# 腹足纲[编辑]

| 腹足綱 化石时期：
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| --- |
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| 中华宝螺 *Cypraea chinensis* |
| 科学分类  |
| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 軟體動物門 Mollusca |
| 纲： | **腹足纲 Gastropoda** Cuvier, 1795 |
| 亞綱
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| * 笠形腹足亞綱 Patellogastropoda
* 直腹足類 Orthogastropoda
	+ 古腹足亞綱 Vetigastropoda
	+ 新臍螺亞綱 Neomphaliones
	+ 蜑形亞綱 Neritimorpha
	+ 後生腹足類 Apogastropoda
		- 新進腹足亞綱 Caenogastropoda
		- 異鰓亞綱 Heterobranchia
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| 多样性
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| 6.5萬到8萬個物種
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**腹足纲**（學名：Gastropoda），是软体动物门中重要的组成部分，包括所有水生的海螺、鮑魚和淡水螺以及陆生的蜗牛和蛞蝓，共约6.5萬到8萬個现生物種。腹足綱是软体动物中最大的纲，也是整个动物界中仅次于昆虫綱的第二大纲。化石紀錄的歷史最遠可追溯至芙蓉世。截至2017年，已知721個腹足動物科，其中245個已滅絕，僅出現在化石記錄中，而476個科目前有現生物種或沒有化石記錄。

生活在海水中的被稱為海螺或海蛞蝓，例如：寶螺科、鳳螺科以及擁有劇毒的芋螺科，生活在淡水中的淡水螺類，例如：田螺或稱螺螄、尖尾螺、囊螺、椎實螺、福壽螺、釘螺、蘋果螺等等，以及生活在陆地上的蜗牛和蛞蝓。

## 特征

腹足綱物種具有明显且发达的头部，腹面有肥厚而广阔的足，所以得名；身体有內臟的部分扭转，因此左右不对称；外面有介壳一枚或无壳。绝大多数的腹足纲物种的介壳都呈螺旋形，当遇到危险的时候会将柔软的身体缩进壳中。也有一些壳退化消失或仅在体内残留，通常被称为蛞蝓。

具贝壳腹足类的貝殼螺旋方式可分為左旋跟右旋，區分方式為殼頂朝上，殼口面朝自己時，殼口在殼軸右邊就是右旋，反之则称为左旋。一般通常为右旋壳，只有大约5%的现代腹足类是左旋壳。

## 棲息地

腹足纲在全世界范围内分布，包括海洋（约30,000种）、淡水（约5,000种）和陆地（约30,000种）等，从靠近南极和北极的寒冷地区到热带地区都有分布。

可以适应非常多样的生存环境，从花园、森林、沙漠到山区，从沟渠、河流到湖泊，从河口、泥滩、布满岩石的潮间带、沙底的潮下带到深海，还有些营寄生。

## 分类

本纲主要演化支如下：

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| **腹足纲** |

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| 直腹足類
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| 後生腹足類
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| 異鰓亞綱
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泛有肺類 Panpulmonata ►  |
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真後鰓類 Euopisthobranchia ►  |
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裸側類 Nudipleura ►  |
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下異鰓類 Allogastropoda  |
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| Heterobranchia
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新進腹足亞綱 Caenogastropoda |
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| Apogastropoda
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蜑形亞綱 Neritimorpha |
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古腹足亞綱 Vetigastropoda |
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新臍螺亞綱 Neomphaliones  |
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| Orthogastropoda
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笠形腹足亞綱 Patellogastropoda ► |
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| Gastropoda
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* 腹足綱的譜系學分類

* Gastropod reproductive behavior （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Reconstructions of fossil gastropods
* 2004 Linnean taxonomy of gastropods （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Webster S. J. & Fiorito G. (October 2001) "Socially guided behaviour in non-insect invertebrates". *Animal Cognition* **4**(2): 69–79. doi: 10.1007/s100710100108 - An article about social learning also in gastropods.