# IPhasika

UJesu esiphambanweni, umdwebo we-1870, ka-Carl Heinrich Bloch
**IPhasika**, elibizwa nangokuthi **iSonto Lokuvuka**, umkhosi wamaKristu kanye nomvalo oyisik wokukhumbula ukuvuka kukaJesu kwabafileyo, okuchaziswe eTestamenteni Elisha leBhayibheli njengokwenzeka ngosuku lwesithathu lokungcwatshwa kwakhe ngemva kokubethelwa kwakhe esiphambanweni ngamaRoma eGolgotah c. 30 AD .

AmaKristu agcina iPhasika avame ukubhekisela esontweni lokugcina lokuzila (Lent), ngaphambi kwePhasika, njengeSonto Elingcwele, eliqala ngeSonto lamasundu ( eliphawula ukungena kukaJesu eJerusalema), lihlanganisa uLwesithathu lwezinhloli (lapho kulilelwa khona ukukhashelwa kukaJesu ), futhi liqukethe izinsuku zePhasika Triduum okuhlanganisa uLwesine oluNgcwele, lokukhumbula iSidlo EsiNgcwele kanye neSidlo Sokugcina, kanye noLwesihlanu Oluhle, ukukhumbula ukubethelwa nokufa kukaJesu. EbuKristwini baseMpumalanga, imicimbi efanayo ikhunjulwa ngamagama ezinsuku aqala ngokuthi "Ngcwele" noma "Ngcwele futhi Omkhulu", kanti iPhasika ngokwalo lingabizwa ngokuthi iPhasika Elikhulu neliNgcwele. EbuKristwini baseNtshonalanga naseMpumalanga, iPhasika - elaziwa nangokuthi inkathi yePhasika - liqala ngeSonto lePhasika futhi liqhubeka amasonto ayisikhombisa, liphothule ngosuku lwama-50, ngeSonto lePhentekoste . Kodwa-ke, ebuKristwini baseMpumalanga, ukuthathwa kwedili kwenzeka ngosuku lwama-39, ngaphambi koMkhosi Wokwenyuka .

IPhasika nezinsuku ezingcwele ezihlobene nalo yimikhosi engenalo usuku olunqunyiwe; usuku lwayo lubalwa ngokusekelwe ekhalendeni lelanga (unyaka welanga kanye nesigaba seNyanga) olufana nekhalenda lesiHebheru, okubangela izimpikiswano eziningana. UMkhandlu Wokuqala waseNicaea (325) wasungula ukugcinwa kwePhasika okuvamile yiwo wonke amaKristu ngeSonto lokuqala ngemva kwenyanga edilingene yokuqala ngosuku noma ngemva kokuzalwa kwelanga enyakatho nenkabazwe. Ngisho noma kubalwa ngokusekelwe ekhalendeni likaGregory, usuku lwaleyo nyanga egcwele ngezinye izikhathi luyahluka kolwenyanga egcwele yokuqala yezinkanyezi ngemva kokuzalwa kwelanga enyakatho nenkabazwe ngoMashi .

Igama lesiZulu evamile elithi Easter ngesiNgisi lithathwe egameni lesithixokazi sase-Anglo-Saxon elithi Ēostre ; umkhosi walesi sithixokazi uhlotshaniswa nePhasika lamaJuda ngegama lalo, elithi *Pascha*, (ngokwebhayibheli, kokubili ukubethelwa esiphambanweni kanye novuko kwenzeka phakathi nesonto lePhasika). Ezilimini eziningi zaseYurophu, kokubili iPhasika lamaKristu kanye nePhasika lamaJuda kubizwa ngegama elifanayo; futhi ezinguqulweni ezindala zesiNgisi zeBhayibheli, igama elithi Easter lalisetshenziswa ukuhumusha elithi iPhasika.

Amasiko ePhasika ayahlukahluka kuwo wonke umhlaba wobuKristu, futhi afaka phakathi izinkonzo zokuphuma kwelanga noma imilindelo yasebusuku, ukumemeza kanye nokushintshana kwemikhonzo yePhasika, ukuhlobisa isiphambano ngezimbali, ukugqokwa kwezigqoko zePhasika ngabesifazane, kanye nokuhlobisa kanye nokuphulwa kwamaqanda ePhasika ngokuhlanganyela (uphawu lwethuna elingenalutho ). I- Easter lily, uphawu lovuko ebuKristwini baseNtshonalanga, ngokwesiko kuhlotshiswa indawo yesonto ngalolu suku kanye nangaso sonke isikhathi sePhasika . Ngaphezu kokubukwa kwemidlalo yokubethelwa ngesikhathi sokuZila seLent nePhasika, amaziko amaningi kamabonakude asakaza izingqayi ezhlobene novuko, njenge- *The Passion of the Christ*, *The Greatest Story Ever Tolded* kanye ne *-The Jesus Film* . Amanye amasiko asehlotshaniswa nePhasika futhi agcinwa ngamaKristu kanye nabanye abangewona amaKristu afaka phakathi imibuthano yePhasika, ukudansa komphakathi (eMpumalanga Yurophu), i- Easter Bunny kanye nokuzingela amaqanda . Kukhona nokudla kwendabuko kwama-Easter okuhlukahluka ngokwesifunda namasiko.

## UbuKrsitu bokuqala

*Isidlo Sakusihlwa Sokugcina* (1495–1498). umdwebo, i-tempera on gesso. ESontweni laseSanta Maria delle Grazie, eMilan, e-Italy, kuyincazelo kaLeonardo da Vinci ephawulekayo yesidlo sokugcina sikaJesu ngaphambi kokufa. Isidlo Sakusihlwa Sokugcina esigujwa uJesu nabafundi bakhe.
Njengoba amaVangeli egomela ukuthi kokubili ukubethelwa nokuvuka kukaJesu kwenzeka phakathi nesonto lePhasika, amaKristu okuqala abeka isikhathi sokugubha umkhosi waminyaka yonke wovuko maqondana nePhasika. Ubufakazi obuqondile bomkhosi wamaKristu wePhasika buqala ukuvela maphakathi nekhulu lesi-2. Mhlawumbe umthombo wokuqala okhona obhekisela kuPhasika yintshumayelo yePhasika yaphakathi nekhulu lesi-2 eqanjwe kuMelito waseSardis, echaza lo mkhosi njengowasungulwa ngendlela ekahle. Ubufakazi bolunye uhlobo lomkhosi wamaKristu ogujwa minyaka yonke, labo abakhumbula abafel’ ukholo, baqala ukuvela cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo sentshumayelo engenhla.

Nakuba izinsuku zabafel 'ukholo (ngokuvamile izinsuku ngazinye zokufel' ukholo) zazigujwa ngezinsuku ezimisiwe ekhalendeni lelanga lendawo, usuku lwePhasika lwalunqunywa ngekhalenda lelanga lamaJuda lendawo . Lokhu kuhambisana nomkhosi wePhasika owangena ebuKristwini ngesikhathi sokuqala kwawo, enkathini yamaJuda.

## Usuku lwePhasika

IPhasika kanye nezinsuku ezingcwele ezihlobene nalo kuyimikhosi engenalo usuku olunqunyiwe noluqondile kumakhalenda kaGregory noma kaJulian (womabili alandela umjikelezo welanga nezinkathi zonyaka). Kunalokho, usuku lwePhasika lunqunywa ekhalendeni lelanganyanga elifana nekhalenda lesiHebheru .

### Izimpikiswano zeBandla Lokuqala

Isithonjana sama-Orthodox aseRussia esinezingxenye ezinhlanu esibonisa indaba yePhasika. AmaKristu ama-Orthodox aseMpumalanga asebenzisa indlela yokubala ehlukile yosuku lwePhasika kunamasonto aseNtshonalanga.
Usuku oluqondile lwePhasika ngezinye izikhathi luye lwaba yindaba ekuphikiswana ngayo. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lesibili, kwakwamukelwa kabanzi ukuthi ukugujwa kwalolusuku kwakuyisiko labafundi kanye nesiko elingenakuphikiswa. Impikiswano yamaQuartodeciman, ekwaba eyokuqala ezimpikiswaneni eziningana ngePhasika, yasuka mayelana nosuku okufanele kugujwe ngalo iPhasika.

Igama elithi "iQuartodeciman" libhekisela emkhubeni wokuqeda ukuzila ukudla kweLente ngoNisan 14 wekhalenda lesiHebheru, "iphasika leNkosi". Ngokusho kwesazi-mlando sesonto u-Eusebius, omunye oyi-Quartodeciman uPolycarp (umbhishobhi waseSmirna, ngokwesiko umfundi kaJohane uMphostoli ) waxoxa ngalo mbuzo no -Anicetus (umbhishobhi waseRoma). Isifundazwe saseRoma sase-Asia sasegcwele ama-Quartodeciman, kuyilapho amasonto aseRoma nase-Alexandria aqhubeka nokuzila ukudla kwaze kwaba yiSonto elilandelayo (iSonto Lesinkwa Esingenamvubelo), efisa ukuhlanganisa iPhasika neSonto. UPolycarp no-Anicetus abazange bancenge omunye, kodwa abazange bacabangele le ndaba njengehlukanisa ibandla, bahlukana ngokuthula futhi bashiya umbuzo ungaxazululiwe.

Kwavela impikiswano lapho uVictor, umbhishobhi waseRoma wesizukulwane esilandela u-Anicetus, ezama ukuxosha amaPolycrates ase-Efesu nabo bonke abanye ababhishobhi base-Asia ngenxa yobuQuartodecimanism babo. Ngokusho kuka-Eusebius, kwahlanganiswa imikhandlu eminingana ukuze kuxazululwe impikiswano. UPolycrates ( c. 190 ), nokho, wabhalela uVictor evikela ubuqaba be-Asian Quartodecimanism. Ukuzama kukaVictor ukuxoshwa ebandleni kubonakala sengathi kwahoxiswa, futhi izinhlangothi zombili zavumelana ngokungenelela kombhishobhi u-Irenaeus nabanye, abakhumbuza uVictor ngesibonelo sika-Anicetus sokubekezelela.

## Amaphatho