# 海菊蛤屬[编辑]

| 海菊蛤属 化石时期：
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| 海菊蛤（*S. regius*）的外殼
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| 科学分类  |
| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 軟體動物門 Mollusca |
| 纲： | 双壳纲 Bivalvia |
| 目： | 莺蛤目 Pteriida |
| 科： | 海菊蛤科 Spondylidae Gray, 1826 |
| 属： | **海菊蛤属 *Spondylus Linnaeus, 1758 |
| 屬
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見內文

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**海菊蛤**（學名：*Spondylus*），又稱**海菊貝**、**紅螺**、**車蠔**，是海扇蛤目的其中一科（**海菊蛤科**；*Spondylidae*），以及此科下唯一的屬（**海菊蛤屬**；*Spondylus*）。海菊蛤的外觀與牡蠣科相似，但其外殼帶有紅色。其殼內之肉可供食用，中國的西沙海域盛產的紅螺，特別鮮味。
海菊蛤物種的型態及分佈範圍差異頗大，但牠們其實與扇貝屬於同一個總科。與牡蠣科物種黏合在岩石上不同，海菊蛤都以足絲來固定。

## 物種

Pacific thorny oyster, *S. crassisquama* Lamark, 1819, from the Sea of Cortez, Mexico
The interior of two fossil valves of *Spondylus* from the Pliocene of Cyprus
於夏威夷採集的貓舌海菊蛤 *Spondylus linguaefelis* Sowerby, 1847
* 棘刺海菊蛤 *Spondylus aculeatus* Schröter, 1788
* *S. americanus* Hermann, 1781 — Atlantic thorny oyster
* 无棘海菊蛤 *Spondylus anacanthus* Mawe, 1823 — nude thorny oyster
* 橘色海菊蛤 *Spondylus aurantius* Lamarck, 1819
* 须毛海菊蛤 *Spondylus barbatus* Reeve, 1856
* 巴氏海菊蛤 *Spondylus butleri* Reeve, 1856
* *S. calcifer* Carpenter, 1857
* 洁海菊蛤 *Spondylus candidus* Lamarck,1819
* 白海菊蛤 *Spondylus castus* Reeve, 1856
* *S. clarksoni* Limpus, 1992
* *S. crassisquama* Lamarck, 1819 (*S. princeps* Broderip, 1833) — Pacific thorny oyster
* 血色海菊蛤 *Spondylus cruentus* Lischke, 1868
* *S. cumingii* Sowerby, 1847
* *S. dutempleanus* Linnaeus, 1758
* *S. echinatus* Schreibers, 1793
* 怒发海菊蛤 *Spondylus erectospinus* Habe,1973
* 直棘海菊蛤 *Spondylus erectospinosus* Habe, 1973
* *S. erinaceus* Reeve, 1856
* 异棘海菊蛤 *Spondylus gaederopus* Linnaeus, 1758 — European thorny oyster
* *S. gilvus* Reeve, 1856
* *S. groschi* Lamprell & Kilburn, 1995
* 古氏海菊蛤 *Spondylus gussoni* (O. G Costa, 1829)
* *S. hawaiiensis* Dall, Bartsch and Rehder, 1938
* 亥氏海菊蛤 *Spondylus heidkeae* Lamprell & Healy, 2001
* *S. hystrix* Röding, 1798
* *S. ictericus* Reeve, 1856
* *S. imbutus* Reeve, 1856
* 堂皇海菊蛤 *Spondylus imperialis* Chenu, 1843
* *S. japonicus* Kur — Japanese spiny oyster
* *S. lamarcki* Chenu, 1845
* *S. layardi* Reeve, 1856
* 貓舌海菊蛤 *S. linguaefelis*

Sowerby, 1847

* *S. longitudinalis* Lamarck, 1819
* *S. marisrubri* Röding, 1798
* *S. microlepos* Lamarck, 1819
* 多棘海菊蛤 *Spondylus multimuricatus* Reeve, 1856
* *S. multisetosus* Reeve, 1856
* 尼科巴海菊蛤 *Spondylus nicobaricus* Schreibers, 1793
* *S. occidens* Sowerby, 1903
* *S. plurispinosus* Reeve, 1856
* *S. powelli* Smith, 1892
* *S. pratii* Parth, 1990
* 猩猩海菊蛤 *Spondylus regius* Linnaeus, 1758，莺王海菊蛤
* *S. sanguineus* Dunker, 1852
* *S. senegalensis* Schreibers, 1793
* *S. setiger* Reeve, 1846
* 中华海菊蛤 *Spondylus sinensis* Schreibers, 1793
* *S. smythaea* Lamprell, 1998
* *S. somalicus* M. Parth & R. Philippe, 1992
* 奇海菊蛤 *Spondylus spectrum* Reeve, 1856
* 厚壳海菊蛤 *Spondylus squamosus* Schreibers, 1793
* *S. tenellus* Reeve, 1856
* 藍巨海菊蛤 *S. varius* Sowerby,1829
* *S. variegatus* Schreibers, 1793
* 金黄海菊蛤 *Spondylus versicolor* Schreibers, 1793
* *S. vexillum* Reeve, 1856
* 瑞氏海菊蛤 *Spondylus wrightianus* Crosse, 1872 — Wright's thorny oyster
* *S. zonalis* Lamarck, 1819

A view of the colorful mantle edges of a live thorny oyster from East Timor: The eyes can be seen on the fringe between the mantle and the shell.
## 參考資料

 在塞浦路斯發現的上新世異棘海菊蛤化石。
* *Spondylus* Session Abstracts on *Spondylus* research at the 13th Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists at Zadar, Croatia, September 2007
* Information about *Spondylus* from the website of the Gladys Archerd Shell Collection at Washington State University Tri-Cities Natural History Museum
* Article on "notched" *Spondylus* Neolithic artifacts in Europe

## 參考書目

* A full and constantly updated bibliography （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） on *Spondylus* spp. in Aegean, Balkan, European and American contexts

### 史前歐洲

* F. IFANTIDIS/M. NIKOLAIDOU (eds.), 2011.*Spondylus in Prehistory: New Data and Approaches. Contributions to the Archaeology of Shell Technologies* (Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, Int. Ser. 2216)
* P. HALSTEAD, 1993. *Spondylus* shell ornaments from late Neolithic Dimini, Greece: Specialized manufacture or unequal accumulation? *Antiquity* 67: 603–609.
* Vl. PODBORSKÝ (Hrsg.), 2002. *Dvĕpohřebištĕ Neolitického lidu s Lineární Keramikou ve Vedrovicích na Moravĕ* (Brno, Masarykovy University Philosophy Faculty Dept. of Archaeology and Museology).
* J. RODDEN, 1970. The *Spondylus*-shell trade and the beginnings of the Vinča culture. In:*Actes du VIIe Congres International des Sciences Prehistoriques et Protohistoriques*: 411-413 (Praha: Akademia Nauk).
* M. L. SÉFÉRIADÈS, 2000. *Spondylus gaederopus*: Some observations on the earliest European long distance exchange system. In: Hiller, S. and Nikolov, V. (Hrsg.), *Karanovo III: Beiträge zum Neolithikum in Südosteuropa* (Wien: Phoibos Verlag) 423-437.
* M. L. SÉFÉRIADÈS, *Spondylus* and Long-Distance Trade in Prehistoric Europe In: Anthony, D. W. (ed.), *The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000-3500 BC.* (Princeton) 179-189.
* J. SHACKLETON/H. ELDERFIELD, 1993. Strontium isotope dating of the source of Neolithic European *Spondylus* shell artefacts. *Antiquity* 64: 312-315.
* N. SHACKLETON/C. RENFREW, 1970. Neolithic trade routes realigned by oxygen isotope analyses. *Nature* 228: 1062-5.
* H. TODOROVA, 2000. Die *Spondylus*-Problematik heute. In: Hiller, S. and Nikolov, V. (Hrsg.), *Karanovo III: Beiträge zum Neolithikum in Südosteuropa* (Wien, Phoibos Verlag) 415-422.
* Sl. VENCL, 1959. Spondylove šperky v podunajskem Neolitů, *Archeologicke Rozhledy* 9: 699-742.