# 藤氏長者

藤原氏的家紋
**藤氏長者**（日語：藤氏長者／とうしのちょうじゃ，羅馬化：Toushinochōja）是指日本高級贵族藤原氏下头所有氏族的领导人，這个称号是一个荣誉性称呼，一般在藤原氏中五摄家当中的家族成員择优授予。

## 簡介

藤氏長者是藤原氏的代表人物，由於藤原氏長期掌控日本政局，其對政治、財務、宗教等都有重大的影響力。家族中，藤氏長者統領包含莊園在內管理權；宗教上，其亦有興福寺、春日大社、大原野社等神社的管理大權。

## 歷史

雖然藤原氏在藤原不比等時就已顯達，今日的史家一般認為藤氏長者在藤原不比等的玄孫藤原冬嗣及其兒孫藤原良房、藤原基經三代人的經營下逐漸成形。也有從藤原鎌足受賜藤原姓氏開始算起。藤原氏在平安時代有龐大政經實力，獲得不少封爵；為了提升自己地位，藤氏長者自身也頻繁以自己女兒和皇族通婚。

藤氏長者有為家族地位及利益發聲的義務。藤原賴通、藤原教通和皇室對抗即是最有名的例子之一；藤原氏勢力一度龐大到足以使皇權旁落。

## 沒落

在保元之亂後，藤原氏的勢力明顯衰弱；不過藤原氏分支五攝家的成員依然輪流繼承藤氏長者的身分；期間除了豐臣秀吉之外，關白的職位依然由藤原氏把持。直到明治時期的1871年，九條道孝才正式放棄藤氏長者的頭銜。

## 世系圖

藤氏長者

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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 藤原氏 |  | 皇別攝家 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (614-669) **藤原鎌足** 669 |  |  |  |  |  | 中臣國足 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (659-720) **藤原不比等** 698-720 |  | 斗賣娘 |  | (?-711) **中臣意美麻呂** 669-698 |
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|  |  |  |  | (680-737) **藤原 武智麻呂** 737 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (681-737) **藤原房前** 720-737 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (694-737) 藤原宇合 |
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| (704-766) **藤原豐成** 737-757 764-766 |  | (706-764) **藤原仲麻呂** 757-764 |  | 藤原乙麻呂 |  | (714-771) **藤原永手** 766-771 |  | (715-766) 藤原真楯 |  | (721-783) **藤原魚名** 778-782 |  | (723-776) 藤原楓麻呂 |  | (716-777) **藤原良繼** 771-777 |  | (722-783) **藤原田麻呂** 782-793 |  | (732-779) 藤原百川 |
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| (727-796) **藤原繼繩** 789-796 |  |  |  |  |  | (727-789) **藤原是公** 783-789 |  |  |  |  |  | (756-812) **藤原內麻呂** 796-812 |  |  |  |  |  | (756-819) **藤原園人** 812-818 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (774-843) **藤原緒嗣** 826-843 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (775-826) **藤原冬嗣** 818-826 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (802-826) 藤原長良 |  | (804-872) **藤原良房** 843-872 |  | (823-900) **藤原良世** 891-897 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (836-891) **藤原基經** 872-891 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (871-909) **藤原時平** 897-909 |  | (880-949) **藤原忠平** 909-949 |
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|  |  |  |  | 900-970 **藤原實賴** 949-970 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 909-960 藤原師輔 |
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|  |  |  |  | (924-989) **藤原賴忠** 972-974 977-986 |  | (924-972) **藤原伊尹** 970-972 |  | (925-977) **藤原兼通** 974-977 |  | (929-990) **藤原兼家** 986-990 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (953-995) **藤原道隆** 990-995 |  | (961-995) **藤原道兼** 995 |  | (966-1028) **藤原道長** 995-1017 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (992-1074) **藤原賴通** 1017-1064 |  | (996-1075) **藤原教通** 1064-1075 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1042-1101) **藤原師實** 1075-1094 |  |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1062-1099) **藤原師通** 1094-1098 |  |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1075-1162) **藤原忠實** 1098-1121 |  |
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|  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1097-1164) **藤原忠通** 1121-1150 1156-1158 |  | (1120-1156) **藤原賴長** 1150-1156 |  |  |
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| (1143-1166) **近衛基實** 1157-1166 |  | (1144?-1231) **松殿基房** 1166-1179 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1149-1207) **九條兼實** 1186-1196 |
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| (1160-1233) **近衛基通** 1179-1183 1184-1186 1196-1202 |  | (1172-1238) **松殿師家** 1183-1184 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1169-1206) **九條良經** 1202-1206 |
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| (1179-1242) **近衛家實** 1206-1221 1221-1228 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1193-1252) **九條道家** 1221 1228-1231 1235-1237 |
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| (1210-1259) **近衛兼經** 1237-1242 1247-1252 |  |  |  |  |  | (1228-1294) **鷹司兼平** 1252-1261 1275-1287 1235-1237 |  |  |  |  |  | (1211-1235) **九條教實** 1231-1235 |  |  |  |  |  | (1216-1271) **二條良實** 1246-1247 1265-1267 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1223-1284) **一條實經** 1242-1246 1261-1265 |  |
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| (1246-1268) **近衛基平** 1267-1268 |  |  |  |  |  | (1247-1313) **鷹司基忠** 1268-1273 |  | (1262-1301) **鷹司兼忠** 1296-1299 |  | (1229-1275) **九條忠家** 1273-1274 |  | (1254-1341) **二條師忠** 1287-1289 |  | (1267-1334) **二條兼基** 1299-1305 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1248-1294) **一條家經** 1274-1275 |  |
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| (1261-1296) **近衛家基** 1289-1291 1293-1296 |  |  |  |  |  | (1275-1327) **鷹司冬平** 1308-1313 1324-1327 |  | (1305-1337) **鷹司冬教** 1330-1333 |  | (1248-1332) **九條忠教** 1291-1293 |  |  |  |  |  | (1287-1335) **二條道平** 1316-1318 1327-1330 1333-1334 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1276-1305) 一條內實 |  |
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| (1282-1324) **近衛家平** 1313-1315 |  | (1287-1318) 近衛經平 |  | (1311-1353) **鷹司師平** 1342-1346 |  |  |  |  |  | (1273-1320) **九條師教** 1305-1308 |  | (1290-1327) **九條房實** 1323-1324 |  | (1320-1388) **二條良基** 1346-1358 1363-1367 1382-1387 1388 |  |  |  |  |  | (1331-1400) **九條經教** 1358-1361 |  |  |  |  |  | (1291-1325) **一條內經** 1318-1325 |  |
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| (1302-1352) **近衛經忠** 1320 1334-1337 |  | (1305-1354) **近衛基嗣** 1337-1338 |  | (1331-1386) **鷹司冬通** 1367-1369 |  |  |  |  |  | (1315-1349) **九條道教** 1342 |  | (1345-1382) **二條師良** 1369-1375 |  | (1356-1400) **二條師嗣** 1379-1382 1388-1394 1398-1399 |  | (1358-1418) **一條經嗣** 1394-1398 1399-1408 1410-1418 |  | (1345-1398) **九條忠基** 1375-1379 |  | (1394-1449) **九條滿家** 1418-1424 |  | (1317-1365) **一條經通** 1338-1342 |  |
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|  |  |  |  | (1333-1387) **近衛道嗣** 1361-1363 |  | (1331-1386) 鷹司冬家 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1383-1411) **二條滿基** 1409-1410 |  | (1390-1445) **二條持基** 1424-1432 1432-1445 |  | (1402-1481) **一條兼良** 1432 1447-1453 1467-1470 |  | (1440-1488) **九條政忠** 1487-1488 |  | (1445-1516) **九條政基** 1476-1479 |  |  |
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|  |  |  |  | (1360-1388) **近衛兼嗣** 1387-1388 |  | (1408-1472) **鷹司房平** 1454-1455 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1416-1493) **二條持通** 1455-1458 1463-1467 |  | (1423-1480) **一條教房** 1458-1463 |  | (1464-1514) **一條冬良** 1488-1493 1497-1501 |  | (1469-1530) **九條尚經** 1501-1513 |  |  |
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|  |  |  |  | (1383-1454) **近衛忠嗣** 1408-1409 |  | (1445-1517) **鷹司政平** 1483-1487 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1443-1480) **二條政嗣** 1470-1476 |  | (1475-1539) 一條房家 |  |  |  |  |  | (1507-1594) **九條稙通** 1533-1534 |  |  |
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|  |  |  |  | (1402-1488) **近衛房嗣** 1445-1447 |  | (1480-1552) **鷹司兼輔** 1514-1518 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1471-1497) **二條尚基** 1497 |  | (1509-1556) **一條房通** 1545-1548 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
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|  |  |  |  | (1444-1505) **近衛政家** 1479-1483 |  | (1509-1546) **鷹司忠冬** 1542-1545 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1496-1551) **二條尹房** 1518-1525 1534-1536 |  | (1529-1554) **一條兼冬** 1553-1554 |  | (1548-1611) **一條內基** 1581-1584 |  |  |  |  |
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|  |  |  |  | (1472-1544) **近衛尚通** 1493-1497 1513-1514 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1526-1579) **二條晴良** 1548-1453 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | (1502-1566) **近衛稙家** 1525-1533 1536-1542 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1553-1636) **九條兼孝** 1578-1581 1600-1604 |  | (1556-1619) **二條昭實** 1584-1585 1615-1619 |  | (1565-1658) **鷹司信房** 1606-1608 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
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|  |  |  |  | (1536-1612) **近衛前久** 1554-1568 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1586-1665) **九條幸家** 1608-1612 1619-1623 |  |  |  |  |  | (1590-1621) **鷹司信尚** 1612-1615 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
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| (1565-1614) **近衛信尹** 1605-1606 |  | (1575-1630) 近衛前子 |  | (1571-1617) 後陽成天皇 |  |  |  |  |  | (1607-1666) **二條康道** 1635-1647 |  | (1609-1647) **九條道房** 1647 |  | (1609-1668) 鷹司教平 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
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| (1596-1680) 後水尾天皇 |  | (1599-1649) **近衛信尋** 1623-1629 |  | (1605-1672) **一條昭良** 1629-1647 1647-1651 |  |  |  |  |  | (1625-1682) **二條光平** 1653-1664 |  |  |  |  |  | (1637-1700) **鷹司房輔** 1664-1682 |  | (1641-1677) 九條兼晴 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
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| (1654-1732) 靈元天皇 |  | (1622-1653) **近衛尚嗣** 1623-1629 |  | (1633-1707) 一條教輔 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1660-1725) **鷹司兼熙** 1703-1707 |  | (1693-1751) **一條兼香** 1737-1746 |  | (1669-1730) **九條輔實** 1711-1722 |  |  |  |  |  | (1672-1732) **二條綱平** 1722-1726 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |
| (1675-1710) 東山天皇 |  | (1648-1722) **近衛基熙** 1690-1703 |  | (1652-1705) **一條冬經** 1682-1690 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1722-1769) **一條道香** 1746-1757 |  | (1700-1728) 九條幸教 |  | (1717-1787) **九條尚實** 1778-1787 |  | (1689-1737) **二條吉忠** 1736-1737 |
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| (1704-1753) 閑院宮直仁親王 |  | (1667-1736) **近衛家熙** 1707-1711 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1756-1795) **一條輝良** 1791-1795 |  | (1727-1754) 二條宗基 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
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| (1737-1813) **鷹司輔平** 1787-1791 |  | (1687-1737) **近衛家久** 1726-1736 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1754-1826) **一條忠良** 1814-1823 |  | (1754-1826) 二條治孝 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
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|  |  |  |  |  |
| (1761-1841) **鷹司政熙** 1795-1814 |  | (1728-1785) **近衛內前** 1757-1778 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1788-1848) 二條齊信 |  | (1798-1871) **九條尚忠** 1856-1862 |  |  |
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| (1789-1868) **鷹司政通** 1823-1856 |  | (1761-1799) 近衛經熙 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1816-1878) **二條齊敬** 1864-1867 |  | (1839-1906) **九條道孝** 1868-1871 |  |  |
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| (1807-1878) **鷹司輔熙** 1863 |  | (1783-1820) 近衛基前 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
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|  |  |  |  | (1808-1898) **近衛忠熙** 1862-1863 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
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## 關連項目

* 朱器台盤：傳家信物
* 宇治參詣：就任儀式
* 殿下渡領：持有領地

## 參考來源