# 种子植物[编辑]

| 种子植物总门 化石时期：泥盆纪至今
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| 買麻藤綱中的百歲蘭
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| 科学分类  |
| 界： | 植物界 Plantae |
| 演化支： | 有胚植物 Embryophyta |
| 演化支： | 多孢植物 Polysporangiophyta |
| 演化支： | 维管植物 Tracheophyta |
| 演化支： | 真维管植物 Eutracheophyta |
| 演化支： | 真叶植物 Euphyllophytes |
| 演化支： | 放射状植物 Radiatopses |
| 演化支： | 木質植物 Lignophytes |
| 总门： | **种子植物总门 Spermatophyta** |
| 門
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| * †種子蕨門 Pteridospermatophyta\*
* 末端裸子植物 Acrogymnospermae
	+ 松柏門 Pinophyta
	+ 苏铁门 Cycadophyta
	+ 銀杏門 Ginkgophyta
	+ 買麻藤門 Gnetophyta
* 被子植物演化支 Magnoliophyta
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**種子植物**（英語：seed plant或spermatophyte）是**種子植物總門**（学名：Spermatophyta）下属的所有有胚植物的统称，可分為裸子植物（并系群）和被子植物（单系群）兩大演化支，是现今维管植物的冠群。故名思义，所有种子植物都通过多细胞、双倍体、由珠被包裹并有胚乳储存营养的胚珠发育而来的种子作为繁殖体，通过释放花粉进行有性繁殖，使其可以通过弹射、风力、流水或动物媒介向远处传播种子进行种群扩散，而不像孢子植物那样必须依赖水体环境才能让孢子受精进行繁殖。

根據繁殖器官特徵，種子植物又稱為**顯花植物**（phanerogams，需要注意的是「顯花植物」與「開花植物」不同）。根据當今的生物分類法，種子植物可以分為已灭绝的种子蕨门（Pteridospermatophyta，裸子植物的基群并系群）以及现生的五大门：

* 末端裸子植物（Acrogymnospermae）
	+ 苏铁门（Cycadophyta），仅存苏铁纲苏铁目（Cycadales）一目，共3个科（苏铁科、托叶苏铁科、泽米苏铁科）、10～12个属约305个现存物种，分布在於热带和亚热带，有著大片的複葉和肥厚的樹幹；
	+ 銀杏門（Ginkgophyta），仅存單一物種——银杏（*Ginkgo biloba*），是裸子植物中唯一的阔叶落叶乔木物种，野生只分布于东亚温带地区，但作为活化石观赏植物被引进到世界各地；
	+ 松柏門（Pinophyta），仅存松柏纲松柏目（Pinales）共8个科、68个属约630个现存物种，結毬果的樹和灌木，世界上几乎所有地方都有自然生长，在高纬度 （如寒温带针叶林）、高海拔温带（如东喜马拉雅亚高山针叶林）或气候干燥多变（如热带和亚热带针叶林）的栖息地中则会成为当地植物相的优势物种并形成针叶林；
	+ 買麻藤門（Gnetophyta），仅存买麻藤纲买麻藤目（Gnetales ）共3个科（麻黄科、买麻藤科 、百岁兰科）、3个属约80个现存物种；
* 被子植物（Angiospermae，旧称Magnoliophyta），也称“開花植物門”（Anthophyta），主要分基部被子植物和核心被子植物两大类，是植物界中物种多样性最高的类群，迄今已描述的约为30万种，占已知维管植物总数的九成以上。

## 關係和命名

種子植物分為裸子植物和被子植物兩大類，兩者都是利用種子來繁衍的。其中，裸子植物包含了包含了苏铁门、銀杏門、松柏門和買麻藤門，被子植物則細分出更多的綱。被子植物是有胚植物中種數最多且最為人所知的一類，是植物界最多樣化的類群，约有304000種。不過，被子植物現在被認為演化自裸子植物，這使得裸子植物若包含已滅絕的物種時，會變成一個並系群。然而，即使裸子植物已不再被視作單系群，但仍被廣泛地用以概括除被子植物之外的四類非開花種子植物。

分子系统发生学反駁了基於形態學所提出來的「現存和已滅絕的裸子植物可以組成一個單系群」的推論。一些形態學上的資料推論說買麻藤門是被子植物演化支的姐妹群，但分子系統發生學已普遍地顯示，包括買麻藤門在內的裸子植物分支會是松柏門的姐妹群。

傳統的分類，是將種子植物放在一個門下，並將其下的五個類群放置在五個綱下，即蘇鐵綱、銀杏綱、松柏綱、買麻藤綱和被子植物綱。

除上述類群外，化石記錄亦顯示有許多種已滅絕的種子植物類群。種子蕨是陸生植物最早成功的類群之中的其中一類，且以種子蕨為主的森林在古生代晚期時遍布全球，舌羊齒屬即為二叠纪時期冈瓦纳大陆上最普遍的樹木。三叠纪以後，種子蕨在生態上的重要性開始被裸子植物取代，直到晚白垩纪開花植物開始興起為止。

現今較多的分類方案將這些類群分成單獨的門（有時在「裸子植物總門」下）：

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|  种子植物
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 †Moresnetiopsida Doweld, 2001 |
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 †Lyginopteridopsida Novák, 1961 emend. Anderson, Anderson & Cleal, 2007 |
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 †皱羊齿目 Pachytestopsida Doweld, 2001 |
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 †华丽木目 Callistophytales Rothwell, 1981 emend. Anderson, Anderson & Cleal, 2007 |
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 †盾籽目 Peltaspermopsida Doweld, 2001 |
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 †Umkomasiales Doweld, 2001 |
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 †Phasmatocycadopsida Doweld, 2001 |
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 †Pentoxylopsida Pant ex Doweld, 2001 |
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 †Dictyopteridiopsida Doweld, 2001 |
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 †Cycadeoideopsida Scott, 1923 |
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 †开通目 Caytoniopsida Thomas ex Frenguelli, 1946  |
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 被子植物 Angiosperms

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| 末端裸子植物
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 苏铁门 Cycadophyta

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 银杏门 Ginkgophyta

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 买麻藤门 Gnetophyta

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 松柏门 Pinophyta

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|  Acrogymnospermae
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†种子蕨门（並系群）
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## 參考文獻

* Bowe, L. Michelle, Gwénaële Coat, and Claude W. dePamphilis. 2000. Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments: Extant gymnosperms are monophyletic and Gnetales' closest relatives are conifers （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* 97: 4092-4097.
* Soltis, Douglas E., Pamela S. Soltis and Michael J. Zanis. 2002. Phylogeny of seed plants based on evidence from eight genes. *American Journal of Botany* 89: 1670-1681 (abstract here).
* Chaw, Shu-Miaw, Christopher L. Parkinson, Yuchang Cheng, Thomas M. Vincent, and Jeffrey D. Palmer. 2000. Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: Monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifers. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences* 97: 4086-4091 (abstract here （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）).