# 意大利-西罗曼语支[编辑]

| 意大利-西罗曼语支 |
| --- |
| 地理分佈 | 意大利、法国、伊比利亚半岛 |
| 谱系学分类 | 印欧语系* 意大利语族
	+ 罗曼语族
		- **意大利-西罗曼语支**
 |
| 分支 |
意大利-达尔马提亚语支
西罗曼语支

 |
| – |
| Glottolog | `ital1285` |
|  |

根据某些分类法，**意大利-西罗曼语支**（Italo-Western languages）是罗曼语族最大的一个分支。它又可进一步分为意大利-达尔马提亚语支与西罗曼语支，前者主要包括意大利语、西西里语、那不勒斯语，后者主要包括阿拉贡语、奥克语、加泰罗尼亚语、法语、西班牙语、葡萄牙语、加利西亚语等较西部的罗曼语。

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 意大利‑西罗曼语支
 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 義大利-達爾馬提亞語支
 |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
达尔马提亚语 *Dalmatian* dlm |
|  |
|  |
伊斯特拉語 *Istriot* ist |
|  |
|  |
意大利语 *Italian* ita |
|  |
|  | 犹太-意大利语 *Judeo Italian* itk |
|  |
|  |
那不勒斯语 *Napoletano Calabrese* nap |
|  |
|  |
西西里语 *Sicilian* scn |
|  |

 |
| Italo Dalmatian
 |
| 西羅曼語支
 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 高卢‑伊比利亚语支
 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 高盧-羅曼語支
 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 高卢-意大利语支
 |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
艾米利亞語 *Emilian* egl |
|  |
|  |
利古里亚语 *Ligurian* lij |
|  |
|  |
倫巴底語 *Lombard* lmo |
|  |
|  |
皮埃蒙特语 *Piedmontese* pms |
|  |
|  |
羅馬涅語 *Romagnol* rgn |
|  |
|  |
威尼斯語 *Venetian* vec |
|  |

 |
| Gallo Italian
 |
| 高卢‑雷蒂亚
 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 奥依语
 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 法语
 |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
法语 *French* fra |
|  |
|  |
路易斯安那法語 *French, Cajun* frc |
|  |
|  | 根西语 *Guernésiais* nrf |
|  |
|  |
皮卡第语 *Picard* pcd |
|  |
|  |
瓦隆语 *Walloon* wln |
|  |

 |
| French
 |
| 东南奥依语
 |
法兰克-普罗旺斯语 *Arpitan* frp |
| Southeastern
 |

 |
| Oïl
 |
| 雷蒂亚
 |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
弗留利语 *Friulian* fur |
|  |
|  |
拉定语 *Ladin* lld |
|  |
|  |
罗曼什语 *Romansh* roh |
|  |

 |
| Rhaetian
 |

 |
| Gallo Rhaetian
 |

 |
| Gallo Romance
 |
| 伊比利亚-罗曼语支
 |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 东伊比利亚
 |
加泰罗尼亚语 *Catalan* cat |
| East Iberian
 |
| 奥克-罗曼语
 |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
奥克语 *Occitan* oci |
|  |
|  | 犹太-奥克语 *Shuadit* sdt |
|  |

 |
| Oc
 |
| 西伊比利亞語支
 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 阿斯图里亚斯‑莱昂
 |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
阿斯图里亚斯语 *Asturian* ast |
|  |
|  |
米兰德斯语 *Mirandese* mwl |
|  |

 |
| Asturo Leonese
 |
| 卡斯蒂利亚
 |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
埃斯特雷馬杜拉語 *Extremaduran* ext |
|  |
|  |
犹太西班牙语 *Ladino* lad |
|  |
|  |
西班牙语 *Spanish* spa |
|  |
|  |
洛雷托-烏卡亞利西班牙語 *Spanish, Charapa* spq |
|  |

 |
| Castilian
 |
| 葡萄牙‑加利西亚
 |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  |
法拉語 *Fala* fax |
|  |
|  |
加利西亚语 *Galician* glg |
|  |
|  | 明代语 *Minderico* drc |
|  |
|  |
葡萄牙语 *Portuguese* por |
|  |

 |
| Portuguese Galician
 |

 |
| West Iberian
 |

 |
| Ibero Romance
 |

 |
| Gallo Iberian
 |
| 比利牛斯‑莫札拉布语支
 |
阿拉贡语 *Aragonese* arg |
| Pyrenean Mozarabic
 |

 |
| Western
 |

 |
|  |

## 意大利-達爾馬提亞語支

根據相互理解性，該語支可以更加細分**五個分支**：

### 達爾馬提亞語

* 達爾馬提亞語曾流通於克羅地亞的達爾馬提亞地區，但於19世紀滅絕。
* 伊斯特拉語主要流通於克羅地亞、斯洛文尼亞及意大利的伊斯特里亞半島。

### 托斯卡納語及意大利語

* 托斯卡納語主要流通於意大利的托斯卡納地區。
	+ 科西嘉語與托斯卡納語有親緣關係，該語擁有另外兩個方言：加盧拉語和薩沙里語。
* 意大利語是羅曼語族中最接近拉丁語的語言，並且在意大利、瑞士、聖馬利諾、梵蒂岡及西伊斯特里亞半島（屬斯洛文尼亞及克羅地亞）擁有官方語言地位。意大利語亦曾經是阿爾巴尼亞、馬耳他及摩納哥的官方語言，但現今依然在這些地區廣泛流通。而在意大利的前殖民地意屬東非和意屬北非，意大利語依然在不同領域有着重要作用。同時，澳大利亞和美洲亦擁有大量的海外意大利人，很多人依舊使用着意大利語。意大利語最早主要是基於托斯卡納語，尤其是佛羅倫薩方言。之後隨着意大利語各地語言的影響，最終形成了標準意大利語發音，亦稱**修訂佛羅倫薩發音**（意大利語：Pronuncia Fiorentina Emendata）。修訂發音主要基於羅馬方言，導致現代標準意大利語大大不同於托斯卡納語。

### 中部意大利語

* 中部意大利語主要包括羅馬方言及馬爾凱方言的變種。

### 南部意大利語

* 那不勒斯語流通於意大利南部，並有以下方言：
	+ 坎帕尼亞方言，流通於坎帕尼亞大區和拉素大區南部；
	+ 阿布魯佐方言，流通於阿布魯佐大區；
	+ 普利亞方言，流通於普利亞大區；
	+ 北卡拉布里亞-盧卡尼亞方言；
	+ 莫利塞方言，流通於莫利塞大區，

* 南端意大利語：
	+ 西西里語流通於西西里島、卡拉布里亞大區南部和中部、羅卡格洛廖薩、羅夫拉諾以及薩蘭托半島。

### 猶太-意大利語

猶太-意大利語是一種10世紀至20世紀時期猶太人社區所使用的意大利語變種，主要流通於意大利和希臘（克基拉島和扎金索斯州）。

## 西羅曼語支

西羅曼語支之下又可細分爲另外兩個小語支：

### 高盧-羅曼語支

該語支包括以下語言：

* 奧依語，包括標準法語、皮卡第语、瓦隆語、洛林語、諾曼語；
* 法蘭克-普羅旺斯語，又稱**阿皮坦語**。該語有時亦會被歸入奧依語。

該語支亦可包括以下語言：

* 雷托-羅曼語，包括弗留利語、拉登語和瑞士官方語言之一羅曼什語。該語可以被歸入高盧-羅曼語支，但是有時亦會被列爲西羅曼語支的下的一個單獨小語支。
* 奧克-羅曼語支，流通於法國南部及伊比利亞本島東部，包括奧克語和加泰羅尼亞語。奧克-羅曼語支可以被劃入高盧-羅曼語支或伊比利亞-羅曼語支，有時亦會被列爲西羅曼語支的下的一個單獨小語支。
	+ 奧克語擁有普羅旺斯方言和加斯科涅方言；
	+ 加泰羅尼亞語有加泰羅尼亞及瓦倫西亞語兩種標準形式；

* 高盧-意大利語支，包括皮埃蒙特語、利古里亞語、倫巴底語、艾米利亞-羅馬涅語、西西里高盧-意大利語、巴西利卡塔高盧-意大利語。該語支可以被劃入高盧-羅曼語支或意大利-達爾馬提亞語支。威尼斯語有時會被劃入該小語支，但是由於該語和其他語言有着數處明顯差異，故仍爲爭議。

### 伊比利亞-羅曼語支

* 西伊比利亞語支，包括：
	+ 卡斯提語：西班牙語和拉迪諾語（亦稱猶太-西班牙語）；
	+ 加利西亞-葡萄牙語，包括葡萄牙語、加利西亞語、法拉語及烏拉圭葡萄牙語；
	+ 阿斯圖里亞斯-萊昂語支，由東至西分別有：坎塔布連方言、阿斯圖里亞斯語、萊昂語；由北至南有：萊昂語、米蘭德斯語、埃斯特雷馬杜拉語、巴蘭科斯語。
* 比利牛斯-莫扎拉布語支，包括阿拉貢語和已經滅絕的莫扎拉布語，該語支有時亦會被列入西伊比利亞語支。
* 東伊比利亞語，或加泰羅尼亞語，通常被劃分爲西羅曼語支下的奧克-羅曼語支，見上文。

## 參考資料

* Italo-Western （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）於Ethnologue