# 鰈[编辑]

| 鰈亞目 化石时期：
 |
| --- |
|  |
| 一幅刻有不同種類的比目魚的雕刻
 |
| 科学分类  |
| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
| 纲： | 辐鳍鱼綱 Actinopteri |
| 总目： | 鱸形總目 Percomorpha |
| 目： | 鲹形目 Carangiformes |
| 亚目： | **鰈亞目 Pleuronectoidei** |
| 模式種
 |
| 欧洲鲽 *Pleuronectes platessa* Linnaeus, 1758
 |
| 多样性
 |
| 16科
 |

| 鲽形目 化石时期：
 |
| --- |
|  |
| 一幅刻有不同種類的比目魚的雕刻
 |
| 科学分类  |
| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
| 纲： | 辐鳍鱼綱 Actinopteri |
| 类： | 棘鰭類 Acanthopterygii |
| 总目： | 鱸形總目 Percomorpha |
| 系： | 鲹形系 Carangaria |
| 目： | **鲽形目 Pleuronectiformes** |
| 模式種
 |
| 欧洲鲽 *Pleuronectes platessa* Linnaeus, 1758
 |
| 多样性
 |
| 16科
 |

**鰈**是鰺形目**鰈亞目**（學名：Pleuronectoidei）或鰺形系**鰈形目**（學名：Pleuronectiformes）魚類的通稱，為輻鰭魚綱魚類，包含一支肉食性底栖鱼类，统称为**比目魚**，现存600余种，典型特征是身体扁平宽阔，且双眼位於身体同一侧。

比目魚是可食用的經濟魚類，多為海水魚，棲息於热带到寒带中等深度的大陆架海域，少數生活在淡水中。長有雙眼的一側身體為背面，颜色较深；另一側為腹面，颜色较浅。沿背腹缘分别具长形的背鳍和臀鳍。休息时平卧在海底，部分身体经常埋入泥沙中，有些比目鱼的背面顏色會變得接近于環境色，以与环境融为一体，避免被捕食者发现。

## 名称

在古漢語中，比目魚又稱**魼（qū）**（或作**鱋**）。

鳎亚目的比目魚，在現代漢語中俗称**鰨沙魚**（又作“撻沙魚”）。因双目塌陷，中國北方官话俗称**鳎目**（拼音：北京方言白读 tǎ má→tǎ ma，文读 tǎ mò→tǎ mo，又讹作“塔瑪”）。粤语俗稱**大地魚**或**龙脷**；“脷”为舌头之意，因鱼身扁平，貌似舌头，故有此俗称。

此外双眼位於身體左側的比目魚又称**左口魚**，其中鰈亞目的左口魚通称**鲆**鱼，而鲽亚目中双眼位於身體右側的则称为**鲽**鱼。

## 分類

### 種系發生學

在廣義的鰺形目之中，馬鮁科是**鰈亞目**的姐妹群，位置如下：

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 鰺形目
 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
鰈亞目 Pleuronectoidei  |
|  |
|  |
馬鮁科 Polynemidae  |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |
鰺亞目 Carangoidei  |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
鋸蓋魚科 Centropomidae  |
|  |
|  |
尖嘴鱸科 Latidae  |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
乳香魚科 Lactariidae  |
|  |
|  |
金梭魚科 Sphyraenidae  |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
| Carangiformes
 |

### 内部分類

鰈形目或廣義鰈亞目，600余种，可分两个亚目，舊分類分三個亚目（即下面的鳎总科從鲽亚目分出來成為鳎亚目）會使鲽亚目變成並系群：

目前，鰈形目或廣義鰈亞目包括以下16科，除去鰜科就是狹義的鰈亞目，鰜科在廣義鰈亞目之下則不置鰜亞目或改為鰜總科（Psettodoidea）：

鰜亞目 Psettodoidei
* 鰜科 Psettodidae

鰈亞目 Psettodoidei
棘鮃總科 Citharoidea
* 棘鮃科 Citharidae

鰈總科 Psettodoidea

* 鮃科 Bothidae
* 圓棘鮃科 Cyclopsettidae
* 牙鮃科 Paralichthyidae
* 鰈科 Pleuronectidae
* 菱鮃科 Scophthalmidae

鰨總科 Soleoidea

* 無臂鰨科 Achiridae
* 無臂鮃科 Achiropsettidae
* 舌鰨科 Cynoglossidae
* 臀棘鰈科 Oncopteridae
* 牙鰈科 Paralichthodidae
* 瓦鰈科 Poecilopsettidae
* 菱鰈科 Rhombosoleidae
* 冠鰈科 Samaridae
* 鰨科 Soleidae

鰈形目或廣義的鰈亞目各科的演化關係如下：

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 鰈亞目
 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 鰨總科
 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
鰨科 Soleidae  |
|  |
|  |
舌鰨科 Cynoglossidae  |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |
瓦鰈科 Poecilopsettidae  |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |
冠鰈科 Samaridae  |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
菱鰈科 Rhombosoleidae  |
|  |
|  |
無臂鮃科 Achiropsettidae  |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |
臀棘鰈科 Oncopteridae  |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |
牙鰈科 Paralichthodidae  |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |
無臂鰨科 Achiridae  |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
| Soleoidea
 |
| 鰈總科
 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
鰈科 Pleuronectidae  |
|  |
|  |
牙鮃科 Paralichthyidae  |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
鮃科 Bothidae  |
|  |
|  |
圓棘鮃科 Cyclopsettidae  |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |
菱鮃科 Scophthalmidae  |
|  |

 |
| Pleuronectoidea
 |

 |
|  |
|  |
棘鮃科 Citharidae  |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |
鰜科 Psettodidae  |
|  |

 |
| Pleuronectoidei
 |

## 文化

相傳在東亞古代，比目魚被誤傳為僅有一隻眼睛，活動時必須雙魚並遊且形影不離，因而成為了愛情的象征，常用來比喻出雙入對的戀人或夫妻（也可比喻交往密切的朋友）。初唐詩人盧照鄰的詩作《長安古意》中，便有“得成比目何辭死，願作鴛鴦不羨仙”的千古名句。古代中國古人還常將比目魚和比翼鳥並稱為“鲽鶼（jiān）”或“鶼鲽”，衍生出“鶼鰈情深”、“鲽鲽鶼鶼”、“鹣交鲽合”等熟語，都成為恩愛情侶的代名詞。

民間傳說中所說的「皇帝魚」，指的也是比目魚，魚眼長在同一邊，魚身一邊厚一邊薄。傳說朱元璋吃一半後，放入水中還能游走，故台語又稱「半旁魚」（pòaⁿ-pêng-hî，切成一半的意思），即「半邊魚」。

「皇帝魚」的傳說還有很多版本，但傳說很難考究，比較有趣的一個傳說是，據說當時朱元璋在皇覺寺出家當和尚時，有一天想吃魚肉的慾望突然莫名出現，便趁師父不在時外出，在河邊偷偷抓了一隻淡水比目魚火烤來吃，但是正當他在讚嘆此魚味道美味、無比可口時，突然被師兄弟發現並稟告主持和尚，為了避免被住持和尚責罵、挨罰，真命天子朱元璋開了金口，把吃了一半的魚即時丟入河中，並指著那剩下半邊的魚說：「住持師父。你看！這魚不是活得好好的嗎？」想不到那剩下半邊的魚，竟然緩緩的游動起來，貼地而遊。從此，這美味無比的魚，就被稱作「皇帝魚」。

## 图册

|  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 歐洲鰈为欧洲主要商品鱼 | 無臂鰨在美洲的淡水和海水中都有发现 | 大比目鱼是体型最大的比目鱼，为渔业提供了丰厚的利润 | 大菱鮃是一种大型左口鱼，常见于欧洲各地沙滩附近的浅海 | 一只左口鱼 |

## 延伸阅读

 《欽定古今圖書集成·博物彙編·禽蟲典·比目魚部》，出自陈梦雷《古今圖書集成》
* Sepkoski, Jack. A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology. 2002, **364**: 560  [2011-05-17]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-23）.
* Gibson, Robin N (Ed) (2008) Flatfishes: biology and exploitation. Wiley.
* Munroe, Thomas A (2005) "Distributions and biogeography." Flatfishes: Biology and Exploitation: 42-67.

* 维基共享资源上的相關多媒體資源：鰈
* 維基物種上的相關信息：鰈
* 加拿大鲽鱼产业相关讯息 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）