Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# INyuzilandi

**New Zealand
 *New Zealand* (isiNgisi)
 *Aotearoa* (isiMaori)**|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |

 |
|  |
| **Isiqongo** | IWelingtoni |
| **Idolobha elikhulu** | I-Oklendi |
| **Ulimi** | isiNgisi, isiMaori |

**INyuzilandi** (isiNgisi: *New Zealand*; isiMaori: *Aotearoa*) izwe lase-Osheaniya. Isiqongo saseNyuzilandi IWelingtoni *(Wellington)*. Ulimi isiNgisi.
# ISudan

| Sudan |
| --- |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |
|  |  |

 |
|    |
| **Isiqongo** (futhi idolobha elikhulu)
  | Khartoum
 |
| Izilimi | Isi-Arabhu IsiNgisi |

**ISudan** yizwe lase Afrika, lezwe linemingcele ne Gibhithe, I-Itiyopiya, I-Eritrea, iNingizimu Sudan, i-Central African Republic, iTshedi kanye ne Libhiya.

## Umlando

## Izilimi
# Ubuchwepheshe

Isindiyi somusi esinegobongo elivuliwe, liyisibonelo sobuchwepheshe besidlakalasi
**Ubuchwepheshe** buwukusetshenziswa kolwazi ukuze kufinyelelwe empokophelweni esebenzayo ngendlela ecaciswayo nekhiqizekayo. Igama elithi ezobuchwepheshe lona lisetshenziswa lapho kubhekiselwa emikhiqizweni yobuchwepheshe. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe kwenziwa kabanzi kwezokwelapha, inzululwazi, izimboni, ukuxhumana, ezokuthutha, nasempilweni yansuku zonke. Ezobuchwepheshe zihlanganisa izinto eziphathwayo ezifana nezingcedi noma izinguxa kanye namathuluzi angaphatheki afana namahlelokusebenza.

Izintuthukiso zobuchwepheshe eziningi ziye zaholela ezinguqukweni zomphakathi. Ezobuchwepheshe zasendulo ezaziwayo kwakuyithuluzi letshe, elalisetshenziswa enkathini yanguna, lilandelwe ukusetshenziswa komlilo, okwaba negalelo ekukhuleni kobuchopho bomuntu nasekuthuthukiseni ulimi enkathini yeqhwa. Ukuqanjwa kwesondo enkathini yethusi kwenza kube lula ukuntinta kabanzi nokukhandwa kwezinguxa eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe kwakamuva, kuhlanganisa isinyathelisi sokushicilela, ucingo, kanye noxhakaxholo kudilize izithiyo zokuxhumana futhi kwangenisa umnotho wolwazi.

Nakuba Ubuchwepheshe bunamagalelo ekuthuthukiseni umnotho nasekuphuculeni ukuxhuma kwabantu, bubuye bube nemithelela engemihle efana nokungcolisa umoya nokugcugcisa izinsizakusebenza, noma bungaba isisusa sezinkinga emphakathini njengokungasebenzi kwabantu ngenxa yezobuchwepheshe eziwphumela wenhleleleko. Lokhu sekuphumele ekutheni kube nezpikiswano kwezenjulalwazi nakwezombusazwe ngokuphathelene neqhaza kanye nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe, imicondozo yobuchwepheshe nezindlela zokunqanda imijeyezo engavezwa yibo.

## uMsuka

Igama elithi "Ubuchwepheshe" lisuselwa egameni lesizulu eliyisenzukuthi elithi "chwephe" okuvela kuso isenzo esithi "chwephesha" esisho ukwenza izinto ngobunono nangekhono. Umsuka wabizo lesizulu cishe wafaka noMsuka webizo lwesingisi elithi *Technology* elivela kwelesiGriki elichazwa kanje: *( Τεχνολογία, from τέχνη 'art, craft' and -λογία, 'study, knowledge')* . Ubuchwepheshe buwulwazi lokuthi Izinto zenziwa kanjani.

Amanye amagama wesizulu ahumusha futhi ahambelane namanye wesingisi asuselwa yilawa:

* *Technique* - ubuchule
* *Technical* - ubunyoninco

Kodwa nawo angahunyishwa ngokuthi Ubuchwepheshe njengoba asho ukusebenzisa ikhono nobuhlakani bezinga eliphezulu.
# INzululwazi yoKwaziswa

Umbukiswano wezindlelasu ezehlukene zokuzuza imininingwane ezindaweni zesizindamniningo.
**INzululwazi yokwaziswa** umkhakha wezemfundo ephakeme onake ngokuyinhloko ukuhlaziywa, ukuqoqwa, ukujinjwa, ukulunjwa, ukugcinwa, ukuhoshwa, ukunyukuza, ukusetshalaliswa, nokuvikelwa kokwaziswa. Abakulomkhakha nabangaphandle kwawo bafunda ngokusebenza nokusetshenziswa kolwazi ezinhlanganweni okwenezela ekunananeni okuphakathi kwabantu, kanye nanoma yiziphi izimiso zokwaziswa ngenjongo yokudala , ukwenana, ukuthuthukisa noma ukuqonda izimiso zokwaziswa.

Ngokomlando, inzululwazi yokwaziswa iyamaniswa nenzululwazi yesicikizi, iNzululwazi yeMininingo, umchazangqondo, Ubuchwepheshe, inzululwazi yomtapolwazi, ezeMpilonhle, nezinhlangano zezinkasa. Kodwa, inzululwazi yokwaziswa ibuye ihlanganise nezici zeminye imikhakha ehlukene efana nenzululwazi yokuqogelela, inzululwazi yomqondo, ezohwebo, ezomthetho, ezolimi, umchazazibalo, ezokuphatha, injulalwazi, ezenqubomgomo yezwe, nezinzululwazi zomphakathi.
# Ukuhlelelisa isiCikizi

**Ukuhlelelisa isicikizi** noma **ukukitiza** kuyinqubo yokuqamba uthungethunge lweziyalezo, ezibizwa ngokuthi izinhleleliso ezilandelwa yizicikizi ukuze ziqhogoye imisebenzi. Ukuhlelelisa kubandakanya imisebenzi efana nokuhlaziya, ukuphehla umkholezima, iziqondiso zokugununda izingqubo, ngokuloba umkitizo ngolunye lwezilimi zokuhlelelisa. Umkitizo wenhleleliso ubhalwa ngolimi olulodwa noma ukweqa olwaziwa abahlelelisi olugunundwa isididiyeli esiyinhloko, kunokuba kube umkitizo wenguxa. Injongo yokuhlelelisa iwukuthola uchunge lwemiyalelo ezohleleleka insebenzo yomsebenzi esicikizini, imvama ongowokuxazulula inkinga ethile. Ukuhlelelisa kweqophelo imvama kudinga ubungcweti ezihlokweni ezimbalwa, kuhlanganisa ulwazi lwesidlangala sohlelo, imikholezima yekhethelo, nenhluzangqondo ehlelekile.

Imisebenzi ehlobene nehambisana nokuhlelelisa ihlanganisa ukuvivinya, ukuntwalalula *(debugging)*, ukunakekela umkitizo, ukugununda izinhlelo zokwakha, kanye nokuphathwa kwezichule *(artifact)*, ezifana nomkitizo wenguxa wezinhleleliso sezicikizi. Lezi zinto zingathathwa njengengxenye yenqubo yokuhlelelisa, Kodwa imvama kusetshenziswa ibizo elithi ukuthuthukiswa kwehlelokusebenza ukuchaza lenqubo enkulu kuyilapho amabizo athi ukuhlelelisa, ukugununda, noma ukukitiza akhwezelelwa ukulotshwa komkitizo. Ubunjiniyela behlelokusebenza buhlanganisa ubuchule bobunjiniyela nezenzo zokuthuthukisa inhlelokusebenza. Ubunjiniyela obugushayo buhlobene nenqubo esetshenziswa abaklami, abahlaziyi, nabahlelelisi ukuze baqonde Inhleleliso ekhona futhi bagununde kabushe insebenzo yayo.
# IGreki

**IGreki
 *Ελληνική Δημοκρατία
 Ellīnikī́ Dīmokratía|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |  |

 |
|  |
| **Isiqongo** | I-Athene |
| **Idolobha elikhulu** | I-Athene |
| **Ulimi** | isiGreki |

**IGreki** (noma **IGriki**, noma **IGrisi**; isiGreki: Ελλάδα *Elláda* / Ελλάς *Ellás*) izwe laseYurophu. IsiQongo saseGreki i-Athene. Ulimi isiGreki.

Alb.
Andorra
Arme.
iAustriyiya
Azer.
(Sp.)
iBhelarusi
iBhelijiyamu
Bosnia
iBuligariya
(Gr.)
iCrowathiya
Cyprus
Czech
Rep.
iDenimaki
(Dk.)
iEstoniya
iFinilandi
IFulansi
(Fr.)
iJalimani
Georgia
iGrisi
iHangari
Isilandi
Ireland
ITaliya
(It.)
(It.)
Kaz.
Kos.
iLatviya
Liech.
iLithuwaniya
Lux.
Mac.
iMalta
Moldova
Monaco
Mont.
Neth.
INoki
iPolandi
iPhothugali
iRomaniya
iRashiya
(Rus.)
S. Mar.
iSerbiya
iSlovaki
Slo.
ISpeyini
Sweden
Switz.
Turkey
Ukraine
United
Kingdom
Vatican
Adriatic
Sea
Arctic Ocean
Baltic
Sea
Barents Sea
Bay of
Biscay
Black
Sea
Azov
Sea
Caspian
Sea
Celtic
Sea
Skagerrak
Greenland Sea
Gulf of
Cadiz
Ligurian
Sea
Mediterranean Sea
North
Atlantic
Ocean
North
Sea
Norwegian
Sea
Strait of Gibraltar
Gibraltar (UK)
# Izilimi

**I-Linguistics** ukuhlolwa kwezilimi ngokwesayensi. I-Linguistics isekelwe ekufundeni okucatshangelwayo kanye nokuchaza ulimi futhi kuhlanganiswe nemikhakha esetshenzisiwe yezifundo zolimi nokufunda ulimi, okubandakanya isifundo sezilimi ezithile. Ngaphambi kwekhulu lama-20, isayensi yolimi yavela ngokuhambisana nesifundo sezincwadi futhi ayizange isebenzise izindlela zesayensi. I-linguistics yanamuhla ibhekwa njengesayensi ngoba ihilela ukuhlaziywa okuphelele, okuhlelekile, kanye nokuqondile kwazo zonke izici zolimi - okungukuthi, ukuqonda, ezenhlalo, isiko, ingqondo, indawo ezungezile, izinto eziphilayo, izincwadi, uhlelo lolimi, I-paleographical, kanye ukwakheka.

Izindawo ezingokwesiko zokuhlaziywa kolimi zihambisana ne-syntax (imithetho ebusa ukwakheka kwemisho), i-semantiki (okusho), i-mofoloji (ukwakheka kwamagama), ifonetiki (imisindo yokukhuluma kanye nokushukuma komzimba okufana Izilimi zezandla), i-fonoloji (isimiso sokusebenza esifihlekile solimi oluthile), kanye ne-pragmatiki (indlela umongo wezenhlalo onikela ngayo enchazelweni). Izifundo ezincane ezifana ne-biolinguistics (ukuhlolwa kwezinguquko zezinto eziphilayo nokuziphendukela kolimi) kanye ne-psycholinguistics ("ukuhlolwa kwezici ezingokwengqondo olimini lwesintu) kuhlanganisa eziningi zalezi zindawo.

I-Linguistics ihlanganisa amagatsha amaningi nemikhakha emincane ehlanganisa kokubili ukusetshenziswa okucatshangelwayo nokungokoqobo. I-theoretical linguistics (kuhlanganise ne-traditional descriptive linguistics) ikhathazekile ngokuqonda isimo esivamile nesisisekelo solimi kanye nokuthuthukisa uhlaka oluvamile lwe-theoretic lokuyichaza. I-Applied Linguistics ifuna ukusebenzisa okutholakele okungokwesayensi kokufunda ulimi ngezinhloso eziwusizo, njengokuthuthukisa izindlela zokuthuthukisa imfundo yolimi nokufunda nokubhala.

Izici zolimi zingafundwa ngemibono ehlukahlukene: ngokuhambisana (ngokuchaza ukwakheka kolimi ngesikhathi esithile) noma ngokuhambisana nokwakheka (ngokuthuthukiswa komlando wolimi enkathini ethile), ngezilimi esisodwa noma ngezilimi eziningi, phakathi kwezingane noma phakathi kwabantu abadala, ngokuya ngendlela efundwayo ngayo noma ukuthi yatholakala kanjani, njengezinto ezingaqondakali, ngokwemibhalo ebhaliwe noma ngokusebenzisa i-elicitation yomlomo, futhi ekugcineni ngokuqoqwa kwedatha yemishini noma ngomsebenzi wasensimu osebenzayo.

## Izinkomba