# Inzululwazi

Umdwebo wokulwiza komkhathilibe
**Inzululwazi** futhi **ISayensi** iyisigabavu esihleliwe nendlela yokuzuza lonke ulwazi olungaba khona emhlabeni nakumkhathilibe wonke. Kwinzululwazi kukhona izindlela zokuhlela izincazelo ezivivinyayo nokubikezela ngomkhathi. Kubalulekile kakhulu kwinzululwazi ukuba imiphumela yezivivinyo nocwaningo kube eqinisekiswe osonzululwazi abaningi ukuze amaqiniso ayo angaphuma odwa kuvezwa amaphutha. Kwencikene kakhulu nokusizana kuhlanganwe.

Izimpande zokuqala zenzululwazi ziseGibhithe lasendulo naseMesopotamiya kusukela cishe ngowezi-3500 kuya ku-3000 BCE. Amagalelo abo kwezomchazazibalo, ezomchazamkhathi, kanye nezokwelapha angena futhi abumba iFilosofi yemvelo yamaGreki yenkathi yakudala, okuyilapho kwenziwa khona imizamo emisiwe yokuqhamuka nezincazelo ezisekelwe emsukeni ongokwemvelo wezinto ezenzeka endaweni ebonwa ngamehlo. Ngemuva kokuwa koMbuso oseNtshonalanga WaseRoma, ulwazi lwemiqondo yamaGrikhi ngomhlaba lwehla eNtshonalanga Yurophu phakathi neminyaka engamakhulu amane yokuqala (eyama-400 kuya kwe-1000 CE) weNkathi Ephakathi kepha lwalondolozwa emazweni obuSulumane ngesikhathi se- nkathi yokuChuma kobuSulumane. Ukubuyiselwa nokuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi yamaGrikhi nemibuzo yamaSulumane eNtshonalanga Yurophu kusuka ngekhulu le-10 kuye le-13 kwavuselela "iFilosofi yemvelo", kamuva eyaguqulwa yinguquko yenzululwazi eyaqala ngekhulu le-16 njengoba amasu amasha kanye nokusanda-kufunyanwa kwayishiya imiqondo namasiko wamaGrikhi kwangaphambili. Indlela-su yenzululwazi ngokushesha yadlala indima enkulu ekwakhiweni kolwazi futhi kuze kwaba ngekhulu lam-19 lapho izici eziningi zezikhungo nokucwephesha zenzululwazi ezaqala ukwakheka; kanye nokushintshwa "kwefilosofi yemvelo" kube isayensi yemvelo.

Inzululwazi yanamuhla ngokuvamile ihlukaniswe yaba amagatsha amathathu amakhulu aqukethe inzululwazi yemvelo (isib, umchazampilo, umchazatho, kanye nomchazandalo), efunda imvelo ngomqondo obanzi; inzululwazi yezenhlalo (isib, Ezomnotho, ezengqondo, kanye nezenhlalo), ezifunda abantu ngabanye nemiphakathi; kanye nenzululwazi yesimo (isib. umhluzaqondo, umchazazibalo, kanye nesayensi yesiCikizi semibhalo), ephathelene nezimpawu ezilawulwa yimithetho. Kodwa kukhona ukungaboni ngaso linye, ekutheni inzululwazi ehlelekile empeleni yakha inzululwazi njengoba ingasekelwe ebufakazini obungcwetile. Imikhakha esebenzisa ulwazi olukhona lwenzululwazi ngezinjongo ezisebenzayo, enjengomNgcikisho, ezokwelapha, zichazwa njengenzululwazi esetshenziswayo.

Ulwazi olusha lwenzululwazi luthuthukiswa ucwaningo losonzululwazi abagqugquzelwa ilukuluku ngokuphathelene nomhlaba kanye nayisifiso sokuxazulula izinkinga. Ucwaningo lwenzululwazi lwanamuhla lwenziwa ngokubambisana okukhulu futhi luvame ukuqhutshwa amathimba akwezemfundo, izikhungo zokucwaninga, izikhungo zikahulumeni nezinkampani. Umthelela osebenzayo ocwaningweni lwenzululwazi uholele ekuqubukeni kwezinqubomgomo zesayensi ezifuna ukuthonya umhwebo wenzulukeazi ngokubeka phambili ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo yezentengiso, izikhali, ukunakekela impilo, futhi ukuvikelwa kwemvelo.

## uMsuka

Igama elithi inzululwazi elisetshenziswa ukuhumusha elithi *science* lisho 'isimo sokwazi noma ulwazi olunzulu ngendalo ezungezile.
Igama elithi inzululwazi liyinhlanganisela yamabizo amabili athi 'nzulu + ulwazi' ngoba loluhlobo lolwazi lunzulu, ludinga ukufundwa kabanzi nokucwaningwa ngokujulile. Lingcono kakhulu kunalelo elingumfakela othi *isayensi*. Leli liyibizo lesintu okufanele silisebenzise. Nansi indlela yokulisebenzisa lona kanye namanye ahlobene nalo:

* *science* - inzululwazi
* *scientist* - usonzululwazi
* *scientific* - okwenzululwazi

## uMlando

### uMlando wakuqala

Isibhebhe sase-Plimpton, seziqoshwa zaseBhabhiloni, esabhalwa cishe ngowe-1800 BCE
Inzululwazi ayinawo umsuka owodwa vo. Kunalokho, izindlelasu ezihleliwe zavela lusilili ngokuhamba kwesikhathi seminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane, ngezimo ezingafani ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomhlaba, futhi inbalwa imininingwane ekhona emayelana nokuthuthuka kwayo endulo. Kungenzeka abesifazane babeneqhaza elikhulu kwinzululwazi yasendulo, njengoba kunjalo nangemicikilisho yezenkolo. Ezinye izazi zisebenzisa ebizo elithi 'inzululwazi yanguna' ukuze bagqabe ubuqhebeqhebe basendulo obunenswebu yenzululwazi yanamuhla kulwangu lwayo; nokho, lomgqabo uye wahlatshwa kakhulu njengothunazayo noma osikisela ngokweqile umbono wobumanjemanje *(Presentism)*, njengoba ubhekwa Lobo buqhebeqhebe ngeso lemijinjo yanamuhla.

Ubufakazi obuqandikhanda bemidludlungu yenzululwazi baqala ukucaca ekufikeni kwezimiso zokubhala emiphakathini yasendulo njengaseGibhithe naseMesopothamiya, kanjalo kwaqopheka iziqoshwa zokuqala emlandweni wenzululwazi. Nakuba amazwi nezicabangelo ezithi 'inzululwazi' nesithi 'imvelo' zazingeyona ingxenye yenkulumo yangaleso sikhathi, imiphakathi yasendulo yaba namagalelo abalulekile naba nendawo kwinzululwazi yamaGrikhi nasenkathini ephakathi.

Abantu baseMesopothamiya lasendulo basebenzisa ulwazi olumalungana nezakhi ezihlukene zeziqa ukuze bakhiqize amakhamba, izindindimana, inhlaka, insipho, izinkimbi, isinomfiya, nesivimbamanzi. Bacwaninga uchazomzimba lwezilwane, ukucondoza kwezilwane, nomchazanyezi ngezinjongo zokubhula. AbaseMesopothamiya babenentshiseko enkulu kwezokwelapha futhi iziyalo zemitho zokuqala zavela ngolimi lwamakhaledi ngoSendo lwesithathu lwase-Uri. Babegxile kakhulu ekufundeni izihloko zenzululwazi ezazisebenziseka kwezenkolo nasempilweni futhi babengakuthakaseli ukugculisa ilukuluku.

### Enkathini yanguna

Imvanganiso yobungqandavu buka Plato, obukhandwe maphakathi nonyaka we-100 BCE kuya kowama-79 AD, oveza osonjulalwazi abaningi bamaGreki nezazishows
Enkathini yanguna, babekhona osonzululwazi abafundile, abayizicukuthwane, futhi ikwakungabesilisa abavevame ukwenza uphenyo ngemvelo lapho bethola isikhathi. Ngaphambi kokuqanjwa noma ukuvubukulwa kwesicabango esibizwa *phusis* nona imvelo osonjulabuchopho bangaphanbi kukaSokrati, lamazwi ayevame ukusetshenziswa ukuchazisa indlela engokwemveli youkhula kwesitshalo,

Izinjulabuchopho zamaGriki zesikole saseMilita esasungulwa uThalesi waseMilita kamuva esasiphethwe uAnazimanda waseMilita, kwaba abakoqala ukuzama ukuchaza isimongotho semvelo ngaphandle kokufaka amandla angavamile. Abalandelu bakaPhayithagora baqhamuka nenjulalwazi yamanani eyinkimbinkimbi futhi baba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukeni komchazazibalo. Umchachiso wamachwe wona wathuthukiswa injulabuchopho engumgriki ebizwa uLusiphas nomfundi wakhe uDemokritu. Kamuva, uEpikuru wathuthukisa ikosmoloji yemvelo ephelele esebenzisa ubuchwe (atomism) futhi wamukela umthetho (indinganiso) eyayimisa indlela yokuhlola Iqiniso lenzululwazi. iNyanga engumGriki uHippokrati wasungula isiko lendlelasu yenzululwazi yezokwelapha ehlelekile. futhi waziwa ngokuthi "uYise Wezokwelapha".

Emlandweni wezinjulabichopho zenzululwazi zakuqala, izinto zajika lapho uSokrati, esebenzisa injulalwazi ekufundeni ngezindaba zabantu, isimo semiphakathi yezombusazwe, ngolwazi loluntu ngokwalo. Indlela kaSokrati njengoba ichazwa kwizinkulumongxoxo zikPlato eyindlelasu yomthamundo yokucinga isihlawumbiselo: Isihlawumbiselo esingcono sitholwa ngokuhlonza nokususa lezo eziziphikisayo. Indlela kaSokrati icinga amaqiniso aziwayo nezinkolelo ngokuwaphiyizela ubuqatha. USokrati wayigxeka indlela endala yokufunda umchazandalo njengeqagela kakhulu futhi esilela ukuzigxeka-siqu nokuzilungisa.

Ekhulwini lesine BCE, uAristotile wakhanda uhlelo oluyisimiso senjulalwazi yeteleology. Ekhulwini lesithathu BCE, ugqayinyanga ongumGriki uAristarkhasi waseSamos waba owokuqala oveza unongo lozungezilanga lomkhathilibe, lapho iLanga lisenkabeni futhi Imizulane ilizungeza.. Unongo luka-Aristarkhasi lwanqantuzwa kabanzi ngoba kwakuthiwa luphula imithetho yemvelo, kuyilapho oluka Ptolemy olubizwa *Almagest*, oluqukethe ingcaziso yozungezumhlaba kuzungezohlelo lwelanga, yamukelwa kabanzi. Umqambi nomchazi wezibalo uArkhimedes waseSyracuse waba namagalelo ekusebenzeni kwesiqaqulu ([calculus). UPliny omdala kwakungumbhali waseRoma nesazikwasani esabhala ingqoqelolwazi ebizwa *Natural History*.

### Enkathini ephakathi

Ikhasi lokuqala lencwadi yangekhulu lesi-6 ethi *Vienna Dioscurides* libonisa impigogo
Ngenxa yokuwa kombuso waseRoma, ikhulu lesi-5 lambozwa ukwehla kwezingqithabuchopho nokuwohloka kolwazi olwalukhona endulo.

### Enkathini yokukhanyiselwa

Ikhasi lesihlokosiqu sohlelo lokuqala lowe1687 lwencwadi ethi *Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica* ka-Isaac Newton
Ekuqaleni kwenkathi yokukhanyiselwa, uIsaac Newton wakha isisekelo sobunguxa basendulo ngencwadi ethi *Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica*, eyaba nethonya elikhulu kwezomchazandalo. U-Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz wasebenzisa amabizo womchazandalo wobu-Aristotile, okuyiwona asetshenziswa ngendlela entsha.

## Ucwaningo

Ucwaningo lwenzululwazi lungaba oluyisisekelo noma lube olusetshenziswayo. Ucwaningo oluyisisekelo liwukucwaningwa kolwazi bese ucwaningo olusetshenziswayo lona lube ukucwaningwa kwezixazululo zezinkinga kusetshenziswa lolo lwazi. Ukuqondwa kokuningi kuvela ocwaningweni oluyisisekelo, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi ucwaningo olusetshenziswayo luhlozinga izinkinga ezithile. Lokhu kuholela ekuphefukeni kwezobuchwepheshe okwakungalindelwe.

### Indlelasu yeNzululwazi

A diagram variant of scientific method represented as an ongoing process
hb Ucwaningo lwenzululwazi lubandakanya ukusebenzisa Indlelasu yenzululwazi, efuna ukuchaza ngokungachemi izenzakalo zemvelo ngendlela enyalizekayo. Osonzululwazi ngokuvamile balishaya indiva iqoqo leziqazikelo eziyisiseko ezidingekayo ukuze bahlanguze Indlelasu yenzululwazi: kukhona ingempela elingachemi labo bonke abayizibgqapheli; le ngempela elingachemi libuswa imithetho yemvelo: lemithetho yavubukulwa kusetshenziswa inkangelo ehleliwe nemigcanso. Umchazazibalo umqoka ekwakhiweni kwezihlawumbiselo, imichachiso, nemithetho, ngoba usetshenziswa kakhulu ekunongozeni komngakonani, ekukhangeleni nasekuqoqeni izilinganiso. Izibalomininingo ziyasetshenziswa ekufingqeni nasekuhlaziyeni Imininingo, okuyinto evumela osonzululwazi ukuba bahlole ukwethembeka kweziphumo zomgcanso.

Kundlelasu yenzululwazi umgcanso womcabango ochazayo noma Isihlawumbiselo silethwa ezithebeni njengencazelo kusetshenziswa insingo kaOccam futhi kulindelwe ukuba kufunwe ukungaguquki;– ifane nezinye islziminya ezamukelwe ezihlobene nenkangelo noma umbuzo wenzululwazi.

## Izinkomba

## Izixhumanisi ezingaphandle

* Euroscience Archived 2010-04-12 at the Wayback Machine.
* Classification of the Sciences in *Dictionary of the History of Ideas*. (Isimo esisha se-elekthronikhi sinobhomu kabi, okufakiwe ngemuva kokuthi "Idizayini" ingafinyeleleki. *Internet Archive* inguqulo yakudala).
* United States Science Initiative Imininingwane ekhethiwe yesayensi enikezwe izinhlaka zikaHulumeni wase-US, kufaka phakathi ucwaningo nemiphumela yokuthuthuka
* How science works *University of California Museum of Paleontology*