# 絛蟲綱[编辑]

| 絛蟲綱 化石时期：
 |
| --- |
|  |
| *Taenia saginata* |
| 科学分类  |
| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 扁形动物门 Platyhelminthes |
| 纲： | **絛蟲綱 Cestoda** |
| 亚纲
 |
| * 单节绦虫亚纲
* 多节绦虫亚纲
 |

**绦虫纲**（學名：Cestoda）是一個寄生性扁形动物门的一個綱。人们常说的絛蟲其實是多個物種的泛稱。所有絛蟲綱的物種都是寄生蟲，其生活史可能各有不同，但這些物種的成虫寄生于各类脊椎动物的消化道内，而其幼年期則寄生於其他動物的物種，例如：软体动物。這些物種自身无消化道，体分节或不分节的扁形动物。

絛蟲的寄生歷程已有很長久歷史：科學家在一塊2.7億年前（二疊紀中期到後期）的鯊魚糞便化石（coprolites）裡發現了多叢絛蟲卵及一條發育中的蚴。

## 分類

目前全球约有4,000餘种，中国约有400种。共分以下两个亚纲：

* 单节绦虫亚纲（Cestodaria）
* 多節絛蟲亞綱（Eucestoidea）

寄生于人体的绦虫有30余种，多属圆叶目（Cyclophyllidea）和假叶目（Pseudophyllidea），最著名的种是引起人类绦虫病的猪肉絛虫。

多節絛蟲亞綱物種的分類已澄清。以下為現時的分類：

* 單殖綱 Monogenea
	+ Amphilinidea
		- Caryophyllidea
			* Spathebothriidea
				+ Trypanorhyncha
					- 假葉目（Pseudophyllidea）
						* 四葉目（Tetraphyllidea）
							+ Diphyllidea, Proteocephalidea
							+ Nippotaeniidea
								- 圓葉目（Cyclophyllidea）、Tetrabothriidea

四葉目、假葉目（因為裂頭絛蟲科，Diphyllobothriidae）及圓葉目（因為Mesocestoididae科）均為並系群。

帶科（Taeniidae）可能是圓葉目之下12個目的最基底。

The Tetraphyllidea, Lecanicephalidea, Proteocephalidea, Nippotaeniidea, Tetrabothriidea, and Cyclophyllidea are considered to be the 'higher' tapeworms.

海洋中的Trypanorhyncha目有277个已知物种，分为五个总科：Tentacularioidea, Gymnorhynchoidea, Otobothrioidea, Eutetrarhynchidae 和 Lacistorhynchidae.

在GBIF，本纲包括以下目：
* Amphilinidea
* Bothriocephalidea
* Caryophyllidea
* Cathetocephalidea

	+ Cathetocephalidae
	+ Disculicepitidae
* 圓葉目 Cyclophyllidea
* Diphyllidea

	+ Echinobothriidae
* 裂头绦虫目 Diphyllobothriidea

	+ Cephalochlamydidae
	+ 裂头绦虫科 Diphyllobothriidae
		- *Adenocephalus* Nybelin, 1931
		- *Baylisia* Markowski, 1952
		- *Baylisiella* Markowski, 1952
		- *Dibothriocephalus* Lühe, 1899
		- *Diphyllobothrium* Cobbold, 1858
		- *Diplogonophorus* Lönnberg, 1892
		- *Dubium* Rudolphi, 1819
		- *Flexobothrium* Yurakhno, 1989
		- *Glandicephalus* Fuhrmann, 1921
		- *Hexagonoporus* Gubanov, 1955
		- *Ligula* Bloch, 1782
			* *Ligula alternans* Rudolphi, 1810
			* *Ligula avium* Bloch, 1782
			* *Ligula colymbi* Zeder, 1803
			* *Ligula digramma* Creplin, 1839
			* *Ligula interrupta* Rudolphi, 1810
			* *Ligula intestinalis* (Linnaeus, 1758) Gmelin, 1790
			* *Ligula monogramma* Creplin, 1839
			* *Ligula nemachili* (Dubinina, 1957) Kuchta & Scholz, 2017
			* *Ligula pancerii* Polonio, 1860
			* *Ligula pavlovskii* Dubinina, 1959
		- *Multiductus* Clarke, 1962
		- *Plicobothrium* Rausch & Margolis, 1969
		- *Pyramicocephalus* Monticelli, 1890
		- *Schistocephalus* Creplin, 1829
		- *Sparganum* Diesing, 1854
		- *Spirometra* Faust, Campbell & Kellogg, 1929
		- *Tetragonoporus* Skryabin, 1961
	+ Solenophoridae
* Gyrocotylidea
* Haplobothriidea
* Lecanicephalidea

	+ Aberrapecidae
	+ Cephalobothiidae
	+ Cephalobothriidae
	+ Eniochobothriidae
	+ Lecanicephalidae
	+ Paraberrapecidae
	+ Polycephalidae
	+ Polypocephalidae
		- *Anteropora* Subhapradha, 1955
		- *Anthemobothrium* Shipley & Hornell, 1906
		- *Corollapex* Herzog & Jensen, 2017
		- *Hornellobothrium* Shipley & Hornell, 1906
		- *Polypocephalus* Braun, 1878
			* *Polypocephalus affinis Subhapradha, 1951*
			* *Polypocephalus alii Shinde & Jadhav, 1981*
			* *Polypocephalus barsami Roudsari & Haseli, 2020*
			* *Polypocephalus bombayensis Shinde, Dhule & Jadhav, 1991*
			* *Polypocephalus budhadebae Jadhav, 2007*
			* *Polypocephalus caribbensis (Gardner & Schmidt, 1984) Jensen, 2005*
			* *Polypocephalus coronatus Subhapradha, 1951*
			* *Polypocephalus digholensis Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982*
			* *Polypocephalus djeddensis Jadhav & Shinde, 1989*
			* *Polypocephalus elongatus (Southwell, 1912) Jensen, 2005*
			* *Polypocephalus harnesis Lanka, Pathan & Jadhav, 2006*
			* *Polypocephalus helmuti Jensen, 2005*
			* *Polypocephalus himanshui Pramanik & Manna, 2006*
			* *Polypocephalus indicus Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982*
			* *Polypocephalus karbharii Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982*
			* *Polypocephalus katpurensis Shinde & Jadhav, 1981*
			* *Polypocephalus kuhlii Vankara, Vijayalakshmi & Vijayalakshmi, 2006*
			* *Polypocephalus lintoni Subhapradha, 1951*
			* *Polypocephalus maharashtra Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982*
			* *Polypocephalus medusia (Linton, 1890) Southwell, 1925*
			* *Polypocephalus mirkarwarensis Dandawate & Jadhav, 2009*
			* *Polypocephalus moretonensis Butler, 1987*
			* *Polypocephalus prathibhai Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982*
			* *Polypocephalus radiatus* Braun, 1878
			* *Polypocephalus ratnagiriensis* Jadhav, Shinde & Sarwade, 1986
			* *Polypocephalus rhinobatidis* Subhapradha, 1951
			* *Polypocephalus rhynchobatidis* Subhapradha, 1951
			* *Polypocephalus saoudi* Hassan, 1982
			* *Polypocephalus singhii* Shinde & Jadhav, 1981
			* *Polypocephalus thapari* Shinde & Jadhav, 1981
			* *Polypocephalus vesicularis* Yamaguti, 1960
			* *Polypocephalus visakhapatnamensis* Vankara, Lakshmi & Lakshmi, 2007
			* *Polypocephalus vitellaris* Subhapradha, 1951
			* *Polypocephalus waltairensis* Mote, 2012
		- *Seussapex* Jensen & Russell, 2014
		- *Thysanobothrium* Shipley & Hornell, 1906
	+ Tetragonocephalidae
	+ Zanobatocestidae
* Litobothriidea
* Nippotaeniidea
* Onchoproteocephalidea
* Phyllobothriidea

	+ Chimaerocestidae
	+ Phyllobothriidae
		- *Alexandercestus* Ruhnke & Workman, 2013
		- *Anindobothrium*
		- *Anthobothrium*
		- *Aocobothrium*
		- *Bibursibothridium* McKenzie & Caira, 1998
		- *Bibursibothrium* McKenzie & Caira, 1998
		- *Biporophyllaeus* Subramaniam, 1939
		- *Calyptrobothrium* Monticelli, 1893
		- *Cardiobothrium* McKenzie & Caira, 1998
		- *Caulobothrium*
		- *Caulopatera* Cutmore, Bennett & Cribb, 2010
		- *Clistobothrium* Dailey & Vogelbein, 1990
			* *Clistobothrium amyae* Caira, Hayes & Jensen, 2020
			* *Clistobothrium carcharodoni* Dailey & Vogelbein, 1990
			* *Clistobothrium gabywalterorum* Caira, Hayes & Jensen, 2020
			* *Clistobothrium montaukense* Ruhnke, 1993
			* *Clistobothrium tumidum* (Linton, 1922) Ruhnke, 1993
		- *Crossobothrium* Linton, 1889
		- *Cyatocotyle* Mola, 1908
		- *Dinobothrium*
		- *Flexibothrium* McKenzie & Caira, 1998
		- *Gastrolecithus*
		- *Guidus* Ivanov, 2006
		- *Hemipristicola* Cutmore, Theiss, Bennett & Cribb, 2011
		- *Hoaleshwaria*
		- *Kowsalyabothrium* Muralidhar, Shinde & Jadhav, 1987
		- *Marsupiobothrium* Yamaguti, 1952
		- *Monorygma* Diesing, 1863
		- *Orygmatobothrium* Diesing, 1863
		- *Pelichnibothrium* Monticelli, 1889
		- *Pentaloculum* Alexander, 1963
		- *Phanobothrium*
		- *Phormobothrium* Alexander, 1963
		- *Phyllobothrium* Van Beneden, 1850
		- *Pillersium* Southwell, 1927
		- *Pithophorus* Southwell, 1925
		- *Polipobothrium*
		- *Rockacestus* Caira, Bueno & Jensen, 2021
		- *Ruhnkebothrium* Caira, Bueno & Jensen, 2021
		- *Scyphophyllidium* Woodland, 1927
		- *Shindeiobothrium*
		- *Thysanocephalum* Linton, 1890
		- *Tiarabothrium* Shipley & Hornell, 1906
		- *Yamaguticestus* Caira, Bueno & Jensen, 2021
		- *Zyxibothrium* Hayden & Campbell, 1981
* Rhinebothriidea
* Spathebothriidea

	+ Acrobothriidae
	+ Diplocotylidae
	+ Spathebothriidae
* Tetrabothriidea

	+ Tetrabothriidae
		- *Anophryocephalus* Baylis, 1922
		- *Bothridiotaenia* Lönnberg, 1896
		- *Chaetophallus* Nybelin, 1916
		- *Dendrometra* Jordano & Diaz-Ungria, 1956
		- *Priapocephalus* Nybelin, 1922
		- *Strobilocephalus* Baer, 1932
		- *Tetrabothrium* Blainville, 1828
		- *Tetrabothrius* Rudolphi, 1819
		- *Trigonocotyle* Baer, 1932
* 四葉目 Tetraphyllidea
* 锥吻目 Trypanorhyncha

目的地位未定的科：
* Ballianiidae
* Pseudophyllidae
* Trilocularidae

目和科的地位未定的属：
* *Acanthorhynchus* Diesing, 1850
* *Acrostoma* Le Sauvage, 1827
* *Alyselminthus* Zeder, 1800
* *Amphicephalus* Beneden, 1871
* *Aprostatandrya* Spasski, 1951
* *Atriotaenia* Spasski, 1951
* *Balanoforus* Briganti, 1825
* *Bicorne* Sultzer, 1801
* *Bicornius* Rafinesque, 1815
* *Bothriocephalum* Lühe, 1899
* *Bothriorhynchus* Lidth de Jeude, 1829
* *Bothriotaenia* Railliet, 1892
* *Bothryocephalus* Cuvier, 1817
* *Butleroides* Lordello & Zamith, 1959
* *Caryophillinus* Schrank, 1788
* *Caryophyllus* Rudolphi, 1809
* *Catenaria* Zeder, 1800
* *Cephalocotyleum* Diesing, 1850
* *Cercocystis* Villot, 1882
* *Cestoideum* Diesing, 1854
* *Cestoscolex* Parona, 1887
* *Chitonorecta* Meggitt, 1927
* *Cisticercoideum* Parona, 1901
* *Corynesoma* Leuckart, 1843
* *Cotylogenes* Lühe, 1902
* *Cryptocephalus* van Beneden, 1849
* *Cryptocystis* Villot, 1883
* *Cucurbilepsis* Sadovskaya, 1965
* *Cucurbitina* Alexander, 1833
* *Cucurbitinus* Gleichen, 1779
* *Cucurbitinus* Kniphof, 1759
* *Cylindrocorpus* Rühm, 1959
* *Cysticercus* Zeder, 1800
* *Cysturus* Oken, 1815
* *Davainoides* Fuhrmann, 1921
* *Dibothria* Rudolphi, 1809
* *Dibothriorhyncus* Chiaje, 1831
* *Dibothrium* Diesing, 1850
* *Dibothrium* Rudolphi, 1839
* *Dibothrius* Rudolphi, 1819
* *Dibothrydus*
* *Diorchis* Matevosyan, 1946
* *Diplasia* Holten, 1802
* *Diporus* Diesing, 1863
* *Diprognopolus* Anon., 1904
* *Dithyridium* Rudolphi, 1819
* *Dithyridium* Valenciennes, 1844
* *Dittocephalus* Parona, 1887
* *Echinobothria* Rudolphi, 1810
* *Echinobothrion* Rudolphi, 1809
* *Echinoproboscilepsis* Sadovskaya, 1965
* *Fascia* Blanchard, 1888
* *Furia* Linnaeus, 1758
* *Gieystoria*
* *Globus* Scopoli, 1772
* *Gopalaia* Dixit, Capoor & Rengaragu, 1980
* *Guptaia* Malhotra, 1985
* *Gvosdevileps* Spasskii, 1953
* *Gymnobothrion* Rudolphi, 1809
* *Gymnoscolex* Diesing, 1853
* *Gymnotenia* Beneden, 1873
* *Gyrarthrix*
* *Halysis* Zeder, 1803
* *Heterodera* Skarbilovich, 1959
* *Hydatodes* Abildgaard, 1790
* *Ilisha* Southwell & Prashad, 1918
* *Lakistorhynchus* Pintner, 1913
* *Luheella* Baer, 1924
* *Maccallumiella* Yamaguti, 1952
* *Mastacembellophyllaeus* Shinde & Chincholikar, 1977
* *Merocestus* Cohn, 1902
* *Metabelea* Mettrick, 1963
* *Monocercus* Villot, 1882
* *Monogramma* Cholodkovsky, 1915
* *Notobothrium* Linstow, 1905
* *Octobothrium* Diesing, 1850
* *Onchoscolex* Diesing, 1853
* *Oobothrium* Linton, 1904
* *Orygmatoscolex* Diesing, 1854
* *Palaia* Shipley, 1900
* *Pancrates* Gistl, 1848
* *Parvitaenio* Burt, 1940
* *Piestocystis* Diesing, 1850
* 平槽属 *Platybothrium* Hornell & Nayudu, 1924
* *Plerocercoides*
* *Proglottis* Dujardin, 1843
* *Prosthecocotyle* Monticelli, 1892
* *Pseudobothrium*
* *Pseudocapingentoldes* Verma, 1971
* *Pseudodiscus* Polonio, 1860
* *Pseudonybelinla* Dollfus, 1966
* *Pseudoscicus* Polonio, 1860
* *Sagittula* Lamarck, 1816
* *Skrjabinoparaksis* Krotov, 1949
* *Slossia* Meggitt, 1931
* *Solium* Blanchard, 1886
* *Spasskijela* Tenora, 1959
* *Sphairidion* Goodsir, 1845
* *Steganobothrium* Diesing, 1854
* *Stenotenia* Gervais, 1870
* *Strobilocercus* Sambon, 1924
* *Synbia* Tschudi, 1837
* *Taeniea* Braun, 1894
* *Taxocyclocotyle* Diesing, 1854
* *Terratas* Blanchard, 1886
* *Tetrabothriorhynchus* Diesing, 1850
* *Tetracisdicotyla* Fuhrmann, 1907
* *Tetracotylus* Monticelli, 1892
* *Tetrarhyncha*
* *Tetrastoma* Forbes, 1840
* *Tetrathyridium* Rudolphi, 1819
* *Tetrathyrus* Creplin, 1851
* *Thornonema* Andrássy, 1959
* *Urocystidium* Beddard, 1912
* *Versicaria* Baird, 1853

## 特征

成虫扁长如腰带，分节，白色或乳白色，体长因虫种不同可从数毫米至数米不等。由头节（scolex）、颈部（neck）、节片（proglottid）组成，前端细。
头节上有槽、吸盘或钩，借此附着在宿主肠壁上；节片由颈分裂而来，节片由一至数千不等，越往后越宽大；每一节片相当一个体，称链体（stroblius），链体是虫体最显著的部分，其中至少有一套雌雄生殖器官，其他器官退化，营养靠体表吸收宿主的养料；随着生殖器官的发育，节片愈后愈成熟，有卵的节片称为孕节，最后逐节或整段脱落，随粪便排出宿主体外。

## 生活史

卵内具有钩的胚，胚逸出后侵入中间宿主，发育为实心或囊状的蚴，蚴被最终宿主吞食后，即在小肠内成长为成虫；例如寄生人体内的猪肉绦虫、牛肉绦虫。