# 第三党 (美国)[编辑]

**第三党**（英語：Third party）是一个政治术语，在现今的美国指除共和党、民主党两大政党外的其它所有政党。

这些政党也参加各种公职选举，但在美国现行的两党制体制下，胜选几率极其微小（最近一個國會議員是William Carney），兩黨以外多為無黨籍。目前，美国主要的第三党有自由意志黨、美国绿党和宪法党。但是「第三黨」在其他類似選制的國家，勝選相對容易。

## 现在的第三黨列表

* 自由意志黨
* 美國綠黨
* 非洲人民社会党
* 全非人民革命党
* 美国党
* 美国自由党
* 美国劳工党
* 美国团结党
* 黑人骑士解放党
* 美国公民党
* 美國共產黨
* 宪法党
* 美国民主社会主义者
* 自由道路社会主义组织
* 自由社会党
* 人道党
* 独立美国党
* 公正党
* 现在合法大麻党
* 美国大麻党
* 现代辉格党
* 国家社会主义运动
* 新非洲黑豹党
* 新黑豹党
* 美国海盗党
* 进步劳工党
* 禁酒党
* 美国改革党
* 革命黑豹党
* 美国革命共产党
* 争取社会主义和解放党
* 美国社会党
* 社会主义行动
* 社会主义替代
* 社会主义平等党
* 社会主义工人党
* 美国团结党 (2004年)
* 工作家庭党
* 工人世界党
* 美国世界社会党
* 前進党

## 参見

* 美国选举人团
* 無黨籍
* 政党
* 比例代表制
* 第三勢力
* 选举权

## 延伸閱讀

### 調查

* Epstein, David A. (2012). *Left, Right, Out: The History of Third Parties in America*. Arts and Letters Imperium Publications. ISBN 978-0-578-10654-0
* Gillespie, J. David. *Challengers to Duopoly: Why Third Parties Matter in American Two-Party Politics* (University of South Carolina Press, 2012)
* Green, Donald J. *Third-Party Matters: Politics, Presidents, and Third Parties in American History* (Praeger, 2010)
* Herrnson, Paul S. and John C. Green, eds. *Multiparty Politics in America* (Rowman & Littlefield, 1997)
* Hesseltine, William B. *Third-Party Movements in the United States* (1962), Brief survey
* Hicks, John D. "The Third Party Tradition in American Politics." *Mississippi Valley Historical Review* 20 (1933): 3–28. in JSTOR
* Kruschke, Earl R. *Encyclopedia of Third Parties in the United States* (ABC-CLIO, 1991)
* Ness, Immanuel and James Ciment, eds. *Encyclopedia of Third Parties in America* (4 vol. 2006)
* Richardson, Darcy G. *Others: Third Party Politics from the Nation's Founding to the Rise and Fall of the Greenback-Labor Party*. Vol. 1. iUniverse, 2004.
* Rosenstone, Steven J., Roy L. Behr, and Edward H. Lazarus. *Third Parties in America: Citizen Response to Major Party Failure* (2nd ed. Princeton University Press, 1996)
* Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, Jr. ed. *History of U.S. Political Parties* (1973) multivolume compilation includes essays by experts on the more important third parties, plus some primary sources
* Sifry, Micah L. *Spoiling for a Fight: Third Party Politics in America* (Routledge, 2002)

### 學術研究

* Abramson Paul R., John H. Aldrich, Phil Paolino, and David W. Rohde. "Third-Party and Independent Candidates in American Politics: Wallace, Anderson, and Perot." *Political Science Quarterly* 110 (1995): 349–67
* Argersinger, Peter H. *The Limits of Agrarian Radicalism: Western Populism and American Politics* (University Press of Kansas, 1995)
* Berg, John C. "Beyond a Third Party: The Other Minor Parties in the 1996 Elections," in *The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties* ed by Daniel M. Shea and John C. Green (3rd ed. Rowman & Littlefield, 1998), pp. 212–28
* Berg, John C. "Spoiler or Builder? The Effect of Ralph Nader's 2000 Campaign on the U.S. Greens." in *The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties*, (4th ed. 2003) edited by John C. Green and Rick Farmer, pp. 323–36.
* Brooks, Corey M. *Liberty Power: Antislavery Third Parties and the Transformation of American Politics* (University of Chicago Press, 2016). 302 pp.
* Burden, Barry C. "Ralph Nader's Campaign Strategy in the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election." *American Politics Research* 33 (2005): 672–99.
* Carlin, Diana B., and Mitchell S. McKinney, eds. *The 1992 Presidential Debates in Focus* (1994), includes Ross Parot
* Chace, James. *1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft and Debs – The Election that Changed the Country* (2009)
* Darsey, James. "The Legend of Eugene Debs: Prophetic Ethos as Radical Argument." *Quarterly Journal of Speech* 74 (1988): 434–52.
* Gould, Lewis L. *Four Hats in the Ring: The 1912 Election and the Birth of Modern American Politics* (2008)
* Hazlett, Joseph. *The Libertarian Party and Other Minor Political Parties in the United States* (McFarland & Company, 1992)
* Hogan, J. Michael. "Wallace and the Wallacites: A Reexamination." *Southern Speech Communication Journal* 50 (1984): 24–48. On George Wallace in 1968
* Jelen, Ted G. ed.  *Ross for Boss: The Perot Phenomenon and Beyond* (State University of New York Press, 2001)
* Koch, Jeffrey. "The Perot Candidacy and Attitudes Toward Government and Politics." *Political Research Quarterly* 51 (1998): 141–53.
* Koch, Jeffrey. "Political Cynicism and Third Party Support in American Presidential Elections," *American Politics Research* 31 (2003): 48–65.
* Lee, Michael J. "The Populist Chameleon: The People's Party, Huey Long, George Wallace, and the Populist Argumentative Frame." *Quarterly Journal of Speech* (2006): 355–78.
* Mowry, George E. *Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement* (1946), on 1912
* Rapoport, Ronald B., and Walter J. Stone. *Three's a Crowd: The Dynamic of Third Parties, Ross Perot, and Republican Resurgence* (University of Michigan Press, 2005)
* Richardson, Darcy G. *Others: Third Parties During the Populist Period* (2007) 506 pp
* Richardson, Darcy G. *A Toast to Glory: The Prohibition Party Flirts With Greatness*  59 pp
* Rohler, Lloyd. "Conservative Appeals to the People: George Wallace's Populist Rhetoric." *Southern Communication Journal* 64 (1999): 316–22.
* Rohler, Lloyd. *George Wallace: Conservative Populist* (Praeger, 2004)
* Rosenfeld, Lawrence W. "George Wallace Plays Rosemary's Baby." *Quarterly Journal of Speech* 55 (1969): 36–44.
* Ross, Jack. *The Socialist Party of America: A Complete History* (2015) 824 pp
* Shepard, Ryan Michael. "Deeds done in different words: a genre-based approach to third party presidential campaign discourse." (PhD Dissertation, University of Kansas 2011) online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

* The Importance of Ballot Access, essay by Richard Winger
* Ballot Access News – Ballot Access news on all parties
* Free and Equal （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） – Election Reform to end partisan duopoly
* Independent Political Report （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） – Frequently updated source for third party news