# IYukreyini

**I-YukreyiniУкраїна**|

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| **Isiqongo** | IKiyivi |
| **Idolobha elikhulu** | IKiyivi |
| **Ulimi** | IsiYukreyini |
| **Ubungako bendawo** | 603.628 km² |

**I-Yukreyini** (Isi-Yukreyini: *Україна*, *Ukrayina*) izwe eYurophu. Isiqongo sase-Yukreyini iKiyivi *(Київ)*.

## Umlando wezwe

Ekhulwini lesi-5-7, izizwe zamaSlavic aseMpumalanga zahlala lapha, ngokwengxenye zisuka endaweni ye-IYukreyini yesimanje ziye endaweni esentshonalanga IRashiya yanamuhla. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, amazwe womabili la mazwe ayeyingxenye yombuso owodwa, inhloko-dolobha yawo kwakuyiKyivi.

Ngekhulu le-12, umbuso Kievan waqala ukuhlakazeka zibe izikhulu ezihlukene. Ngekhulu le-12, u-Yuri Dolgoruki, indodana yesi-6 yenkosana yaseKivan Volodymyr Monomakh, wayengenalo ilungelo lesihlalo sobukhosi, ngakho-ke waqala ukunqoba amazwe asenyakatho-mpumalanga।

Izizwe zamaSlavic ngekhulu le-9, ngaphambi kokwamukelwa kobuKristu
Ngakho, maphakathi nekhulu le-12, izizwe zamaSlav zazithola zisemazweni amaphakathi neRussia. Ngaphambi kokufika kwabo, indawo yaseMoscow, eyasungulwa nguDolgoruky njengendawo encane yokuhlala, yayihlala izizwe eziseduze neFinns zanamuhla. Kwaqubuka impi phakathi kwesifunda saseVladimir-Suzdal (maphakathi iRashiya) iKiyivi, okwaholela ekuhlukaneni kwayo nesifunda saseKivan.

Ngemva kokuhlasela kukaBatu ngo-1240, umholi wezikhulu ezisenyakatho, u-Alexander Nevsky, waba indodana yokutholwa kaBatu, futhi ukubamba iqhaza kuka-Alexander empini ngasohlangothini lweHorde kwaholela endodaneni yakhe eneminyaka engu-16 ubudala uDaniil ekubeni inkosana yokuqala yaseMoscow, okwaholela ekuthuthukisweni iRashiya yesimanje. Elinye idolobha elikhulu langeNkathi Ephakathi iRashiya yanamuhla kwakuyiVeliki Novgorod, eyayihlala ilwa neMoscow futhi yanqotshwa iMoscow ngo-1478 kuphela.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-15, i-Golden Horde yahlakazeka yaba yiKhanate YaseCrimea, i-Astrakhan ne-Kazan Khanates, iRashiya, eyalwa izimpi eziqhubekayo zobudlova ngokumelene nabalingani bayo bangaphambili nomakhelwane, ngokuyinhloko iLithuania. Izimpi phezu kwedolobha laseSmolensk zazivamile. Abantu baseRussia baphuma ezizweni zamaSlavic aseMpumalanga futhi basebenza njengesizwe esihlukile phakathi neSifundazwe SaseMuscovite ekhulwini le-17.

Isikhumbuzo seqhawe lesizwe lase-IYukreyini, u-Bogdan Khmelnytskyi
Ngekhulu le-15 nele-16, i-elite yase-IYukreyini yasungulwa - ama-Cossacks, amaqhawe avikela amazwe ekuhlaselweni komakhelwane. AmaRussia anamuhla afika emazweni ase-IYukreyini ngekhulu le-17, ngesikhathi sokuzabalaza kwabantu base-IYukreyini ukuzimela kanye nokumelana nokuhlasela kwePoland ngaphansi kobuholi bukaBohdan Khmelnytskyi ngo-1654, kwenziwa isivumelwano sokusebenzisana neIRashiya.

Abantu base-IYukreyini babengabhekwa njengezakhamuzi ngokusemthethweni futhi babevame ukuthunyelwa emsebenzini ophoqelelwe ngaphakathi eRussia, okwakuwukwephulwa kwesivumelwano sika-1654. (Abase-IYukreyini abangu-10 000 bafa ngenxa yezimo ezingahlanzekile ngesikhathi kwakhiwa iLadoga Canal.) Lokhu kwaholela ekuvukeleni kuka-Ivan Mazepa ngo-1708, owanqamula ubuhlobo neIRashiya futhi efuna ukungena ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kweSweden.

Ngo-1775, IRashiya yabhubhisa ama-Cossacks ase-IYukreyini kanye nenqaba yawo, iSich, okwaholela ekugqilazweni kwabantu base-IYukreyini kanye nenqubo IsiRashiya (Русификация) - ukubhujiswa okusemthethweni kolimi namasiko ase-IYukreyini IRashiya .

Edict kaValuev 1863. "Ulimi lwase-Ukraine alukaze lube khona, alukho, futhi alukwazi ukuba khona, futhi noma ubani ongakwazi ukuvumelana nalesi sitatimende uyisitha saseRussia."
Izibonelo ezivelele zale nqubomgomo i-Ems Edict (Эмский указ) kanye nesimemezelo sikaNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi WaseRussia u-Pyotr Valuev (Валуевский циркуляр), owenqabela abantu base-IYukreyini ukusebenzisa ulimi lwabo lwendabuko. Inqaba yaseSanta Elisabethe
yadlala indima yayo ekuthatheni leli zwe embusweni. Futhi ngo-1784 kwaba idolobha Yelisavetgrad (manje Kropyvnytskyi) .

Ngo-1914 uMbusi uNicholas II wavimbela ukugujwa kweminyaka eyi-100 yokuzalwa komlobi odumile wase-IYukreyini uTaras Shevchenko eMbusweni WaseIRashia.

Ekuqaleni kuka-1917, iNguquko kaFebruwari eyayiholwa u-Alexander Kerenski yagumbuqela ubukhosi futhi yamemezela WaseIsirashiya njengeriphabhuliki, yanikeza abantu abaningi ababecindezelwe ngaphambili ithuba lokulwela inkululeko yabo .

Ngemva kokubusa, u-Vladimir Lenin wamemezela impi yombango endaweni eyayiyi-Irashiya, ingxenye yayo okwakuyimpi eyaba khona ngo-1917-1921 phakathi kwe-IYukreyini People's Republic ne-Soviet Irashiya, okwaholela ekuhlukaniseni i-IYukreyini phakathi kwePoland Irashiya (kusukela ngo-1922 yiSoviet Union)

Ngo-1932-1933, uhulumeni waseSoviet ngaphansi kukaJoseph Stalin wenza iHolodomor (indlala yokwenziwa), amazwe amaningi ayibona njengokubulawa kohlanga lwabantu base-IYukreyini futhi yathatha ukuphila kwabantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-10.

Ngo-1937, i-NKVD (kamuva eyaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi uMnyango Wezindaba Zangaphakathi waseSoviet Union) yadubula iningi labahlakaniphi base-IYukreyini, izibalo zamasiko, nososayensi, futhi izinsalela zabo zangcwatshwa ngasese eHlathini laseBykivnyan, lapho kwakhiwa khona itshe lesikhumbuzo ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union..

Imnyuziyamu yendlala ka-1932-1933, yavulwa eKyiv ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union.
Ngo-1941-1945, izwe laligcwele amaNazi, zonke izakhamuzi zase-IYukreyini ezingu-5 zafa. Ngawo-1960-1980, uhulumeni waseSoviet wenza ukucindezelwa kwabaphikisayo, wabathumela emajele futhi wabafaka ezibhedlela zezifo zengqondo, umphikisi odume kakhulu wase-IYukreyini kwakunguVasyl Stus. Ngo-1985-1991, iSoviet Union yawa, kwathi ngo-August 24, 1991, i-IYukreyini yamemezela inkululeko.

Ngemuva kwehlandla lesithathu lika-Vladimir Putin, owaqala ukubusa ngo-2012, Irashiya yaqala umkhankaso omkhulu wokucindezela inkululeko yokukhuluma, yaqala ukuqongelela amasosha eduze nezifunda ezisempumalanga ye-IYukreyini,
Ukugcina amandla, owayenguMongameli wase-IYukreyini ngaleso sikhathi uViktor Yanukovych wacela uPutin ukuthi athumele amasosha ayohlasela i-IYukreyini ngo-2013, okuholele emibhikishweni eyaziwa nge-Euromaidan.

Ngo-February 20, 2014, ngesikhathi uYanukovych eseKyivi, IRashiya yaqala ukuthatha inhlonhlo yaseCrimea eningizimu ye-IYukreyini, kamuva yanikeza isivikelo kuYanukovych owayebalekile. Ngo-April 12, 2014, IRashiya yaqala impi empumalanga ye-IYukreyini lapho amasosha ngaphansi komyalo we-Federal Security Service u-Igor Girkin ehlasela idolobha laseSloviansk. Ngosuku olulandelayo, ngo-Ephreli 13, i-IYukreyini yethula umsebenzi wokulwa namaphekula - i-ATO ukumisa ibutho laseIRashiya ekuthumbeni idolobha nedolobha

Isikhumulo sezindiza saseDonetsk, esabhujiswa amaRussia ngesikhathi sokuhlala kwedolobha kanye nempi yokulwa ne-IYukreyini, 2014
Kuze kube ngu-2022, IRashiya, ngokusebenzisa unodoli othi "Donetsk People's Republic", umbusi wayo wesikhashana owayengusopolitiki ozinze eMoscow u-Alexander Borodai, walwa impi ecashile ne-IYukreyini, eyakhula yaba impi egcwele. Ngo-2022, imibhikisho eminingana yokulwa nempi yenzeke kulo lonke elaseRussia, eyayicindezelwe yizinsizakalo zokuphepha
 .

E-IYukreyini, IRashiya yenza ubugebengu obubucayi bempi, njengokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu ezindaweni zokuhlala, ukucekelwa phansi ngokuphelele kwamadolobha anjengeMariupol, kanye nokushushiswa kwezakhamuzi ngenxa yesimo sazo sase-IYukreyini, okuhlanganisa nokuhlushwa ezindlini ezingaphansi kwezakhiwo ezihlala abantu eKherson. Ubugebengu obubi kakhulu obubhekiswe kubantu base-IYukreyini ukudubula kwedolobha laseBucha, okwenziwa ngoMashi 2022..

Esinye sezakhiwo eziningi zokuhlala eMariupol sacekelwa phansi ibutho laseIRashiya entwasahlobo ka-2022, futhi abantu ababengaphakathi kwesakhiwo bashiswa bephila phakathi nokuqhuma kwamabhomu ebusuku.
Ezindaweni ezihlaselwe abantu baseIRashiya baqala ukucekelwa phansi kwezincwadi zolimi lwesi-IYukreyini ezikhungweni zemfundo, eminyuziyamu, nemitapo yolwazi engahambisani nenqubomgomo yaseRussia, futhi benza uhlelo lwamakamu "okuhlunga" lapho izakhamuzi zaziboshwa futhi zihlukunyezwe .

Futhi isihloko sesazi sefilosofi saseRussia nososayensi wezepolitiki uTimofey Sergeytsev, "Yini Okufanele IRussia Yenze Nge-Ukraine?" (IsiRashiya: Что Россия должна сделать с Украиной?), yabizwa ngokuthi “incwadi yesiRashiya ekhuluma ngokubulawa kwabantu” isazi-mlando saseMelika uTimothy Snyder .

## Imithombo kanye nezincwadi

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| **IYurophu** |
| **IYurophu laseMpumalanga** | IBelarusi • IBulgariya • ITsheki • IHungariya • IMoldova • IPolandi • IRomaniya • IRashiya • ISlovaki • I-Yukreyini | **IYurophu laseNyakatho** | IDenimaki • I-Estoniya • IFinlandi • IGernseyi • I-Ayisilandi • I-Ayilendi • ILatviya • ILithuwaniya • INoki • ISwidi • Umbuso Ohlangeneyo |
| **IYurophu laseNingizimu** | I-Albaniya • I-Andora • IBhosniya neHerzegovina • IKrowati • IGreki • ITaliya • IMakedoniya • IMalta • IMontenegro • IPhothugali • USanti Marino • ISerbiya • ISloveniya • ISpeyini • Indolobha yaseVathikhani | **IYurophu laseNtshonalanga** | I-Ostriya • IBheljiya • IFulansi • IJalimani • ILitenisteni • ILakisembagi • IMonako • Netherlands • ISwisi |
| **I-Eshiya laseNtshonalanga** | I-Armeniya • I-Azerbajani • IKhupro • IJorjia • ITheki | **I-Eshiya laPhakathi** | IKazakhistani |