# 哥倫比亞內戰[编辑]

| 哥倫比亞內戰 |
| --- |
| 冷战（1964年—1991年） 和毒品戰爭（1991年至今）的一部分 |
|  |
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|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 日期 | 1964年5月27日至今 （62年3周又3天） |
| 地点 | 哥伦比亚 |
| 状态 | *正在进行** 哥倫比亞政府与哥倫比亞革命武裝力量2016年6月23日，双方签署最终停火协议
 |
| 领土变更 | 卡古安非軍事區 |

 |
| 参战方 |
|  **哥倫比亞政府 哥倫比亞政府軍
	+ 哥倫比亞國家陸軍
	+ 哥倫比亞海軍步兵
	+ 哥倫比亞海軍
	+ 哥倫比亞空軍
	+ 哥倫比亞國家警察

**支持者:**  美国  巴西  西班牙  墨西哥  法國  加拿大  義大利  英国

* 特种侦察部队
 | **哥伦比亚右翼准军事组织 哥倫比亞聯合自衛軍 (1997–2008)
* A A A (1978–1999)
* CONVIVIR (1994–2007)
* ACCU (1964–2009)
* Los Paisas (2008–2014)
* Black Eagles (2006–2016)
* Los Rastrojos (2004–2016)
* Libertadores del Vichada (2010–2017)
* Bloque Meta (2010–2017)
* ERPAC (1964–2010)
* Clan del Golfo
* Oficina de Envigado
 | **哥倫比亞遊擊隊** （左翼）* ELN
* EPL
* FARIP
* FARC ((1964–2017))
* M-19 (1985–2007)
* MOEC (1964–1990)
* MAQL (1964–1995)
* ERC (1964–1992)
* ERG (1964–2008)
* PRT (1964–1991)

**支持者:**  委內瑞拉 (聲稱)  古巴 (1964–1991)  苏联 (1964–1991)  白俄羅斯 (2008—2016)* **麥德林集團 **錫納羅亞販毒集團**
 |
| 指挥官与领导者 |
| **哥倫比亞政府**: 伊万·杜克·马尔克斯

 胡安·曼努埃尔·桑托斯  阿尔瓦罗·乌里韦  安德烈斯·帕斯特拉纳·阿朗戈  埃内斯托·桑佩尔·皮萨诺  塞萨尔·加维里亚·特鲁希略 | **哥倫比亞聯合自衛軍**：  Fidel Castaño**†**  Carlos Castaño**†**  Vicente Castaño  Rodrigo Tovar Pupo  Salvatore Mancuso  Diego Murillo | **FARC**:  Timoleón Jiménez  Iván Márquez  Joaquín Gómez  Mauricio Jaramillo

**ELN:**  Antonio García  Francisco Galán |
| 兵力 |
|
國家警察：175250 陸軍: 237,567 海軍: 33,913 空軍: 14,033 |
準軍事後繼團體，包括黑鷹: 3,749 – 13,000 |
FARC: 13,980 (2016) ELN: 1,380 – 3,000 (2013) IRAFP: ~80 |
| 伤亡与损失 |
|  士兵和警察: 2004 年以來 4,908 人死亡 2004 年以來 20,001 人受傷 |  哥倫比亞聯合自衛軍: 2,200 人死亡， 35,000 人復員。 BACRIM: 222人死亡 18506人被捕 |  FARC,  ELN 和其他 **非正規軍事團體:** 11,484 人自 2004 年以來被殺 26,648 人自 2002 年以來復員 34,065 人自 2004 年以來被俘 |
| **總傷亡:** 218,094 **平民喪生**: 177,307 **綁架**: 27,023 **失蹤受害者**: 25,007 **殺傷人員地雷的受害者**: 10,189 **流離失所人口**: 4,744,046–5,712,506 **孩童流離失所**:230萬 **孩童喪生**: 45,000 **孩童失蹤**: 8,000  |

**哥倫比亞內戰**是在哥伦比亚境内始于1960年代持续至今的一系列低强度不对称战争。冲突在哥伦比亚政府、右翼准军事组织（如哥伦比亚联合自卫军和美洲反共联盟）、贩毒机构（如麦德林集团）还有左翼游击队（如哥伦比亚革命武装力量—人民军、民族解放军和人民解放军）多方之间展开，以在哥伦比亚境内控制更多地区和获得更大影响力。对哥伦比亚内战的国际赞助者包括跨国集团公司、美国古巴以及贩毒集团。

## 現代

冷戰後，由於失去蘇聯及其它前社會主義國家的支援，哥伦比亚革命武装力量因要籌集經費，開始插足可卡因及綁架政客等勾當，以致形象急劇轉差，被视为恐怖主義組織。 因此，哥伦比亚共产党解除了哥伦比亚革命武装力量与其之间的隶属关系，哥伦比亚革命武装力量遂成為一個獨立的政治军事組織。2007年，哥伦比亚革命武装力量人數約為3000-4000人。哥革武參與了哥倫比亞25-30%恐怖事件，尤其是在該國東南部的叢林以及安第斯山脈腳下的平原地區。哥伦比亚革命武装力量曾釋放多名「有價值」人質，意圖改善形象。

2012年，在以古巴和挪威作为担保国、以委内瑞拉和智利作为观察国的斡旋框架下，双方开始在古巴首都哈瓦那进行和谈。2016年6月23日，双方签署最终停火协议，8月24日哥伦比亚政府与哥伦比亚革命武装力量在古巴首都哈瓦那达成最终全面和平协议，协议包括停战、农村改革、打击贩毒、被遣散的游击队员可参与政治、建立过渡性司法机构等内容，但和平协议内容的合法性最终将由全民公投决定。但哥伦比亚前总统乌里韦认为，最初的和平协议向反政府武装妥协过多、对受害者不公，呼吁民众投反对票，并要求对协议进行深入修改。與先前民調結果大相逕庭，10月2日举行的公投结果为支持 49.77%，反對 50.22%，协议意外遭到否決。11月24日哥伦比亚总统胡安·曼努埃爾·桑托斯与哥伦比亚革命武装力量领导人罗德里格·隆多尼奥在波哥大的科隆剧院签署了一份经修改的新的和平协议。而这一次，新的协议将会在国会核准，无需再进行全民表决。2017年6月27日，哥伦比亚革命武装力量停止作为武装团体存在。9月1日，该组织正式改组为大众革命替代力量，并于10月31日向官方注册为合法政党。

## 另見

* 争取进步联盟
* 墨西哥毒品戰爭
* 巴拉圭东北部动乱
* 秘鲁内部冲突

## 參考資料

### 註解

1. **^** Why did the Colombia Peace Process Fail? (PDF). The Tabula Rasa Institute.  [2006-02-26]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-07-21）.  [PDF file]
2. **^** Livingstone, Grace. Inside Colombia: Drugs, Democracy, and War. Rutgers University Press. 2004: 176. ISBN 0-8135-3443-7.
3. **^** Molano, Alfredo. James Graham (Translator) , 编. Loyal Soldiers in the Cocaine Kingdom: Tales of Drugs, Mules, and Gunmen. Columbia University Press. 2004-02-18. ISBN 0-231-12915-7.
4. **^** Peter, Canby. Latin America's longest war; "More Terrible than Death: Massacres, Drugs, and America's War in Colombia," "Walking Ghosts: Murder and Guerrilla Politics in Colombia," "Inside Colombia: Drugs, Democracy and War," "Loyal Soldiers in the Cocaine Kingdom: Tales of Drugs, Mules and Gunmen," "Law in a Lawless Land: Diary of a Limpieza in Colombia"; Book Review. The Nation. 2004-08-16, **279** (5): 31  [2017-05-05]. （原始内容存档于2006-10-20）.
5. **^** Stokes, Doug. America's Other War: Terrorizing Colombia. Canadian Dimension. 2005-07-01, **39** (4): 26  [2017-05-05]. （原始内容存档于2016-01-09）.
6. **^** Stokes, p. 26, quoting Marc Grossman, U.S. undersecretary of state for political affairs.
7. **^** Dudley, Steven; January. Walking Ghosts: Murder and Guerrilla Politics in Colombia. Routledge. 2004. ISBN 0-415-93303-X.
8. **^** Corbyn, Jeremy. Supporting terror; Jeremy Corbyn MP explains the reasons why Britain should be staying well clear of Colombian President Uribe Velez's regime. Morning Star. 2003-07-02: 7  [2017-05-05]. （原始内容存档于2006-05-31）.
9. **^** Livingstone, (Foreword by Pearce, Jenny), p. xvii (f24)
10. **^** Livingstone, p. 5;
Pearce, Jenny. 1st , 编. Colombia:Inside the Labyrinth. London: Latin America Bureau. 1990-05-01: 287. ISBN 0-906156-44-0.
11. **^** Pearce's forward in Livingstone, p. xx
12. **^** LeGrand, Catherine C. The Colombian crisis in historical perspective (Record in progress). Canadian Journal of Latin American & Caribbean Studies. June 2003, **28** (55/5): 165–209  [2017-05-05]. （原始内容存档于2006-05-31）.
13. **^** Economic Indicators Real Sector, 1999–2004. Latin Focus.  [2006-05-31]. （原始内容存档于2006-06-19）.
14. **^** Legrand, p. 165. See Note #15 for more on women in the conflict.
15. **^** Legrand, p. 165. See Note #18 for more on peasant support for the guerrillas. (see also Ortiz 2001; Reyes Posada and A. Bejarano 1988; Archila N. 1996)", Notes.
16. **^** Legrand, p. 165. Lengrand states: "Some observers noted that this percentage of supposed paramilitary supporters elected to congress in March 2002 corresponded to the number of representatives elected from Uraba and the Atlantic coast where the paramilitaries are strong. (El Tiempo March 13–14, 2002)", see Notes.
17. **^** Colombia’s Three Wars: U.S. Strategy at the Crossroads (PDF). Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College.  [2006-02-26]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-06-29）.  [PDF file]
18. **^** Colombia’s Three Wars: U.S. Strategy at the Crossroads (PDF). Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College.  [2006-02-26]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-06-29）.  [PDF file]
James, Preston Everett. Latin America (4th edition). The Odyssey Press. 1969: 426.
19. **^** The United States and Colombia: The Journey from Ambiguity to Strategic Clarity (PDF). Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College.  [2006-02-26]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-05-29）.  [PDF file]
20. **^** Livingstone, p. 5; Author Unknown. Bergquist, Charles , 编. Violence in Colombia, 1990–2000: Waging War and Negotiating Peace. SR Books. February 2001: 13. ISBN 0-8420-2869-2.
21. **^** Livingstone, p. 110.
22. **^** Livingstone, p. 7; Quoting: *Colombia: Inseguridad, Violencia, y Desempeño Económico en las Areas Rurales, Consejería para la Paz de la Presidencia de la República*, Colombia, 1999, Director de Investigación: Jesus Antonio Bejarano Avila.
23. **^** Livingstone, p. 5
24. **^** Livingstone, p. 5; Canby, p 31
Colombia. infoplease.com.  [2006-02-26]. （原始内容存档于2013-05-17）.
25. **^** Livingstone, p. 6; Amnistía Internacional Colombia Seguridad, ¿a qué precio? La falta de voluntad del gobierno para hacer frente a la crisis de derechos humanos. Amnesty Internacional (Amnesty International). December 2002  [2017-05-05]. （原始内容存档于2007-11-07）.
26. **^** Livingstone, p. 6; Source: Colombian Commission of Jurists; Arocha, Jaime. Evolución reciente del conflicto armado en Colombia: La Guerrilla in Las violencias: inclusión creciente 1998. Bogata: CES. 1998: 35–65. ISBN 958-96259-5-9.
27. **^** Livingstone, p. 6; Source: Colombian Commission of Jurists; Author Unknown. Country report on Human Rights in Colombia. US State Department. 2000: 1 (mimeograph).
28. **^** Livingstone, p. 7; Source: Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad (DAS); Richani, Nazih. Systems of Violence: The Political Economy of War and Peace in Colombia. State University of New York Press. 2002-04-01. ISBN 0-7914-5345-6.
29. **^** Livingstone, p. 7; Richani, p. 87
30. **^** Livingstone, p. 7

### 來源

### 延伸閱讀

#### 書

##### 英文

* Stokes, Doug; Noam Chomsky (Foreword). America's Other War: Terrorizing Colombia. Zed Books. 2005. ISBN 1-84277-547-2.
* Cuellar, Francisco Ramírez; Aviva Chomsky. The Profits of Extermination. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press. 2005. ISBN 1-56751-322-0.
* Aviva Chomsky. Linked labor histories: New England, Colombia, and the making of a global working class. Duke University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-8223-4190-1.
* Bushnell, David. The Making of Modern Colombia, a Nation in spite of itself. University of California Press. 1993. ISBN 0-520-08289-3.
* Dudley, Steven. Walking Ghosts: Murder and Guerrilla Politics in Colombia. Routledge. January 2004. ISBN 0-415-93303-X.
* Kirk, Robin. More Terrible than Death: Massacres, Drugs, and America's War in Colombia. PublicAffairs. January 2003. ISBN 1-58648-104-5.
* Ruiz, Bert. The Colombian Civil War. McFarland & Company. 2001-10-01. ISBN 0-7864-1084-1.
* Safford, Frank and Marco Palacios. Colombia: Fragmented Land, Divided Society. Oxford University Press. 2001-07-01. ISBN 0-19-504617-X.
* Taussig, Michael. Law in a Lawless Land: Diary of a Limpieza. New Press. 2003-11-01. ISBN 1-56584-863-2.

##### 其他語言

* Murillo, Mario and Jesus Rey Avirama. Colombia and the United States: War, Terrorism and Destabilization. Seven Stories Press. 2003-09-01. ISBN 1-58322-606-0.
* Palacios, Marco. Entre la legitimidad y la violencia: Colombia 1875–1994. Norma. 1995 （西班牙语）.
* Pardo Rueda, Rafael. La historia de las guerras. Ediciones B-Vergara. 2004. ISBN 958-97405-5-3 （西班牙语）.
* Hennecke, Angelika. Zwischen Faszination und Gewalt : Kolumbien—unser gemeinsamer Nenner : Reflexionen über das Verhältnis zwischen kultureller Identität, Kommunikation und Medien anhand der diskursanalytischen Untersuchung einer kolumbianischen Werbekampagne. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. 2006. ISBN 3-631-54930-X （德语）.
* Pizarro Leongómez, Eduardo. Las Farc: de la autodefensa a la combinación de todas las formas de lucha. Universidad Nacional. 1991.
* Tirado Mejía, Alvaro (编). Nueva historia de Colombia. Planeta. 1989.

#### 期刊文獻

* Sherman, John W. "Political Violence in Colombia: Dirty Wars Since 1977." *History Compass* (Sep 2015) 13#9 pp 454–465.
* Cirlig, Carmen-Cristina. Colombia: new momentum for peace? (PDF). Library Briefing. Library of the European Parliament.  [2013-07-15]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-11-08）.
* Azcarate, Camilo A. Psychosocial Dynamics of the Armed Conflict in Colombia. Online Journal of Peace and Conflict Resolution. March 1999  [2017-05-05]. （原始内容存档于2003-01-06）.
* James Petras. Neglected Dimensions of Violence. Economic and Political Weekly. 1988-07-02, **23** (27): 1367. JSTOR 4378701.
* Elizabeth F. Schwartz. Getting Away with Murder: Social Cleansing in Colombia and the Role of the United States. The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review. Winter 1995–1996, **27** (2): 381–420.
* John Lindsay-Poland. Retreat to Colombia: The Pentagon Adapts Its Latin America Strategy. NACLA Report on the Americas. January–February 2010.

#### 政府及非政府組織報告

* Colombia. Human Rights Watch.  [2006-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2006-02-23）.
* Information about the combatants. Center for International Policy.  [2006-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2018-04-23）.
* Solutions to Escape the Conflict's Impasse. National Human Development Report 2003.  [2006-02-23]. （原始内容存档于2004-08-03）.  *Extensive ideas on solutions to the Colombia conflict*
* Colombia 2005 Report. UN High Commissioner for Human Rights.  [2006-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-01）.  *(Spanish and English)*
* The Day after Tomorrow: Colombia's FARC and the End of the Conflict (PDF). International Crisis Group.  [2014-12-11]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-12-13）.  *(Spanish and English)*
* Squaring Colombia's Circle: The Objectives of Punishment and the Pursuit of Peace. International Center for Transitional Justice.  [2016-08-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-28）.
* From Principles to Practice: Challenges of Implementing Reparations for Massive Violations in Colombia. International Center for Transitional Justice.  [2016-08-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-27）.
* Political Crime, Amnesties and Pardons: Scope and Challenges. International Center for Transitional Justice.  [2016-08-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-23）.

#### 新聞

* Constanza Vieira. 'Let's talk about the disappeared'. Inter Press Service. 2010-07-16  [2017-05-05]. （原始内容存档于2010-07-18）.
* Indigenous Community in Colombia Fears Start of "Dirty War. Democracy Now!.  [2006-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2006-02-23）.  *Guests: Ezequiel Vitonas, former mayor of Toribio, and Manuel Rozental, human rights activist. Interviewers: Juan Gonzalez and Amy Goodman. Segment available in and via streaming real audio, 128k streaming Real Video or MP3 download.*
* The Colombian Miracle（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

* Overview of Colombian–FARC Peace Process
* Who are the victims? – The aftermath of violence in Colombia（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） – (Former combatants in Colombia's internal armed conflict spent two years painting their experiences. They face difficult decisions about what to remember, what to forget and how to forgive)
* Colombia Page on InSight Crime.  [2011-03-29]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-26）.  *(Ongoing reporting on the Colombian conflict and active criminal groups)*
* Evolution of the Colombian Civil War. Paul Wolf.  [2006-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2006-02-03）.  *(collection of declassified U.S. documents online)*
* Michael Evans (编). War in Colombia: Guerrillas, Drugs and Human Rights in U.S.-Colombia Policy, 1988–2002. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 69. National Security Archive. 2002-05-03  [2017-05-05]. （原始内容存档于2014-06-17）.
* America's Other War: Terrorizing Colombia.  [2006-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2009-10-25）.
* Plan Colombia by Carmen Guhn-Knight
* Rule of Law in Armed Conflict: Colombia. RULAC Project.  [2009-03-23]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-06）.
* Q&A: Colombia's civil conflict. BBC. 2009-12-23  [2006-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2009-12-24）.
* Colombia Program. Center for International Policy.  [2006-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2008-02-12）.
* Accord issue on Colombia's peace process. Alternatives to war.  [2006-11-18]. （原始内容存档于2006-11-17）.  *(In Spanish and English with chronology and key texts and agreements)*
* CERAC. Conflict Analysis Resources Center.  [2017-05-05]. （原始内容存档于2007-07-04）.  Colombian-based private research center that studies the conflict *(In Spanish and English)*
* Colombian Army website.  [2006-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2007-09-27）.  *(In Spanish and English)*
* Colombian President's Office.  [2006-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2008-11-18）.  *(In Spanish and English)*
* Background Note: Colombia. U.S. Department of State.  [2006-02-11]. （原始内容存档于2012-05-04）.
* Different Views of Colombian Territory.  [2006-02-24].  Maps of the conflict.
* AUC Official Website.  [2006-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2005-10-16）.  *(in Spanish)*
* FARC website.  [2008-07-12]. （原始内容存档于2008-07-05）.  *(in Spanish and English)* – No longer available online (censored by U.S. government)
* Colombia – Insurgency. Global Security.  [2006-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-21）.
* Civil War? The Language of Conflict in Colombia (PDF). Ideas for Peace Foundation.  [2006-02-24]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-02-17）.  (PDF) Is the Colombia conflict a civil war?
* The Peace Village San José Must Live. SOS San Jose.  [2006-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2006-01-12）.  *(in German and English)*
* Washington Office on Latin America.  [2006-02-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-16）.
* Who Shot My Brother?. National Film Board of Canada.  [2006]. （原始内容存档于2007-05-24）.
* Why the End of the Cold War Doesn't Matter: the US War of Terror in Colombia. Bristol University Politics Department.  [2006-02-27]. （原始内容存档于2005-10-01）.  by Doug Stokes
* Red Resistencia（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Insight on Conflict. Colombia Peacebuilding database.  [2017-05-05]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-01）.
* Crisis briefing on displacement because of the war（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） from Reuters AlertNet