# 語調[编辑]

| 语调升阶 语调降阶 |
| --- |
| ↗◌ |
| ↘◌ |
| IPA編號 | 510, 511 |
| 編碼 |
| HTML碼（十進制） | `&#8599;​&#8600;` |
| Unicode碼（十六進制） | U+2197 U+2198 |

**语调**（英語：intonation），又稱**語氣**、**口氣**、**音高**，是指说话者交談發聲的音調，即说话者依據個人心情（态度、個性），讓声调的高低轻重音調，再附加上發聲的高低轻重音調；前者是文法上的音調、後者是心情上的音調。

## 示例

例如在汉语中，接到对方的電話，然後回應：「喂，你是谁？」，这样一句话，套上不同的语调，則会給人有不同的感受；說話者的语气平缓，表示心情较为平和或较为克制；說話者的语气高降调、重音明顯，表示心情不好或性格较为急躁。

## 參考文獻

* Интонация. Русская грамматика **I**. 科學出版社. 1980 （俄语）.  （俄文）
* Bolinger, D. (1951) ‘Intonation – levels versus configurations’, *Word* 7, 199–200
* Brazil (1975) *Discourse Intonation*, University of Birmingham: English Language Research
* Brazil, Coultheart and Johns (1980) *Discourse Intonation and Language Teaching*, Longman
* Celce-Murcia, M., D. Brinton and J. Goodwin (1996) *Teaching Pronunciation*, Cambridge University Press
* Cooper-Kuhlen, Elizabeth, Introduction to English Prosody, 1986, Edward Arnold
* Cruttenden, A. (1997) *Intonation* (Second Edition), Cambridge University Press
* Crystal, D. (1969) *Prosodic Systems and Intonation in English*, Cambridge University Press
* Crystal, D. (1975) 'Prosodic features and linguistic theory', in *The English Tone of Voice*, Edward Arnold
* Crystal, D. and R. Quirk (1964) *Systems of Prosodic and Paralinguistic Features in English*, Mouton
* Gussenhoven, C. (2004). *The Phonology of Tone and Intonation*, Cambridge University Press.
* Halliday, M.A.K. (1967) *Intonation and Grammar in British English*, Mouton
* Halliday, M.A.K., and Greaves, W.S., Intonation in the Grammar of English, London, Equinox, 2008.
* Hirst, D.J. & Di Cristo, A. (eds) 1998. Intonation Systems. A survey of Twenty Languages. (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press). [ISBN 0521395135 (Hardback); ISBN 0-521-39550-X (Paperback)].
* Jones, Daniel (1964) *An Outline of English Phonetics*, Heffer.
* Ladd, D. Robert. (2009). *Intonational Phonology, 2nd Edition.* Cambridge University Press.
* Lee, W.R. (1958) *English Intonation: A New Approach*, North-Holland
* Lian, A-P. Intonation Patterns of French, River Seine Publications, Melbourne, 1980.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Liu F, Patel AD, Fourcin A, Stewart L. (2010). Intonation processing in congenital amusia: discrimination, identification and imitation. Brain. 133(Pt 6):1682–93. doi:10.1093/brain/awq089 PMID 20418275
* Michaud, A. and J. Vaissière (2015). Tone and intonation: introductory notes and practical recommendations. KALIPHO - Kieler Arbeiten zur Linguistik und Phonetik 3. 43–80.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* O'Connor, J.D. and G.F. Arnold (1961, 1973) *The Intonation of Colloquial English*, Longman
* Palmer, H.E. (1922) *English Intonation with Systematic Exercises*, Heffer.
* Pierrehumbert, Janet B. (1980) "The Phonology and Phonetics of English Intonation" Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, published by Indiana Linguistics Club 1987.
* Pike, K.L. (1945) *The Intonation of American English*, University of Michigan Press.
* Roach, Peter (2009) *English Phonetics and Phonology*, (Fourth Edition), Cambridge University Press.
* Schack, Katrina. "Comparison of intonation patterns in Mandarin and English for a particular speaker", University of Rochester Working Papers in the Language Sciences, Spring 2000, no. 1: p. 29.
* Shen, Xiao-nan Susan. The Prosody of Mandarin Chinese. Vol. 118 of University of California Publications in Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. p. 95.
* Trager, G. and H.Smith (1951) *An Outline of English Structure*, American Council of Learned Societies.
* Trager, G. (1964) 'The intonation system of American English', in Abercrombie D. et al. *In Honour of Daniel Jones*, Longman
* Wells, J.C. (2006) *English Intonation: An Introduction*, Cambridge University Press.

## 外部連接

* ToBI – Ohio State University, Department of Linguistics