Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Ingqwangqwa (kumchazampilo)

Kumchazampilo, **ingqwangqwa** ucwaningo lwenjulalwazi lokwetha, ukuchasisa kanye nokujinja amaqembu eziphili ngokwezinkondolo zazo ezifanayo. Iziphili zehlukaniswa ngokwezingqwanye (taxa) futhi lamaqembu anikezwa uqhiwu lobungqwangqwa; amaqembu oqhuwi oluthile angaqoqwa ngomumo ophelele ukuze kwakheke iqembu loqhiwu oluphakeme, kanjalo kudaleke uqhiwu lobungqwangqwa. Uqhiwu oluyinhloko olusetahenziswa namuhla lwaziwa ngokuthi Isidlangala, umbuso, Umhibatho, isigaba, uhlelo, umndeni, inzalo nomqhinqo.
# Izitshalo

**Izitshalo** ziyiziphili ezivelendeni ezakha umbuso wezitshalwa. Ziyiziphili zomdibakhanya, okusho ukuthi zithola isidlakalasi sazo ekukhanyeni kweLanga. Lokho zikwenza ngokusebenzisa uhlazazane *(chlorophyll)* olusemaqabungeni azo ukuze zikhiqize ushukela ngamanzi nomCalahle ontuhlambili. Ezingabalwa kulokhu izitshalo eziyizinhlwithamsoco *(parasites)* ezingenazo izifuzisi zohlazazane nomdibakhanya, njengoba zithola isidlakalasi kusuka kwezinye izitshalo nokhunta. Izitshalo eziningi zingomangqamuzana, ngaphandle kolwelwe.

Ngokomlando, njengomchazampilo ka-Aristotile, umbuso wezitshalo wawuhlanganisa konke okuphilayo, okungezona izilwane, kuhlanganisa nokhunta. Izincasiselo zanamuhla azisahlanganise konke okuphilayo, ezinye azilubali nhlobo ukhunta.

Kukhona imiqhinqo eyizi-380,000 eyaziwayo yezitshalo, futhi eziyizi-260,000, zithela imbewu. Ziyahlukahluka ngokobungako kusuka emangqamuzaneni kuya emithini eyizidlomothi. Izitshalo eziluhlaza yizo ezihlinzeka uMhlaba ngemizwayo yesOhwe eyanele; ushukela eziwukhiqizayo wona uhlinzeka izimpilandawonye neziphili zoMhlaba ngesidlakalasi.

Okusanhlamvu, Izithelo, nezilimo zazilokhu ziwukudla okuyisisekelo kwabantu kusukela endulo. Abantu basebenzisa izitshalo ukwenza Izinto eziningi, ezihlanganisa ukuba izithako zokwakha, izithako zokubhala, ukuhlobisa, nanjengamakhambi wokwelapha. Inzululwazi ecwaninga ngezitshalo ibizwa ngokuthi umchazazitshalo, okuyigatsha lomchazampilo.
# Amahlamvu

**Amahlamvu** ezihlahla ezithelo abalulekile kakhulu empilweni yabantu. Amahlamvu asemasha, athambile aphuma ezihlahleni zezithelo awukudla futhi aphinde abe umithi **wokulapha** izifo eziningi ezahlukene. Amahlahla avela ezihlahleni zezithelo ayakwazi ukuthi asebenze njenge tiye noma aphekwe ukwenza isiphuzo sokujabulisa umzimba uma kubanda noma kushisa ilanga. Kubalulekile ukuthi umuntu azi ukuthi imaphi amahlamvu angasebenza kahle uma ezodliwa noma ezosebenza njengo muthi wokulapha. Okokuqala, umuntu kufanele abe nolwazi lwesihlahla kuqala. Lapho kulandele ukwazi ukuthi inhloboni yesithelo evela kulesosihlahla. Ulwazi lwesikhathi sonyaka lapho isihlahla sithela khona kusiza kakhulu ngoba isikhathi sokuhlonipha ukukha amahlamvu. Amahlamvu akhiwa ngesikhathi lapho kungena khona amahlamvu amasha. Isikhathi esihle leso ngoba isihlahla sikhipha amahlamvu amaningi.

Isihlahla samaganandoda
* Isibonelo sokusebenzisa **amahlamvu** esihlahla esithela **amaganandoda**, phecelezi 'pear'.
* Isihlahla esithela amaganandoda sibalulekile kakhule ngoba sinesithelo esimunandi futhi amahlamvu asebenza njengetiye lokulekelela umzimba ukuthi ubenamandla ikakhulukazi emqondweni 'brain' noma 'cognitive strength'.
* Amahlamvu uyawakha bese uwabeke elangenin ukuthi ome.
* Uma esomile uyakwai ukuwapheka ngamanzi.
* Amahlamvu angamashumi amabili angaphekwa ngamanzi angamalitha amabili. Isikhathi sokubilisa lelitiye kuba amaminithi angamashumi ayisithupha '60 minutes'. Ungaliphuza lelitiye lishisa noma libanda. Uma usuphuzile lelitiye umzimba uba namandla okusebenzisa umqondo ngaphandle kokukhathala. **Lelitiye lesihlahla samaganandoda** luwusizo kakhulu.
* Isihlahla samaganandoda esitshalwe ekhaya 'home grown pear tree'Isihlahla samaganandoda siwumngane wabantu abafuna ukuzelapha nabantu abafuna ukufunda bakhumbule yonke into abayifundile.Amaganandoda
* **Uma unenkinga kashukela emzimbeni**, lelitiye liyakwazi ukusiza ukwehlisa izinga likashukela emzimbeni. Kufanele uliphuze nsuku zonke ukwenzela ukuthi izinga likashukela lihla lisenzingeni eliphansi. Abantu abanenkinga kashukela 'diabetes' bangasizakala kakhulu. Kusho ukuthi ukutshala isihlahla esithela izithelo kuyasiza kakhulu. Ziningi izihlahla ezithela izithelo eziwusizo engizobhala ngazo ekhasini elilandelayo.
# INguqukofuzo

**Inguqukofuzo** iyinguquko yezinkondolo zofuzo zezinkumbi zezinto eziphilayo eyenzeka ezizukulwaneni ezilandelanayo. Yenzeka lapho imidludlungu yokuguquka efana nokugeleza kwezifuzisi kanye nenketho yemvelo kusebenza emixhanteleni yofuzo, okuholela ezinkondolweni ezithile ukuba zivame kakhulu noma zingavami phakathi kwezinkumbi zezizukulwane ezilamanayo. Umdludlungu wenguqukofuzo uye wabangela inkithinkithi yempilo (biodiversity) kuwo wonke amazinga okuhlelemba kwezinto eziphilayo.

Umchaciso wenzululwazi wenguqukofuzo eyenzeka ngenketho yemvelo wavela ngosomvelo bamaNgisi ababili abangakaze bahlangana, uCharles Darwin kanye no-Alfred Russel Wallace, ngaphakathi nekhulu le-19th. Wavela njengencazelo yokuthi kungani Iziphili zizivumelanisa nendawo yoqobo ezihlala kuyo. Lo mmchachiso wachazwa ngokuningiliziwe okokuqala encwadini kaDarwin ethi Ngokwendabuko Yemiqhinqo *(On the Origin of Species)*. Inguqukofuzo ngokwenketho yemvelo isekelwe eziminyeni ezibonakalayo ngeziphili: (1) kukhiqizwa inzalo eninigi kunaleyo engakwazi ukusinda (more offspring are often produced than can possibly survive); (2) imixhantela yofuzo iyahlukahluka ngokuqondene ne-morphology]], uchazomzimba, nokucondoza; (3) izinkondolo zidlulisa amazinga angafani wokusinda nokulungela ukuzala; futhi (4) izinkondolo zingadluliswa kusuka kusizukulwane kuya kusizukulwane ngofuzo. Ezizukulwaneni ezilamanayo, amalunga ezinkumbi avame ukwenanwa inzalo enabazali abanezinkondolo ezivunwa yileyo ndawo.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, imichachiso encintisana nenguqukofuzo yayilokhu iphikiswa futhi inguqukofuzo yahlanganisea nomchachoso kaMendelin wofuzo nowezifuzisi zezinkumbi ukuze kumele umchachiso wenguqukofuzo wanamuhla. Kulokhu kulunjaniswa kwemichachiso, izisekelo zofuzo ziphakathi kwemizwayi yolibofuzo edlulisa ukwaziswa kusuka Ezizukulwaneni kuya kwesinye isizukulwane. Imidludlungu eguqula ulibofuzo ezinkumbini ihlanganisa inketho yemvelo, ukugudluzwa kwesifuzisi, ukuxhantela, nokugobhoza kwesifuzisi.

## Amaphatho
# Inkithinkithi yempilo

Isibonelo senkithinkithi yempilo, ukhunta ehlathini lasENyakatho Saskatchewan (kulesi sithombe, kukhona nAma-lichen amaqabunga nama-mosses).
**Inkithinkithi yempilo** iwukuhlukahluka kwempilo eMhlabeni. Ingalinganiswa emazingeni ahlukahlukene, ngokwesibonelo, ukuhwexuza kwezifuzisi, inkithinkithi yemiqhinqo, inkithinkithi yohlelompiliswano kanye nokuhlukahluka komchazafuzo. Inkithinkithi ayisatshalaliswanga ngokulinganayo eMhlabeni - iningi kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo ngenxa yesimo sezulu esifudumele kanye nokukhiqiza okuphezulu esifundeni esiseduze nenkabazwe. Uhlelompiliswano olusemahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo lumboze ingxenye eyodwa kwezinhlanu yendawo ehlabathi yoMhlaba futhi luqukethe cishe amaphesenti angama-50 wemiqhinqo yomhlaba. Kunamazinga ye-latitudinal kunkithinkithi yemiqhinqo kokubili esolwandle nesezweni.

## Izincasiselo

Izinhlobohlobo zezinongo zmiqhinqo ehlukene eziveza ukungafani kwempilo emhlabeni.
Abachazampilo became ukuchasisa elithi *inkithinkithi yempilo* ngokuthi "umumo ophelele wezifuzisi, imiqhinqo nohlelompiliswano lwesifunda". Umenzelelo walencasiselo usekutheni iyisethulo sombono obumbene wezinhlobonhlobo zeziphili esezihlonziwe:

## Amaphatho
# Indlelasu yenzululwazi

**Indlelasu yenzululwazi** (noma **uhlelo lwendlelasu yenzululwazi**, **indlelakwenza yenzululwazi**) iyindlelasu yenhlulo yokuzuza uLwazi oluphathelelwayo lapho kwenziwa imigcanso yenzululwazi eyasungulwa ekhulwini leshumi nesikhombisa (17). Ngokomlando, yasungulwa kudala kusuka enkathini yasendulo. Indlelasu yenzululwazi ihlanganisa uqaphelo olucophelelayo olubhangqwe nokuthandabuza okunamandla, ngenxa yokuthi iziphetho ezithile zingathikameza ukuhlakahlwa okunembile koqaphelo. Uphenyo lwenzululwazi luhlanganisa ukudala isihlawumbiselo esivivinyekayo ngokubenzisa ukuhluza, nangokusivivinya ngemigcanso nesihlaziyo sezibalomininingo, nangokuguqula noma ukusiyeka isihlawumbiselo uma imiphumela ivuma.

Nakuba izinqubo zihluka phakathi kwemikhakha, imidludlungu eyisisekelo ivame ukufana. Ngokwemininingwane eyengeziwe: indlelasu yenzululwazi ihlanganisa ukuqazikela (izincazelo ezihlawumbiselayo), ukubikezela imiphumela enengqondo yesihlawumbiselo, bese kwenziwa imigcanso noma amaqaphelo asekelwe kulezo zibikezelo. Isihlawumbiselo siwukuqazikela okusekelwe olwazini oluzuzwe ngenkathi kucingwa izimpendulo zombuzo. Izihlawumbiselo kungaba eziqondile noma ezibanzi kodwa kufanele ziphikiseke, okusho ukuthi kungenzeka kuhlonzwe umphumela ongavela womgcanso noma ingqaphelo ongqubuzana nezibikezelo ezinyalulwe kwisihlawumbiselo; ngale kwalokho, isihlawumbiselo asikwazi ukuhlolwa ngokunengqondo.

Nakuba loluhlelo oluyindlelasu yenzululwazi luvamise ukwethulwa njengochunge lwezinyathelo ezimisiwe, empeleni lumelela izimiselo ezivamile. Akuzona zonke izinyathelo ezenzekayo kulo lonke uphenyo lwenzululwazi (noma ngezinga elifanayo), futhi azihlali zilandelana ngendlela efanayo. Imivubukulo eminingana ayizange ilandele unongo lwensizakufunda yendlelasu yenzululwazi futhi ithuba libe neqhaza.

## Amaphatho
# IziPhili

**IsiPhili** noma **IziPhili** izinto eziphilayo ngokwemvelo, nezinesimiso sokuphila ngazodwa. Zonke iziPhili zakhiwa amangqamuzana. Iziphili zijinjwa ngokulandela ubungqwangqwa zibe amaqembu omangqamuzana *(multicellar)* bezilwane, izimila noKhunta; noma onongqamuzana *(unicellular)* abeyiziphilincinci ezinjengeZinambuluka *(protista)*, iZinungwana *(bacteria)* neziNgunazane *(archae)*. Zonke izinhlobo zeziphili ziyakwazi ukuzala, ukukhula nokuthuthuka, ukulondoloza, futhi ngezinga elithile ukusabela evusweni. Amabhungane, ama-squid, Imilenzene, amakhowe, nezimila ziyizibonelo zeziphili ezingomangqamuzana ezingahlukanisa izicubu ezikhethekile nezitho lapho zithuthuka.

*I-Escherichia coli* isiPhili esakhiwe yisosha elilodwa, engabonakali ngeso elinquni, iphinde ibe yi-prokaryote futhi.
I-Amoebae yi-eukaryotes eyakhiwe yisosha elilodwa.
uKhunta olumboboningi kanye nezihlahla eziyi-angiosperm ngama-eukaryotes amakhulu, akhiwe ngamasosha amaningi.
Isihlahla sempilo(Carl Woese) esaziwa nge-Phylogenetic . Amagciwanyane awaveli lapha ngoba abukho ubufakazi bokuba ahlobene nalemibuso yempilo emithathu.
# UQhiwu lobuNgqwangqwa

UQhiwu olukhulu: isidlangala, umbuso, umhibatho, isigaba, uhlelo, umndeni, uzalo, kanye nemiqhinqo, ezisetshenziswa kwimpungushe ebomvu, *Vulpes vulpes* .
Ekujinjweni kwezinto eziphilayo, **uqhiwu lobungqwangqwa** liwumngangatho wokuhlobana kweqembu leziphili (ingqwanye) ekuzalaneni kwazo ngokoqhiwu. Uhlelo oluvamile lubandakanya imiqhinqo, uzalo, umndeni, uhlelo, isigaba, umhibatho, umbuso, isidlangala. Ukufundwa ngengqwangqwa kubuye kubizwe ngokuthi ezemixhantelo *(cladistics)*.

Uqhiwu ngalunye luvame ukuba neminxa eminye ngaphansi kwalo, okuyiyona echazisa kabanzi ngezinhlobo zokuphila. Ngaphezu kwalo, uqhiwu ngalunye lujinjwe ngaphakathi kweminxa ebanzi yeziphili bamaqembu eziphili ehlobene eduze ngefa lofuzo noma ulwangu aluthole kukhokho munye. Uqhiwu lwanoma imuphi umqhinkqo kanye nencaziso yozalo kungokwesisekelo; okusho ukuthi ukuze uhlonze isiphili esithile, imvame akuyona imfuneko ukubalula uqhiwu olunye ngaohandle kwalolu olubili lokuqala.
# Umhlakahlo

Omunye wemifanekiso emikhulu, enengiliziwe encwadini ka- Andreas Vesalius ethi *De humani corporis fabrica* 16th century, ephawula ukuzalwa kabusha komhlakahlo.
**Umhlakahlo** (igama elivela esenzweni sokuhlakahla noma ukuhlahlela) igatsha lomchazampilo omayelana nokufundwa kohlaka lweziphili namalunga azo omzimba. Umhlakahlo igatsha lwenzululwazi yemvelo ebhekelele ukuhlangana kohlaka lwezinto eziphilayo. Lena inzululwazi endala, eyaqala ezikhathini zanguna. Umhlakahlo uyamaniswa nokuthuthukiswa komchazampilo, umchazahlule *(embryology)*, umhlakahlo oqhathanisekayo, umchampilo wokuthubeka *(evolutionary biology)*, kanye phylogeny, njengoba lezi kuyizinqubo zokuphehla umhlakahlo, kokubili esikhathini esiseduze nasasikhathini eside. Umhlakahlo kanye nochazomzimba zicwaninga uhlaka nokusebenza kweziphili nezitho zazo, futhi ziwambhangqana wemikhakha ongokwemvelo, kaningi efundelwa ndawonye. Umhlakahlo womuntu uyinzululwazi eyisisekelo esetshenziswayo kwezokwelapha.

Umkhakha womhlakahlo wehlukaniswe waba izigaba ezimbili, owesimonkulu nowesimoncinci. Umhlakahlo wesimonkulu, noma umhlakahlo ophelele, uwukuvivnywa komzimba kwezitho zesilwane ngeso elingalekelelwe. Umhlakahlo ophelele ubandakanya nomukhakha womhlakahlo mbulu. Umhlakahlo wesimoncinci uhlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zokubona ekucwaningeni izicubu zezinhlakacezingafani, waziwa ngokuthi umchaza *(histology)*, kanye nokufundwa kwamangqamuzana.

Umlando womhlakahlo waziwa ngokuba nokuqombola okuqonda imisebenzi yezitho nezinhlaka zomzimba womuntu. Izindlelasu seziye zathuthukiswa ngokuphawulekayo, zithuthuka kusuka ekuvivinyweni kwezilwane ngokuhlakahlela izidumbu zazo kuya ebuchwephesheni banamuhla bokuthwebula kwezokwelapha, ezihlanganisa amagu-X, umsindothule kanye nobuwonga.

## uMsuka nencasiselo

Umzimba ohlakahliwe olele esinabalaleni, odwetshwe ngu-Charles Landseer
Umhlakahlo, ibizo elisuselwa esenzweni "sokuhlakahla" esisho ukuhlinza nokucwiya, njengalapho kuhlakahlwa isilwane, sisikwa ukuze kuvele izibilini zaso nohlaka lokwakheka kwaso ngaphakathi. Umhlakahlo uyisifundo senzululwazi sohlaka lweziphili kanye nokuhleleka kwazo, izitho zazo kanye nezicubi zazo. Uhlanganisa ummomo nokuma kwezitho ezihlukene, izithako ezakhiwe ngazo, kanye nokuhlobana kwazo nezinye izitho. Umhlakahlo uyehluka kuchazomzimba nakumchazaziqa, ezibhekelele izinsebenzo zalezo zitho kanye nezinqubo zevanga ezihilelekile. Ngokwesibonelo, osomhlakahlo banaka umumo, ubungako, isikhundla, uhlaka, ukuhamba kwegazi kwesitho esifana nesibindi, kuyilapho abachazimzimba banaka ukukhiqizela kwenyongo, iqhaza lesibindi ekwakhekeni komsoco nasekulawuleni ukusebenza komzimba.
# Umchazamhlaba

Umchazamhlaba yisigaba solwazi oluphathelene nomhlaba esihlala kuwo nokuqonda izehlakalo zawo, umumo wawo nolwangu lwawo wawo, abahlala kuwo nesimongotho somhlaba. NgokoMchazamhlaba sibona "ukuhlukaniswa komhlaba" okuyizitho zomhlaba ezahlukahlukene. Lapho singabala khona ulwandle, umhlaba, izwekazi, umkhuluzwekazi ("*super-continent*"), izwe, isiqhingi ("*island*"), nokunye. Nakuba umchazamhlaba ugxile kakhulu eMhlabeni, kodwa izicabango eziningi zawo zingasetsuenziswa nakweminye ImiZulane.
Umchazamhlaba uluqeqesho okudala lwaba khona, kusuka endulo lapho abantu bezama ukuqonda indawo ebazungezile. AbaseBhabhiloni bazama ukuqonda umhlaba ngokudweba ibalazwe lawo. UEratosthenes waseCyrene, uyena obukwa njengengqalabutho yomchazamhlaba. Ukufika kwenkathi yokuvubukula kwenza umchazamhlaba wakhiqiza amabalazwe amaningi njengoba abahlwayi baseYurophu kwakudingeka badwebe amabalazwe ezindawo ezintsha abazihambele.

Izicabango eziyinhloko zomchazamhlaba zihlozinga isikhala, indawo, isikhathi nomlinganiso. Amagatsha ayinhloko omchazamhlaba wanamuhla ahlanganisa umchazamhlaba woqobo ihlozinge indawo yenvelo, umchazamhlaba womuntu ihlozinge endleleni abantu abananayo ngayo noMhlaba, nomchazamhlaba wobuchule uhlozinga ekuthuthukisweni kwezinsiza zokuqonda umchazamhlaba. Ubuchule obusetshenziswayo lapho kucwaningwa kwezomchazamhlaba buhlanganisa umchazabalazwe, ukuhlonga uqhelile, inhlolombono, nokuhloizwe.

## Izinhlobo zoMhlabasiqu

Izinhlobo zomhlabasiqu ziyizinhlobo zezinto ezenziwa wumhlaba, njengamagquma, izintaba, izigodi, njalonjalo. Nanti ezinye izibonelo ngezansi:

amaKhwanguqele ("*aeolian islands*")

amaThungulu ("*coasts*")

iMvuthuluka ("*erosion*")

iGudlumfula ("*fluvial erosion*")

amaGadlazwana ("*impact landforms*")

imiGede ("*karsts*")

amaShezi ("*sedimentary rock formations*")

iziNtaba

iziThambeka ("*slopes*")

amaZabazaba ("*tectonic plates*")

iziNtshaba/iziNtabamlilo ("*volcanoes*")

uKhazenza ("*cryogenic weathering*")

uZulenza ("*weathering*")
# Umchazampiliswano

**Umchazampiliswano** uyinzululwazi yemvelo yezobudlelwano obuphakathi kweziphili nemvelo eziphila kuyo. umchazampiliswano ubheka iziphili ezingeni lesiphili ngasinye, inani labantu, umphakathi, uhlelompiliswano, kanye namazalasha empilombulunga.

Umchazampiliswano uyigatsha lomchazampilo futhi ucwaninga ngobunala, ukunqwabelana, nokusabalala kweziphili endaweni eziphila kuyo. Uhlanganisa imidludlungu yempilo, ukwenanana, nokuvumelanisa nesimo; umdiki wezithako nesidlakalasi phakathi kwemiphakathi; ukwelamana kwentuthuko yohlelompiliswano, ukubambisana, ukuncintisana, nokuzingelana phakathi kwemiqhinqo; kanye nezifanelo zenkithinkithi yempilo nomthelela wayo emidludlungweni yohlelompiliswano.

Umchazampiliswano uyasebenza nasemikhakhen efana nomchazampilo wokulondoloza, ukuphathwa kwamaxhaphozi, nomchazampiliswano yobuntu.

Izinhlelompiliswano *(Ecosystems)* ziyizinhlelo zeziphili ezinananayo neziguquguqukayo, imiphakathi yazo, kanye nezigcoyi ezingaphili eziyingxenye yayo. Imidludlungu yohlelompiliswano, efana nokukhiqiza okuyinhloko, umjikelezo wemisoco, nokwakhiwa komkhuba *(niche construction)*....