# 西羅曼語支[编辑]

| 西罗曼语支 |
| --- |
| 地理分佈 | 法国、伊比利亚半岛、北意大利及瑞士 |
| 谱系学分类 | 印欧语系* 意大利语族
	+ 拉丁-法利希语支
		- 罗曼语族
			* 意大利-西罗曼语支
				+ **西罗曼语支**
 |
| 分支 |
高盧-羅曼語支
伊比利亞羅曼語支
威尼斯語

 |
| – |
| Glottolog | `west2813` |
|  罗曼语族的分支图 |

**西羅曼語**（英語：Western Romance languages）是羅曼語族下屬，根據拉斯佩齊亞-里米尼線的分類之一，和義大利-達爾馬提亞語共同形成了意大利-西羅曼語支。西羅曼語言雖然和義大利-達爾馬提亞語同源，但由於經過了拉丁化過程並且吸收了凱爾特語和伊比利亞語文化的特點，在詞彙和發音上有所不同。另外，西羅曼語言和東羅曼語支由於地理位置甚遠因此有很大不同。

拉斯佩齊亞-里米尼線區分了其南北兩端語言的不同，當中包括使用 s 構成複數，某些輔音的弱化以及 c 的發音（北部的西羅曼語爲 /t͡s/ ，後期則演化爲 /s/，而意大利語和羅馬尼亞語則爲 /t͡ʃ/）。

今天，西羅曼語語支中最廣泛使用的語言分別爲：

* 西班牙語：4.63億母語人口，7490萬第二語言人口，共有5.379億使用人口；
* 葡萄牙語：2.279億母語人口。2420萬第二語言人口，共2.522億使用人口；
* 法語：7730萬母語人口，1.993億第二語言人口，共有2.766億使用人口；
* 加泰羅尼亞語：720萬母語人口；

## 分支图

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| 西罗曼语支
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| 高卢‑伊比利亚语支
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| 高盧-羅曼語支
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 高卢-意大利语支
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| --- | --- |
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艾米利亞語 *Emilian* egl |
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利古里亚语 *Ligurian* lij |
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倫巴底語 *Lombard* lmo |
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皮埃蒙特语 *Piedmontese* pms |
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羅馬涅語 *Romagnol* rgn |
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威尼斯語 *Venetian* vec |
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| Gallo Italian
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| 高卢‑雷蒂亚
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 奥依语
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 法语
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| --- | --- |
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法语 *French* fra |
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路易斯安那法語 *French, Cajun* frc |
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|  | 根西语 *Guernésiais* nrf |
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皮卡第语 *Picard* pcd |
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瓦隆语 *Walloon* wln |
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| French
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| 东南奥依语
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法兰克-普罗旺斯语 *Arpitan* frp |
| Southeastern
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| Oïl
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| 雷蒂亚
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| --- | --- |
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弗留利语 *Friulian* fur |
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拉定语 *Ladin* lld |
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罗曼什语 *Romansh* roh |
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| Rhaetian
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| Gallo Rhaetian
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| Gallo Romance
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| 伊比利亚-罗曼语支
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| --- | --- |
| 东伊比利亚
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加泰罗尼亚语 *Catalan* cat |
| East Iberian
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| 奥克-罗曼语
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| --- | --- |
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奥克语 *Occitan* oci |
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|  | 犹太-奥克语 *Shuadit* sdt |
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| Oc
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| 西伊比利亞語支
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 阿斯图里亚斯‑莱昂
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阿斯图里亚斯语 *Asturian* ast |
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米兰德斯语 *Mirandese* mwl |
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| Asturo Leonese
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| 卡斯蒂利亚
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埃斯特雷馬杜拉語 *Extremaduran* ext |
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犹太西班牙语 *Ladino* lad |
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西班牙语 *Spanish* spa |
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洛雷托-烏卡亞利西班牙語 *Spanish, Charapa* spq |
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| Castilian
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| 葡萄牙‑加利西亚
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法拉語 *Fala* fax |
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加利西亚语 *Galician* glg |
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|  | 明代语 *Minderico* drc |
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葡萄牙语 *Portuguese* por |
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| Portuguese Galician
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| West Iberian
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| Ibero Romance
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| Gallo Iberian
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| 比利牛斯‑莫札拉布语支
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阿拉贡语 *Aragonese* arg |
| Pyrenean Mozarabic
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## 高盧-羅曼語支

該語支包括以下語言：

* 奧依語，包括標準法語、皮卡第语、瓦隆語、洛林語、諾曼語；
* 法蘭克-普羅旺斯語，又稱**阿皮坦語**。該語有時亦會被歸入奧依語。

該語支亦可包括以下語言：

* 雷托-羅曼語，包括弗留利語、拉登語和瑞士官方語言之一羅曼什語。該語可以被歸入高盧-羅曼語支，但是有時亦會被列爲西羅曼語支的下的一個單獨小語支。
* 奧克-羅曼語支，流通於法國南部及伊比利亞本島東部，包括奧克語和加泰羅尼亞語。奧克-羅曼語支可以被劃入高盧-羅曼語支或伊比利亞-羅曼語支，有時亦會被列爲西羅曼語支的下的一個單獨小語支。
	+ 奧克語擁有普羅旺斯方言和加斯科涅方言；
	+ 加泰羅尼亞語有加泰羅尼亞及瓦倫西亞語兩種標準形式；

* 高盧-意大利語支，包括皮埃蒙特語、利古里亞語、倫巴底語、艾米利亞-羅馬涅語、西西里高盧-意大利語、巴西利卡塔高盧-意大利語。該語支可以被劃入高盧-羅曼語支或意大利-達爾馬提亞語支。威尼斯語有時會被劃入該小語支，但是由於該語和其他語言有着數處明顯差異，故仍爲爭議。

## 伊比利亞-羅曼語支

* 西伊比利亞語支，包括：
	+ 卡斯提語：西班牙語和拉迪諾語（亦稱猶太-西班牙語）；
	+ 加利西亞-葡萄牙語，包括葡萄牙語、加利西亞語、法拉語及烏拉圭葡萄牙語；
	+ 阿斯圖里亞斯-萊昂語支，由東至西分別有：坎塔布連方言、阿斯圖里亞斯語、萊昂語；由北至南有：萊昂語、米蘭德斯語、埃斯特雷馬杜拉語、巴蘭科斯語。
* 比利牛斯-莫扎拉布語支，包括阿拉貢語和已經滅絕的莫扎拉布语，該語支有時亦會被列入西伊比利亞語支。
* 東伊比利亞語，或加泰羅尼亞語，通常被劃分爲西羅曼語支下的奧克-羅曼語支，見上文。

## 參考資料

* Celtic Lenition and Western Romance Consonants （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Aspects of the Syntax of Clitic Placement in Western Romance （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* The Cambridge History of the Romance Languages: Volume 1, Structures （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）