# Umbuso Ohlangeneyo

| Umbuso Ohlangeneyo waseBhulithani Nkulu naseNyakatho AyilendiUmbuso Ohlangeneyo |
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| **Isaga:**eNgilandi naseAyilendi: "*Dieu et mon droit*" (isiFulentshi) "Unkulunkulu nelungelo lami"
esiKotilandi: "*Nemo me impune lacessit*" (isiLatini) "Ongicasulayo uzophendula" |
| **Inkondlo:God save the King* (isiNgisi) Nkulunkulu hlenga iNgonyama  |
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| (futhi idolobha elikhulu) | iLondon |
| Izilimi | ngokomthetho: isiNgisi ngezifunda: isiKhonishi, isi-Ayilendi, isiSikoti-Gelishi, isiSikoti, isiWelishi, isiSikoti sase-Ulster |
| Abantu | 68,138,484
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| Government | Intandoyeningi okwephalamendi ngaphansi kobunkosi bomthethosisekelo |
|  -  | iNgonyama | Charles wesiThathu |
|  -  | iNdunankulu | Keir Starmer |
| Ukwenza |
|  -  | Ukuhlanganiswa kwemiQhele yaseNgilandi nasesiKotilandi | 24 kaNdasa 1603  |
|  -  | Imithetho yobumbano yeNgilandi nesiKotilandi | 1 kaNhlaba 1707  |
|  -  | Imithetho yobumbano yeBhulithani Nkulu neAyilendi | 1 kaMasingana 1801  |
|  -  | Umthetho oMthethosisekelo weZwe Khululekile lase-Ayilendi | 6 kaZibandlela 1922  |
| Ubukhulu |
|  -  | Jikelele | 243,610 km2  94,058 sq mi  |
|  -  | Ixuku labantu | 258/km2  668.2/sq mi |
| Imali | iPondo sitelingi (GBP/£)  |

Umbuso Ohlangeneyo (ngesiNgisi: *United Kingdom*), ngokuphelele ngokomthetho: **Umbuso Ohlangeneyo waseBhulithani Nkulu naseNyakatho Ayilendi**, uyisizwe onyakatho ntshonalanga eYurophu oqukatha iziqhingi zaseBhulithani. Ingaphakathi koLwandle waseNyakatho ngasempumalanga nasenyakatho, iLwandlekazi lase-Atlantiki ngasentshonalanga, ne-English Channel ngaseningizimu. Iseduzane naseFulansi namaQhingi waseFaroe wombuso waseDanemaki.

Ngenxa yokunqoba izizwe eziningi (ukwakha umbuso omkhulu kunazo zonke emlandweni omhlaba wonke), Umbuso Ohlangeneyo wawunethonya kwezombusazwe, kwezohwebo, zolimi, nobuchwepheshe. Abadlibezwe base-Ngilandi banqobe amomdabu baseNyakatho Melika ukusungula isizwe esaziwa ngesimanje ngeMelika ngo-1783. Kusukela 1931, amakoloni lapho kwakuhlala abadlibezwe abaningi njengase-I-Ostreliya nase-Khanada, wayenikezwe ubuzimela. Kusukela 1960, amakoloni ase-Afrika namanye amazekazi athole ukuzimela. Namuhla kusele amakoloni ambalwa ancane kodwa Umbuso Ohlangeneyo usaxhumene namakoloni wakudala ngenxa yobumbano we-Commonwealth of Nations.

Kusukela ikhulu lweminyaka eleshumi nanye, iNgilandi yayihlasela i-Ayilendi. Ngokuhamba kwesikathi i-Ayilendi yawela ngaphansi kobukhosi base-Ngilandi olupheleliswe ngo-1541 ma u-Henry VIII azigcoba iNkosi yase-Ayalendi. Nakuba ama-Ayilendi evukele amaNgisi ngo-1594 ku-1603, konke ukuzimela kwacishwa ngenxa yokuphumelela kwamaNgisi ekunqobeni kwama-Ayilendi.

iNdlovukazi yase-Ngilandi u-Elizabethi I wayeyitshitshi. Ngenxa yokuthi ubundlalifa baseNgilandi babundluliswa kwabesilisa phezu kwabesifazane (nakuba abesifazane bebakhono ukubayizindlalifa uma indodana ingekho), indodana kadadewabo uMariya, iNdlovukazi yama-Skoti, u-Jakobe VI (owayebalwa ngwesiqala e-Ngilandi) wabayinkosi yase-Ngilandi nasesiKotilandi ngo-1603. Ngokubuswa iNkosi eyodwa, amaPhalamende ase-Skotilandi nase-Ngilandi ashaye Imithetho oBumbano eholele ekuhlanganweni kwalezizizwe ngo-1707. Ngo-1861, iPhalamende yase-Ayalendi yalethwa ngaphansi kwePhalamende yoMbuso waseBhulithani Nkulu. Lokho kuholele ekusungulweni koMbuso Ohlangeneyo waseBhulithani Nkulu nase-Ayilendi.

Ngenxa yempi yezakhamuzi yango-1919 ku-1921, i-Ayilendi yahletshulwa ngezinxenye ezimbili: yasenyakatho yegcinwa nguMbuso Ohlangeneyo kepha yaseningizimu yaphenduka isizwe esizimele, iRiphabhuliki yase-Ayilendi. Lokho kuholele ekuguqulweni kwegama kulelo esilaziyo namuhla. Umbuso Ohlangeneyo (isifinyezo: UK), sibuswe ngentandoyeningi ngenxa yokuthi iNkosi yayiphucwe amandla okubusa. i-UK isezingeni eliphezulu lentuthuko okwomnotho nobuchwepheshe – idume ngokukhiqiza ucwaningo onzululwazi. Futhi, idolobha lase-London, isiqonga sombuso, siyihola ezemalini nasezobuciko nezekugqoka.

## Umlando wegama

e1707 "Acts of Union" uhlanganisa amazwe iNgilandi nosiKotilandi. Igama "Umbuso Ohlangeneyo" ukusebenzisa ekhulunyaka yishumi nesishiyagalombili. Igama "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" angeniswile e1927 nga-"Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act" ukunikela ukuzimela waFleyistata Ayilandi e1922. Ushiya i-Ayilandi Senyakatho izwe kuphela esiqhingi, ukuhlanganyela wUmbuso Ohlangeneyo.

## Umlando phambi kwa-1066

Stonehenge, e-Wiltshire, akwakha e-2500BC.
Abantu nguNeolithiki abazinza iminyaka yinkulungwane ngamashumi amathathu kade. Ekupheleni ikhathi udaladala, abantu bahlangene naqembu bambiza Insular Celtic, uqukatha Brythonic Britain no-i-Ayilendi Geyilikhi. Emva kwaNhlaselo iRhomani, uqala 43 AD, nombuso iminyaka amakhulu okune (rule of southern Britain), inhlaselo isiJalimani (Anglo-Saxon). Ingilandi wAnglo-Saxon uhlanganisa ungUmbuso iNgilandi ekhulunyaka yisishiyagalolunye. Okwamanje, abantu Geyilikhi esiKotilandi senyakatho (nokuhlangana e-Ayilendi impumalanga nenyakatho) bahlanganisa namaPikithi ukudala Umbuso isiKotilandi.

 iBayeux Tapestry ubonakalisa ukulwa waHastings.
e-1066, amasefulansi bangena iNgilandi. Amakhosi isiNgisi banqoba iWelisi, bafeyila ukubanqoba isiKotilandi. Amakhosi isiNgisi, bamukela amaiziqithi eFulansi, namalungelo lobukhosi, pho balwa eFulansi, empi ngu-Impi Iminyaka Kakhulu.

Ukuqhatha wemkolo ngenxa ya-Reformation nokungenisa wenkolo iProtestant. IWelisi ukaka ngemibuso engilandi. I-Ayilandi umbuso womshado yinskosana isiNgisi. e-1603, imibuso wengilandi, wesiKotilandi no-Ayilandi bahlangana womshado ngenxa yaJames VI, King of Scots.

 ILondon
## Ezombusazwe

Charles III, iNgonyamaKeir Starmer, iNdunankulu
Nakuba umthethosisekelo ungalotshwanga embhalweni omunye njengawaseNingizimu Afrika, ngenxa yemikhuba ejwayelekile, izinqumo zezinkantolo zobulungiswa kanye nemithetho eshayiwe yiPhalamende, namuhla ezombusazwe zoMbuso Ohlangeneyo zihamba ohlakweni lwentandoyeningi yesishayamthetho engaphansi kobunkosi bomthethosisekelo.

Umqhele umele ubukhosi, kepha ngenxa yokuhamba kwesikhathi, iNgonyama (noma iNdlovukazi) ayinalo igunya lokufezekisa imiyalo yobukhosi kanye namandla ombuso ngaphandle kwemvumo nombono wabasombangazwe abakhethwe ngabantu. Ubundlalifa basebukhosini bundlula ngaphandle kokubuka ubulili. Lokho kuchaza ukuthi abesilisa nabesifazane abayizingane zeNgonyama (noma abazalwane bakhe uma enganayo inzalo) banefa ngobulingana.

Amagatsha wombuso akheke ngokulandelayo:

* Isishayamthetho siqukatha Umqhele oPhalamendeni, iNdlu yeZakhamuzi, neNdlu yamaKhosi.
* Esokuphatha siqukatha Umqhele oMkhandlwini kanye noMkhandlu wangaSese (kakhulu ikomiti yayo yokuphatha: iKhabhinethi)
* Esobulungiswa siqukatha Umqhele oBhentshini nezinkantolo

Nakuba Umqhele unamandla okugunyaza umthethosivivinywa, iNgonyama ayikwazi ukuhoxa imvumo yomqhele ngaphandle kokuboniswa (mpeleni ukuyalelwa) yiNdunankulu. Nakuba Umqhele unegunya lokukhetha nabani na ukuba yiNdunankulu, ngokwesiko esijwayelekile, iNgonyama iphoqekile ukuthi ikhethe ilunga leNdlu yeZakhamuzi elinokhono lokugcina ukwethembeka kwePhalamende. Lokhu kuvame ukuba ngumholi weqembu lezombangazwe elineningi lezihlalo eNdlini yeZakhamuzi. iNgonyama iphoqeke ukuqoka abongqongqoshe, abehluleli bezinkantolo eziphezulu (ngenxa yesithakazelo seNgonyama sikaMthombo wobuLungiswa), abakhuzi bamabutho ahlomileyo, kanye namabhishobhu weSonto laseNgilandi (ngenxa yesithakazelo seNgonyama sikaMbusi oPhakemeyo weSonto laseNgilandi) abaphakamiswe yiNdunankulu.

Emandulo, iNdunakulu yayiyilunga lokuqala nakuba elingana namanye amalunga omkhandlu wokuphatha (ngesiLathini: *primus inter paries*). Kusukela uMnum. William Walpole, iNdunankulu yaphenduka inhloko yegatsha lokuphatha ngenxa yokugcina izikhundla zikaNkosi Yokuqala Yesikhwama seNgonyama, isikhundla sikaNgqongqoshe wabaSebenzi boMbuso, nokuthatha igunya lokuqoka abehluleli begatsha lobulungiswa kuNkosi Shansela. Phezu kwalokho, njengomholi weqembu lezombangazwe elineningi eNdlini yeZakhamuzi, iNdunankulu inethonya emthethweni ovivinywayo futhi noshayiwayo. Uma iNdlu yeZakhamuzi ilahlekelwe yithemba kuNdunankulu, iNdunankulu (kanye namalunga eKhabhinethi) iphoqekile ukwehla esikhundleni noma ukucela iNgonyama ukuthi icithe iNdlu yeZakhamuzi nokuthi ibize ukhetho omusha.

uKeir Starmer weqembu labasebenzi (Labour Party) uyindunankulu kusukela 2024. Umholi weqembu lokuphikisana elisemthethweni elithembekile loPhakemeyo ngu-Kemi Badenoch we-Conservative Party (elaziwa ngama-Tories). Izishayamthetho zasesiKotilandi kanye nase-Wales zinikezwe igunya lokushaya imithetho emkhakheni ethile kepha azilingani ekuzimeleni. iNyakatho Ayilendi ayisanoso isishayamthetho. iScottish National Party, ekhankasela ukuzimela kwesiKotilandi, iyiqembu lombangazwe elineningi esiKotilandi. Izinhlobo ze-Labour nama-Conservatives zaseWales kanye ne-Plaid Cymru ziqukatha i-Senedd, isishayamthetho saseWales.

Isigodlo saseWestminster, lapho kuhlangana iPhalamende
iNgilandi neWales zinohlaka lunye lezinkantolo zobulungiswa. Inkantolo yokugcina lapho amacala ahlulelwe kulezo zinkantolo iyiNkantolo ePhakeme. Ezomthethosisekelo zingandluliswa kuyona uma ziqhamuka ezinkantolweni zasesiKotilandi kepha ezomthetho jikelele ziphelela e-Court of Session uma zimayelana umthetho womphakathi kanye ne-High Court of Justiciary uma zimayelana umthetho wobugebengu. iKomiti Yobulungiswa yoMkhandlu wangaSese yayinamandla okuhlulela izindaba eNgilandi kepha izinkantolo ziwathathile lawomandla. Nakuba kunjalo, kusakhona izizwe namakoloni asandlulisa amacala kuyo.

Nakuba iNdlu yamaKhosi ibizwa indlu yangaphezulu, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amandla okushaya umthetho nokulawula uhulumeni ehlele ezandleni ngci zendlu yangaphansi, iNdlu yeZakhamuzi. Amalunga weNdlu yamaKhosi aqukatha amabandla amathathu: amakhosi aqokwe yiNgonyama ngomboniso weNdunakulu, amabhishobhu weSonto laseNgilandi kanye namakhosi angene ngobundlalifa. Lendlu ayinawo amandla okunqabela iNdlu yeZakhamuzi ukushaya namuphi umthetho ifisa ukuwu shaya, kepha ingaletha umbono wayo mayelana umthethosivivinywa. iNgonyama ivula inhlangano yePhalamende okwenyaka ngomcimbi weNkulumo yesiHlalo sobuKhosi. Umcimbi wemiBuzo kwiNdunankulu iyindlela yoqinisekisa ukwephenduleka egatsheni lokuphatha.

### Ezokuvikela

Isithwalandiza, uMkhumbi koPhakemeyo (*HMS*) iNdlovukazi uElizabethi II
Amabutho Ahlomileyo woPhakemeyo avikela Umbuso Ohlangeneyo namakoloni awo. Umbuso Ohlangeneyo uyilunga weHlangano Yomvumelwano waseNyakatho Atlantiki, umfelandawonye wezizwe zaseYurophu naseNyakatho Melika. Amabutho Ahlomileyo anamajoni angama-127,000 (Ibutho laseBhulithani: 72,000, Ibutho laseLwandle leNkosi: 28,000, Ibutho laseMoyeni leNkosi: 28,000).

iBhulithani inezikhali zenuzi. iBhulithani inezithwalandiza ezimbili kanye nemikhumbi yempi (ngaphezu- nangaphansi kwamanzi) ezingama-63. iBhulithani inezizinda zamabutho ezingama-145 ezizweni ezingama-42. Umbuso Ohlangeneyo unezizulane zibunjiwe zamabutho. Imboni yezihlomile ikhiqiza izikhali ezisetshenziswa namabutho aseBhulithani kanye nezinye izizwe futhi iBhulithani ithenga izikhali nezinye izinsiza zempi ezizweni zaseYurophu, iMelika nase-Isirayeli.

### Ezobudlelwanenezizwe

iNgonyama uCharles III noMengameli waseMelika uDonald Trump
Amanxusa wezizwe ezinye amkelwa enkantolweni yesigodlo sikaNgcwele uJakobe. Amanxusa athunywa kwezinye izizwe ziqokwa egameli lomqhele kulesosigodlo sikaNgcwele uJakobe. Nakuba Umqhele unegunya lokushicilelela izakhamuzi nabanye abangaphansi kokuphephiswa kohulumeni koPhakemeyo amapasi, lenkambo iqhutshwa nguMnyango wazaseKhaya.

iBhulithani iyilunga likanomphela loMkhandlu wezokuPhephisa senhlangana yeZizwe Ezihlangeneyo. Lokho kuyinikeza igunya lokuvimba izinqumo zalomkhandlu. Umbuso Ohlangeneyo unobudlelwane nezizwe eziyi-160. Umnyango wezobuDlelwanenezizwe noMdlelandawonye weZizwe wenza umsebenze wazinsuku ngezinsuku omayelene ubudlelwane boMbuso Ohlangeneyo nezinye izizwe. uNobhala wezobuDlelwanenezizwe (isithakazo sengqongqoshe yalomnyango) usebenzisana neNdunankulu ukuqhuba iminqubomngomo yesizwe mayelana loludaba.

Nakuba iNdunankulu inamandla okuvumelana nezinye ezizwe ngenxa yokuletha umbono eMqheleni, ukuze leyomvumelwano ibengumthetho waseBhulithani, kufanele ushayiwe njengamuphi namuphi umthetho wePhalemende. iBhulithani iyilunga lezihlangano zezizwe ezahlukene, isibonelo, iBhange Yomhlaba, isiKhwama soMhlabawonke weziMali, iQembu labesiKhombisa, Umdlelandawonye weZizwe, uMkhandlu waseYurophu neNkantolo Yomhlabawonke Wobugebengu. Ngenxa yokhetho waka-2016, ngo-2020 Umbuso Ohlangeneyo iphumile eBumbanweni yaseYurophu. iNobudlelwane obusondelene kakhulu neMelika, iKhanada, i-Ostreliya ne-INyuzilandi. uMbuso Ohlangeneyo uyilizwe lokuqala ukuphuma oBumbanweni waseYurophu.

### Ezamafundazwe

Izindawo ezingaphansi koMbuso Ohlangeneyo (ehlaza otshani): iziNciko oMqhelweni (ezihlaza obhakabhaka) neziNdawo ezingaPhesheyakolwandle (ezibomvu)
Umbuso Ohlangeneyo uqukathwa amazwenxenye amane: iNgilandi, iWales, isiKotilandi kanye neNyakatho Ayilendi. Nakuba zingabizwa izifundazwe ngokujwayelekile, mpeleni zisebenza njengezifundazwe emikhakheni eminingi njengezinye izizwe ngoba zinezikhungo zikahulumeni ezikhethwe izakhamuzi zazo ezingaphansi koHulumeni woMqhele futhi amandla okushaya umthetho nokuziphatha anikezwa iPhalamende yaseBhulithani. iNgilandi ihlukile kulamazwenxenye amanye ngoba ayinawo uhulumeni. iNgilandi inezifunda kepha zisetshenzelwa ezozibalalozabantu.

Kukhona iziqhingi ezintathu ezibizwa Izinciko oMqhelweni (*Crown Dependencies*): i-Jersey, i-Guernsey, kanye nesiqhingi sikaMan. Leziziqhingi aziyinxenye yoMbuso Ohlangeneyo kepha ziyizindawo ezingazimelanga ezingaphansi koMqhele waseBhulithani. Lokho kusho ukuthi uMqhele oMkhandlwini (mpeleni igatsha lokuphatha lohulumeni waseBhulithani) unegunya lokuzishayela umthetho mayelana namuphi udaba kodwa mpeleni leziziqhingi zizishayela zona umthetho ngaphandle kwezokuvikela nobudlelwanenezizwe.

Futhi kuneziNdawo zangaPhesheyakolwandle zeBhulithani (*British Overseas Territories*). Lezizindawo zingamakoloni eBhulithani agcinwe ngasemuva kwomnyakazo wezombangazwe okususa ubukoloni wezi1940 kufikela izi-1960. Lezizindawo zinegunya lokuzishayela umthetho ngaphandle kwezokuvikela. Futhi iBhulithani igcine amandla okuzenzela kulezizindawo uma isimo sivuma kodwa ngeningi lesikhathi iBhulithani iziyekela ziziphathe. Awukho umehluko ngaphakathi kweziNdawo zangaPhesheyakolwandle neziNciko oMqhelweni ngaphandle kokuthi iziNdawo zangaPhesheyakolwandle azikho eziqhingini zaseBhulithani. Ezinye zalezizindawo azinabo abahlali ngaphandle kwamajoni nabosonzululwazi njenge-*British Antarctic Territory*.

## Ezomnotho

Imibijongo (izakhiwo ezithinta ubhakabhaka) yase-Canary Wharf
Uhlaka lomnotho woMbuso Ohlangeneyo luhamba ngohwebo okhululekile, inhlopho nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo bomnikazi bempahla, ukulawula komthetho, nezinhlalakahle zomphakathi. Umkhiqizophelele womnyaka wesiszwe uyizingidintathu ezi-4.72 zamaDola aseMelika (USD) umakuqhathaniswa amandla emali (ngamuntu $67,559) nezigidintathu ezi-4.26 USD ngasobala (ngamuntu $61,006). Lokho kwenza iBhulithani umnotho welesihlanu ngobukhulu okosobala, welesishiyagalolunye ngobukhulu okokuqhathanisa amandla emali, welamashumi mabili nanye ngamuntu. Sobala, umnotho woMbuso Ohlangeneyo, uqukatha amaphesenti ayi-3.38 womkhiqizohlangene womhlabawonke. Umbuso Ohlangeneyo uhweba kakhulu noBumbano waseYurophu, iMelika, iShayina, iNdiya, naseSwidzalendi .

iLondon iyihlokodolobha yase-Bhulithani ezombusazwe, ezobuciko, ezohwebo, nasezemali. iLondon iyisiqonga samankampani nezikhungo ezinkhulu. Lokho kuholele ekutheni Umshintshisano wamaSheya yaseLondoni ibeyinye yezikhungo zomshintshisano wamasheya ezihamba phambili okwenani lobungakho bemakhethe bezinkampani.

Umbuso Ohlangeneyo unomnotho onobuhlukahlukana obuningi wezimboni. Imboni yokwenza izinkonzo iqukatha amaphesenti angama-80% omnotho. Lomboni unemikhakha efana nokuvakashela, ukukhiqiza umbani, ezomthutho, ezemali, ezokuthenga impahla, ezobuchwepheshe olwazi, ezokuxhumana, nezengcebeleko. Kakhulu, iBhulithani inamagugu amaningi avakashelwayo njengezigodlo njengesigodlo saseBuckingham, izakhiwo ezidilikile njenge-Stonehenge namamuziyamu njengeMuziyamu yakaZwelonke yoMlando weMvelo. Imboni yokukhiqiza impahla iqukatha cishe amaphesenti angama-20%. Umbuso Ohlangeneyo ukhiqiza izimoto, izilumbamdiki zobani, zomtshazo, izimoto, izinsiza zempilonhle nokwelapha. Futhi, imboni yokwakha ikhiqiza izakhiwo nezindlu eziqukatha inxenye esankudlwana omnotho. Imboni yokutshala ikhiqiza amaphesenti angama-50 okudla okudingekayo ngamaphesenti ayi-5 wenani labantu,

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