# 法國遠東學院拼音[编辑]

**法國遠東學院拼音** （法語：Système de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient (EFEO)），簡稱EFEO拼音，是二十世紀中期以前法語圈中最常用的中文羅馬字拼法，是在法国汉学家微席叶（Arnold Vissière）设计的拼音系统改进而来。後逐漸為漢語拼音取代。

## 特點

該拼法並不完全依照新国音，而是参考了传统讀法，類似於拉丁化新文字和威妥瑪拼音的舊版本，因而存在历史性元素。例如，/tɕ/（注音符號：ㄐ，漢語拼音：j）的音依尖团轉寫為/ts/（尖音）或 /k/（团音）。

### 聲母

聲母表
|  | 雙唇音 | 唇齒音 | 齒齦音 | 捲舌音 | 齦顎音 | 軟顎音
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 清音 | 濁音 | 清音 | 清音 | 濁音
 | 清音 | 濁音 | 清音 | 濁音 | 濁音
 |
| 鼻音
 |  | **m** [m] ㄇ m |  |  | **n** [n] ㄋ n註1 |  |  |  |  | **ng** [ŋ] ㄫ ng註2 |
| 塞音 | 不送氣
 | **p** [p] ㄅ b |  |  | **t** [t] ㄉ d |  |  |  |  | **k** [k] ㄍ g |  |
| 送氣
 | **p'** [pʰ] ㄆ p |  |  | **t'** [tʰ] ㄊ t |  |  |  |  | **k'** [kʰ] ㄎ k |  |
| 塞擦音 | 不送氣
 |  |  |  | **ts** [ʦ] ㄗ z註3 |  | **tch** [ʈʂ] ㄓ zh |  | **ki** [ʨ] ㄐ j註3 |  |  |
| 送氣
 |  |  |  | **ts'** [ʦʰ] ㄘ c註3 |  | **tch'** [ʈʂʰ] ㄔ ch |  | **k'i** [ʨʰ] ㄑ q註3 |  |  |
| 擦音
 |  |  | **f** [f] ㄈ f | **s** [s] ㄙ s註3 |  | **ch** [ʂ] ㄕ sh | **j** [ʐ] ㄖ r
 | **hi** [ɕ] ㄒ x註3 | **h** [x] ㄏ h |  |
| 邊音
 |  |  |  |  | **l** [l] ㄌ l |  |  |  |  |  |

表中加粗字體為遠東學院拼音，拼音下方列出對應之注音符號和漢語拼音。

* 註1：顾赛芬早期著作中，n在齊齒、撮口呼前作gn。
* 註2：現代標準漢語中零聲母開口字，遠東學院轉寫均帶有ng。
* 註3：遠東學院轉寫嚴格區分尖團。

### 韻母

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|

基本母音
|  | 前元音 | 央元音 | 後元音
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 不圓唇 | 圓唇 | 舌尖 | 捲舌 | 不圓唇 | 圓唇
 |
| 閉元音
 | **i** [i] ㄧ i | **iu** [y] ㄩ ü
 | **eu** [ ͡ɯ] ㄭ -i | **e** [ ͡ɨ] ㄭ -i
 |  | **ou** [u] ㄨ u
 |
| 中元音
 | **e** [ɛ] ㄝ ê |  |  | **eul** [ɑɻ] ㄦ er
 | **ö/é** [ɤ] ㄜ e | **o** [ɔ] ㄛ o
 |
| 開元音
 | **a** [ä] ㄚ a |  |  |  |  |  |

韻母表
| EFEO
 | eu/e註1 | a | o註2 | ö/é註2 | e註2 | eul | ai | ei | ao | eou | an註3 | en註3 | ang | eng註9 |
| 國際音標
 | [◌͡ɯ]/[◌͡ɨ] | [ä] | [ɔ] | [ɤ] | [ɛ] | [ɑɻ] | [aɪ] | [eɪ] | [ɑʊ] | [ɤʊ] | [än] | [ən] | [ɑŋ] | [ɤŋ] |
| 注音符號
 | ㄭ | ㄚ | ㄛ | ㄜ | ㄝ | ㄦ | ㄞ | ㄟ | ㄠ | ㄡ | ㄢ | ㄣ | ㄤ | ㄥ
 |
|  |
| EFEO註4 | i | ia | io註5,7 |  | ie |  | iai註6 |  | iao註7 | iou註8 | ien | in | iang註7 | ing
 |
| 國際音標
 | [i] | [iä] | [iɔ] |  | [iɛ] |  | [iaɪ] |  | [iɑʊ] | [iɤʊ] | [iɛn] | [in] | [iɑŋ] | [iŋ] |
| 注音符號
 | ㄧ | ㄧㄚ | ㄧㄛ |  | ㄧㄝ |  | ㄧㄞ |  | ㄧㄠ | ㄧㄡ | ㄧㄢ | ㄧㄣ | ㄧㄤ | ㄧㄥ
 |
|  |
| EFEO註4 | ou | oua | ouo |  |  |  | ouai | ouei |  |  | ouan註3 | ouen註3 | ouang | oung註9 |
| 國際音標
 | [u] | [uä] | [uɔ] |  |  |  | [uaɪ] | [ueɪ] |  |  | [uän] | [uən] | [uɑŋ] | [ʊŋ] |
| 注音符號
 | ㄨ | ㄨㄚ | ㄨㄛ |  |  |  | ㄨㄞ | ㄨㄟ |  |  | ㄨㄢ | ㄨㄣ | ㄨㄤ | ㄨㄥ
 |
|  |
| EFEO註4 | iu |  |  |  | iue |  |  |  |  |  | iuen | iun |  | ioung
 |
| 國際音標
 | [y] |  |  |  | [yœ] |  |  |  |  |  | [yɛn] | [yn] |  | [iʊŋ] |
| 注音符號
 | ㄩ |  |  |  | ㄩㄝ |  |  |  |  |  | ㄩㄢ | ㄩㄣ |  | ㄩㄥ
 |

 |

* 註1：顾赛芬著作中同時用eu表示[◌͡ɯ]和[◌͡ɨ]。
* 註2：顾赛芬著作中不用ö/é。該韻大致按照歷史來源，分作o（中原音韻哥戈韻如「歌可莫」）、e（中原音韻車遮韻如「格客墨」）兩韻。此外，現代標準漢語中齒齦及軟齶聲母後讀[uɔ]韻的古入聲字也作o。
* 註3：顾赛芬早期著作中將後來方案的en和ouen拼作enn和ouenn，而en和ouen則用來拼寫捲舌聲母後來源於古咸攝山攝三四等的舒聲字，和an、ouan對立（如陝西chensi，山西chansi，深悉chennsi）。
* 註4：與漢語拼音類似，i、ou、iu起頭的音節在前面無其他聲母時可改作y、w、yu，若i、ou是唯一韻母則改作yi、wou。
* 註5：[iɔ]韻大致來自中原音韻哥戈韻齊齒呼，現代標準漢語中無此韻，併入[yœ]韻（漢語拼音üe，注音符號ㄩㄝ）。
* 註6：[iaɪ]韻大致來自中原音韻皆來韻齊齒呼，現代標準漢語中舌面音後該韻併入[iɛ]韻（漢語拼音ie，注音符號ㄧㄝ），零聲母時中國大陸之普通話併入[iä]韻（漢語拼音ie，注音符號ㄧㄚ）但臺灣國語依然保留。
* 註7：在l後io、iao、iang改作eo、eao、eang。
* 註8：iou韻也作ieou。
* 註9：oung韻也作ong。此外，遠東學院拼音大致按照歷史來源區分脣音後的oung韻（中原音韻東鍾韻如「蓬夢」）和eng韻（中原音韻庚青韻如「朋孟」）。

### 聲調

雖然顾赛芬認為北京話已經沒有獨立入聲調，但其依然將入聲獨立標記，因此共有陰平、陽平、上聲、去聲、入聲五個聲調。

聲調表
| 聲調 | 符號
 |
| --- | --- |
| 陰平 | ¯, ā
 |
| 陽平 | ˆ, â
 |
| 上聲 | ˋ, à
 |
| 去聲 | ˊ, á
 |
| 入聲 | ˘, ă
 |

## 與其他拼法的對照

|  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 國際音標
 | EFEO
 | 威妥瑪拼音
 | 漢語拼音
 |
| [p] | p
 | p
 | b
 |
| [pʰ] | p'
 | p'
 | p
 |
| [t] | t
 | t
 | d
 |
| [tʰ] | t'
 | t'
 | t
 |
| [k] | k
 | k
 | g
 |
| [kʰ] | k'
 | k'
 | k
 |
| [ts] | ts
 | ts
 | z
 |
| [tsʰ] | ts'
 | ts'
 | c
 |
| [tʂ] | tch
 | ch
 | zh
 |
| [tʂʰ] | tch'
 | ch'
 | ch
 |
| [ʂ] | ch
 | sh
 | sh
 |
| [ʐ] | j
 | j
 | r
 |
| [tɕ] | k/ts
 | ch
 | j
 |
| [tɕʰ] | k'/ts'
 | ch'
 | q
 |
| [ɕ] | s/h
 | hs
 | x
 |
| [w] | ou/w
 | w
 | w
 |
| [j] | i/y
 | y
 | y
 |
| [ɯʌ] | ö/é
 | o/ê
 | e
 |
| [ɑɻ] | eul
 | êrh
 | er
 |
| [ɯ] | eu
 | ŭ
 | i
 |
| [ɨ] | e
 | ih
 | i
 |
| [y] | u
 | ü
 | ü/u
 |
| [u] | ou
 | u
 | u
 |
| [ən] | en
 | ên
 | en
 |
| [ɤŋ] | eng
 | êng
 | eng
 |
| [iɛ] | ie
 | ieh
 | ie
 |
| [iɤʊ] | ieou/iou
 | iu
 | iu
 |
| [iɛn] | ien
 | ien
 | ian
 |
| [uɔ] | ouo
 | o/uo
 | o/uo
 |
| [uaɪ] | ouai
 | uai
 | uai
 |
| [ueɪ] | ouei
 | ui
 | ui
 |
| [uan] | ouan
 | uan
 | uan
 |
| [uən] | ouen
 | un
 | un
 |
| [yœ] | iue
 | üeh
 | üe/ue
 |
| [yɛn] | iuen
 | üan
 | üan/uan
 |
| [yn] | iun
 | ün
 | ün/un
 |
| [yʊŋ] | ioung
 | iung
 | iong
 |

* 中文羅馬字方案