# Umalaleveva

**Umalaleveva** noma **uvuvatha** isifo esithelelanayo esithwalwa omasikido esiphatha abantu kanye nezinye izilwane esibangelwa ukucinzwa umasikido protozoans (uhlobo lwesicubu esisodwa i-microorganism) sohlobo *lwe-Plasmodium*. Umalaleveva ubanga izimpawu ezibandakanya umkhuhlane, ukutubeka, ukuphalaza kanye nokuphathwa yikhanda. Uma kukubi kakhulu kungabangela isikhumba esiphuzi, ukuxhuzula, i-coma noma ukufa. Lezi zimpawu zivamise ukuqala ezinsukwini ezilishumi kuya kwezilishumi nanhlanu emva kokuncinzwa umasikido.Kulabo abangalashwanga kahle isifo singaphinde sibuye emva kwezinyanga. Kulabo abasindile ekuthelelekeni, uma uphinda utheleleka kuvamise ukuba nezimpawu ezincane. Lokhu kuvimbeleka kwesikhashana kuyaphela emva kwezinyanga noma iminyaka uma ungaphindanga waba sendaweni engaba nomalaleveva.

Imvamisa, isifo sihanjiswa ukuncizwa umasikido wesifazane onesifo owaziwa *nge-Anopheles*. Lokhu kuncizwa kungenisa izilwane eziphila ngegazi ezisuka ematheni kamasikido ziye kumuntuegazini. Izilwane eziphila ngegazi zibe seziya esibindini lapho ezifike zikhule khona zizalane zande. Izinhlobo ezinhlanu *ze-Plasmodium* zingathelela abantu baphinde bazisabalalise. Ukufa imvamisa kubangelwa *P. falciparum* ne *P. vivax*, *P. ovale*, kanye *P. malariae* okujwayele ukubangela umalaleveva ongenawo amandla kakhulu. Lezi zilwanyana *P. knowlesi* azivamisile ukubanga isifo kubantu. Umalaleveva uvamise ukuxilongwa ngokuhlola ngezipopolo kwegazi kusetshenziswa amafilimu egazi, noma nge-antigen- ukuhlola okusheshayo. izindlela ezisebenzisa i-polymerase chain reaction ukuze kutholakale izilwanyana eziphila ngegazi DNA isisunguliwe, kodwa azikasetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinomalaleveva ojwayele ngenxa yezindleko zayo kanye nokuba nzima kwayo.

Ubungozi besifo bungancipha ngokuvimbela ukuncinzwa omasikido ngokusebenzisa inethi yomasikido kanye nemithi exosha izilwanyana, noma ngezindlela zokulawula omasikido ezifana nokufutha imithi ebulala izilwanyana kanye nokumoma amanzi amile. Imithi eminingi ikhona yokuvikela umalaleveva kulabo abavakashayo ezindaweni ezijwayele ukuba nalesi sifo. Ukuphuza umuthi ngezikhathi ezithile sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine kuyadingeka ezinganeni kanye nasemva kwezinyanga ezintathu zokuqala uma ukhulelwe ezindaweni ezinesibalo esiphezulu samalaleveva. Yize isidingo sikhona, awukho umuthi okhona, kodwa-ke kusenziwa imizamo yokuwuthola. Ukwelashwa okunconywayo kokwelapha umalaleveva ukuhlanganisa imithi elwisana nomalaleveva ebandakanya artemisinin. Umuthi wesibili kungaba yi mefloquine, lumefantrine, noma i-sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine. Quinine ndawonye ne doxycycline ingasetshenziswa uma i-artemisinin ingatholakali. Kunconywa ukuthi ezindweni lapho isifo sivamise khona, umalaleveva uqinisekisiwe ukuthi ukhona ngaphambi kokuthi uqale nokwelashwa ngenxa yokunyuka kokungasebenzi komuthi.Ukungazweli sekuvamile emithini eminingi; isibonelo, ukungazweli kwe-chloroquine *P. falciparum* sekusabalale cishe izindawo eziningi ezinomalaleveva, kanti nokungazweli kwe-artemisinin sekube yinkinga kwezinye izingxenye ze-Eshiya eseNingizimumpumalanga .

Isifo sisabalele ezifundeni ezizungeze i-equator|zizungeze i-equator tropical kanye nezifunda eziphakathi kwe-equator ne-temperate subtropical ezikhona emhlabeni jikelele ezizungeze equator. Lokhu kubandakanya eziningi Sub-Saharan Africa, I-Eshiya, kanye Latin America. Inhlangano yezeMpilo yoMhlaba ilinganisa ukuthi ngonyaka wezi-2012, kwaba khona abantu abayi-207 wezigidi ababenomalaleveva. Ngalowo nyaka, isifo kulinganiselwa ukuthi sabulala abantu abaphakathi kuka-473,000 no-789,000, abaningi babo kwakuyizingane zase-Afrika. Umalaleveva ujwayele ukuhlanganiswa nenhlupheko kanti futhi unomthelela omubi ekuthuthukeni komnotho. E-Africa kulinganiselwa ukuthi balahlekelwa $12 wezigidigidi zase-USD ngonyaka ngenxa yokunyuka kwezindleko zokunakekelwa kwezempilo, ukungakwazi ukusebenza kanye nomthelela kwezokuvakasha.

## Imithombo