# 松林语[编辑]

| 松林语 |
| --- |
| 发音 | sɑŋ³¹lin⁵⁵pu⁵⁵lo³¹ɟe⁵⁵ |
| 母语国家和地区 | 中国 |
| 区域 | 西藏林芝市察隅县上察隅镇松林村 |
| 母语使用人数 | 1千人 （2019） |
| 系属分类 | 汉藏语系
* (未分类)
	+ **松林语**
 |
| 語言代碼 |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | `song1316` |

**松林语**是一种最近被记录的汉藏语，分布在西藏林芝市察隅县上察隅镇松林村。最近被宋成 (2019)记录。

## 记录

江荻在2000年代进行义都语研究时首次了解岛松林语的存在，当时上察隅地区的义都人称附近有人说“松冷土语”。2014年收集了初步数据后，李大勤领导的研究团队在2015–2017年夏开展了密集的田野调查。宋成记录松林语的专著《西藏察隅松林语》于2019年出版发行。

## 分布

松林与分布在上察隅镇松林村，使用人数约1千人。当地的通用语是藏语康方言察隅话。松林语使用者也有的会说义都语或东坝话，它们在上察隅镇都有分布。

松林村位于贡日嘎布曲西岸，在上察隅镇（松林语ʐoŋ³¹ȶø⁵⁵；位于下游）西北数公里处。附近村庄有北边的巩固村、西巴村（松林语ɕi⁵⁵tɑ⁵⁵）、荣玉村，以及南边的宗巴村、米古村(宋成 2019:6)。

## 系属分类

宋成 & 林鑫 (2020)的研究表明，松林语和周围的藏缅语都没有密切关系，不能归为藏语方言。江荻 (2023)的计算系统发育研究也证明了松林语的异质地位。松林语和义都-达让语支语言都分布在察隅县，但没有密切的亲缘关系。

## 音系

### 辅音

松林语辅音如下。

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| p | t |  | ȶ | c | k |  |
| pʰ | tʰ |  | ȶʰ | cʰ | kʰ |  |
| b | d |  | ȡ | ɟ | g |  |
| m̥ | n̥ |  | ȵ̥ |  | ŋ̥ |  |
| m | n |  | ȵ |  | ŋ |  |
|  | s | ʂ | ɕ |  |  | h
 |
|  | z | ʐ | ʑ |  |  |  |
|  | ts | tʂ | tɕ |  |  |  |
|  | tsʰ | tʂʰ | tɕʰ |  |  |  |
|  | dz | dʐ | dʑ |  |  |  |
| w |  |  |  | j |  |  |
|  | l |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | ɬ |  |  |  |  |  |

复辅音：nb, nd, nȡ, nɟ, ng, ndz, ndʑ, ndʐ, pʐ, pʰʐ, bʐ, nbʐ, kʐ, kʰʐ, gʐ, nbʐ, ngʐ。/n/-是复辅音的一部分，而非前鼻化的声母。

### 元音

有12个元音：i, y, ɯ, u, e, ø, o, ə, ɛ, ɑ, ɿ, ʮ。

有5个双元音：ui, ɯi, ou, ie, iɛ。

### 声调

有3个声调。

| 调号 | 调值 | 描述
 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | /55/ | 高平
 |
| 2 | /24/ | 中升
 |
| 3 | /31/ | 低降
 |

松林与约50%的词是高平调/55/，中升调/24/、低降调/31/各占约25%。

## 转写

宋成 (2019:30–32)提出了基于汉语拼音的转写。

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|

辅音
| 转写 | IPA
 |
| --- | --- |
| a | ɑ
 |
| b | p
 |
| c | tsʰ
 |
| d | t
 |
| e | ə
 |
| f | f
 |
| g | k
 |
| h | h
 |
| i | i
 |
| j | tɕ
 |
| k | kʰ
 |
| l | l
 |
| m | m
 |
| n | n
 |
| o | o
 |
| p | pʰ
 |
| q | tɕʰ
 |
| r | ʐ
 |
| s | s
 |
| t | tʰ
 |
| u | u
 |
| v | y
 |
| w | w
 |
| x | ɕ
 |
| y | j
 |
| z | ts
 |

复辅音
| 转写 | IPA
 |
| --- | --- |
| nbb | nb
 |
| ndd | nd
 |
| nddy | nȡ
 |
| nggy | nɟ
 |
| ngg | ng
 |
| nz | ndz
 |
| nj | ndʑ
 |
| nzh | ndʐ
 |
| br | pʐ
 |
| pr | pʰʐ
 |
| bbr | bʐ
 |
| gr | kʐ
 |
| kr | kʰʐ
 |
| ggr | gʐ
 |
| nbbr | nbʐ
 |
| nggr | ngʐ
 |

 |

元音
| 转写 | IPA
 |
| --- | --- |
| a | ɑ
 |
| e | ə
 |
| ee | e
 |
| eee | ɛ
 |
| i | i
 |
| ii | ɿ
 |
| iii | ʮ
 |
| o | o
 |
| oo | ø
 |
| u | u
 |
| uu | ɯ
 |
| v | y
 |

韵母
| 转写 | IPA
 |
| --- | --- |
| in | in
 |
| ing | iŋ
 |
| eng | əŋ
 |
| eeen | ɛn
 |
| an | ɑn
 |
| ang | ɑŋ
 |
| uun | ɯn
 |
| uung | ɯŋ
 |
| ian | iɛn
 |
| ong | oŋ
 |

 |

声调用1、2、3表示。

例文(宋成 2019:33)：

ga1sii1 ga1sii1 dyv1 neng3
很久很久以前
## 词法

松林语常见前缀：

* ɑ³¹-：名词化前缀
* mɑ³¹-：名词化前缀
* kə³¹-：用于部分动词、部分身体部位及一些名词前

部分后缀：

* -pɑ⁵⁵：用于与人有关的词，如身体部位等
* -tso⁵⁵：“儿”；阳性/小称，用于标记有生名词（人或动物）为雄性、少年或较小的

重叠常见于形成新名词。。

## 代词

|  | sg. | du. | pl.
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1.INCL
 | ŋɑ⁵⁵
 | ɑ²⁴kʰə⁵⁵ȵi⁵⁵
 | ɑ²⁴se⁵⁵
 |
| 1.EXCL
 | ŋɑ³¹kʰə⁵⁵ȵi⁵⁵ | ŋɑ³¹se⁵⁵
 |
| 2
 | nu⁵⁵ | nə³¹kʰə⁵⁵ȵi⁵⁵ | nə³¹se⁵⁵
 |
| 3
 | pu²⁴ | pə³¹kʰə⁵⁵ȵi⁵⁵ | pə³¹se⁵⁵
 |

## 疑问词

| 词义 | 松林语
 |
| --- | --- |
| 谁？ | ʃɑŋ³¹ŋɑ⁵⁵
 |
| 什么/哪个？ | cʰe⁵⁵/hɑ³¹mi⁵⁵
 |
| 何时？ | ȵɛn²⁴kʰɑ³¹
 |
| 哪里？ | hɑ³¹ndɑ⁵⁵
 |
| 多少？ | hɑ³¹ȶi⁵⁵
 |
| 怎么？ | hɑ³¹nbo⁵⁵
 |

## 句子

ŋɑ⁵⁵

我

tɕi³¹tɕi⁵⁵

水

tɕʰɑŋ⁵⁵

河

koŋ⁵⁵

PROG

nəŋ³¹

PRT

ŋɑ⁵⁵ tɕi³¹tɕi⁵⁵ tɕʰɑŋ⁵⁵ koŋ⁵⁵ nəŋ³¹

我 水 河 PROG PRT

我正在喝水。

pin⁵⁵wu⁵⁵

天

kʰu³¹mu⁵⁵

雨

ju⁵⁵

下

koŋ⁵⁵

PROG

nəŋ³¹

PRT

pin⁵⁵wu⁵⁵ kʰu³¹mu⁵⁵ ju⁵⁵ koŋ⁵⁵ nəŋ³¹

天 雨 下 PROG PRT

天正在下雨。

## 词汇

宋成(2020)给出下列松林语词汇。

| 词义 | 松林话
 |
| --- | --- |
| 一 | tɕi³¹tɑ⁵⁵
 |
| 二 | kʰɑ³¹ȵi⁵⁵
 |
| 三 | sɯŋ⁵⁵
 |
| 四 | ʑi²⁴
 |
| 五 | po³¹ŋoŋ²⁴
 |
| 六 | tʂʰɯ²⁴
 |
| 七 | ȵ̥in²⁴
 |
| 八 | pu³¹ndʑe²⁴
 |
| 九 | gu²⁴
 |
| 风 | kʐi²⁴
 |
| 虹 | zɑ⁵⁵
 |
| 右 | tʂoŋ⁵⁵lɑ⁵⁵
 |
| 外面 | pɑ³¹tɕy²⁴
 |
| 跳蚤 | kɑ³¹ji⁵⁵
 |
| (牛)角 | goŋ²⁴kʰʐɿ⁵⁵
 |
| 尾巴 | ndʑoŋ⁵⁵mɑŋ⁵⁵
 |
| 脖子 | kɑ⁵⁵loŋ⁵⁵
 |
| 背 | ci²⁴tsʰɿ⁵⁵
 |
| (树)叶子 | kʰɑ³¹pɑ²⁴
 |
| 汗 | tsʰɑ¹³pɑ²⁴
 |
| 尿 | tɕʰi³¹li⁵⁵
 |
| 官 | ngə⁵⁵tʂʰɿ⁵⁵
 |
| 孙子 | noŋ³¹tɕy⁵⁵
 |
| 鞋 | ku³¹ȵu⁵⁵
 |
| 刀子 | nba³¹ju⁵⁵
 |
| 船 | tʂɿ³¹dzin⁵⁵
 |
| 鬼 | tɕʰo²⁴
 |
| 走 | ci⁵⁵
 |
| 飞 | ku²⁴
 |
| 吃 | ndzo⁵⁵
 |
| 烤 | pu⁵⁵
 |
| 拔 | pʰʐo²⁴
 |
| 捆 | pɯi⁵⁵
 |
| 睡 | ŋoŋ²⁴
 |
| 敢 | pin⁵⁵
 |
| 他 | pu²⁴
 |
| 好 | ȵe²⁴ȵe⁵⁵
 |
| 小 | kɑ³¹tsɛ⁵⁵
 |
| 旧 | bi²⁴
 |
| 很 | ʐɛ²⁴
 |
| 星星 | kɑ⁵⁵mɑ⁵⁵
 |
| 地、土 | pʐo²⁴
 |
| 山 | ʐɿ²⁴
 |
| 金子 | sie⁵⁵
 |
| 水獭 | nɑ⁵⁵sɛn⁵⁵
 |
| 毛 | n̥oŋ²⁴
 |
| 柱子 | kɑ⁵wɑ⁵⁵
 |
| 针 | kʰɛ²⁴
 |
| 布 | ʐe²⁴
 |
| 寺 | nɟø⁵⁵nba⁵⁵
 |
| 镰刀 | ɕin⁵⁵koŋ⁵⁵
 |
| 锯子 | su⁵⁵li⁵⁵
 |
| 绳子 | nbɑ³¹je²⁴
 |
| 听 | ndʑo⁵⁵
 |
| 大 | hɑ⁵⁵ndu⁵⁵
 |
| 高 | sen⁵⁵
 |
| 你 | nu⁵⁵
 |
| 干净 | ɕɑŋ⁵⁵ngʐɑŋ⁵⁵
 |
| 软的 | ȵɛ²⁴ȵɛ²⁴
 |
| 黄的 | sɛ⁵⁵sɛ⁵⁵
 |
| 轻的 | jɑŋ²⁴jɑŋ⁵⁵
 |
| 新的 | ɕi³¹tso²⁴
 |
| 桥 | dɑŋ²⁴
 |
| 火柴 | mi³¹tʂʰe⁵⁵
 |
| 树 | tɕʰɑŋ²⁴
 |

## 参考