# 常理[编辑]

**常理**（拉丁語：sensus communis）指代某种在社会群体中普遍存在，且无需深思熟虑或辩论即可被认可的知识、判断或认知倾向。其通常被视为成年人应具备的基本判断力，因其在社会成员中的普遍认同性与共享性而得名。虽然这一概念在不同语言中都有对应词汇（如上文已写明的拉丁语，以及古希腊语的“κοινὴ αἴσθησις”或法语的“bon sens”），但受限于文化背景，这些词在具体语境下的含义并不完全等同。自启蒙时代起，哲学与科学界对“常识”的评价呈现出明显的两面性：它既被视为审美品位、逻辑推理及科学公理的可靠基石；也常被贬斥为因循守旧、偏见或迷信的代名词。

“常识”在哲学史上拥有两个核心定义，它们不仅构成了现代含义的渊源，至今仍具学术影响力。其一源于亚里士多德，指代灵魂中的一种整合性“感官”，负责汇聚并协调视觉、听觉与嗅觉等不同维度的知觉，进而统一识别客体。其二受古罗马传统影响，指代人类对他人与社会所持有的自然敏感度。尽管这两个哲学含义与现代生活中的用法侧重不同，但它们共同指向了一种预设的普遍认知能力：即大多数人无需深究逻辑，便能自然拥有的基础判断力。随着西方文明在科学、政治及经济领域的思想演变，这些含义不断交织并重构，其中英语对该词语义的塑造尤为深远，并随之影响了该术语的国际化进程。

“常识”一词的现代含义成型于18世纪初，泛指那些无须深奥理论论证、因符合大众基本智识与经验而广受认可的传统智慧。这一概念的演变，始终交织着理性主义与经验主义的博弈。法国哲学家笛卡尔在《谈谈方法》中曾警示，常识虽人人皆有，却极易遭到误用，因而主张以严谨的逻辑分析取而代之。然而到了启蒙运动时期，常识的地位得到了重构——它不仅被视为经验主义对抗传统形而上学的基石，更具有了积极的认知价值。政治活动家托马斯·潘恩以此为题撰写的政论小册子，便成为了推动美、法革命的重要思想武器。时至今日，常识的本质及其在认识论与伦理学中的地位，依然是现代社会科学哲学领域中一个极具张力的核心议题。

## 相關條目

* 公理
* 基本信念
* 共同知识
* 常识推理
* 常识知识库
* 传统智慧
* 反直觉
* 达克效应
* 实践智慧
* 前理论信念
* 舆论
* 社會規範

## 参考来源

### 使用文献

* Aristotle, De Anima . The Loeb Classical Library edition of 1986 used the 1936 translation of W.S Hett, and the standardised Greek text of August Immanuel Bekker. The more recent translation by Joe Sachs (see below) attempts to be more literal.
* Brann, Eva, The World of the Imagination: Sum and Substance, Rowman & Littlefield, 1991
* Bugter, Sensus Communis in the works of M. Tullius Cicero, van Holthoon; Olson (编), Common Sense: The Foundations for Social Science, University Press of America, 1987, ISBN 9780819165046
* Descartes, Réné, The Method, Meditations and Philosophy of Descartes, translated from the Original Texts, with a new introductory Essay, Historical and Critical by John Veitch and a Special Introduction by Frank Sewall, Washington: M. Walter Dunne, 1901  [2013-07-25]
* Descartes, Rene, Letter to Mersenne, 21 April 1941, Kenny, Anthony (编), Descartes: Philosophical Letters, Oxford University Press, 1970  Translated by Anthony Kenny. Descartes discusses his use of the notion of the common sense in the sixth meditation.
* Descartes, Rene, Passions of the Soul, Hackett, 1989 . Translated by Stephen H. Voss.
* Gadamer, Hans-Georg, Truth and Method, 由Joel Weinsheimer; Donald G. Marshall翻译 2nd rev., New York: Continuum, 1989 .
* Gilson, Etienne, Thomist Realism and the Critique of Knowledge, Ignatius Press, 1939, ISBN 9781586176853
* Gregorić, Pavel, Aristotle on the Common Sense, Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 9780191608490
* Heller-Roazen, Daniel, Nichols; Kablitz; Calhoun , 编, Rethinking the Medieval Senses, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008, ISBN 9780801887369
* van Holthoon, The common sense of Rousseau, van Holthoon; Olson (编), Common Sense: The Foundations for Social Science, University Press of America, 1987, ISBN 9780819165046
* van Holthoorn; Olson, Introduction, van Holthoon; Olson (编), Common Sense: The Foundations for Social Science, University Press of America, 1987, ISBN 9780819165046
* Hume, David, Essays Moral, Political, Literary, edited and with a Foreword, Notes, and Glossary by Eugene F. Miller, with an appendix of variant readings from the 1889 edition by T.H. Green and T.H. Grose, Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1987  [2013-07-25]
* Hume, David, Enquiries Concerning the Human Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals by David Hume, ed. L. A. Selby-Bigge, M.A. 2nd ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1902
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* Lewis, C. S., Studies in words, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967, ISBN 9780521398312
* Moore, George Edward, A defense of common sense, 1925
* Oettinger, M. Friedrich Christoph. 1861. Cited in Gadamer (1989).
* Peters Agnew, Lois, Outward, Visible Propriety: Stoic Philosophy and Eighteenth-century British Rhetorics, University of South Carolina Press, 2008, ISBN 9781570037672
* Reid, Thomas, An Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense, Beanblosom; Lehrer (编), Thomas Reid's Inquiry *and* Essays, New York: Hackett, 1983
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* Sachs, Joe, Aristotle's *On the Soul* and *On Memory and Recollection*, Green Lion Press, 2001, ISBN 978-1-888009-17-0
* Schaeffer, Sensus Communis: Vico, Rhetoric, and the Limits of Relativism, Duke University Press, 1990, ISBN 978-0822310266
* Cooper, Anthony Ashley, den Uyl, Douglas , 编, Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2001
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* Spruit, Leen, Species Intelligibilis: From Perception to Knowledge. II. Renaissance controversies, later scholasticism, and the elimination of the intelligible species in modern philosophy, Brill, 1995, ISBN 978-9004103962
* Stebbins, Robert A. Leisure's Legacy: Challenging the Common Sense View of Free Time. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
* Vico, Giambattista. *On the Study Methods of our Time*, trans. Elio Gianturco. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990.
* Vico, Giambattista, The New Science of Giambattista Vico 3rd, Cornell University Press, 1968 . Translated by Bergin and Fisch.
* Voltaire, COMMON SENSE, The Works of Voltaire. A Contemporary Version. A Critique and Biography by John Morley, notes by Tobias Smollett, trans. William F. Fleming **IV**, New York: E.R. DuMont, 1901  [2013-08-19], （原始内容存档于2016-03-22）
* Wierzbicka, Anna, Experience, Evidence, and Sense: The Hidden Cultural Legacy of English, Oxford University Press, 2010