# 唐米語

| 唐米语 |
| --- |
| Thāmī, Thangmi Khan,Thani |
| Thangmi Kham and Thangmi Wakhe |
| 发音 | thang-mi |
| 区域 | 尼泊尔、中国？ |
| 族群 | 唐米人 |
| 母语使用人数 | 23,200 （2011） |
| 系属分类 | 汉藏语系
* 藏缅语族
	+ 尼瓦尔语支
		- 巴拉姆–唐米语
			* **唐米语**
 |
| 方言 | 多拉卡(Dolakha)
辛杜帕尔科克(Sindhupalcok)

 |
| 語言代碼 |
| ISO 639-3 | `thf` |
| Glottolog | `than1259` |
| ELP | Thangmi |

**唐米语**，也称为**Thāmī、Thangmi Kham、Thangmi Wakhe、Thani**，是一种汉藏语言，由尼泊尔中东部的唐米人使用。唐米人将他们的语言称为 Thangmi Kham 或 Thangmi Wakhe，而尼泊尔其他地区则将其称为 Thāmī。然而，这些使用者中的大多数居住在尼泊尔的传统故乡多拉卡区(Dolakha)以及大吉岭。唐米语使用天城文字母书写。马克·图林（Mark Turin）对唐米语进行了广泛记录。

## 分布

唐米语主要在巴格马蒂省的多拉卡地区、赛隆科拉（拉梅恰普县北部狭长地带，主要在格库尔甘加）的村庄、辛杜帕尔乔克县东部地区使用，部分移居到加德满都谷地城市的老年人也讲这种语言。

在多拉卡 (Dolakha) 和辛杜帕尔科克 (Sindhupalcok) 地区以外，很少有塔米族人讲唐米语。

## 分类

天城文是唐米语使用的文字
唐米语似乎与尼泊尔的其他语言有很多相似之处。例如，巴拉姆语（Barām），基兰特语（Kiranti），尼瓦尔语（Newar） 语。Konow (1909)、Shafer (1966)、Stein (1970)、Toba (1990)、van Driem (1992) 和 Turin 的研究表明，唐米语与拉伊语（Rai）和尼瓦尔语（Newar）密切相关。

## 文法

| **唐米语** | 英语
 | 代词
 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| *gai* | I
 | 第一人称单数
 |
| *ni* | we
 | 第一人称复数
 |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|

|  |
| --- |
| naɳ |

 |

 | you
 | 第二人称单数
 |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|

|  |
| --- |
| niɳ |

 |

 | you
 | 第二人称复数
 |
| *to* | he, she, it
 | 第三人称单数
 |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|

|  |
| --- |
| tobaɳ |

 |

 | they
 | 第三人称复数
 |

## 方言

尼泊尔多拉克
唐米语由两种方言组成，即多拉克区（Dolakhā 东部）和辛杜帕尔乔克县（Sindhupālchok 西部）。它们在音系、名词和动词形态以及词汇方面有所不同。大多数唐米语人口使用 Dolakhā 方言，而只有少数人使用 Sindhupālcok。Dolakhā 方言提供了更完整的动词一致系统，而 Sindhupālcok 方言的名词形态则更复杂。

| 相互关系
 |
| --- |
| **英语** | **Dolakhā** | **Sindhupālchok** |
| younger brother
 | *hu* | *calaca hu* |
| younger sister
 | *humi* | *camaica hu* |
| father's eldest brother
 | *jekhapa* | *jhya?apa* |
| father's younger brother
 | *ucyapa* | *pacyu* |
| father's eldest sister
 | *nini* | *jhya?ama* |
| father's younger sister
 | *nini* | *nini* |
| mother's eldest brother
 | *palam* | *palam* |
| mother's younger brother
 | *malam* | *mou* |
| mother's eldest sister
 | *jekhama* | *jhya?ama* |
| mother's younger sister
 | *macyu* | *phus?ama* |

## 唐米歌曲

唐米人拥有丰富的文化和传统。语言是他们身份的重要组成部分，他们通过文化（主要是音乐）来表达自己的语言。尼泊尔唐米人协会 (NTS) 创作了几首唐米歌曲，这些歌曲于 2007 年录制。歌词由 Singh Bahadur Thami、Devendra Thami 和 Lok Bahadur Thami 创作。以下是一些示例：

[1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[2] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[3] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

## 比较词汇

以下 210 个单词的列表涵盖五种唐米方言，来自 Regmi 等人（2014年）。涵盖的方言包括：

* 多拉卡区巴布雷（Babre） VDC
* 多拉卡区拉皮浪（Lapilang） VDC
* 多拉卡区苏斯帕·克沙玛瓦蒂（Suspa Kshamavati） VDC
* 拉梅恰普区（Ramechhap）达杜洼（Daduwa） VDC
* 辛杜帕尔乔克县（Sindhupalchok）乔卡蒂（Chokati） VDC

还提供了 Kansakar (2010) 中的巴拉姆语（Baram）的词汇以供比较。

| 词义 | Babre | Lapilang | Suspa Kshamavati | Daduwa | Chokati | *Baram* |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| body
 | mɑŋ | mɑŋ | mɑŋ | mɑŋ | jiu | aŋ (IA loan)
 |
| head
 | kɑpu | kɑpu | kɑpu | kɑpu | kɑpu | kəpu
 |
| hair
 | cimyɑŋ | cimeŋ | cimeŋ | mus | mus | sjam
 |
| face
 | kʰen | kʰen | kʰen | kʰen | kʰen | mik
 |
| eye
 | mese | mese | mesek | mese | mese | mik
 |
| ear
 | kulnɑ | kulnɑ | kulnɑ | kulnɑ | kulŋɑ | kuna
 |
| nose
 | ciŋɑ | ciŋyɑ | ciŋɑ | cĩyɑ̃ | ciyɑ̃ | cina
 |
| mouth
 | uɡo | uɡo | uɡo | ogo | ogo | anam
 |
| teeth
 | suwɑ | suwɑ | suwɑ | suwɑ | suwɑ | swa
 |
| tongue
 | cile | cile | cile | cile | cile | ce le
 |
| breast
 | cucu | cyucyu | cucu | nunu | cucu | nənu
 |
| belly
 | bɑŋkɑl | bɑŋkɑl | bɑŋkɑl | bʌŋɡʌl | bʌŋɡɑl | ujaŋ
 |
| arm/hand
 | lɑʔ | lɑʔ | lɑk | lɑ | lɑ | hit
 |
| elbow
 | uru | ɽuŋ | uru | uru | kuino | kuina (IA loan)
 |
| palm
 | oilyɑ | lɑʔ | lɑk | pɑti | lɑ | lapʈa
 |
| finger
 | cʰumpi | cʰumpi | cumpi | cyukuri | cukuri | əŋla (IA loan)
 |
| fingernail
 | pin | pin | pin | pin | pin | luŋdziŋ
 |
| leg
 | konʈe | konʈe | konʈe | konʈe | lɑi | undzik
 |
| skin
 | ʃebi | ʃebi | ʃebi | ʃebi | ʃebi | chala (IA loan)
 |
| bone
 | koʃɑ | koʃɑ | koʃɑ | koʃyɑ | koʃyɑ | haɖ (IA loan)
 |
| heart
 | loŋse | loŋse | loŋsek | loŋse | loŋse | muʈu (IA loan)
 |
| blood
 | cɑi | cɑi | cɑi | cʌi | cʌi | cihui
 |
| urine
 | uʃi | uʃi | uʃi | uʃi | uʃi | ci
 |
| feces
 | kuɽi | kuɽi | kiɽi | kuɽi | kili | ku
 |
| village
 | rɑɽe | dese | dese | dese | dese | hannuŋ (IA loan)
 |
| house
 | nem | nem | nem | nem | nem | nam
 |
| roof
 | cʰɑnɑ | cʰɑnɑ | pɑli | pɑli | cʰɑnɑ | chano
 |
| door
 | kʰɑɽoŋ | kʰɑɽuŋ | kʰɑɽo | kʰʌɽu | kʰɑɽu | ɖhoka (IA loan)
 |
| firewood
 | seŋ | seŋ | seŋ | seŋ | seŋ | siŋ
 |
| broom
 | tʰope | tʰope | tʰope | tʰope | tʰope | astuŋ
 |
| mortar
 | yɑmbɑʔ | lokmɑŋ | lokmɑŋ | ʈim | luŋ | siləuʈo (IA loan)
 |
| pestle
 | ulum | lok | ulum | ulum | loɦoro | lohoro
 |
| hammer
 | ʈʰokʈʰokyɑ | ʈʰokʈʰokyɑ | ʈʰokʈʰoke | ʈʰukʈʰukiɑ | ʈʰokʈʰokyɑ | hətəuɖo (IA loan)
 |
| knife
 | ɑikucɑ | ɑikucɑ | ɑikucɑ | kɑrdɑ | cʌkku | ukhmen
 |
| axe
 | rɑpɑ | rɑpɑ | rɑpɑ | rɑʔpɑ | rɑpɑ | kəm
 |
| rope
 | ʃɑkpɑ | ʃɑkpɑ | ʃɑkpɑ | ʃyɑpɑ | ɖɑmlɑ | ɖori (IA loan)
 |
| thread
 | dʰɑɡo | sɑle | benɑ | ʃyɑpɑ | dʰɑgo | ləkthun
 |
| needle
 | ɦili | ɦili | yuli | yuli | ɦuli | pənuŋ
 |
| cloth
 | myuŋ | miŋmyɑŋ | myuŋ | myũ | myuŋ | mu
 |
| ring
 | sɑimundro | sɑimundro | sɑimundro | ʌŋɡuliŋ | ʌũʈʰi | əŋʈhi (IA loan)
 |
| sun
 | uni | uni | uni | uni | uni | uni
 |
| moon
 | cʌlʌuni | cʌlʌuni | cʌlʌuni | cʌlɑʔuni | cʌlɑuni | cəlauni
 |
| sky
 | sʌrɡyɑ | sʌrɡyɑ | sʌrɡe | sʌrɡe | ʌkɑs | akas (IA loan)
 |
| star
 | ucʰi | ucʰi | ucʰi | ucʰi | ucʰi | tara (IA loan)
 |
| rain
 | pɑŋku | pɑŋkuyusɑ | jʰʌriuɑn | ʃyɑrde | jʰɑri | aŋmət
 |
| water
 | pɑŋku | pɑŋku | pɑŋku | pʌŋku | pɑŋku | awa
 |
| river
 | ʃoŋ | ʃoŋ | ʃoŋ | ʃoŋ | ʃoŋ | gudul
 |
| cloud
 | dʰummɑ | kʰɑʃu | kʰɑsu | dʰummɑ | dʰumpɑ | a mu
 |
| lightning
 | mirlisidu | sʌrɡyɑtowɑn | mirliksɑ | miklik | gʌɽɑŋguɽuŋtʰɑ | –
 |
| rainbow
 | indreni | indreni | indreni | lʌrkuni | indreni | indreni (IA loan)
 |
| wind
 | pʰɑʃɑ | pʰɑʃɑ | pʰɑʃɑ | pʰɑʃyɑ | pʰɑʃyɑ | asi
 |
| stone
 | ɽiŋ | ɽiŋ | liŋ | ɽiŋ | lyuŋ | kumba
 |
| path
 | ulɑm | ulɑm | ulɑm | ulɑm | ulɑm | uŋma
 |
| sand
 | pʰɑʃeɽiŋ | kʰreʔduɽiŋ | jɑŋkʰɑ | syɑŋɖo | bʌluwɑ | balwa (IA loan)
 |
| fire
 | me | me | me | me | me | mui
 |
| smoke
 | ɑsku | ɑsku | ɑsku | ɑcʰɑ | dʰuwɑ̃tʰɑn | isku
 |
| ash
 | tɑrbɑ | trɑbɑ | trɑbɑ | trɑbɑ | tɑbrɑ | maju
 |
| mud
 | nɑsɑ | nɑsɑ | nɑsɑ | nɑsɑ | nɑsɑ | nəsa
 |
| dust
 | pʰɑʃe | pʰɑsse | dʰule | buʃi | dʰulo | dhulo
 |
| gold
 | sun | loŋ | luŋ | ɡoɦo | sun | sun (IA loan)
 |
| tree
 | doŋbo | duŋbo | dombo | pole | ruk | sjaŋma
 |
| leaf
 | ɑjɑ | ɑjɑ | ɑjɑ | ɑjɑ | ɑjɑ | su
 |
| root
 | pole | pole | nɑrɑ | dɑrɑ | jɑrɑ | dzəra
 |
| thorn
 | puʈu | puʈu | puʈu | puʈu | puʈu | achu
 |
| flower
 | reŋ | reŋ | reŋ | reŋ | reŋ | phul (IA loan)
 |
| fruit
 | pʰɑlpʰul | pʰɑlpʰul | pʰɑlpʰul | kʌntʰʌmʌl | pʰɑlpʰul | phalphul (IA loan)
 |
| mango
 | ɑ̃p | ɑ̃p | ɑmcur | ɑ̃p | ɑ̃p | əmba (IA loan)
 |
| banana
 | muĩ | mui | muĩ | muĩ | mui | umse
 |
| wheat (husked)
 | jɑʔcʰo | jɑʔcʰo | jɑkso | jɑcʰo | jɑʔcʰo | gəu
 |
| barley
 | ɑkɑn | ɑkɑn | ɑkɑn | ɑkɑn | ɑkɑn | dzəu
 |
| rice (husked)
 | jɑke | jɑki | jɑke | meke | jɑke | hadza
 |
| potato
 | kwɑi | kwɑi | kwɑi | kwɑi | koi | alu (IA loan)
 |
| eggplant
 | bɑnʈɑ | bɑnʈɑ | bʰenʈɑ | bʌnʈɑ | bʰẽɽi | bhənʈa (IA loan)
 |
| groundnut
 | bʌdɑm | bʌdɑm | bʌdɑm | bʌdɑm | bʌdɑm | bədam (IA loan)
 |
| chili
 | mɑrci | mʌrci | mɑrci | ɑso | kʰorsɑni | asok
 |
| turmeric
 | ɦʌrdi | ɦʌrdi | ɦʌrdi | besɑr | besɑr | besar (IA loan)
 |
| garlic
 | lʌsun | lʌsun | lʌsun | lʌmbo | lʌsun | ləsun (IA loan)
 |
| onion
 | pyɑj | pyɑj | pyɑj | pyɑj | pyɑj | pjadz (IA loan)
 |
| cauliflower
 | reŋkopi | reŋkopi | kopi | kɑuli | kɑuli | kauli (IA loan)
 |
| tomato
 | bɑnʈɑ | ɡyɑmbɑlɑ | ɡɑmbʌl | bʌnʈɑ | golbʰẽɽɑ | golbhẽɖa (IA loan)
 |
| cabbage
 | ɑjɑkopi | ɑjɑkopi | bʌndɑ | bʌndɑ | bʌndɑ | bənda (IA loan)
 |
| oil
 | ɑsɑ | ɑsɑ | ɑsɑ | ɑsɑ | ɑsɑ | asa
 |
| salt
 | cʰyɑ | cʰyɑ | cʰɑ | cʰyɑ | cʰɑ | cha
 |
| meat
 | cici | cici | cici | ɑcʰin | cici | ku sja
 |
| fat (of meat)
 | cʰeu | cʰou | cʰeu | cʰo | cʰyʌu | kucho
 |
| fish
 | nɑŋɑ | nɑŋɑ | nɑŋɑ | nɑŋɑ | nɑŋɑ | nəŋa
 |
| chicken
 | wɑcɑ | wɑcɑ | wɑcɑ | wɑcɑ | wɑcɑ | hocca
 |
| egg
 | om | ɑɦum | ɑɦum | ɑum | ɑum | ohom
 |
| cow
 | mɑmɑʃyɑ | mɑmɑʃyɑ | mɑmɑʃyɑ | ʃyɑ | ʃyɑ | sja
 |
| buffalo
 | meʃɑ | meʃɑ | meʃɑ | meʃyɑ | miʃyɑ | bhəisi (IA loan)
 |
| milk
 | olon | olon | olʌn | nunu | nunu | nənu
 |
| horns
 | nɑru | nɑru | nɑru | nɑru | nɑru | ujuŋ
 |
| tail
 | lime | lime | limek | leme | lime | pitik
 |
| goat
 | ʈuɽi | ʈuɽi | ʈuɽi | culi | culi | mi chja
 |
| dog
 | kucu | kucu | kucu | kucu | kucu | a kja
 |
| snake
 | rul | rul | rul | rul | rul | pəi hu
 |
| monkey
 | mɑkɑr | mɑkɑr | mɑkɑr | yu | yu | pəi huk
 |
| mosquito
 | ʈinini | ʈinini | ʈinini | lʌkʰʌʈoʈo | lɑmkʰuʈʈe | lamkhuʈʈe (IA loan)
 |
| ant
 | ʈiko | ʈiku | ʈiku | cukku | cuku | anap
 |
| spider
 | mɑkɑrpɑpɑ | mɑkɑrpɑpɑ | mɑkɑrpɑpɑ | jrɑmpʰɑl | jʌrɑmpɑl | dzənna
 |
| name
 | nɑme | nɑme | nɑme | nɑme | nɑme | u men
 |
| man
 | mi | mi | mi | mi | mi | bal
 |
| woman
 | cɑmɑicɑ | cɑmɑicɑ | cɑmɑicɑ | cɑmɑicɑ | cɑmɑicɑ | mama
 |
| child
 | ɦocɑ | ucɑ | ɦucɑ | ɦuccɑ | ɦucɑ | uca
 |
| father
 | ɑpɑ | ɑpɑ | ɑpɑ | ɑpɑ | ɑpɑ | papa
 |
| mother
 | ɑmɑ | ɑmɑ | ɑmɑ | ɑmɑ | ɑmɑ | ama (IA loan)
 |
| older brother
 | bubu | bubu | bubu | bubu | bubu | dadze (IA loan)
 |
| younger brother
 | ɦu | ɦu | ɦu | ɦu | ɦu | ale
 |
| older sister
 | tete | tete | tete | tete | tete | didi (IA loan)
 |
| younger sister
 | ɦumi | ɦomi | ɦumi | ɦumi | ɦu | abi
 |
| son
 | cɑ | cɑ | cɑ | cɑ | cɑ | ucuwa
 |
| daughter
 | cɑmɑi | cɑmɑi | cɑmɑi | cɑmɑi | cɑmɑi | ucuməi
 |
| husband
 | lɑwɑ | ʈʰoɽe | lɑwɑ | lɑwɑ | lɑwɑ | ukəi
 |
| wife
 | umɑ | umɑ | umɑ | umɑ | umɑ | uməi
 |
| boy
 | ʃɑrɑ | ʃɑrɑ | cɑɦucɑ | ʃɑrɑ | cɑ | papaca
 |
| girl
 | ʃɑrmɑ | ʃɑrmɑ | cɑmɑicɑ | ʃyɑrmi | cɑmɑi | mamaca
 |
| day
 | unise | unise | unise | ʃyɑŋ | unise | unis
 |
| night
 | ʈɑɦe | ʈɑɦe | ʈɑe | cyɑe | cyɑ | rat (IA loan)
 |
| morning
 | bʌcinʈe | bʌcinʈe | bʌsinʈe | bʌsinʈe | bɑʃe | hamdzaŋ
 |
| noon
 | unise | unise | unise | unise | unise | diuso (IA loan)
 |
| evening
 | ŋyoɽiŋ | ŋyoɽi | ŋyʌɽiŋ | nyõɽi | cyɑtʰɑn | hole
 |
| yesterday
 | miryɑŋ | miryɑŋ | miryɑŋ | merɡʰyɑŋ | merɡʰyɑŋ | minja
 |
| today
 | yɑŋ | yɑŋ | yɑŋ | yɑŋ | yɑŋ | təja
 |
| tomorrow
 | bɑʈʈʰe | bɑʈʈʰe | bɑʈʰe | bɑʃe | bʰʌĩse | hogei
 |
| week
 | ɦʌptɑ | ɦʌptɑ | ɦʌptɑ | loʔʃyɑŋ | sɑtɑdin | həpta (IA loan)
 |
| month
 | mʌinɑ | mʌinɑ | mʌɦine | sumcpʃyɑŋ | mʌinɑ | məina (IA loan)
 |
| year
 | kɑle | kɑle | kɑle | dɑrɑ | bʌrsʌ | bərsə (IA loan)
 |
| old
 | kʰɑru | kʰɑru | kʰɑru | kʰɑru | kʰɑru | cəŋpa
 |
| new
 | nɑke | nɑke | nɑkɑ | nɑkɑ | nɑkɑ | kawoi
 |
| good
 | ɑprɑ | ɑprɑ | ɑprɑ | kʌstɑ | ɑprɑ | kisen
 |
| bad
 | mɑʔɑprɑ | mɑʔɑprɑ | ɦijebɑ | mɑjɑdu | mɑʔɑprɑ | məsen
 |
| wet
 | pʰodu | pʰodu | pʰodu | pʰodu | bʰijɑiŋɑn | kjasun
 |
| dry
 | ɡɑŋdu | mɑpʰodu | pʰʌŋpʰʌŋ | gʌŋdu | mɑbʰijɑi | sukhkha (IA loan)
 |
| long
 | ʌlʌmɡɑ | ʌlʌmɡɑ | ʌlʌmɡɑ | ʌlʌmɡɑ | ʌlʌmɡɑ | alok
 |
| short
 | ucʰiɡɑ | ucʰiɡɑ | ucʰikɑ | ucʰiɡɑ | ucʰiɡɑ | ikuri
 |
| hot
 | ɑdum | ɑdum | ɑdum | ɑdum | ɑdum | kewon
 |
| cold
 | ʈilɑ | ʈilɑ | ɑjik | iji | cilɑŋɑn | kjasun
 |
| right
 | cɑkʰur | cɑkʰur | cɑkʰur | cɑkʰur | dɑɦine | daine (IA loan)
 |
| left
 | kʰolɑ | kʰolɑ | kʰolɑ | kʰolɑ | debre | debre (IA loan)
 |
| near
 | kʰer | kʰer | kʰerte | kʰereŋ | cʰeute | igin
 |
| far
 | ʌlʌmtʰɑ | ʌlʌmtʰɑ | ʌlʌmtʰɑ | ʌlʌmtʰɑ | ɑlɑmtʰɑ | kalok
 |
| big
 | jekʰɑ | jekʰɑ | jekʰɑ | jekʰɑ | jʰokɑ | alam
 |
| small
 | ucyɑ | ucyɑ | ucɑcɑ | ucyɑncɑ | ecenɑ | ikine
 |
| heavy
 | ɡʌruŋ | ɡʌruŋ | ɡɑnunidu | gʌrum | ɡʌruŋ | gegruŋ (IA loan)
 |
| light
 | ɦʌluŋ | ɦʌluŋ | pʰinpʰincɑ | ɦʌluŋ | ɦʌluŋ | həlka (IA loan)
 |
| above
 | ɦyute | ɦyute | ɦyute | ɦyute | ɦyobbi | khuŋ
 |
| below
 | nʰɑte | nʰɑte | nʰɑte | nʰɑnɑi | nɑbi | hjaŋ
 |
| white
 | ubo | ubo | ubo | ubo | obo | gjabo
 |
| black
 | kiji | kiji | kiji | kiji | kiji | ciliŋ
 |
| red
 | ɖiŋɖiŋ | ɖiŋɖiŋ | ɖiŋɖiŋ | ɖiŋɖiŋ | keret | phəija
 |
| one
 | di | di | di | di | de | de
 |
| two
 | nis | nis | nis | nis | nis | nis
 |
| three
 | sum | sum | sum | sum | sum | som
 |
| four
 | oli | oli | oli | oli | wɑli | car (IA loan)
 |
| five
 | wɑlŋɑ | wɑlŋɑ | wɑlŋɑ | wɑ̃lɑ | hwɑlŋɑ | pãc (IA loan)
 |
| six
 | mɑt | mɑt | mɑt | mʌt | mɑt | chə (IA loan)
 |
| seven
 | rɑ | rɑ | ro | lo | ɽo | sat (IA loan)
 |
| eight
 | lɑ | lɑ | lɑ | lɑ | lɑ | aʈh (IA loan)
 |
| nine
 | kit | kit | kyut | kit | kit | nəu
 |
| ten
 | dicip | dicip | dicip | dicip | dʰicip | dəs
 |
| eleven
 | dicipdi | dicipdi | dicipdi | dicipdi | dʰicipde | egharə
 |
| twelve
 | dicipnis | dicipnis | dicipnis | dicipnis | dʰicipnis | barə
 |
| twenty
 | nisdicip | nisdicip | nisdicip | nisdicip | nisdʰicip | bis
 |
| one hundred
 | dicipdicip | dicipdicip | dicipdicip | dicipdicip | dʰicipdʰicip | de səe (IA loan)
 |
| who
 | su | su | su | su | su | su
 |
| what
 | ɦɑrɑ | ɦɑrɑ | ɦɑrɑ | ɦɑrɑ | ɦɑrɑ | hai
 |
| where
 | kutɑ | kutɑ | kutɑ | kutɑ | kutɑ | kuni
 |
| when
 | kutɑleŋ | kutɑleŋ | kutɑleŋ | kutɑleŋ | ɦɑŋgɑlyɑŋ | kəile
 |
| how many
 | ɦɑni | ɦɑni | ɦɑni | ɦɑ̃lĩ | ɦɑi | kwa
 |
| which
 | kundu | kundu | kundu | kundu | kundu | kun
 |
| this
 | kɑ | kɑ | kɑ | kɑ | kɑ | jo
 |
| that
 | to | to | to | dʰɑ | to | tjo
 |
| these
 | kɑbɑŋ | kɑbɑŋ | kɑbɑŋ | kʌpʌliŋ | kɑbɑli | jibaŋ
 |
| those
 | tobɑŋ | tobɑŋ | tobɑŋ | topʌliŋ | tobɑŋ | ubaŋ
 |
| same
 | to | to | to | to | to | ui
 |
| different
 | bʰindʌi | bʰindʌi | beɡɑle | toŋɑkɑ | pʰʌrʌk | phərək (IA loan)
 |
| whole
 | sɑkkʰɑle | sɑkʰɑle | sɑkɑle | sɑkɑle | sʌkkʰɑli | səbəi (IA loan)
 |
| broken
 | kwɑdu | kwɑʔdu | kwɑɡdu | ʈʰemɑn | cʰyomdu | kipak
 |
| few
 | ucʰincɑ | ucʰincɑ | ucʰin | ucʰincɑ | icʰini | jurse
 |
| many
 | ɑɦe | ɑɦe | ɑɦe | ɑɦe | ɑɦe | dherəi (IA loan)
 |
| all
 | sɑkkʰɑle | sɑkʰɑle | sɑkɑle | sɑkɑle | sʌkkʰɑli | səpəi (IA loan)
 |
| eat
 | cyɑsɑ | cyɑsɑ | cyɑsɑ | cyɑsɑ | cyɑsɑ | cago
 |
| bite
 | ceʔsɑ | ceʔsɑ | ceksɑ | ceʔsɑ | ceʔsɑ | aŋakko
 |
| hungry
 | krɑisɑ | krɑisɑ | kʌrɑisɑ | krʌisɑ | isɑkɑrɑinɑn | hego
 |
| drink
 | tunsɑ | tunsɑ | tunsɑ | tuncʰɑ | tuncʰɑ | sjaŋgo
 |
| thirsty
 | lɑkɑisɑ | lɑkɑisɑ | lɑkɑsɑ | lɑkɑŋsɑ | lɑkɑinɑn | əs kago
 |
| sleep
 | ɑmisɑ | ɑmisɑ | ɑmisɑ | ɑmisɑ | ɑmisɑ | nago
 |
| lie
 | pʌlʈʌisisɑ | pʌlʈʌisisɑ | pʌlʈʌisɑ | bliŋsɑ | pʌlʈʌisisɑ | ləllumgo
 |
| sit
 | ɦoʔsɑ | ɦoʔsɑ | ɦoksɑ | ɦoʔsɑ | ɦoʔsɑ | hukko
 |
| give
 | piʔsɑ | piʔsɑ | pisɑ | piʔsɑ | piccʰɑ | pigo
 |
| burn
 | cieʔsɑ | jousɑ | jyoksɑ | joʔsɑ | jyʌusɑ | cimakko
 |
| die
 | sisɑ | sisɑ | sisɑ | sisɑ | sisɑ | sigo
 |
| kill
 | sɑtcʰɑ | sɑtcʰɑ | sɑtcʰɑ | sʌtcʰɑ | sɑccʰɑ | sat ko
 |
| fly
 | persɑ | persɑ | persɑ | persɑ | persɑ | ublego
 |
| walk
 | cɑwɑsɑ | cɑwɑsɑ | cɑwɑsɑ | cɑwɑsɑ | cɑwɑsɑ | dzjogo
 |
| run
 | droʔsɑ | droʔsɑ | droksɑ | droʔsɑ | dorʌsɑ | gəbango
 |
| go
 | ɦensɑ | ɦensɑ | ɦensɑ | ɦensɑ | ɦensɑ | jago
 |
| come
 | rɑʔsɑ | rɑʔsɑ | rɑsɑ | rɑʔsɑ | rɑʔsɑ | təigo
 |
| speak
 | cijyɑŋsɑ | cijyɑŋsɑ | cijyɑŋsɑ | cijyɑŋsɑ | cijɑŋsɑ | khəlago
 |
| hear/listen
 | nɑsɑisɑ | nɑsɑisɑ | nɑsɑisɑ | nɑsɑisɑ | nɑsɑisɑ | nago
 |
| look
 | yoʔsɑ | yoʔsɑ | yosɑ | jyɑpsɑ | jyɑpsɑ | ni go
 |
| I
 | ɡɑi | ɡɑi | ɡɑi | ɡʌi | ɡɑi | ŋa
 |
| you (informal)
 | nɑŋ | nɑŋ | nɑŋ | nʌŋ | nɑŋ | nuŋ
 |
| you (formal)
 | nɑŋtʰe | nɑŋtʰe | nɑŋkʰe | nʌŋ | nɑŋ | nuŋ
 |
| he
 | to | to | to | to | to | u (IA loan)
 |
| she
 | to | to | to | to | to | u
 |
| we (inclusive)
 | ni | ni | ni | ni | tʰe | niru
 |
| we (exclusive)
 | ni | ni | ni | ni | tʰe | niru
 |
| you (plural)
 | niŋpɑli | niŋpɑli | niŋ | nʌŋpɑliŋ | nʌŋpɑli | tibaŋ
 |
| they
 | tobɑŋ | tobɑŋ | tobɑŋ | topɑliŋ | topɑliŋ | ubaŋ
 |

## 參考文獻

## 延伸阅读

* Turin, Mark, A grammar of the Thangmi language, Brill, 2012, ISBN 978-9004155268 . 2012.

* Saxena, A. (Ed.). (2004). *Himalayan languages: past and present* (Vol. 149). Walter de Gruyter.
* Turin, Mark. The Thangmi Verbal Agreement System and the Kiranti Connection. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 1998, **61** (3): 476–491  [2024-06-27]. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00019303. （原始内容存档于2023-02-19）.
* Turin, M. Voices of vanishing worlds: Endangered languages, orality, and cognition. Análise Social. 2012, **47** (205): 846–869.
* Bradley, D. [Review of A Grammar of the Thangmi Language: With an Ethnographic Introduction to the Speakers and Their Culture. Brill's Tibetan Studies Library 5/6].. Anthropological Linguistics. 2012, **54** (3): 302–305. S2CID 144836849. doi:10.1353/anl.2012.0014.
* Shneiderman, S. B. The formation of political consciousness in rural Nepal. Dialectical Anthropology. 2009, **33** (3/4): 287–308. S2CID 42405766. doi:10.1007/s10624-009-9129-2.
* Shneiderman, S.; Turin, M. Thangmi, Thami, Thani? Remembering a Forgotten People. Himalayan Culture. 2000, **5** (1): 4–20.
* Turin, M. By way of incest and the golden deer: how the Thangmi came to be and the pitfalls of oral history. Journal of Nepalese Studies. 1999, **3** (1): 13–19.
* Shneiderman, S. B. (2009). Rituals of ethnicity: Migration, mixture, and the making of Thangmi identity across Himalayan borders (Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University).
* Sara, S. (2015). Epilogue: Thami ke ho?What Is Thami?. In, Rituals of Ethnicity : Thangmi Identities Between Nepal and India (p. 252). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
* Sara, S. (2015). 3. Origin Myths and Myths of Originality. In, Rituals of Ethnicity : Thangmi Identities Between Nepal and India (p. 61). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
* Grierson, G. A. (1909). Tibeto-Burman Family: General Introduction, Specimens of the Tibetan Dialects, the Himalayan Dialects, and the North Assam group. (Linguistic Survey of India, III(I).) Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. 669pp.
* Shneiderman, S. (2010). ‘Producing’ Thangmi Ritual Texts: Practice, performance and collaboration. In Imogen Gunn and Mark Turin (eds.) Language Documentation and Description, Vol 8, 159–174 London: SOAS.
* Turin, M. (2011). Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region, Volume 6: A Grammar of the Thangmi Language (2 vols): With an Ethnolinguistic Introduction to the Speakers and Their Culture. Brill.

* OLAC resources in and about the Thangmi language （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
*  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
*  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）