# 新民主主义革命

新民主主义革命| 国共内战与中国革命的一部分 |
| 顺时针显示:
* 四一二事件中被成批量屠杀的共产党员和国民党左翼
* 长征中的中国工农红军
* 土改期间被农民批斗的地主土豪
* 中华人民共和国开国大典
* 淮海战役中的参战士兵
* 陕北时期的中共中央领导人合影
 |
| 日期 | 1919年5月4日/1927年8月1日 – 1949年10月1日 |
| 地点 | 中国 |
| 结果 | 中国共产党胜利* 中华人民共和国成立
* 中華民國政府遷台
 |

**新民主主义革命**，国际上通称为“**中国共产主义革命**”（英語：Chinese Communist Revolution），是一场发生在中国大陆、始于1927年（一说自1919年五四运动始）并终于1949年的社会政治革命。其由中国共产党发起并领导，且直接促成了该党在日后成为全中国的合法执政党。中共官方将“新民主主义革命”视作孙文所领导的“旧民主主义革命”的直接延续，并认为蒋介石所领导的中国国民党背叛了大革命。这场政治革命给中国内部带来了重大的社会变革，并被其他国家的共产主义革命运动视为一种典范。

在此前被称作“百年国耻”的落后岁月中，由于清朝的衰落和外国在华势力的崛起，导致中国面临日益恶化的社会、经济和政治问题。清朝最终于1912年覆灭，取而代之的则是中华民国；然而后者到了1917年也已陷入军阀割据的混战局面。由于当时全中国的混乱局势，一群受十月革命和欧洲社会主义思想启发的城市知识分子于1921年创立了中国共产党。随后，他们与当时规模远大于自身的中国国民党达成了“第一次国共合作”，因双方都有着推翻当时统治中国的军阀这一共同目标。在此期间，中共党员人数迅速增加，在中国几大主要城市组织了声势浩大的工人运动，并在农村地区建立了初具规模的农民协会。尽管第一次国共合作在军事上取得了一定成就，时任国民党领导人蒋介石仍于1927年发动了“四一二事变”，从而终结了这一联盟。

此后中共与蒋介石领导的国民党之间爆发了国共内战，并从根本上改变了中国共产主义革命的进程。被迫撤退至偏远农村地区的中共干部开始在半孤立的状态下尝试推行土地改革以及其他争取农民支持的策略。其中最成功的区域领导人之一便是毛泽东；他将当时江西的苏维埃政权建设成了一个名副其实的“国中之国”。1935年，中共领导下的遭遇了一场重大的军事挫败，幸存部队随后开始“长征”并向位于中国西北的新根据地转移。在此期间，毛泽东从一名区域性的小领导人迅速晋升，并在遵义会议后最终确立了其作为整个中共无可争议的最高领袖地位。在新的根据地立脚之后，中共内部开展了一场旨在“自我净化”的意识形态整风运动以巩固全党对毛泽东的忠诚并确立基于农民的新革命战略。

与此同时，日本趁中国内部分裂之际夺取了满洲及中国其他领土。蒋介石奉行“攘外必先安内”的方针，刻意回避与日本正面交锋。中共则趁此主张国共两党应携手抗日；并因其爱国主义主旨得到了当时社会上的广泛同情与支持。1936年，一批同情共产党的国军将领发动兵谏，扣押了蒋介石并迫使其开启停战谈判。随着日本次年发动全面侵华战争，国共之间的第二次合作正式确立。这一新的合作给了中国共产党以生存空间，并使其得以通过对日本的敌后游击战再次扩大势力范围。

1945年日本投降后，中国沦为冷战博弈的代理人战场。国共双方各自从美苏方面获得了支持。尽管国民党起初控制着中国的大部分国土，但在那些饱受高失业率、恶性通货膨胀及政府腐败猖獗之苦的城市地区，民众对共产党的同情与支持却日益高涨。而美国海军陆战队进驻中国各大城市则进一步激化了民众，尤其是学生群体的反帝情绪。随着国共双方的和谈破裂，内战随之重燃。中共新组建的人民解放军发动了一系列攻势并连战连捷，最终迅速地击败了国民党军队，迫使其于1949年撤退至台湾。

中国共产党在革命中的胜利随后对全球格局产生了深远影响：中国不仅成为了世界上人口最多的社会主义国家，更在中苏交恶之后作为“第三极”力量活跃于冷战舞台之上。中华人民共和国向世界各地的共产主义运动提供了直接或间接的援助，并推动毛主义政党在多国的兴起与发展。面对中共取得胜利所带来的震撼，加之当时盛行的、预言共产主义将在东亚地区呈“多米诺骨牌”效应般扩散的地缘政治理论，美国遂接连发动军事干预行动，试图遏制并打击位于朝鲜及东南亚地区的亲中势力。时至今日，中共依然执掌着中国大陆的政权并已发展成为全球规模第二大的政党。

### 引用

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