# 紧急状态 (印度)[编辑]

1975年6月25日，印度总理英迪拉·甘地让印度总统法赫鲁丁·阿里·艾哈迈德宣布国家紧急状态
印度**紧急状态**（the Emergency）是指印度在1975年至1977年间，持续21个月的**紧急状态**。时任印度总理英迪拉·甘地决定在全国范围内实施紧急状态，由总统法赫鲁丁·阿里·艾哈迈德因“内乱”（internal disturbance）而根据《印度宪法》第352条正式发布，后被内阁及议会追认。紧急状态从1975年6月25日开始生效，直到1977年3月21日撤销。

紧急状态时期，印度总理被赋予极大权力，得暂停选举及限制公民自由。紧急状态期间，英迪拉·甘地的大多数政治反对者被长期监禁，新闻界受到审查。紧急状态期间还发生了其他侵犯人权的事件，包括由总理的儿子桑贾伊·甘地带头发起的大规模强迫绝育运动。紧急状态是印度独立后历史上最具争议的时期之一。

## 来源

* Atul Kohli. *Democracy and Discontent: India's Growing Crisis of Governability*. Cambridge University Press. 1991. ISBN 0-521-39161-X.
* Atul Kohli (ed.). *The Success of India's Democracy*. Cambridge University Press. 2001 [2004]. ISBN 81-7596-107-4.
* Ayesha Jalal. *Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia: a Comparative and Historical Perspective*. Cambridge University Press. 1995 [1996]. ISBN 81-85618-75-5
* B. G. Verghese. *Warrior of the Fourth Estate: Ramnath Goenka of the Express*. Viking, Penguin India. 2005. ISBN 978-0-67005-842-6.
* Bipan Chandra et al. *India Since Independence*. Penguin India. 2008 [2011 digital edition]. e-ISBN 978-81-8475-053-9.
* Durga Das Basu. *Introduction to the Constitution of India*. LexisNexis Butterworths. 1960 [20th edition, 2011 reprint]. ISBN 978-81-8038-559-9.
* Inder Malhotra. *Indira Gandhi: A Personal and Political Biography*. Hodder and Stoughton. 1989. ISBN 0-340-40540-6.
* Mary C. Carras. *Indira Gandhi: In the Crucible of Leadership*. Jaico Publishing House. 1979 [1980].
* Partha Chatterjee. *Lineages of Political Society*. Permanent Black. 2011. ISBN 81-7824-317-2.
* Partha Chatterjee. *Empire and Nation: Essential Writings, 1985–2005*. Permanent Black. 2010. ISBN 81-7824-267-2.
* Ramachandra Guha. *India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy*. HarperCollins. 2008. ISBN 978-0-330-50554-3.
* S. S. Gill. *The Dynasty: A Political Biography of the Premier Ruling Family of Modern India*. HarperCollins. 1996. ISBN 81-7223-245-4.
* Subhash C. Kashyap. *Indian Constitution: Conflicts and Controversies*. Vitasta Publishing. 2010. ISBN 978-81-89766-41-2.
* T. V. Sathyamurthy. *State and Nation in the Context of Social Change*. Oxford University Press. 1994. ISBN 0-19-563136-6.

## 延伸阅读

* Aaron S. Klieman. "Indira's India: Democracy and Crisis Government", *Political Science Quarterly* (1981) 96#2 pp. 241–259 in JSTOR （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Kuldip Nayar. *The Judgement: Inside Story of the Emergency in India*. 1977. Vikas Publishing House. ISBN 0-7069-0557-1.
* P. N. Dhar. *Indira Gandhi, the "Emergency", and Indian Democracy* (2000), 424pp
* Ramashray Roy and D. L. Sheth. "The 1977 Lok Sabha Election Outcome: The Salience of Changing Voter Alignments Since 1969," *Political Science Review* (1978), Vol. 17 Issue 3/4, pp. 51–63
* Shourie, Arun (1984). Mrs Gandhi's second reign. New Delhi: Vikas.
* Shourie, Arun (1978). Symptoms of fascism. New Delhi: Vikas.

* Telegram 8557 from the United States Embassy in India to the Department of State, 27 June 1975 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* A. Z. Huq Democratic Norms, Human Rights and States of Emergency: Lessons from the Experience of Four Countries （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* "Memories of a Father," a book by Eachara Varier, father of a student killed in police custody during the emergency （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）