# Iziqu zobungcithabuchopho

Ingcithabuchopho uR.S Garrick ngemuva kokuthweswa iziqu zobungcithabuchopho
**Iziqu zobungcithabuchopho** yiziqu zakwaNgqondonkulu ezitholakala emanyuvesi nakwezinye izikhungo zemfundo zokuklomelisa futhi ezigunyaza abafunde bagogoda ukuba bafundise abanye. Igama eliyibizomfakela elithi *ubudokotela* lithathwe egameni lesiNgisi elithi *doctorate* elibolekwe egameni lesiLathini sasendulo elithi *licentia docendi* ("imvume yokufundisa). Elithi ubungcithabuchopho livela kwelithi iNgcithabuchopho, elisho umuntu echithisa abanye ubuchopho ngenxa yolwazi analo.

Emazweni amaningi, iziqu zocwaningo zigunyaza ozinikwayo ukuba afundise ezingeni lenyuvesi emkhakheni aklonyeliswe kuwo noma ukusebenza njengengcwepheshi emkhakheni wazo. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zeziqu zobungcithabuchopho; ezivame kakhulu ingcithabuchopho yeFilosofi (PhD), eklonyeliswa emikhakheni eminingi ehlukene, kusukela kwezoluntu kuya emikhakheni wenzululwazi.
Amanyuvesi amaningi aphinde anikeze iziqu zobungcithabuchopho zokuhlonipha kubantu ababhekwa njengabafanelwe ukuqashelwa okukhethekile, kungaba ngomsebenzi wobungcweti noma eminye iminikelo enyuvesi noma emphakathini.

## uMlando nomsukagama

Igama elithi **ingcithabuchopho** igama lesiZulu elihumusha elithi *doctor* elivela kwelesiLatini, elisho "umfundisi" noma "umyali". Imvume yokufundisa ebizwa *-doctoratus* (isiLatini: *doctoratus* ) yavela eYurophu yasendulo njengemvume yokufundisa ulimi lesiLatini ( *licentia docendi* ) enyuvesi . Imvelaphi yayo iseBandleni lokuqala lapho igama elithi *doctor* lalibhekisela kubaPhostoli, oBaba beSonto, kanye nezinye iziphathimandla zobuKristu ezazifundisa futhi zihlakahla iBhayibheli .

Ilungelo lokunikeza i *-licentia docendi* ekuqaleni laligcinelwe iSonto LamaKatolika, elalidinga ukuthi umfakisicelo aphumelele isivivinyo, afunge isifungo sokwethembeka, futhi akhokhe imali. Abafaka izicelo babehlolwa ukuthi banekhono yini. Leli lungelo lahlala liyithambo lokuphikisana phakathi kweziphathimandla zesonto namanyuvesi, lapho zizihlukanisa lusilili neSonto. Ngowe-1213 leli lungelo lalinikezwa upapa eNyuvesi yaseParis, lapho elaphenduka khona imvume yokufundisa ( *licentia ubique docendi* ). Lemvume yaba nesikhundla esiphakeme kuneziqu zemfunda (*-bachelor baccalaureus* ), ezancishiswa zaba yisinyathelo esiphakathi sokufinyelela iziqu zobuhuqazi *(-master : magister* ) kanye nezobungcitha, zombili manje ezaba yiziqu zokufundisa ezamukelekayo. Ngokusho kukaKeith Allan Noble (1994), iziqu zobungcithabuchopho zokuqala zanikezwa eParis yasendulo cishe ngo-1150 yiNyuvesi yaseParis.

NgesiZulu elithi ingcithabuchopho liyibizongxube elihlanganisa elithi ingcitha nelithi ubuchopho. Elithi ingcitha lisho umuntu ochithayo oma ochithisayo. Isichazamazwi sikaDoke noVilakazi sithi isenzo 'ukuchithisa' sisho ukuhlakahlisa, ukuthwesa, ukwenza umfundi ahlakaniphe ngolwazi. Uma ukuchithisa kuyisenenzo sokufundisa, kusho ukuthi ingcitha ingumfundisi ogogodile okwazi ukuqeqesha nokuqaqatha abanye. Ingcithabuchopho ichitha ubuchopho, noma ibachithisa ngobuchopho (inhlakanipho) bayo.

Elithi ingcithabuchopho lisahambisana nebizo elithi Ubungcithabuchopho befilosofi, njengoba eningizimu yeYurophu, yonke imikhakha (efana nomlando, ifilosofi, inzululwazi yezenhlalo, umchazazibalo, kanye nenzululwazi yemvelo yayaziwa ngokwesiko njengefilosofi. Ubungcithabichopho befilosofi busanamathela kulo mkhuba womlando, yize iziqu eziningi zingezona ezokufunda ifilosofi uqobo. UChris Park uchaza ukuthi kwaze kwaba yilapho izinhlelo zemfundo ezisemthethweni kanye neziqu sezibekwe ezingeni elifanayo ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 lapho *i-Doctorate of Philosophy* yaphinde yethulwa eJalimane (kulokho okwakuzoba yi- Humboldt University of Berlin ) njengeziqu zocwaningo, [2] efushaniswe ngokuthi uDkt. phil. (okufana ne-Ph.D. emazweni ase-Anglo-America).