Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Ukhunta

Amakhowe (lat. Fungi noma i-Mycota) awumbuso wemvelo ephilayo ohlanganisa izinto eziphilayo ze-eukaryotic ezihlanganisa ezinye zezici zazo zombili izitshalo nezilwane. Amakhowe afundwa yisayensi ye-mycology, ethathwa njengegatsha le-botany, njengoba amakhowe ngaphambilini ayehlukaniswa njengengxenye yombuso wezitshalo.

Umqondo wamakhowe njengombuso ohlukile wamiswa kwezesayensi ngeminyaka yawo-1960, nakuba u-E. Fries ahlongoza ukuhlukanisa lo mbuso ngo-1831, futhi uCarl Linnaeus wazwakalisa ukungabaza lapho ebeka amakhowe embusweni wezitshalo “kuSystem of Nature” yakhe. Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20, umqondo wesikhunta se-polyphyletic ekugcineni wasungulwa.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, idatha yezakhi zofuzo, i-cytology kanye ne-biochemistry yayiqoqwe, okwenza kube lula ukuhlukanisa leli qembu lezinto eziphilayo zibe amagatsha amaningana angahlobene futhi lisabalalise phakathi kwemibuso ehlukene, kusale eyodwa kuphela embusweni "wangempela", noma amakhowe ngokwawo. Ngakho, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, igama lesayensi elithi “amakhowe” lase lingaqondakali.

Ngomqondo omncane, ngokombono we-biological systematics, amakhowe ayi-taxton, omunye wemibuso yemvelo ephilayo. Ngomqondo omdala, obanzi, leli gama lilahlekelwe incazelo ye-taxon futhi lisho iqembu le-ecological-trophic elihlanganisa i-heterotrophic eukaryote nohlobo lwe-osmotrophic lokudla okunomsoco. I-Mycology ngokwesiko iyaqhubeka nokufunda ngezidalwa ezinjalo.

Ukuhlukahluka kwebhayoloji kanye nemvelo kwamakhowe kukhulu kakhulu. Leli elinye lamaqembu amakhulu kakhulu futhi ahlukahlukene kakhulu ezinto eziphilayo, eseziyingxenye ebalulekile yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini nezasemhlabeni.
# INgunazana

**INgunazana** iyisidlangala seziphili ezinengqamuzana elilodwa. Lezi ziphilincinci ziswele iNdeni yengqamuzana ingakho zibizwa izinswelandeni. Izingunazana ekuqaleni zazibizwa Izinungwana, kodwa lokho kwabuye kwalungiswa ngenxa yokungafani nazo.
# Izinungwana

**Izinungwana** (ubunye: **isinungwana** ) iziphili ezikhona yonke indawo, ezikhululekile ngokuvamile ezihlanganisa ingqamuzana elilodwa lokuphila. Zakha isidlangala esikhulu seziphilincinci zezinswelandeni. Ngokuvamile zingamamithancinci *(micrometre)* ambalwa ngobude, izinungwana zaziyizinhlobo zokuphila zokuqala ukuvela emhlabeni, futhi zisatholakala kuzo zonke izindawo ezihlala kuzo. Izinungwana zihlala emhlabathini, emanzini, kuziphethu zesimunyane, emfucuzeni eyonzayo, nasekujuleni kwempilombulunga yegobohla lomhlaba. Izinungwana zimqoka ezigabeni eziningi zomjikelezo womsoco ngokuvuselela imisoco njengokuzinzisa inihwe evela kumoyambulunga.
# IMvelendeni

**IMvelendeni**, leyo amalungu ayo aziwa ngokuthi **izimvelendeni** ), iyisidlangala seziphili ezihlukahlukene ezinamangqamuzana anendeni noma avela indeni. Zonke izilwane, Izitshalo, ukhunta, nezinye iziphili ezinengqamuzana elilodwa zibizwa izimvelendeni. Zakha iqembu elikhulu lezinhlobo zokuphila zikanye namaqembu amabili wezinswelandeni: Izinungwana nezingunazana. Izimvelendeni zimelela iqeqebana elincane leziphili, kodwana ngenxa yobungako bazo obukhulu, ubuningi bazo embulungeni bukhulu kunalobo bezinswelandeni.
# INdeni yengqamuzana

Amangqamuzana we-HeLa agcotshelwe indeni yoLibofuzo enodayi lwe -fluorescent Hoechst olulundwa
**INdeni yengqamuzana** iyisithokazane esithungelwe olwelwesini esitholakala emangqamuzaneni ezimvelendeni. Amangqamuzana ezimvelendeni anendeni eyodwa, kodwana kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zamangqamuzana, ezifana namangqamuzana egazi abomvu, ezingenazo izindeni, kanye nezinye ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Uhlaka olumqoka ekwakhekeni kwendeni lungulwelwesi olulukhonko nolungunge Isithokazane sisonke futhi luqhinga okuphakathi kwalo kuhlukane nengqimbazana.
# Isimunyundeni

Izimunyundeni isimunyuci (kwesokunxele) kanye noLibofuzl (kwesokudla).
**Izimunyundeni** ziyimizwayinkulu lapho ukwaziswa kwezifuzisi kuqoqongwa khona. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezimunyundeni: ULibofuzo kanye nesimunyuci. Izimunyundeni zivumela iziphili ukuba zifufule ukwaziswa kofuzo ngokulandelana kwezizukulwane. Lapho ingqamuzana lihlukana, ulibofuzo lwalo luyafaniselwa bese ludluliselwa kwisizukulwane esilandelayo sengqamuzana. ULibofuzo luhleleke lwaba iziphathafuzo ezitholakala phakathi endeni yamangqamuzana ethu.
# IGciwanyane

**IGciwanyane** liyisenzi esithelelanayo esisimoncinci esizinyalisa kuphela ngaphakathi kwamangqamuzana aphilayo eziphili .
Amagciwanyane lithelela zonke izinhlobo zempilo, kusuka ezilwaneni nezimila kuya kuziphilincinci, kuhlanganise nezinungwana nezingunazane. Kusukela mhla isibhalwa sikaDimitri Ivanovsky ngowe-1892 sichazisa ngegciwane elingesona isinungwana elalithelela izimilo zogwayi kanye nokuvubukulwa kwegciwane likagwayi lamalobo nguMartinus Beijerinck ngowe-1898, sekube namagciwanyane ayizi-9,000 nokweqa achaziswe ngokuningilza ezigidini zezinhlobo zamagciwanyane asemvelweni. Amagciwanyane atholakala kuwo wonke amaxhaxhamvelo*(ecosystem)* emhlabeni futhi ayisiphili esanda kunazo zonke eziphilayo. Ukufundwa kwamagciwanyane kubizwa ngokuthi umChazagciwanyane, okuwumkhakha womchazampilonci.
# INswelandeni

Umdwebo wengqamuzana elivamile lenswelandeni.
**INswelandeni** yisiphili esinengqamuzana elilodwa nesiswele indeni kanye nezinye izithokazane zolwelwesi. Esimisweni sombuso ohlukene kabili ngokwencazelo ka- Édouard Chatton, izinswelandeni zazijinjwa ngaphakathi kombuso owodwa. Kodwana esimisweni sesidlangala esihlukene kathathu, esisekwe esihlaziyweni semizwayi, izinswelandeni zihlukaniswe zaba izidlangala ezimbili: Izinungwana kanye nezingunazana. Iziphili ezinendeni zibekwa esidlangaleni sesithathu, iMvelendeni. Izinswelandeni zavela kuqala kunezimvelendeni.
# Ucwaningo olungakanisayo

**Ucwaningo olungakanisayo** (noma **ucwaningo olunanisayilo**) luyiqhingasu lokucwaninga oluhlozinga kakhulu ukungakanisa noma amanani ekubuthweni nasesihlaziyweni semininingo. Lendlela yokucwaninga igcizelela kakhulu ukuvivinywa komchachiso, njengoba isekelwe kwinjulalwazi yobugcanso.

## Izibonelo

* Ucwaningo oluqukethe amanani angamaphesenti azo zonke izinhlwa ezakha umoyambulunga womhlaba.
* Inhlolovo ephetha ngokuthi isiguli esivamile kufanele silinde amahora amabili egunjini lokulinda lenyanga ethile ngaphambi kokuba sinakwe.
* Umgcanso lapho iqembu x lanikezwa imigwinyo emibili ye-aspirin ngosuku futhi iqembu y lanikezwa imigwinyo emibili ye-placebo ngosuku lapho umhlanganyeli ngamunye ejutshwa ngokwethukela eqenjini elithile noma kwelinye lamaqembu. Izici ezingokwenano ezinjengemigwonyo emibili, iphesenti lezinhlwa kanye nesikhathi sokulinda kwenza izimo nemiphumela ibe engakanisekayo.
* Kwezomnotho, ucwaningo olungakanisayo lusetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya imihwebo kanye nezici ezinomthelela ekwahlukeni kwezinhlaka zokuhleleka kwayo kanye nobudlelwano bezinkampani nabasebenzi, izindayi zemali kanye nemikhiqizo.
# Isizindamininingo

Isitatimende sokukhetha se -SQL kanye nomphumela waso
KwezokiCikiza, **isizindamininingo** siyiqoqo lemininingo elihlelekile eliwuhlobo lwesiqoqonga semininingo esisekwe esimisweni sokulawula imininingo (DBMS), okuyihlelokusebenza elinanana nabasebenzisi, kanye nesizindamininingo ngokwaso ukuze ligcine futhi lihlaziye imininingo. Isimiso sokulawula isizindamininingo ngokwengeziwe sihlanganisa izinhlaka eziwumnyombo zokulawula isizindamininingo. Uma kukhulunywa ngesimiso sokulawula isizindamininingo kuhlanganiswa isizindamininingo ngokwaso, kanye namahlelokusebenza ahilelekile. Imvama elithi "isizindamininingo" lisebenza ukubhekisela kunoma yisiphi isimiso sokulawula isizindamininingo, noma isimiso sesizindamininingo noma ihlelokusebenza eliyamaniswa nesizindamininingo.
# Umjinjo (umbono ovamile)

Igama elithi **Umjinjo** liyisicabango esibanzi esihlanganisa inqubo yokujinja, iqoqo lamaqembu angumphumela wokujinjwa, kanye nokujutshwa kwezici zifakwe emaqenjini akhiwe. Ukujinja yisicabango esiyisiseko nesiyingxenye yazo zonke izinhlobo zobuqhebeqhebe. Umjinjo ngokwawo wumkhakha wezemfundo oxubuqeqesho, owakhiwa uqeqesho oluhlanganisa injulalwazi, umchazampilo, ukuhlelwa kolwazi, umchazangqondo, izibalomininingo nomchazazibalo.

## Izincasiselo

Ibizo elithi *umjinjo* lingasebenza kokukodwa noma konke okulandelayo:

* inqubo yokujinja (ukubandlula nokwabela izinhlobo zezinto emaqenjini ahlukene)
* iqoqo lamaqembu angumphumela, aziwa ngokuthi *izigaba* (also called a *classification system*)
* ukujutshwa kwezici ezigabeni ezakhiwe

Ukujinja—ngomqondo obanzi onikeziwe—kuyisicabango esiyisiseko futhi kuyingxenye yazo zonke izinhlobo zobuqhebeqhebe.

## Imithombo
# Umchazaluntu

**Umchazaluntu** yigama elihumusha elithi 'Anthropology (lisuselwa kwisiGriki: *ánthrōpos*-umuntu, *logos*- isifundo) lisho isifundo senzululwazi ngabantu esihlanganisa umchazampilo kanye nomchazanhlalo, esiphathelene nokuziphatha kwabantu, umchazampilo wabantu, amasiko, imiphakathi, kanye nezilimi, kwenkathi yamanje nedlule,ngokubandakanya nabantu basendulo. Umchazaluntu wenhlalo ufunda izindlela zokuziphatha, kanti umchazaluntu wesiko ufunda incazelo yamasiko, okubandakanya izimiso kanye namagugu. Igama elithi *sociocultural anthropology* (umchazaluntu wesikompilo) yilona elivame ukusetshenziswa namuhla. Umchazaluntu wezezilimi ucwaninga ukuthi ulimi luyithonya kanjani impilo yomphakathi. Umchazaluntu wezempilo(noma wangokomzimba) ufunda umchazampilo kanye nendabuko yabantu kanye nezihlobo zabo eziseduze.*.*
# UmNgcikisho weMpilo

Ezinye zezinguxa zempilo
**Umngcikisho wempilo** noma ukugcikisha impilo kusho ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho yomchazampilo nezinsiza zokungcikisha ukuze kukhandwe imikhiqizo esebenzisekayo, ephathekayo newusizo kwezomnotho. umNgcikisho wempilo usebenzisa ulwazi nobungcweti bezinzululwazi ezimbalwa ezifana nesisindo nokufufulwa komchadamezo, ezomdiki, biocatalysts, biomechanics, bioinformatics, imidludlungu yokuhlukanisa nokucwenga, umklamo wesiyonzimvelo, inzululwazi yobuso, njll.
# Umkhathi

Isimiso sokuxhumanisa se-Cartesian semiyingemithathu engakwesokudlq esandla sokudla esetshenziselwa ukukhombisa izikhundla emkhathini
**Umkhathi** (noma **isikhala**) ngokwencazelo elula uyisilinganiso semingakontathu yomgamu ehlanganisa ubude, ububanzi, nokuphakama. Ngokomchazandalo wanamuhla umkhathi uyisilinganiso semingakomine esingenamkhawulo esibizwa ngokuthi umkhathinkathi, okusho ukuthi kujotshelelwa nesikhathi.
Isicabango somkhathi sithatha njengesibaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni kwethu umkhathilibe. Kodwa, ukungaboni ngaso linye phakathi kosonjulalwazi kuyaqhubeka neiba angavumelani ukuthi ingabe umkhathi ungumenzo, noma ubuhlobo phakathi kwemenzo, noma uyingxenye yohlaka lesicabango.

Ekhulwini leminyaka ye-19 nelama-20 abachazizibalo baqala ukuphenya izincazosimo okungezona ezika-Euclide, lapho okucatshangwa khona ukuthi umkhathi uyankumbela kunokuba yisicaba. Ngokomchachiso wokucakathana jikelele ka-Albert Einstein, umkhathi ongunge umnyondo uyanhlanhlatha encazelweni yomkhathi ka-Euclide. Imigcanso yokucakathana jikelele yafakazela ukuthi izincazosimo okungezona ezika-Euclide zinonongo olungcono lommumo womkhathi.
# IRiyunion

**iRiyunion** (*Réunion*) iyizwe eAfrika. iRiuynion iyisiqhingi saseFulansi.

Volcanic eruption in 2004
Mapa ya iRiyunion
Capital, Saint-Denis de la Réunion
iRiyunion
Piton des Neiges
# iBerlini

**iBerlini**|

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**IBerlini** (isiJalimani: **Berlin**) isiqongo saseJalimani.

## Web

* www.berlin.de
* Berlin Sightseeing tours

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# IsiThununu sezimboni

IsiThununu sezimboni esinyewuziwe esisebenza endaweni yokuncibilikisa.
**Isithununu sezimboni** siwuhlelo lwesithununu olusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza. Izithununu zezimboni ziyahlelelekwa *(automated)*, ziyahleleliseka *(programmable)* futhi ziyakwazi ukuhamba ngamachopho amathathu noma amane.

Imisebenzi ewunongo yezithununu ihlanganisa ukushisela, ukubheca, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlakahla, ukukhuphulula nokubeka eziqengqeni zomthandelo ezishicilelwe, ukugcishaza nokugqaba, ukuqhinqa, ukuhlola imikhiqizo, nokuvavanya; yonke efezwa ngokukhuthazela, ngejubane eliphezulu nobunyoninco.

Ngonyaka wezi-2000, kuqagelwa ukuthi izithununu zezimboni ezingaba isigidi esi-1.64 zazigidingiswa umhlaba wonke.

## Izinhlobo nolwangu

Iqoqo lezithununu zamachopho ayisithupha lisetshenziselwa ukushisela
Inhleleleko yomkhando enezithununu zezimboni zokugaya imikhiqizo yokudla enjengesinkwa endlini yokubhaka eJalimani
Kunezinhlobo eziyisithupha zezithununu zezimboni.

### Isithununu esinyewuziwe

Izithununu ezinyewuziwe ziyizithununu zezimboni ezaziwa kakhulu. Zifana nengalo yomuntu, okwenza zibizwe nangokuthi izilumba. Ukunyewuza kwazo ngokukhululeka amazinga ambalwa kuzivumela ukuba izingalo zazo zinyakaze kabanzi.

### Isithununu esizihlelelekayo

**Isithununu esizihlelelekayo** yisithununu esiqhogoya ngaphandle kokulawulwa umuntu. Izithununu zokuqala ezizihlelelekayo.

## Imithombo
# I-Irani

**I-Irani
 *جمهوری اسلامی ایران
 Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān|

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| **Isiqongo** | ITeherani |
| **Idolobha elikhulu** | ITeherani |
| **Ulimi** | isiPheresiya |
| **Inkolo** | UbuSulumani |

**I-Irani** (noma **IPheresiya**; isiPheresiya: ایران *Irān*) izwe lase-Eshiya. Linamaphethelo ne-Iraki (ne-Kurdistani), nePakistani, neKuweyiti, neTheki. Ulimi isiPheresiya.

## Izilimi

* isiPheresiya
* isi-Azeri
* isi-Armeniya
* isi-Kurdi
* isiLori
* isiBalotshi
* isiGilaki
* isiMazandarani
* isi-Alabhu
* isiTurukmeni

I-Piranshahr yiyona impucuko enkulu kunazo zonke yase-Iranian enomlando weminyaka engu-8000.

## Izithombe

* ITeheraniITeherani
* I-Esfahan
* IMashhad
* IPersepolis