# IsiCikizi

IziCikizi nezilekeleli zezinkathi ezingafani.
 Top row: Automatic mechanical calculator (1820) (Difference Engine), First-generation computer (Colossus computer)
 Middle row: Early vacuum tube computer (ENIAC), Supercomputer (IBM Summit)
Bottom row: Video game console (Nintendo GameCube), Smartphone (LYF Water 2)
**IsiCikizi** inguxa yezezibhangqiwe yamazuba engahleleliswa ukuba yenze uchunge lwezibalonqangi nemigidingo ehluzekile ngenhleleleko. Izicikizi zanamuhla zingenza imigidingo engamaqoqo avamile eyaziwa ngokuthi izinhleleliso. Lezinhleleliso zinikeza isiCikizi igunya lokwenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene. **Isimiso sesiCikizi** siyisicikizi esiphelele esihlanganisa nezinye izinsiza ezidingekayo, njengehlelomgidingo ukuze sikwazi ukugidinga ngokugcwele. Legama libuye libhekisele eqoqweni leziCikizi ezixhunywe ukuba zisebenze ndawonye, njengoXhoxho lweziCikizi noma isishomo seziCikizi.

* Intertec Superbrain
* IsiCikizi Aspire se-Acer

Imikhiqizo ehlukile yezezimboni neyabakhozi isebenzisa izicikizi njengezimiso zokulawula. Izilekeleli zenjongo ecacile njengechadaza *(microwave oven)* nezilawuli kude*(remote controls)* ziyabalwa, kanjalo nezilekeleli zomkhando ezifana nezithununu zezimboni kanye nomklamo osizwa isicikizi, kuhlanganise nezilekeleli zenjongo ebanzi ezifana nesicikizi somuntu siqu nezilekeleli eziphathwayo *(mobile devices)* njengoMakhalipha *(smartphone)*. Izicikizi zifukutha uxhakaxholo ngokukhongca izigidigidi zezinye izicikizi nabazisebenzisayo.

Izicikizi zokuqala zazihloselwe ukusetshenziselwa uqaqululo *(calculations)* kuphela. Izinsiza ezifana ne-abacus sezisize abantu ekwenzeni uqaqululo kusuka endulo. Ekuqaleni kwenguquko yezimboni, izilekeleli zezinguxa zakhiwa ukuze zihleleleke *(automate)* imisebenzi emide ekhathazayo, njengokuqondisa isifanelo sesilukisi *(loom)*. Izinguxa zamazuba zazenza imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi yoqaqululo lwenzuko *(analog calcuations)* ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Izinguxa eziqaqululayo zamazuba zezezibhangqiwe zokuqala zakhiwa ngesikhathi sempi yomhlaba yesibili.

## uMsuka wegama

isiCikizi esingumuntu, noma uMcikizi, ohlezi nesibonancinci nesiqaqululi ngowe-1952.
Igama elithi "isicikizi" lisuselwa esenzweni sokucikiza, esinencazelo yokuqala esho "ukubhala", eyesibili isho "ukuhlaziya, ukuxazulula inkinga," njengalapho umuntu ecikiza isibalonqangi sezibalo. Liyafaneleka lelibizo uma linesiqalo esithi 'isi' ngokwezigaba zamabizo. Umuntu ocikizayo yena uzoba "uMcikizi".

Kubikwa ukuthi izicikizi zokuqala kwakungabantu, ikakhulu abesifazane, kwakuba yibo izicikizi ngoba babeholelwa imali encane kunabesilisa. Cishe ngonyaka we-1943, iningi lezicikizi ezingabantu kwakungabesifazane.

* Computer - isiCikizi
* Compute - UkuCikiza
* Human computer - UmCikizi
* Computation - Umcikizo

## uMlando

### Ngaphambi kwekhulu lama-20

ithambo elibizwa Ishango, kwakuyithuluzi eliyithambo lase-Afrika yanguna
Ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule, kuye kwasetshenziswa iziLekeleli ekucikizeni, ikakhulu ukubala ngeminwe. Isilekeleli sokubala sokuqala kungenzeka kwakunguthi lokubala. Kamuva izinsiza zokugcina izibalo kulo lonke elaseMpuma ephakathi zazihlanganisa izingcezu zobumba, okwakubalwa ngazo ukudla okusanhlamvu, imfuyo, ezazigcinea emagobongweni aluhoshoba adikiselwe.

isihlohlo sokubala saseShayina. Inani elivezwe kulesihlohlo izi-6,302,715,408.
Isihlohlo i-Abacus sasungulelwa ukwenza imisebenzi yezobalonqangi. Isihlohlo saseRoma sathuthukiswa eziklamweni zaseBhabhiloni cishe ngowezi-2400 BCE.

Inguxa i-Antikithera, yaseGrisi lasendulo cishe ngowama -150-100 BCE, uyisiklamo sasendulo sokucikiza ngenzuko.
Inguxa i-Antikithera kukholwa ukuba iyisicikizi senzuko esiguxazelayo esaziwayo, ngokuka Derek J. de Solla Price. Lenguxa yayiklanyelwe ukuqaqulula ukuma kwezinkanyezi. Yavubukulwa ngowei-1901 ekuphahlazekeni kwase-Antikithera eduze naseGrisi.

### IsiCikizi sokuqala

uCharles Babbage
Isazobe sengxenye yesilumbamdiki somehluko sikaCharles BabbageIsilumbamdiki somehluko sesi-2 engqalabeni ebizwa *Intellectual Ventures* ese-Seattle
UCharles Babbage, wayengumngcikishi wezinguxanguxa neSazikwasani esaqhamuka nesicabango sesicikizi esihlelelisekwayo. Uthathwa "njengengqalabutho yesiCikizi", uyena owacabanga futhi waqamba isicikizi esiyinguxa sokuqala.

## Izinhlobo

IziCikizi zingajinjwa ngezindlela ezihlukene, ezihlanganisa elandelayo:

### Ngokwesakhiwo

* Isicikizi senzuko - *analog computer*
* Isicikizi sezibhangqiwe - *Digital computer*
* Isicikizi esxubile - *Hybrid computer*
* Isakhiwo saseHarvard - *Harvard architecture*
* Isicikizi semiyalo eyinkiya - *Complex instruction set computer*
* Isicikizi semiyalo encishisiwe - *Reduced instruction set computer*

### Ngokobungako, isici nebomu

* IsiCikizikhulu - *Supercomputer*
* Isicikizimqoka - *Mainframe computer*
* Minicomputer (term no longer used), Midrange computer
* Isiphakeli - *Server*
	+ Isiphakeli esiyisihlohlo - *Rackmount server*
	+ Isiphakeli esiyicembe - *Blade server*
	+ Isiphakeli esiludlomothi - *Computer tower*
* Isicikizi somuntusiqu - *Personal computer*
	+ *Workstation*
		- Isicikizi sasekhaya - *Home computer* (igama elingasasebenzi)
	+ Isicikizi sesinabalala - *Desktop computer*
		- Isicikizi esiludlomothi - *Computer tower*
		- Slimline desktop
			* Isicikizi sokudlala - *Gaming computer*
		- Isicikizi somsubo - *All-in-one PC*
		- Isicikizi esincane - *Nettop, Mini PC*
		- Isicikizi seschofo - *Keyboard computer*
		- Isicikizi esiphathwayo - *Portable computer*
		- Isilekeleli soxhakaxholo - *Internet appliance*
	+ Isicikizi esigonwayo - *Laptop computer*
	+ Isicikizi sikamakhalekhukhwini - *Mobile computer*
		- Isicikizi esiyisibhebhe - *Tablet computer*
		- UMakhalipha - *Smartphone*
		- Ultra-mobile PC
		- Pocket PC
		- Isicikizi sentende - *Palmtop PC*
		- Isicikizi sesandla - *Handheld PC*
		- Isicikizi sasekhukhwini - *Pocket computer*
	+ Isicikizi esigqokwayo - *Wearable computer*
		- Isithuba esithatha - *Smartwatch*
		- Izibuko Esithatha - *Smartglasses*
* Isicikizi soqwembelunye - *Single-board computer*
* Isicikizi sesiqhaza - *Plug computer*
* Isicikizi sothi - *Stick PC*
* Isicikizi engosini - *Computer-on-module*
* Uhlelo engosini - *System on module*
* Uhlelo esishuquleni - *System in a package*
* Uhlelo ezubeleni - *System-on-chip* (lwaziwa nangokuthi isidludlungi sehlelokusebenza lapho ongekho intandelo yomsakazo)

## Izigcoyi nezinhlelo

Umbukiswano oveza izigcoyi ezivamile zesicikizi.
Ibizo elithi *izigcoyi* lihlanganisa zonke izigcoyi noma izingxenye zesicikizi eziphathekayo nezingokoqobo. Izintandelo, amazubela wesicikizi, amakhadi wezifanekiso, amakhadi womsindo, isikhumbuli, uqwembe olumqoka, izihenqo, izihlinzeki ngamandla, izindophi, amaqwembe wokuqhofoza, izishicileli, nezikhwence okuyiziklamo ezifakwayo, konke lokhu kuyozigcoyi.

## Imithombo