careful analysis reveals that
Augusta
's socionics information elements and types are often very different from Jung's. Although still informative from the socionics perspective, Jung's descriptions have limited use for socionics typing and may indeed lead to mistypings.
A possible socionics "review" of Jung's type descriptions would be:
Extraverted Intuition type: apparently based on Jung's observations of
dominants, and therefore useful for socionics, but it relates better to the
IEE
than to the
ILE
.
Extraverted Sensation type: it seems to describe "fun-loving" sensing types, and perhaps useful for SEE, but it does not convey key aspects of
, so of limited use for socionics. It could apply as well to more "active"
types, it does not convey the key "power" or territorial aspect of
in socionics.
Introverted Intuition type: it transmits an idea of
as an information element, but the type as described is not a realistic portrayal of what most
dominants are like.
Introverted Sensing type: it does seem to describe introverts with low focus on
and so, by comparison, more focus on
but the impression transmitted is of
LSI
, as well as
SEI
, and perhaps
SLI
, so misleading for socionics purposes as it does not really convey the nature of
as an information element.
Extraverted Thinking type: the impression is rather of a mix of many logical types, not only
dominants, so rather misleading when used in socionics typing.
Extraverted Feeling type: Jung was describing mainly women, apparently indeed mostly
dominants, so especially when read together with the description of the Introverted Feeling type it remains useful for understanding the distinction between
and
in socionics. However, it would be a mistake to assume that all
dominants share those precise behavior traits since they also reflect the social position of women in the early 20th century.
Introverted Thinking type: Jung seemed to be observing logical introverts of several socionics types, above all
LIIs
and
ILIs
, so also misleading for socionics. This description is the base for type 5 in the
Enneagram
.
Introverted Feeling type: the same observations above regarding the Extraverted Feeling type also apply here, concerning
dominants.
Alternatively, one might reject the above interpretation partially or entirely, finding Jung's functional descriptions mostly valid, whilst also making use of Aushra Augusta's other elaborations, such as the functional model and inter-type relations. It can be argued that this modification would not take the theory outside of the realm of Socionics any more than some of the stranger semi-popular alternate theories or elaborations by contemporary Russian sources.
It is important to keep in mind that Jung was working with a different "theoretical paradigm," than Augusta. Jung shaped his typological theory out of his psycho-analytic observations and theories on the personal and collective unconscious. Although Augusta inherited some of these assumptions and ideas implicitly, her approach was largely influenced by Antoni Kepinski's information metabolism theory. Modern Socionics enthusiasts, especially of the English-speaking communities, frequently operate on assumptions that Socionics is a trait-based theory.
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