# 鹿科[编辑]

| 鹿科 化石时期：
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| 白尾鹿 *Odocoileus virginianus* |
| 科学分类  |
| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
| 纲： | 哺乳纲 Mammalia |
| 目： | 偶蹄目 Artiodactyla |
| 演化支： | 全撰类 Artiofabula |
| 演化支： | 鯨反芻類 Cetruminantia |
| 演化支： | 反芻形類 Ruminantiamorpha |
| 亚目： | 反刍亚目 Ruminantia |
| 下目： | 有角下目 Pecora |
| 总科： | 鹿总科 Cervoidea |
| 科： | **鹿科 Cervidae** |
| 亚科
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| * 空齿鹿亚科 Odocoileinae
* 鹿亚科 Cervinae
* 獐亞科 Hydropotinae
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| 全种范围
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| 異名
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| * Lagomerycidae
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奔跑中的鹿

**鹿科**，是偶蹄目反芻亚目下的一科，目前全世界有18屬41種。其中包括白尾鹿、騾鹿、加拿大馬鹿、駝鹿、紅鹿、馴鹿、梅花鹿、黇鹿、西方狍等。所有的公鹿（除了獐外）及母馴鹿頭上長有角並每年更新，此點可與其他頭上長有角但終生不換角的動物例如羚羊做區別。
鹿的发情期在9-11月，产仔在5-7月份。

分佈於亞洲的麝、非洲的长颈鹿以及熱帶非洲與亞洲森林裡的水鼷鹿等虽然属于广义上的「鹿」，但在动物分类学上不属于鹿科，而分属麝科、长颈鹿科及鼷鹿科。

## 分布

鹿廣泛分佈於每個大陸，除了大洋洲、南極洲和非洲。

## 下属分类

本科包括以下属：

* †*Aboloceros* Gloger, 1841
* †飾角鹿屬 *Agalmaceros* Hoffstetter, 1952
* 駝鹿屬 *Alces* Gray, 1821
* †*Allocaenelaphus* Radulesco & Samson, 1967
* †半麝屬 *Amphimoschus* Bourgeois, 1873
* †*Anoglochis* Croizet & Jobert, 1826
* †古馴鹿屬 *Antifer* Ameghino, 1889
* †奧弗涅鹿屬 *Arvernoceros* Heintz, 1968
* 花鹿属 *Axis* C.H.Smith, 1827
* 沼澤鹿屬 *Blastocerus* Wagner, 1844
* *Bohlinella* Palmer, 1939
* *Bohlinella* Sprague, 1939
* †布雷茨鹿屬 *Bretzia* Fry & Gustafson, 1974
* †克里特侏儒大角鹿 *Candiacervus* Kuss, 1975
* 狍属 *Capreolus* Gray, 1821
* *Cariacus* Gray, 1850
* †罕角駝鹿屬 *Cervalces* Scott, 1885
* *Cervavitulus* Kretzoi, 1951
* †祖鹿屬 *Cervavitus* Chomenko, 1913
* *Cervodama* Pidoplitchko & Flerov, 1952
* *Cervulus*  de Blainville, 1816
* 鹿屬 *Cervus* Linnaeus, 1758
* †*Charitoceros* Hoffstetter, 1963
* †克魯瓦澤鹿屬 *Croizetoceros* Heintz, 1968
* 黇鹿屬 *Dama* Frisch, 1775
* 黇鹿屬 *Dama* Linnaeus, 1758
* *Dicrocemas* Kretzoi, 1974
* †叉角鹿屬 *Dicrocerus* Lartet, 1837
* *Diglochis* Gervais, 1859
* *Doryceros* Fitzinger, 1874
* 毛冠鹿屬 *Elaphodus* Milne-Edwards, 1872
* 麋鹿属 *Elaphurus* Milne-Edwards, 1866
* †始空齒鹿屬 *Eocoileus* Webb, 2000
* †始柱角鹿屬 *Eostyloceros* Zdansky, 1926
* *Eostylocerus* Zdansky, 1925
* 後腫骨鹿屬 *Epieuryceros* Ameghino, 1889
* †真枝角鹿属 *Eucladoceros* Falconer, 1868
* *Euctenoceros* Trouessart, 1898
* *Euprox* Stehlin, 1928
* *Habromeryx* Cabrera, 1929
* *Haploidoceros* Croitor, Bonifay & Brugal, 2008
* *Harana* Almeida & Carbayo, 2023
* *Heteroprox* Schaub, 1928
* *Hippelaphus* Bonaparte, 1836
* 马驼鹿属 *Hippocamelus* Leuckart, 1816
* 獐屬 *Hydropotes* Swinhoe, 1870
* *Libralces* Azzaroli, 1952
* †卢瓦鹿属 *Ligeromeryx* Azanza & Ginsburg, 1997
* *Lucentia* Azanza & Montoya, 1995
* 短角鹿属 *Mazama* Rafinesque, 1817
* †偽大角鹿屬 *Megaceroides* Joleaud, 1914
* †大角鹿屬 *Megaloceros* Brookes, 1828
* 越南大麂 *Megamuntiacus* Tuoc et al., 1994
* †古麂属 *Metacervulus* Teilhard de Chardin & Trassaert, 1937
* *Morenelaphus* Carette, 1923
* 麂属 *Muntiacus* Rafinesque, 1815
* *Muva* Deraniyagala, 1958
* *Nanelaphus* Fitzinger, 1874
* †山鹿屬 *Navahoceros* Kurtén, 1975
* *Neomegaloceros* Korotkevich, 1971
* 空齿鹿属 *Odocoileus* Rafinesque, 1832
* *Orotherium* Aymard, 1850
* 草原鹿屬 *Ozotoceros* Ameghino, 1891
* *Paraceros* Ameghino, 1889
* †似麂屬 *Paracervulus* Teilhard de Chardin & Trassaert, 1937
* *Paradicrocerus* Gabuniya, 1959
* *Pavlodaria* Vislobokova, 1980
* *Pliocervus* Hilzheimer, 1922
* *Praedama* Portis, 1920
* *Praemegaceros* Portis, 1920
* *Praesinomegaceros* Vislobokova, 1983
* †原狍屬 *Procapreolus* Schlosser, 1924
* †原羌鹿属 *Procervulus* Gaudry, 1877
* 白唇鹿 *Przewalskium* Flerov, 1930
* *Pseudalces* Flerov, 1962
* †偽黇鹿屬 *Pseudodama*
* 普度鹿属 *Pudu* Gray, 1852
* *Pudella* Thomas, 1913，为普度鹿属（*Pudu* Gray, 1852）的异名

	+ *Pudella carlae* Barrio, Gutiérrez & D’Elía, 2024
	+ *Pudella mephistophila*
* 馴鹿屬 *Rangifer* C.H.Smith, 1827
* *Rohnia* Castellanos, 1957
* 泽鹿属 *Rucervus* Hodgson, 1838
* 水鹿属 *Rusa* C.H.Smith, 1827
* *Sangamona* Hay, 1920
* †中華大角鹿屬 *Sinomegaceros* Chow et al., 1965
* †皇冠鹿屬 *Stephanocemas* Colbert, 1936
* *Stephanocemas* Palmatus, 2009
* *Stephanocemas* SP.
* *Tamanalces* Vereshchagin, 1957
* †多倫多角鹿屬 *Torontoceros* Churcher & Peterson, 1982
* †圖里亞鹿屬 *Turiacemas* Azanza Asensio, 2000

### 種系發生學

本科的演化關係如下：

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| **鹿科** |

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| 真鹿亞科
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| 麂族
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麂屬

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毛冠鹿屬  |
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| Muntiacini
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| 鹿族
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黇鹿  |
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波斯黇鹿  |
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鬣鹿  |
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水鹿  |
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歐洲馬鹿  |
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白唇鹿  |
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梅花鹿  |
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加拿大馬鹿  |
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坡鹿  |
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麋鹿  |
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沼鹿  |
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豚鹿

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花鹿  |
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| Cervini
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| Cervinae (舊世界鹿)
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| 空齒鹿亞科
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| 馴鹿族
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馴鹿  |
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赤短角鹿  |
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白尾鹿  |
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騾鹿  |
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沼澤鹿

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灰短角鹿

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智利巴鹿  |
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祕魯駱鹿  |
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西方狍  |
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獐  |
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| Capreolini
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| 駝鹿族
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駝鹿  |
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| Capreolinae (新世界鹿)
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| **Cervidae** |

## 鹿角

通常只有公鹿长有鹿角，驯鹿是唯一一种公鹿和母鹿都长角的鹿，但母鹿的角要小得多。在每年冬天，公鹿的角都会脱落，到春天开始长出新的角，那时鹿角会覆盖着一层皮，叫做鹿茸。当鹿角成型时，鹿茸就会脱落。

母驯鹿的角是在春天脱落的。另外，獐无论公的还是母的，都没有角，它们用长长的獠牙去自卫。公麂既有獠牙也有角，而母麂既没有獠牙也没有角。

## 习性

### 雪災

雪是鹿最大的敵人之一，但如果雪並不是很大就沒問題。但當雪變得非常厚時，牠們就很難找到食物，因為雪都把食物蓋住了。另外，雖然鹿跑得很快，但由於有些鹿可達300公斤重，當牠們跑時就會陷到雪中，令牠們的速度變慢。僅50公斤的狼便很容易追上牠們。

### 地盘

不像大多数动物，鹿没有固定的家。对鹿来说，所谓的家就是地盘。夜晚它们就睡在灌木丛中。在冬天时，当鹿的地盘覆盖着厚雪时，它们就会再找一个雪相对较浅的地盘。当很多鹿都选这个地盘时，它们就会分地盘。

### 天敌

狼和美洲狮是鹿的主要天敌。

### 自卫

当鹿一旦发现危险时，第一件事情就是跑。如果跑解决不了问题了话，有些公鹿就会用它们的角去战斗。而母鹿的前蹄像刀一样尖，当它们发怒时，它们就会往敌人身上踢。

### 食物

主要以树叶为食。它们的胃较小，主要吸收各种植物性食物中的矿物质以在每年生成新的鹿角。与牛和羊不同，它们相當挑食，只挑选易于消化的食物，如嫩叶、嫩草、软芽、水果、蘑菇等等。

## 饲养

鹿对人类长久以来就具有很高的经济价值，但是鹿并不像绵羊、山羊、猪和牛等动物那么容易驯养，因此鹿的来源主要是通过猎取。
在台灣，東部是主要的養鹿場建立地區，台灣的梅花鹿於清領時期之前就已經被獵取殆盡，目前野生的族群是因養鹿場保種培育後野放的，在綠島，鹿已經多到對生態造成困擾。

* 鹿茸

## 参考资料

* Mageshima Island Homepage（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）