# uMchazamkhathi

Indawo okwakheka kuyona izinkanyezi emafini aluthuli i-Magallanic.
Ihholobuko iParanal oluseYurophu, lusebenzisa isicwazi ukukhomba inkanyezi emkhathini
**UMchazamkhathi** yisifundo senzululwazi yemvelo esicwaninga izindikimba ezisemkhathini nesimongotho esenzeka emazulwini. UMchazamkhathi usebenzisa umchazazibalo, umchazandalo, kanye nomchazatho ukuze uchaze ngendabuko nangeminyaka yomkhathilibe. Izindikimba ezibalulekile zihlanganisa imizulane, izinyanga, izonkanyezi, imiqongo, imithalakazi, Amaqhumanyezi, imihlatshana, kanye amabhaqanyezu. Ezinye izimongtho ezifanelekayo zihlanganisa ukuqhuma kwezidanguzelakazi, ukuqhuma kwemisebentathu, isiPhinqi, izidumuka, uNyazima, nemiyonzi yamachadaza ezulu. Ngokuvamile, umchazamkhathi ucwaninga konke okuvela ngaphesheya lomoyambulunga woMhlaba. Abantu abacwaninga ngomkhathi babizwa ogqayinyanga ngesiZulu.

UMchazamkhathi uyisifundo esidala senzululwazi yemvelo. Abantu basendulo babenezindlela zabo zokubuka umkhathi nesibhakabhaka. Endulo, umchazamkhathi wawuhlanganisa noqeqesho lokufunda izinkanyezi, ukubhula ngezinkanyezi nokwenza amakhalenda.

## uMsuka

UMchazamkhathi yigama eliyinhlanganisela yamagama amabili, umchaza + mkhathi, lisho isifundo ezichaza ngomkhathi. Elithi umchaza liyasetshenziswa nakwezinye izifundo ezifana ngomchazandalo, Umchazatho, umchazazilo, umchazamhlaba njll. Umchazamkhathi uyisifundo esichaza ngezindikimba ezisemkhathini, hhayi izinkanyezi kuphela. Futhi kuhlukile ekubhuleni ngezinkanyezi *(astrology)* okuyinkolelo ethi okwenzeka kubantu kuhlobene nezikhundla zezinkanyezi. Nakuba yombili lemikhakha inomsuka owodwa, ayifani ngoba umchazamkhathi wesekea umchazandalo.

#### Elithi 'umchazamkhathi' nelithi 'ufundomkhathi'

"UMchazamkhathi" kanye "nofundomkhathi" imikhakha emibili okuluka ukuyiphambanisa. Umchazamkhathi ngokwencasiselo, isifundo sezindikimba noTho olungaphandle komoyambulunga womhlaba, kucwaningwa ngezigubo zazo nevange lazo. Kuyilapho "ufundomkhathi" kuyigatsha lomchazamkhathi elicwaninga ukucondoza, noguquko olwenzeka ezindikimbeni zomkhathi nesimongotho sawo.

## Umlando wobukoMkhathi

Abantu kade baqala ukubona imifanekiso lapho khona bebuka izinkanyezi. Lomdwebo wonyaka we-1690 ukhombisa isishomo iBhubesi (Leo), lo mdwebo wadwetshwa uJohannes Hevelius.
Ngokomlando, izinkanyezi bezibalulekile kwabasemandulo umhlaba jikelele. Beziyingxenye yezenkolo, bezisetshenziswa ukuthola indlela ngokusetshenziswa komkhathi, ukukala ukuthwasa kwesikhathi, kanye nokwakha amakhalenda.

Izimfundindalo zomkhathi zasemandulo zakwazi ukubona umehluko phakathi kwezinkanyezi "ezimile", lezo ingqwanga yazo eyayingshintshi kwisibekedu somkhathi, kanye nalezo "eziyimuzulane" (imizulane/imihlaba), ezinyakaza ngendlela ecacile mawuziqhathanisa nalezo ezimile esikhathini esingangezinsuku noma amasonto.

Iningi lezimfundindalo lalikholelwa ukuthi izinkanyezi zazinamathiselwe kwisibekedu somkhathi kanti futhi zazingashintshi neze. Ngokujwayelekile, izimfundindalo zaqoqela izinkanyezi kumaqoqo ezinyonta kanye nezishomo baphinde bazisebenzise ukulandelela ukunyakaza kwemizulane kanye nokulandelela ilanga. Ukunyakaza kwelanga lapho kuqhathaniswa nezinkanyezi (kanye nomkhathizwe) kwakusetshenziswa ukwakha amakhalenda, okuyiwona ayesetshenziswa ukulawula izenzo ezaziphathelene nokulima. Ikhalenda likaGrigori, okuyilona elisetshenziswa cishe umhlaba wonke, liyikhalenda lelanga elisuselwa kwingoni yomjikelezo yomhlaba maqondana nelanga.

Ishathi elidala lezinkanyezi laqhamuka ezweni laseGibithe ngonyaka we-1534 BC. Ukukethomagama lwezinkanyezi elidala elaziwayo lahlanganiswa izimfundindalo zasemandulo zamaBhebiloni aseMezophothamiya ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yezinkulungwane ezimbili ngaphambi kuka kristu, ngezikhathi sombuso samaKhasithe (c. 1531–1155 BC).

Uqukethomagama lezinkanyezi lokuqala kwezomkhathi wamaGrikhi lahlanganiswa u-Aristillus cishe ngo-300 BC, ngosizo luka Timocharis. Uqukethomagama lwezinkanyezi luka Hipparchus (ngesenshuri lesibili ngaphambili kokuzalwa kukaJesu) okufakaphakathi izinkanyezi eziyi-1020, kanti futhi lasetshenziswa ukuhlanganisa uqukethomagama lwezinkanyezi lukaPtolemy. UHipparchud waziwa ngokuphakamisa isidangazela sokuqala sokuthi silekhodwe. Iningi lezishomo kanye nezinkanyezi lisebenzisa amagama asuselwa kwezomkhathi zaseGrikhi

Nangaphezulu kokungashintshi komkhathi, izimfundindalo zomkhathi zaseShayina zazazi ukuthi izinkanyezi ezintsha zazijwayele ukuvela. Ngonyaka we-185 yankulunkulu wama kristu, babengabokuqala ukuthi babhale ngesidangazelekazi, manje esaziwa nge-SN 185.