# 猫科

| 貓科 化石时期：晚漸新世 - 現今
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| --- |
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| 科学分类  |
| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
| 纲： | 哺乳纲 Mammalia |
| 目： | 食肉目 Carnivora |
| 下目： | 猫型下目 Aeluroidea |
| 总科： | 猫总科 Feloidea |
| 科： | **猫科 Felidae** G. Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 |
| 亞科
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猫亚科 Felinae
豹亞科 Pantherinae
†劍齒虎亞科 Machairodontinae
†原小熊猫亚科 Proailurinae

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|  |
| 野生貓科的分布（不含家猫）。藍色代表貓亞科動物的分佈範圍，綠色代表豹亞科動物的分佈範圍。
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**貓科**（学名：Felidae）是哺乳纲食肉目中最具掠食性的一个科，现存种主要分为豹亚科（即“大型猫科动物”，包括獅子、老虎、豹、云豹、雪豹等）和猫亚科（即“小型或中型猫科动物”，包括家猫、猞猁、猎豹、美洲狮等）两大演化支。最早的貓科動物出現於漸新世，更被人類熟悉的家貓在一万年前的全新世開始被驯化，其野生種親戚斑貓仍然生存在歐洲、非洲和亞洲東部等地，雖然棲地破壞限制了其居住的範圍。已滅絕的劍齒虎亞科為真的貓科動物，而其他如袋劍齒虎和獵貓等相似的動物則不是。

## 演化

已知現今世上有41種貓科動物，牠們都源自一個共同的祖先。這些物種源自於亞洲，且經由陸橋散布至各洲去。根據發表在《科學》上，由美國國家癌症研究所的Warren Johnson和Stephen O'Brien對粒線體基因和細胞核基因所做的研究，確定了貓的祖先在白令陸橋和巴拿馬地峽至少10次洲與洲的雙向遷徙之間，演化出8個主要的世系。其中，豹屬是最古老的，而貓屬則是最年輕的。他們估計大約百分之60的現存物種是在最近的100萬年內演化出來的。大多數的貓科動物有18或19個染色體倍性。新世界（中南美）中的貓有18個染色體倍性，這可能是導因於兩個較小的染色體結合成了一個較大的染色體之故。

在此發現之前，生物學家大多不能由化石的記錄中建立出貓的分類樹，因為不同物種的化石看起來都很相似，主要是尺寸上的不同。

貓科動物最親近的親戚被認為是麝貓、鬣狗和獴。所有的貓科動物都有一種基因異常，使得牠們嘗不到甜味，亦無法消化大分子醣，故成為純肉食動物。

## 分類

### 世系分类法

* 世系1（豹亚科）：豹属、云豹属
* 世系2：纹猫属、金猫属
* 世系3：薮猫属、狞猫属
* 世系4：虎猫属
* 世系5：猞猁属
* 世系6：美洲金猫属、猎豹属、细腰猫属
* 世系7：豹猫属、兔狲属
* 世系8：猫属

### 现存种类

獅
獵豹
美洲豹
歐亞猞猁
獰貓
長尾虎貓
斑貓
基因研究對貓科的分類提出了八个世系的分類法：

* 豹亞科 Pantherinae
	+ 豹族（世系1）
		- 豹屬 *Panthera*
			* 獅 *Panthera leo*
			* 美洲豹 *Panthera onca*
			* 豹 *Panthera pardus*
			* 虎 *Panthera tigris*
			* 雪豹 *Panthera uncia*
		- 雲豹屬 *Neofelis*
			* 雲豹 *Neofelis nebulosa*
			* 巽他雲豹 *Neofelis diardi*
* 貓亞科 Felinae
	+ 金猫族（世系2）
		- 紋貓屬 *Pardofelis*
			* 紋貓 *Pardofelis marmorata*
		- 金貓屬 *Catopuma*
			* 婆羅洲金貓 *Catopuma badia*
			* 金貓 *Catopuma temminckii*
	+ 狞猫族（世系3）
		- 藪貓屬 *Leptailurus*
			* 藪貓 *Leptailurus serval*
		- 獰貓屬 *Caracal*
			* 獰貓 *Caracal caracal*
			* 非洲金貓 *Caracal aurata*
	+ 虎猫族（世系4）
		- 虎貓屬 *Leopardus*
			* 虎貓 *Leopardus pardalis*
			* 小斑虎貓 *Leopardus tigrinus*
			* 長尾虎貓 *Leopardus wiedii*
			* 山原貓 *Leopardus jacobita*
			* 南美草原猫 *Leopardus colocola*
			* 南美林貓 *Leopardus guigna*
			* 喬氏貓 *Leopardus geoffroyi*
			* 南方虎猫 *Leopardus guttulus*
	+ 猞猁族（世系5）
		- 猞猁屬 *Lynx*
			* 加拿大猞猁 *Lynx canadensis*
			* 歐亞猞猁 *Lynx lynx*
			* 西班牙猞猁 *Lynx pardinus*
			* 短尾貓 *Lynx rufus*
	+ 美洲狮族（世系6）
		- 美洲金貓屬 *Puma*
			* 美洲獅 *Puma concolor*
		- 細腰貓屬 *Herpailurus*
			* 細腰貓 *Herpailurus yagouaroundi*
		- 獵豹屬 *Acinonyx*
			* 獵豹 *Acinonyx jubatus*
	+ 豹猫族（世系7）
		- 豹貓屬 *Prionailurus*
			* 豹貓 *Prionailurus bengalensis*
			* 扁頭貓 *Prionailurus planiceps*
			* 锈斑貓 *Prionailurus rubiginosus*
			* 漁貓 *Prionailurus viverrinus*
			* 婆罗洲豹猫 *Prionailurus javanensis*
		- 兔猻屬 *Otocolobus*
			* 兔猻 *Otocolobus manul*
	+ 猫族（世系8）
		- 貓屬 *Felis*
			* 沙漠貓 *Felis margarita*
			* 黑足貓 *Felis nigripes*
			* 丛林貓 *Felis chaus*
			* 欧洲野猫 *Felis silvestris*
			* 非洲野猫 *Felis lybica*
			* 荒漠猫 *Felis bieti*
			* 家猫 *Felis catus*

## 種系發生學

下圖顯示了包含已滅絕貓科動物的分化關係：

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **貓科 Felidae** |

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  †原小熊貓屬 *Proailurus* |

原小熊貓亞科 Proailurinae

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†*Proailurus bourbonnensis* |
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†*Proailurus lemanensis* |
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†*Proailurus major* |
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| *"Pseudaelurus"* |

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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假貓世系

|  †假貓屬 *Pseudaelurus* |

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†*Pseudaelurus quadridentatus* |
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†*Pseudaelurus cuspidatus* |
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†*Pseudaelurus guangheesis* |
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†**劍齒虎亞科 Machairodontinae**  |
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|  †超貓屬 *Hyperailurictis* |

超貓世系

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†*Hyperailurictis intrepidus* |
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†*Hyperailurictis marshi* |
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†*Hyperailurictis stouti* |
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†*Hyperailurictis validus* |
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†*Hyperailurictis skinneri* |
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|  †西瓦貓屬 *Sivaelurus* |
†*Sivaelurus chinjiensis* |
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柱貓世系

|  †柱貓屬 *Styriofelis* |

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†*Styriofelis turnauensis* |
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†*Styriofelis romieviensis* |
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| **貓亞科 Felinae** |

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|  | **貓亞科 Felinae**  |
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|  †中新豹屬 *Miopanthera* |

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†*Miopanthera lorteti* |
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†*Miopanthera pamiri* |
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|  | **豹亞科 Pantherinae**  |
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| *廣義上* |

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| *(grade)* |

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下圖顯示了現存貓科動物的分化關係：

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **貓科 Felidae** |

豹世系

| **豹亞科 Pantherinae** |

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **豹屬 Panthera** |

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豹 (*P. pardus*)

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獅 (*P. leo*)

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美洲豹 *(P. onca)* |
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雪豹 *(P. uncia)* |
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虎 *(P. tigris)* |
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| **雲豹屬 Neofelis** |

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雲豹 (*N. nebulosa*)

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巽他雲豹 *(N. diardi)* |
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| **貓亞科 Felinae** |

金貓世系

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| **金貓屬 Catopuma** |

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婆羅洲金貓 *(C. badia)* |
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金貓 *(C. temminckii)* |
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| **紋貓屬 Pardofelis** |
紋貓 (*P. marmorata*)

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獰貓世系

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| **獰貓屬 Caracal** |

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獰貓 (*C. caracal*)

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非洲金貓 (*C. aurata*)

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| **藪貓屬 Leptailurus** |
藪貓 *(L. serval)* |
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虎貓世系

| **虎貓屬 Leopardus** |

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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喬氏貓 (*L. geoffroyi*)

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南美林貓 (*L. guigna*)

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小斑虎貓 (*L. tigrina*)

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山原貓 (*L. jacobita*)

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南美草原貓 (*L. colocola*)

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虎貓 (*L. pardalis*)

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長尾虎貓 (*L. wiedii*)

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猞猁世系

| **猞猁屬 Lynx** |

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猞猁 (*L. lynx*)

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伊比利亞猞猁 (*L. pardinus*)

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加拿大猞猁 (*L. canadensis*)

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短尾貓 (*L. rufus*)

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美洲獅世系

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| **美洲金猫属 Puma** |
美洲獅 (*P. concolor*)

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| **細腰貓屬 Herpailurus** |
細腰貓 (*H. yagouaroundi*)

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| **獵豹屬 Acinonyx** |
獵豹 (*A. jubatus*)

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豹貓世系

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **豹貓屬 Prionailurus** |

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豹貓 (*P. bengalensis*)

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漁貓 (*P. viverrinus*)

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扁頭豹貓 (*P. planiceps*)

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鏽斑豹貓 (*P. rubiginosus*)

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| **兔猻屬 Otocolobus** |
兔猻 (*O. manul*)

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| **貓屬 Felis** |

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叢林貓 (*F. chaus*)

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黑足貓 (*F. nigripes*)

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沙漠貓 (*F. margarita*)

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|   斑貓
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荒漠貓 (*F. bieti*)

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亞非野貓 (*F. lybica*)

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歐洲野貓 (*F. silvestris*)

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家貓 (*F. catus*)

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| 家貓世系     |  |

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## 貓科動物的化石

已知最古老的真正貓科動物（始貓）生存在漸新世和始新世的時期。在始新世時，牠演化出了假貓。假貓被認為是現存的兩個亞科和已滅絕的劍齒虎亞科等的最古老共同祖先。較以馬刀齒貓為知的這一群動物於更新世後期開始滅絕，其包括了劍齒虎、短劍劍齒虎、恐貓和似劍齒虎。

## 保育狀況

除被列入附录Ⅰ的所有种，其他（家养型标本除外）均被列為《瀕危野生動植物種國際貿易公約》附錄二的物種，被限制出口及貿易。狮*Panthera leo* (非洲种群)：为商业目的贸易且野外获得的骨、骨碎块、骨制品、爪、骨架、头骨和牙齿已确立的年度出口限额为零。为商业目的且源自南非人工繁殖机构的骨、骨碎块、骨制品、爪、骨架、头骨和牙齿有出口限额。

## 參考文獻

* Shoemaker, Alan. 1996 Taxonomic and Legal Status of the Felidae. Felid Taxonomic Advisory Group of the American Zoo and Aquarium Association. 1996  [2006-07-15]. （原始内容存档于2006-06-12）.
* Turner, A. The big cats and their fossil relatives. Columbia University Press. 1997. ISBN 978-0-231-10229-2.

* 猫
* 大猫
* 豹屬雜交種
* 掐捏誘導之行為抑制現象（Pinch-induced behavioral inhibition）
* 劍齒虎

* 开放目录项目中的“猫科”
* （[//web.archive.org/web/20170704015039/ 页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Secrets of the World's 38 Species of Wild Cats National Geographic Society]