# 查尔斯·桑德斯·皮尔士[编辑]

| 查尔斯·桑德斯·皮尔士 Charles Sanders Peirce |
| --- |
| 摄于1891年 |
| 出生 | (1839-09-10)1839年9月10日  美国麻薩諸塞州劍橋市 |
| 逝世 | 1914年4月19日(1914-04-19)（74歲）  美国賓夕法尼亞州米爾福德 |
| 国籍 |  美国 |
| 研究领域 | 邏輯、數學、統計學、哲學、計量學、化學、實驗心理學、經濟學、語言學、科學史 |
| 信仰 | 美國聖公會 |

**查尔斯·桑德斯·皮尔士**（英語：Charles Sanders Peirce，/pɜːrs/ *PURSS*；1839年9月10日—1914年4月19日），中文常译為**皮尔斯**或**帕爾斯**，是美国哲学家、逻辑学家与数学家，被誉为“实用主义之父”。伯特兰·罗素曾称其为：“十九世纪后期最有独创性的思想家之一，当然也是有史以来最伟大的美国思想家。”

## 生平

1839年生于马萨诸塞州坎布里奇，早年在哈佛大学接受教育，后任教于霍普金斯大学。

皮尔士在其一生中被很大程度上忽视了，直到第二次世界大战对他的研究文献仍很缺乏。他的很多巨著仍未出版中譯本。他是数学、研究方法论、科学哲学、知识论和形而上学领域中的改革者，他自认为首先是逻辑学家。尽管他主要对形式逻辑做出重要贡献，他的「逻辑」所含盖的很多内容现在被称做了科学哲学和知识论。他发现并创建了作为符號學分支的逻辑学，他发现逻辑运算可以用电子开关电路完成，因此预见了电子计算机。

他被威廉·詹姆士認為是美國當代實用主義的奠基人。

* 皮爾士符號學理論
* 逻辑机
* 邏輯矩陣
* 数学心理学
* 皮尔士现实主义
* 语用学
* 关系代数 (抽象代数)
* 真值表

## 參考資料

* Anellis, I.H. (1995) "Peirce Rustled, Russell Pierced: How Charles Peirce and Bertrand Russell Viewed Each Other's Work in Logic, and an Assessment of Russell's Accuracy and Role in the Historiography of Logic," Eprint （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） *Modern Logic 5*: 270–328.
* Aristotle，"The Categories," Harold P. Cooke (trans.), pp. 1–109 in *Aristotle, Volume 1*, Loeb Classical Library。London: William Heinemann，1938.
* Aristotle, "On Interpretation," Harold P. Cooke (trans.), pp. 111–179 in *Aristotle, Volume 1*, Loeb Classical Library. London: William Heinemann, 1938.
* Aristotle, "Prior Analytics，" Hugh Tredennick (trans.), pp. 181–531 in *Aristotle, Volume 1*, Loeb Classical Library. London: William Heinemann, 1938.
* Boole, George (1854) *An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities*, Macmillan。Reprinted 1958 with corrections, New York: Dover Publications。
* Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy：
	+ Atkin, Albert (2006) "Peirce's Theory of Signs （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）".
* Brent, Joseph (1998), Charles Sanders Peirce: A Life. Revised and enlarged edition, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN.
	+ Burch, Robert (2001) "Charles Sanders Peirce, （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）". Revised, Winter 2005.
* Dewey, John (1910) *How We Think*, Lexington MA: D.C. Heath。Reprinted 1991, Buffalo NY: Prometheus Books.
* Haack, Susan (1998) *Manifesto of a Passionate Moderate*. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.
* Houser, Nathan (1989) " The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Peirce Papers, （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）" *Fourth Congress of the International Association for Semiotic Studies*, Perpignan, France, 1989. Published, pp. 1259–1268 in *Signs of Humanity*, vol. 3, Michel Balat and Janice Deledalle-Rhodes (eds.), Gérard Deledalle (gen. ed.), Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, Germany, 1992.
* Liddell, Henry George，and Scott, Robert (1889) *An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）*, Oxford UK: Oxford University Press。Reprinted 1991.
* Mac Lane, Saunders (1971) *Categories for the Working Mathematician*, New York: Springer-Verlag。Second edition, 1998.
* Peirce, C.S. (1877) "The Fixation of Belief, （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）" *Popular Science Monthly 12*: 1–15. Reprinted CP 5.358-387.
* Peirce, C.S. (1878) "How to Make Our Ideas Clear, （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）" *Popular Science Monthly 12*: 286–302. Reprinted CP 5.388-410.
* Peirce, C.S. (1899) " F.R.L. (First Rule of Logic), （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）" unpaginated manuscript. Reprinted CP 1.135–140.
* Peirce, C.S., "Application of C.S. Peirce to the Executive Committee of the Carnegie Institution, July 15, 1902." Published in Eisele, Carolyn, ed. (1976) "Parts of Carnegie Application (L75)" in *The New Elements of Mathematics by Charles S. Peirce, Vol. 4, Mathematical Philosophy*. The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton Publishers: 13–73. Eprint version edited by Joseph Ransdell （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Peirce, C.S. (1992) *The Essential Peirce, Selected Philosophical Writings, Vol. 1 (1867–1893)*, Nathan Houser and Christian Kloesel, eds. Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press.
* Peirce, C.S. (1998) *The Essential Peirce, Selected Philosophical Writings, Volume 2 (1893–1913)*, Peirce Edition Project, eds. Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press.
* Robin, Richard S. (1967) *Annotated Catalogue of the Papers of Charles S. Peirce （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）*. Amherst MA: University of Massachusetts Press.
* Taylor, Barry N., ed. (2001) *The International System of Units, NIST Special Publication 330 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）*. Washington DC: Superintendent of Documents.
* van Heijenoort, Jean (1967) "Logic as Language and Logic as Calculus," *Synthese 17*: 324–30.