# 鮟鱇[编辑]

| 鮟鱇亞目 化石时期：
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| --- |
|  |
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圖片說明
* （左上起）釣鮟鱇 *Lophius piscatorius*、大洋長鰭角鮟鱇 *Caulophryne pelagica*、康氏躄魚 *Antennarius commerson*、大斑躄魚 *Antennarius maculatus*、迷幻躄鱼 *Histiophryne psychedelica*、棘茄鱼 *Halieutaea stellata*
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| 科学分类  |
| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
| 纲： | 辐鳍鱼綱 Actinopteri |
| 总目： | 鱸形總目 Percomorpha |
| 目： | 刺尾鱼目 Acanthuriformes |
| 亚目： | **鮟鱇亞目 Lophioidei** Garman, 1899 |
| 下目
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| * 鮟鱇下目 Lophioideo
* 躄魚下目 Antennarioideo
* 单棘躄鱼下目 Chaunacoideo
* 棘茄魚下目 Ogcocephalioideo
* 角鮟鱇下目 Ceratioideo
 |

| 鮟鱇目 |
| --- |
| {{{1}}} |
| 科学分类  |
| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
| 纲： | 辐鳍鱼綱 Actinopteri |
| 总目： | 鱸形總目 Percomorpha |
| 系： | 真鲈形系 Eupercaria |
| 目： | **鮟鱇目 Lophiiformes** Garman, 1899 |
| 亞目
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| * 鮟鱇亞目 Lophioidei
* 躄魚亞目 Antennarioidei
* 单棘躄鱼亚目 Chaunacoidei
* 棘茄魚亞目 Ogcocephalioidei
* 角鮟鱇亞目 Ceratioidei
 |

**鮟鱇**是**鮟鱇目**（學名：Lophiiformes）或者刺尾鯛目**鮟鱇亞目**（學名：Lophioidei）魚類的通稱，俗名**安康鱼**，又名**琵琶魚**、**結巴魚**、**燈籠魚**，是條鰭魚綱真鱸形系的硬骨魚，於世界各大海洋均有分佈，如大西洋、太平洋和印度洋。

## 特征

鮟鱇魚体型大小差异很大，多为潛伏海底的肉食性鱼类。 眼睛幾乎無用武之地，不善游泳，多靠腹鰭爬行。口內有銳利而且朝內傾斜的長牙，基本上，被咬中的獵物絕不可能逃走；而且擁有彈性的胃，因此某些種類能吃下比自己大的魚類。身體裸露無鱗，在頭體上方及體側邊緣均有大小不一的皮質突起。特別之處是雌魚有一支由前背鰭演化而成的發光釣竿，釣竿頂端內上百萬隻的發光菌，狀似小魚，會發出亮光，吸引小生物成为它们的食物，其英文名Anglerfish也来自于此。 “鮟鱇”中文名可能来自日文音译。

## 习性

生活于3至3600米深的水域。不是所有物種都是住在深海，也有生活在珊瑚礁的。生活在珊瑚礁的種類，因為體型與色彩（特別是雌性）、行為等特殊，一般都作為觀賞魚，例如下屬的躄魚科、臂鉤躄魚科等。

由於鮟鱇魚多處於深海，科學家至近年才對其生活習性有所研究。剛開始捕捉的時候，發現收集的所有的魚隻都是雌性，後來才知道，雄性鮟鱇魚的消化組織在成年之後會失去功能，因而必須寄生在雌性鮟鱇魚的下方。雌性鮟鱇魚比雄性大數十倍至數百倍，雌性會放出特別的氣味吸引在暗不見光深海的雄性，雄性會隨氣味找尋雌鮟鱇，並咬住雌鮟鱇的下方，兩條魚的組織血管會逐漸相通，體型嬌小的公魚就靠著母魚的營養過活，而且公魚的身體器官，除了精巢之外會逐漸消失，變成雌魚身上的一個肉突。基本上公魚可以視為雌魚身上的生殖器，這也是公魚唯一的作用，科學家認為這是深海個體間過於難以接觸所導致。另外，一隻雌鮟鱇魚是可以讓數隻雄鮟鱇魚寄生其上。

## 食用鮟鱇魚

在日本關東，鮟鱇魚被喻为人間極品，有所謂「西有河豚、東有鮟鱇」之稱。鮟鱇魚肉質緊绵密如同龍蝦般，結實不鬆散，纖維彈性十足，鮮美更勝一般魚肉，膠原蛋白十分豐富，因此亦被稱為「窮人的龍蝦」，甚至专门有以鮟鱇鱼命名的鮟鱇鱼舞。部分的日本人喜愛吃鮟鱇鱼火鍋，尤其是在冬天。除了火鍋，還會以鮟鱇魚肝做壽司，而且鮟鱇魚肝更有「海底鵝肝」之稱，據稱有清熱解毒的美膚功能，一般食用方法為蒸或者是刺身。在中國東南沿海的福建，山东烟台等地鮟鱇魚也被作為食用魚類。

## 分类

### 种系发生学

鮟鱇目已知是鲀形目的姐妹群，處於真鲈形系之中，2017年以後分類學者開始用廣義的刺尾鯛目來兼容目級地位未定的孤立科，而為了形成單系群，鮟鱇目與魨形目也必須整合進入刺尾鯛目，成为其亞目，如下：

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魨亞目 Tetraodontoidei  |
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鮟鱇亞目 Lophioidei  |
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羊魴科 Caproidae  |
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大眼鯛科 Priacanthidae  |
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赤刀魚科 Cepolidae  |
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金錢魚科 Scatophagidae  |
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藍子魚科 Siganidae  |
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鯛科 Sparidae  |
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龍占魚科 Lethrinidae  |
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金線魚科 Nemipteridae  |
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麗花鮨科 Callanthiidae  |
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蝴蝶魚科 Chaetodontidae  |
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鰏科 Leiognathidae  |
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蓋刺魚科 Pomacanthidae  |
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刺尾鯛亞目 Acanthuroidei  |
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笛鯛科 Lutjanidae  |
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弱棘魚科 Malacanthidae  |
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諧魚科 Emmelichthyidae  |
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松鯛科 Lobotidae  |
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銀鱗鯧科 Monodactylidae  |
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洞鱸科 Dinopercidae  |
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石鱸科 Haemulidae  |
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石首魚科 Sciaenidae  |
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簾鯛科 Drepaneidae  |
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白鯧科 Ephippidae  |
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| --- | --- |
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鱚科 Sillaginidae  |
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狼鱸科 Moronidae  |
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鑽嘴魚科 Gerreidae  |
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| Acanthuriformes
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### 内部分类

本目大致上有16个受承認的科，可归类为5个亚目（適用於鮟鱇目）或者下目（適用於廣義鮟鱇亞目)：

* 鮟鱇亞目 Lophioidei／鮟鱇下目 Lophioideo
	+ 𩽾𩾌科 Lophiidae
* 躄鱼亚目 Antennarioidei／躄鱼下目 Antennarioideo
	+ 躄鱼科 Antennariidae（包含了四臂躄鱼科Tetrabrachiidae及臂钩躄鱼科 Brachionichthyidae）
	+ 𩾌躄鱼科 Lophichthyidae
* 单棘躄鱼亚目 Chaunacoidei／單棘躄魚下目 Chaunacoideo
	+ 单棘躄鱼科 Chaunacidae
* 棘茄魚亞目 Ogcocephalioidei／棘茄魚下目 Ogcocephalioideo
	+ 棘茄魚科 Ogcocephalidae
* 角鮟鱇亞目 Ceratioidei／角鮟鱇下目 Ceratioideo
	+ 刺𩽾𩾌科 Centrophrynidae
	+ 角𩽾𩾌科 Ceratiidae
	+ 鞭冠𩽾𩾌科 Himantolophidae
	+ 双角𩽾𩾌科 Diceratiidae
	+ 黑角𩽾𩾌科 Melanocetidae
	+ 奇𩽾𩾌科 Thaumatichthyidae
	+ 梦角𩽾𩾌科 Oneirodidae
	+ 长鳍𩽾𩾌科 Caulophrynidae
	+ 新角𩽾𩾌科 Neoceratiidae
	+ 巨棘角𩽾𩾌科 Gigantactinidae
	+ 鬚角鮟鱇科 Linophrynidae

鮟鱇魚各科的演化關係如下：

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 鮟鱇亞目
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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鞭冠鮟鱇科 Himantolophidae  |
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黑角鮟鱇科 Melanocetidae  |
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雙角鮟鱇科 Diceratiidae  |
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夢角鮟鱇科 Oneirodidae  |
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奇鮟鱇科 Thaumatichthyidae  |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| --- | --- |
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角鮟鱇科 Ceratiidae  |
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鬚角鮟鱇科 Linophrynidae  |
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新角鮟鱇科 Neoceratiidae  |
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巨棘角鮟鱇科 Gigantactinidae  |
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刺鮟鱇科 Centrophrynidae  |
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長鰭鮟鱇科 Caulophrynidae  |
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單棘躄魚科 Chaunacidae  |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| --- | --- |
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躄魚科 Antennariidae  |
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鱇躄魚科 Lophichthyidae

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棘茄魚科 Ogcocephalidae  |
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鮟鱇科 Lophiidae  |
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| Lophioidei
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## 注釋

## 延伸阅读

 《欽定古今圖書集成·博物彙編·禽蟲典·琵琶魚部》，出自陈梦雷《古今圖書集成》

* Tree of Life web project: Lophiiformes （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）