# 鱸形總目

| 鱸形總目 化石时期：
 |
| --- |
|  |
|  |
| 科学分类  |
| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
| 纲： | 辐鳍鱼綱 Actinopteri |
| 亚纲： | 新鰭亞綱 Neopterygii |
| 下纲： | 真骨下纲 Teleostei |
| 高群： | 骨舌鱼高群 Osteoglossocephalai |
| 总群： | 鲱头鱼总群 Clupeocephala |
| 群： | 正真骨鱼群 Euteleosteomorpha |
| 亚群： | 新真骨鱼亚群 Neoteleostei |
| 下群： | 宽鳍下群 Eurypterygia |
| 派： | 栉鳞派 Ctenosquamata |
| 亚派： | 棘鳍亚派 Acanthomorphata |
| 类： | 棘鰭類 Acanthopterygii |
| 总目： | **鱸形總目 Percomorpha** |
| 模式属
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| 鱸屬 *Perca* Linnaeus, 1758
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| 目
 |
| * 刺尾鯛目 Acanthuriformes
* 發光鯛目 Acropomatiformes
* 攀鱸目 Anabantiformes
* 銀漢魚目 Atheriniformes
* 蟾魚目 Batrachoidiformes
* 鶴鱵目 Beloniformes
* 䲁形目 Blenniiformes
* 鰺形目 Carangiformes
* 日鱸目 Centrarchiformes
* 鱂形目 Cyprinodontiformes
* 蝦虎魚目 Gobiiformes
* 鉤頭魚目 Kurtiformes
* 隆頭魚目 Labriformes
* 鼬魚目 Ophidiiformes
* 鱸形目 Perciformes
* 鯖形目 Scombriformes
* 合鰓目 Synbranchiformes
* 海龍魚目 Syngnathiformes
 |
| 異名
 |
| * Percomorphaceae Betancur-Rodriguez et al., 2013
 |

**鱸形總目**（学名：Percomorpha）是辐鳍鱼纲棘鰭類的一个主要演化支，在2017年Deepfin系統也稱為**鱸形亞類**（Percomorphaceae）。本總目擁有約300個科、18,900餘個物種，涵蓋了超過50%的已知魚類，包涵了98%的棘鰭類。過去所有曾經被歸類為鱸形目的魚類和牠們的近親都在這一演化支上。中文許多被稱為「**鱸魚**」的魚類都包括在這裡。其中約有37%魚種屬於真鱸形系。

## 形態

作為棘鰭類，本總目魚類的鰭通常含有硬棘，通常有兩片背鰭，背鰭可能部分相連或完全合成一片，通常前一片背鰭的鰭條有部分為硬棘，硬棘通常在前，而軟條在後。腹鰭位於喉部或腹部，通常有一根棘。鱗一般呈櫛狀，但也有圓形或其他形狀。尾鰭有多種形態，但通常上下對稱。

## 分类

### 種系發生學

鱸形總目属于真骨下纲正真骨鱼群栉鳞派棘鳍类。

鱸形總目包含了从传统鲈形目拆分出来的所有类群及其近亲。

2017年《硬骨魚系統分類》（Deepfin）將本總目的層級定為亞類，稱為鱸形亞類，分為9個系，包含34目及30個目級地位未定的科。

2021年Dornburg及Near在Deepfin的基础上，提出了合併小目，以解决當中多個地位未定的科，以及一些目存在的并系群問题。2025年Thacker及Near也進一步更新其系統。

因此，除了遠洋魚系、海龍魚系、蟾魚系、鼬魚系四系原本就只有一目外、鰺形系3目7地位未定科合一、卵附系7目9地位未定科整合成4個目（2021年版合成一個䲁形目，2025年版分出銀漢魚目，而鶴鱵目及鱂形目似乎也會被保留），而原有16目14個地位未定科的真鱸形系則整合為5目，于是，原有34目整合後共18目如下：

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 棘鰭類
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| 鱸形總目
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 卵附系
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
銀漢魚目 Atheriniformes  |
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鶴鱵目 Beloniformes  |
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|  |
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鱂形目 Cyprinodontiformes  |
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䲁形目 Blenniiformes  |
|  |

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| Ovalentaria
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|  |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 攀鱸系
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|  |  |
| --- | --- |
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攀鱸目 Anabantiformes  |
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合鰓目 Synbranchiformes ]

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|  |

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| Anabantaria
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鲹形目 Carangiformes  |
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| 真鱸形系
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
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刺尾鲷目 Acanthuriformes  |
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發光鯛目 Acropomatiformes  |
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隆頭魚目 Labriformes  |
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日鲈目 Centrarchiformes  |
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鲈形目 Perciformes  |
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| Eupercaria
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|  |
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|  |  |
| --- | --- |
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鲭形目 Scombriformes  |
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海龙鱼目 Syngnathiformes  |
|  |

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|  |

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| 鰕鯱系
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|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
鰕鯱目 Gobiiformes  |
|  |
|  |
鉤頭魚目 Kurtiformes  |
|  |

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| Gobiaria
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|  |
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蟾鱼目 Batrachoidiformes  |
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鼬魚目 Ophidiiformes  |
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| Percomorpha
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金眼鯛目 Beryciformes  |
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燧鯛目 Trachichthyiformes  |
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| Acanthopterygii
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在這一系統，刺尾鯛目會變成有54科的大型目級分類，僅次於有58科的鱸形目、鰺形目32科、䲁形目22科、發光鯛目21科、日鱸目20科、鯖形目17科、鱂形目16科、蝦虎魚目10科、海龍魚目11科、銀漢魚目10科、鶴鱵目10科、攀鱸目8科、隆頭魚目7科、合鰓目4科、鼬魚目3科、鉤頭魚目2科、蟾魚目1科。一些傳統且有效的單系群比如鰈形目會被整併入鰺形目，而諸如鮟鱇目、魨形目、鯛形目、白鯧目、蝴蝶魚目等則會被整併入刺尾鯛目。

### 分類史

在此前的2017年《硬骨魚系統分類》（Deepfin）将鲈形亚类分为9个系，包含34目及30个目级地位未定的科，其中鲈形目属于真鲈形系。
鲈形亚类各系的演化关系如下，這一分類，依然正確有效：

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 鲈形亚类
 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
攀鲈系 Anabantaria  |
|  |
|  |
鲹形系 Carangaria  |
|  |

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|  |
|  |
卵附系 Ovalentaria  |
|  |

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|  |
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真鲈形系 Eupercaria  |
|  |

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|  |
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虾虎鱼系 Gobiaria  |
|  |

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|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
远洋鱼系 Pelagiaria  |
|  |
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海龙鱼系 Syngnatharia  |
|  |

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|  |

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|  |
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蟾鱼系 Batrachoidaria  |
|  |

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|  |
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鼬鱼系 Ophidiaria  |
|  |

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| Percomorphaceae
 |

* 世界鱼类数据库 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）