# 藏语群[编辑]

| 藏語群 |
| --- |
| 地理分佈 | 青藏高原 |
| 谱系学分类 | 汉藏语系* 藏緬語族
	+ 藏-喜马拉雅语群？
		- **藏語群**
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| 分支 |
藏語群
東部藏語群

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| – |
| Glottolog | `bodi1257` |

**藏語群**（英語：Bodish languages），又稱**藏語支**，語言學上的分類，屬於藏-喜马拉雅语群之下的分支，名稱源自圖博（藏語：བོད་，威利转写：bod）。不同學者對於藏語群的分類有不同的定義，但是其共同點是不包括東部藏語（East Bodish）。使用這些語言的族群主要分布在西藏、北印度、北巴基斯坦、尼泊爾與不丹一帶。

## 各種分類

學者罗伯特·谢弗（Robert Shafer），將藏語分成西部藏語、中央藏語、南部藏語與東部藏語四大類。谢弗認為除了西部藏語之外，其他三個藏語群都是源自古藏語。

Nathan W. Hill認為西部藏語這個假說並沒有根據，他主張分成東部藏語與藏語兩大類。

谢弗首先创造了术语“藏语群”，在他的分类中用于两级不同的分类：

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| 藏语支
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| 藏语群
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西部藏语群

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中部藏语群

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南部藏语群

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东部藏语群

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古隆(达芒语支)

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仓洛语

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嘉绒语支

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目前一般认为谢弗的前三个分类均分化自中古藏语，形成藏语群，而东部藏语群则是与之并列的姐妹群。
更近的分类排除了嘉绒语支，目前认为它自成一支。

Bradley (1997)也定义了“藏语群”，加上了西喜马拉雅语支，谢弗将其视作他的藏语群的姐妹分支。这样分类的结果与其他分类法的“藏-喜马拉雅语群”大致等效。这个分类中，藏语群包含两个分支，藏语支和东部藏语群：

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 藏语群
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藏语支

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东部藏语群

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西部藏语群(达芒语支)

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仓洛语、洛克普语、工德语

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西喜马拉雅语支

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东部藏语群是汉藏语系内最缺乏研究的一支。属于这一支的语言有布姆唐语(Michailovsky & Mazaudon 1994；van Driem 1995)、仓洛语 (Hoshi 1987; Andvik 1999)、达旺门巴语(Lu 1986; Sun et al. 1991)、象雄语(Nagano & LaPolla 2001)，可能还包括扎克灵语 (Blench & Post 2011)。

据谢弗称，东部藏语群是藏语群最保守的分支。

至于东部藏语群语法的讨论，有Das Gupta (1968)和Lu (2002)。关于库尔托普语的论文有Hyslop (2008a, 2008b, 2009)。

## 參考文獻

* Bradley, David, Tibeto-Burman languages and classification (PDF), Bradley, David (编), Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas, *Papers in South East Asian linguistics* **14**, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics: 1–71, 1997  [2020-01-27], ISBN 978-0-85883-456-9, （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-10-11）.
* van Driem, George (1994). *East Bodish and Proto-Tibeto-Burman morphosyntax.* Current Issues in Sino-Tibetan Linguistics, Osaka: The Organizing Committee of the 26th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics.
* van Driem, George (1995). *Een eerste grammaticale verkenning van het Bumthang, een taal van midden-Bhutan.* Leiden: Onderzoekschool CNWS.
* van Driem, George (2001) *Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region.* Brill.
* Hill, Nathan W., Overview of Old Tibetan synchronic phonology (PDF), Transactions of the Philological Society, 2010, **108** (2): 110–125  [2020-01-27], CiteSeerX 10.1.1.694.8283 , doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.2010.01234.x, （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-07-28）.
* Hyslop, G., (2008a). Kurtöp phonology in the context of Northeast India. In: Morey, S., Post, M. (Eds.), *North East Indian Linguistics 1: Papers from the First International Conference of the North East Indian Linguistic Society.* Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 3–25.
* Hyslop, G., (2008b). "Kurtöp and the classification of the languages of Bhutan." In: *Proceedings from the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society 42, vol. 2, South Asian Linguistics, Case, Voice, and Language Coexistence.* University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
* Hyslop, G., (2009), "Kurtöp Tone: A tonogenetic case study." *Lingua* 119: 827–845
* 陸紹尊(2002). 門巴語方言研究 北京: 民族出版社.
* Michailovsky, Boyd and Martine Mazaudon (1994). “Preliminary Notes on the Languages of the Bumthang Group (Bhutan).” *Tibetan Studies: proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies.* Ed. Per Kværne. Vol 2. Oslo: The Institute of Comparative Research in Human Culture. 545-557.
* Shafer, Robert, Classification of the Sino-Tibetan languages, Word (Journal of the Linguistic Circle of New York), 1955, **11** (1): 94–111, doi:10.1080/00437956.1955.11659552.
* Tournadre, Nicolas, The Tibetic languages and their classification, Owen-Smith, Thomas; Hill, Nathan W. (编), Trans-Himalayan Linguistics: Historical and Descriptive Linguistics of the Himalayan Area, De Gruyter: 103–129, 2014, ISBN 978-3-11-031074-0.  (preprint （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）)