# 衛藏方言[编辑]

| 衛藏方言 |
| --- |
| Ü-Tsang |
| དབུས་གཙང་སྐད། *dbus gtsang skad* |
| 用藏文书写的“藏语” |
| 发音 | /wýkɛʔ, wýʔtsáŋ kɛʔ/（拉萨方言） |
| 母语国家和地区 | 中国、尼泊尔、印度 |
| 区域 | 西藏自治区、喜马偕尔 |
| 母语使用人数 | 417.3万 （2022） |
| 系属分类 | 汉藏语系
* 藏缅语族
	+ 藏-喜马拉雅语群
		- 藏语群
			* 藏语方言
				+ **衛藏方言**
 |
| 标准方言 | 标准藏语

 |
| 文字 | 藏文字母 |
| 語言代碼 |
| ISO 639-1 | `bo` |
| ISO 639-2 | `tib` （B） `bod` （T） |
| ISO 639-3 | `bod`——囊括代码 各项代码： `bod` – 标准藏语 `dre` – Dolpo `hut` – Humla, Limi `lhm` – Lhomi (Shing Saapa) `muk` – 穆古方言 `kte` – 努布里语 `ola` – Walungge (Gola) `loy` – Lowa/Loke (Mustang) `tcn` – Tichurong |
| Glottolog | `tibe1272`  Tibetan `sout3216`  西南藏语(partial match) `basu1243`  Basum |
| ELP | Walungge |
|  | Dolpo |
|  | Lhomi |
| 瀕危程度 |
| 联合国教科文组织认定的瀕危語言 **脆弱**（UNESCO） |

**衛藏方言**，又称**中部藏语**，是藏語三大方言之一。主要分布在衛藏地区。

與康方言相似，有聲調，一般是4個調。聲調與聲母、韻母有制約關係。聲母有送氣和不送氣的對立，韻母則有元音的長短和輔音韻尾變化。詞與語法成分之間會發生連續變調。

## 划分

中国学界把卫藏方言分成三个土语：

* 前藏（卫）土语：分布在包括拉萨市、山南市北部和林芝市西部，有80万人使用，包括部分海外藏人。
* 后藏（藏）土语：分布在日喀则市，有60万人使用。
* 阿里土语：分布在阿里地区西南大部（改则县除外），有5万人使用。

卫藏方言另有一些比较小的土语，有独立的ISO 639-3编码。

* Dolpo (dre)
* Humla (hut)
* Nubri (kte)
* Lhomi (lhm)
* Lowa (loy)
* Mugom (muk)
* Walungge (ola)
* Tichurong (tcn)
* Tseku (tsk)

另有几种土语，在很多分类中也属于中部藏语，但Tournadre (2005)把它们独立成一类。

* Kyerung (kgy)
* Helambu Sherpa (scp)
* Kagate (syw)
* Tsum (ttz)

## 拉萨方言语音系统

### 声母

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|

| 藏語拼音 | 國際音標 | 藏文字 | 威利转写舉例
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| g | [k] | ཀ་ | k
 |
| k | [kʰ] | ཁ་ ག་ | kh, g
 |
| ng | [ŋ] | ང་ | ng
 |
| j | [tɕ] | ཅ་ | c
 |
| q | [tɕʰ] | ཆ་ ཇ་ | ch, j
 |
| ny | [ɲ] | ཉ་ | ny
 |
| d | [t] | ཏ་ | t
 |
| t | [tʰ] | ཐ་ ད་ | th, d
 |
| n | [n] | ན་ | n
 |
| b | [p] | པ་ | p
 |
| p | [pʰ] | ཕ་ བ་ | ph, b
 |
| m | [m] | མ་ | m
 |
| z | [ts] | ཙ་ | ts
 |
| c | [tsʰ] | ཚ་ ཛ་ | tsh, dz
 |
| w | [w] | ཝ་ | w
 |

 |

| 藏語拼音 | 國際音標 | 藏文字 | 威利转写舉例
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| x | [ɕ] | ཞ་ ཤ་ | zh, sh
 |
| s | [s] | ཟ་ ས་ | z, s
 |
| y | [j] | ཡ་ | y
 |
| r | [ɹ] | ར་ | r
 |
| l | [l] | ལ་ | l
 |
| h | [h] | ཧ་ | h
 |
| gy | [c] | ཀྱ་ | gy
 |
| ky | [cʰ] | ཁྱ་ གྱ་ | ky
 |
| zh | [tʂ] | ཀྲ་ | kr
 |
| ch | [tʂʰ] | ཁྲ་ གྲ་ | khr, gr
 |
| sh | [ʂ] | ཧྲ་ | hr
 |
| lh | [ɬ] | ལྷ་ | lh
 |

 |

* 註：藏文字母 འ 通常不轉換，威利转写有時以 ' 標示其存在。

### 韵母

設輔音爲“ཨ”（而非“◌”）。

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ཨ། | ཨའུ། | ཨག། ཨགས། | ཨང༌། ཨངས། | ཨབ། ཨབས། | ཨམ། ཨམས། | ཨར། | ཨལ། ཨའི། | ཨད། ཨས། | ཨན། |
| a | au | ag | ang | ab | am | ar | ai/ä | ai/ä | ain/än |
| ཨི། ཨིལ། ཨའི། | ཨིའུ། ཨེའུ། | ཨིག། ཨིགས། | ཨིད། ཨིས། | ཨིང༌། ཨིངས། | ཨིབ། ཨིབས། | ཨིམ། ཨིམས། | ཨིར། | ཨིན། |  |
| i | iu | ig | i | ing | ib | im | ir | in |  |
| ཨུ། | ཨུག། ཨུགས། | ཨུང༌། ཨུངས། | ཨུབ། ཨུབས། | ཨུམ། ཨུམས། | ཨུར། | ཨུལ། ཨུའི། | ཨུད། ཨུས། | ཨུན། |  |
| u | ug | ung | ub | um | ur | ü | ü | ün |  |
| ཨེ། ཨེལ། ཨེའི། | ཨེག། ཨེགས། | ཨེད། ཨེས། | ཨེང༌། ཨེངས། | ཨེབ། ཨེབས། | ཨེམ། ཨེམས། | ཨེར། | ཨེན། |  |  |
| ê | êg | ê | êng | êb | êm | êr | ên |  |  |
| ཨོ། | ཨོག། ཨོགས། | ཨོང༌། ཨོངས། | ཨོབ། ཨོབས། | ཨོམ། ཨོམས། | ཨོར། | ཨོལ། ཨོའི། | ཨོད། ཨོས། | ཨོན། |  |
| o | og | ong | ob | om | or | oi/ö | oi/ö | oin/ön |  |

### 元音

| 国际音标 | 藏语拼音 | 威利转写举例
 | 国际音标 | 藏语拼音 | 威利转写举例
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [a] | a | a
 |  |
| [ɛ] | ai/ä | al, a'i | [ɛ̃] | ain/än | an
 |
| [i] | i | i, il, i'i | [ĩ] | in | in
 |
| [u] | u | u
 |  |
| [y] | ü | ul, u'i | [ỹ] | ün | un
 |
| [e] | ê | e, el, e'i | [ẽ] | ên | en
 |
| [o] | o | o
 |  |
| [ø] | oi/ö | ol, o'i | [ø̃] | oin/ön | on
 |

一般拼写用ai, ain, oi, oin，地名记音用ä, än, ö, ön。

另外，实际使用中ê往往简写作e。

#### 双元音

| 国际音标 | 藏语拼音 | 威利转写举例
 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [au] | au | a'u
 |
| [iu] | iu | i'u, e'u
 |

### 辅音韵尾

| 国际音标 | 藏语拼音 | 威利转写举例
 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [ʔ] | 无 | d, s
 |
| [n] | n |  |
| [k/ʔ] | g | g, gs
 |
| [ŋ] | ng | ng, ngs
 |
| [p] | b | b, bs
 |
| [m] | m | m, ms
 |
| [r] | r | r
 |

* 標準藏語
* 安多方言
* 拉达克语
* 巴尔蒂语
* 卫藏

## 參考文獻

* 《中國大百科》
* 《中国语言地图集》