# 维也纳学派

**维也纳学派**（德語：Wiener Kreis），1920年代围绕维也纳大学哲学系发展出来的一个自然科学和哲学的学派。

## 历史

维也纳学派是发源于20世纪20年代奥地利首都维也纳的一个学术团体。其成员主要包括领袖人物石里克、鲁道夫·卡尔纳普、纽拉特、赫伯特·费格尔、汉恩、伯格曼、弗兰克、韦斯曼、哥德尔，等等。他们多是当时欧洲大陆优秀的物理学家、数学家和逻辑学家。他们关注当时自然科学发展成果（如数学基础论、相对论与量子力学），并尝试在此基础上去探讨哲学和科学方法论等问题。

受到19世纪以来德国实证主义传统影响，加上在维特根斯坦《逻辑哲学论》思想启示下，维也纳学派提出了一系列有别传统的见解。大致来说，他们的（除哥德尔）中心主张有两点：一，拒绝形而上学，认为经验是知识唯一可靠来源；二，只有通过运用逻辑分析的方法，才可最终解决传统哲学问题。

20世纪20年代末以来，维也纳学派通过组织一系列国际会议与发行丛书，与欧美思想相近学者（如德国的柏林学派与波兰华沙学派）相联系，而逐渐发展成为声势浩大的逻辑实证主义运动。然而，随着30年代中期纳粹主义在欧洲兴起，学派中的犹太的学者受到迫害，导致不少重要成员被迫逃亡海外。及至1933年汉恩病逝，1936年石里克遇刺身亡，维也纳学派最终走向解散的结局。尽管如此，逻辑实证主义思想却因此得在英美国家得到广泛传播，并促成了二战后分析哲学成为英语世界的学术主流。

## 研究書目

### 原始文献

* Carnap, Rudolf. "Überwindung der Metaphysik durch Logische Analyse der Sprache" in *Erkenntnis*, vol. 2, 1932 (English translation "The Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis of Language" in Sarkar, Sahotra, ed., *Logical empiricism at its peak: Schlick, Carnap, and Neurath*, New York : Garland Pub., 1996, pp. 10–31)
* Neurath, Otto and Carnap, Rudolf and Morris, Charles W. *Foundations of the Unity of Sciences*, vol. 1, Chicago : The University of Chicago Press, 1969.
* *Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung. Der Wiener Kreis*, 1929. English translation *The Scientific Conception of the World. The Vienna Circle* in Sarkar, Sahotra, ed., *The Emergence of Logical Empiricism: from 1900 to the Vienna Circle*, New York : Garland Publishing, 1996, pp. 321–340
* Stadler, Friedrich and Uebel, Thomas (eds.): *Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung. Der Wiener Kreis. Hrsg. vom Verein Ernst Mach (1929).* Reprint of the first edition. With translations into English, French, Spanish and Italian. Vienna: Springer, 2012.
* Stöltzner, Michael and Uebel, Thomas (eds.). *Wiener Kreis. Texte zur wissenschaftlichen Weltauffassung*. Meiner, Hamburg, 2006, ISBN 3-7873-1811-9. (Anthology in German)

### 二次文献

* Arnswald, Ulrich, Stadler, Friedrich and Weibel, Peter (ed.): *Der Wiener Kreis – Aktualität in Wissenschaft, Literatur, Architektur und Kunst.* Wien: LIT Verlag 2019. ISBN 978-3-643-50937-6
* Ayer, Alfred Jules. *Language, Truth and Logic.* London, Victor Gollancz, 1936.
* Ayer, Alfred Jules. *Logical Positivism*. Glencoe, Ill: Free Press, 1959.
* Barone, Francesco. *Il neopositivismo logico*. Roma Bari: Laterza, 1986.
* Bergmann, Gustav. *The Metaphysics of Logical Positivism*. New York: Longmans Green, 1954.
* Cirera, Ramon. *Carnap and the Vienna Circle: Empiricism and Logical Syntax*. Atlanta, GA: Rodopi, 1994.
* Damböck, Christian. Nachwort (PDF). Damböck, Christian (编). Der Wiener Kreis – Ausgewählte Texte. Stuttgart: Reclam. 2013: 227–244  [2021-03-21]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-11-25） （德语）.
* Frank, Philipp: *Modern Science and its Philosophy*. Cambridge, 1949.
* Friedman, Michael, *Reconsidering Logical Positivism*. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
* Gadol, Eugene T. *Rationality and Science: A Memorial Volume for Moritz Schlick in Celebration of the Centennial of his Birth*. Wien: Springer, 1982.
* Geymonat, Ludovico. *La nuova filosofia della natura in Germania*. Torino, 1934.
* Giere, Ronald N. and Richardson, Alan W. *Origins of Logical Empiricism*. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997.
* Haller, Rudolf. *Neopositivismus. Eine historische Einführung in die Philosophie des Wiener Kreises*. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 1993, ISBN 3-534-06677-4. (German)
* Holt, Jim. "Positive Thinking" (review of Karl Sigmund, *Exact Thinking in Demented Times: The Vienna Circle and the Epic Quest for the Foundations of Science*, Basic Books, 449 pp.), *The New York Review of Books*, vol. LXIV, no. 20 (21 December 2017), pp. 74–76.
* Kraft, Victor. *The Vienna Circle: The Origin of Neo-positivism, a Chapter in the History of Recent Philosophy*. New York: Greenwood Press, 1953.
* Limbeck, Christoph and Stadler, Friedrich (eds.). *The Vienna Circle. Texts and Pictures of an Exhibition.* Münster-Berlin-London 2015. ISBN 978-3-643-90649-6
* McGuinness, Brian. *Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle: Conversations Recorded by Friedrich Waismann*. Trans. by Joachim Schulte and Brian McGuinness. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1979.
* Parrini, Paolo; Salmon, Wesley C.; Salmon, Merrilee H. (ed.) *Logical Empiricism – Historical and Contemporary Perspectives*, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2003.
* Reisch, George. *How the Cold War Transformed Philosophy of Science : To the Icy Slopes of Logic*. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
* Rescher, Nicholas (ed.). *The Heritage of Logical Positivism*. University Press of America, 1985.
* Richardson, Alan W. "The Scientific World Conception. Logical Positivism", in: T. Baldwin (Hg.), *The Cambridge History of Philosophy*, 1870–1945, 2003, 391–400.
* Richardson, Alan W. and Uebel, Thomas (ed.). *The Cambridge Companion to Logical Empiricism*. Cambridge, 2007.
* Salmon, Wesley and Wolters, Gereon (ed.), *Logic, Language, and the Structure of Scientific Theories: Proceedings of the Carnap-Reichenbach Centennial, University of Konstanz, 21–24 May 1991*, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1994.
* Sarkar, Sahotra. *The Emergence of Logical Empiricism: From 1900 to the Vienna Circle*. New York: Garland Publishing, 1996.
* Sarkar, Sahotra. *Logical Empiricism at its Peak: Schlick, Carnap, and Neurath*. New York: Garland Pub., 1996.
* Sarkar, Sahotra. *Logical Empiricism and the Special Sciences: Reichenbach, Feigl, and Nagel*. New York: Garland Pub., 1996.
* Sarkar, Sahotra. *Decline and Obsolescence of Logical Empiricism: Carnap vs. Quine and the Critics*. New York: Garland Pub., 1996.
* Sarkar, Sahotra. *The Legacy of the Vienna Circle: Modern Reappraisals*. New York: Garland Pub., 1996.
* Spohn, Wolfgang (ed.), *Erkenntnis Orientated: A Centennial Volume for Rudolf Carnap and Hans Reichenbach*, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.
* Stadler, Friedrich. *The Vienna Circle. Studies in the Origins, Development, and Influence of Logical Empiricism.* New York: Springer, 2001. – 2nd Edition: Dordrecht: Springer, 2015.
* Stadler, Friedrich (ed.). *The Vienna Circle and Logical Empiricism. Re-evaluation and Future Perspectives.* Dordrecht – Boston London, Kluwer, 2003.
* Uebel, Thomas. *Vernunftkritik und Wissenschaft: Otto Neurath und der erste Wiener Kreis.* Wien-New York 2000. (German)
* Uebel, Thomas, "On the Austrian Roots of Logical Empiricism" in *Logical Empiricism – Historical and contemporary Perspectives*, ed. Paolo Parrini, Wesley C. Salmon, Merrilee H. Salmon, Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press, 2003, pp. 76–93.
* 洪謙：《邏輯經驗主義論文集》（香港：三聯書店【香港】有限公司，1990）。
* 韓林合編：《洪謙選集》（長春：吉林人民出版社，2005）。

* Institute Vienna Circle （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Vienna Circle Society （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Vienna Circle Foundation Amsterdam （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Thomas Uebel, "Vienna Circle", *The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy* （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）