# 毕苏语群[编辑]

| 毕苏语群 |
| --- |
| Phunoi |
| 地理分佈 | 中国南部和印度支那 |
| 谱系学分类 | 汉藏语系* (藏缅语族)
	+ 缅彝语群
		- 彝语群
			* 彝语南部方言
				+ **毕苏语群**
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| 分支 |
—

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| – |
| Glottolog | `biso1241` |

**毕苏语群**属于汉藏语系南部彝语哈尼语支。大多数毕苏语群语言分布在老挝北部丰沙里省和中国(云南、越南莱州省、缅甸掸邦和泰国北部。

## 语言

毕苏语群有：

* 毕苏语
* 老缅语
* 老品语
* 片语
* 普内语
* 兴萨里语
* 尖坦语
* 贡语
* 桑孔语
* 楚孔语
* 老潘语
* 老盛语
* 蓬库语
* 蓬塞语
* 彭尧语
* 焦霍语
* 班塘语
* 孔撒语
* 哈备语

## 系属分类

### 布拉德利 (2007)

大卫·布拉德利 (2007)认为下列毕苏语方言关系密切。

* **毕苏语**: 泰国北部500民族人口，还有其他地区少数使用者
* **片语**：1900年已是行将灭亡，并被拉祜语替代
* **老缅语**：4千人(5千民族人口之外)在澜沧拉祜族自治县中部
* **老品语**：少于1千人(1300民族人口之外)于勐海县
* **law33 pan11** (**老潘语**于Kingsada (1999))

Bradley (2007)给出下列兴萨里语方言，彼此之间相距甚远。

* **标准兴萨里语 **pʰɔŋ33 ku55** (**蓬库语**于Kingsada (1999))
* **law21 sɛŋ21** (**老盛语**于Kingsada (1999))
* **pi33 su44** (**毕苏语**)

其他毕苏语群语言还有：

* **蓬塞语** (pʰoŋ33 set55) (Shintani 2001)
* **彭尧语** (pʰu21 ɲɔt11) (Kato 2008)

### Udomkool (2006)

Kitjapol Udomkool (2006:34)，利用Wright的数据，也列出下列毕苏语群语言。

* **楚孔语** [*tsu33 kɔŋ33*] (中国)：与贡语关系密切
* **焦霍语** [*cau33 ho33*] (老挝)
* **班塘语** [*ban33 taŋ33*] (老挝)
* **尖坦语** [*can33 tan33*] (老挝)：与兴萨里语关系密切

Kitjapol Udomkool (2006)用UPGMA方法给出下列计算机分类学分支。

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姆毕语

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班塘语

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焦霍语

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楚孔语、贡语

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蓬库语

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尖坦语

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兴萨里语

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老盛语、蓬塞语

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老潘语

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毕苏语、片语

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老品语、老缅语

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### Wright (n.d.)

Wright (n.d.)临时性地将老挝丰沙里省兴萨里语组语言作出如下分类。蓬库语可能或可能不属于老盛语、蓬塞语、尖坦语和兴萨里语的分支。

* 班塘语
* 焦霍语
* 老潘语
* (核心分支)
	+ 蓬库语（？）
	+ 老盛语
	+ 蓬塞语
	+ 尖坦语、兴萨里语

### Hsiu (2016, 2018)

毕苏语群的词汇系统发生计算分析还有Hsiu (2016)。

毕苏语群
* 孔撒语
* 老盛语
* 桑孔语
* 片语
* (核心分支)
	+ 老潘语
	+ 毕苏语
	+ 普内语
	+ 蓬塞语
	+ 蓬库语
	+ 彭尧语

上述毕苏语群系属分类随后由Hsiu (2018)优化如下，加上了哈备语。

毕苏语群
* 毕苏语连续体：毕苏语、老缅语、老品语、片语、老潘语
* 兴萨里语连续体：普内语、兴萨里语、尖坦语、老盛语、蓬库语、蓬塞语、彭尧语
* 贡语连续体：贡语、桑孔语、楚孔语
* 焦霍语
* 班塘语
* 孔撒语
* 哈备语

木达语有毕苏语群底层和阿卡语上层。孔撒语和老盛语有西拉语群借词。

## 参考

* Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012), *Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages*, thesis, University of Texas at Arlington (archived)
* Kingsadā, Thō̜ngphet, & 新谷忠彦. 1999 *Basic Vocabularies of the Languages Spoken in Phongxaly, Lao P.D.R.* Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
* 新谷忠彦, Ryuichi Kosaka, and Takashi Kato. 2001. *Linguistic Survey of Phongxaly, Lao P.D.R.* Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
* Kato, Takashi. 2008. *Linguistic Survey of Tibeto-Burman languages in Lao P.D.R.* Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
* Tun, Maung Maung. 2014. *A Sociolinguistic Survey of Selected Bisoid Varieties: Pyen, Laomian and Laopin （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）*. Master's thesis.