# 中国神学[编辑]

**中国神学**（英語：Chinese theology）是一种基于中国古典与民间宗教的不同解释，以及尤其以儒家、道家及其他哲学体系为代表的理论建构。其在根本上具有一元论特征，即在该世界观下，世界及其现象中的诸神构成一个有机整体，亦即一个不断从单一原理中生成的宇宙。这一思想体现为“万物一理”的观念。该原理通常被称为“天”，指向北方至高之极与星空穹顶，同时也指支配地上万象并作为万物生成本源的自然法则。依此而论，祖先被视为在人类社会中与“天”等同的存在，并被认为是连接“天”的媒介，而“天”则被称为“曾祖父”。中国神学亦可称为“天学”，该词在17至18世纪已见使用。

在中国的神学体系中，作为万物起源的普遍原理，被理解为既超越于万物之上，又内在于万物之中。中国传统中的“至上神”观念有多种表达方式，不同来源赋予神以多种名称，体现出对最高神“层级化、多视角”的认识。

中国学者强调，中国传统中的神观包含两个面向：其一是民间信仰中具有人格化特征的神，其二是哲学探讨中的非人格化之神。二者共同构成了对一元论世界的“整合性界定”。

在中国历史的不同阶段，人们对传统中国神学的兴趣呈现出兴衰起伏。例如，在毛泽东思想意识形态指导下，20世纪中期推行的大跃进运动曾导致传统庙宇被大规模拆毁。自20世纪80年代以来，这些传统逐渐出现复兴。从历史上看，中国神学认为诸神或星辰构成一种“天上官僚体系”，其运作影响人间事务，并在中国国家体制的等级结构中得到映射。这些观念与更广泛的亚洲萨满教传统存在相似之处。通过“礼”的实践，人间与天界的对应关系得以维系，例如“醮”祭等仪式中，地方庙宇设置香火及各类供品，参与者期望借此更新社区领袖与神灵之间的联系。

### 引用

### 书目

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* Lagerwey, John; Kalinowski, Marc. Early Chinese Religion: Part One: Shang Through Han (1250 BC-220 AD). Brill. 2008. ISBN 978-90-04-16835-0.
* Libbrecht, Ulrich. Within the Four Seas...: Introduction to Comparative Philosophy. Peeters Publishers. 2007. ISBN 978-90-429-1812-2.
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* Lü, Daji; Gong, Xuezeng. Marxism and Religion. Religious Studies in Contemporary China. Brill. 2014. ISBN 978-90-474-2802-2.
* Medhurst, Walter H. A Dissertation on the Theology of the Chinese, with a View to the Elucidation of the Most Appropriate Term for Expressing the Deity, in the Chinese Language. Mission Press. 1847.  Original preserved at The British Library. Digitalised in 2014.
* Pankenier, David W. Astrology and Cosmology in Early China. Cambridge University Press. 2013. ISBN 978-1-107-00672-0.
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* Pregadio, Fabrizio. The Encyclopedia of Taoism. Routledge. 2013. ISBN 978-1-135-79634-1.  Two volumes: 1) A-L; 2) L-Z.
* Sun, Xiaochun; Kistemaker, Jacob. The Chinese Sky During the Han: Constellating Stars and Society. Brill. 1997. ISBN 90-04-10737-1.
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* Yao, Xinzhong; Zhao, Yanxia. Chinese Religion: A Contextual Approach. London: A&C Black. 2010. ISBN 978-1-84706-475-2.
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* Zhou, Jixu. Old Chinese "\*tees" and Proto-Indo-European "\*deus": Similarity in Religious Ideas and a Common Source in Linguistics (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers (Victor H. Mair). 2005, (167)  [2016-07-23]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-09-24）.
* Zhou, Youguang. To Inherit the Ancient Teachings of Confucius and Mencius and Establish Modern Confucianism (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers (Victor H. Mair). 2012, (226)  [2018-02-27]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-10-10）.

## 拓展阅读

* Berthrong, John H. Chinese (Confucian) Philosophical Theology. Flint, Thomas P.; Rea, Michael C. (编). The Oxford Handbook of Philosophical Theology. OUP Oxford. 2011: 574–596  [2016-07-24]. ISBN 978-0-19-928920-2. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199596539.001.0001. （原始内容存档于2016-08-17）.