# 德内语支[编辑]

| 德内语支 |
| --- |
| 地理分佈 | 北美洲 |
| 谱系学分类 | 德內－葉尼塞語門 (建議中)* 納－德內語系
	+ 阿薩巴斯卡－埃雅克語族
		- **德内语支**
 |
| 分支 |
北德內語支
太平洋沿岸阿薩巴斯卡語支
南德內語支

 |
| 语言代码 |
| ISO 639-2 / 5 | `ath` |
| – |
| Glottolog | `atha1247` |
|  |

**德内语支**或称**阿萨巴斯卡语支**（Athabaskan、Athabascan、Dene、Athapascan、Athapaskan）是北美大陆一系列原住民语言的统称，阿萨巴斯卡语系主语言与其他一些语言被归入纳-德内语系。阿萨巴斯卡语系为北美第二大语系。阿萨巴斯卡语系包含31种语言，哥威迅语、斯拉维语等语言被列为加拿大西北领地的官方语言。

## 參考文獻

* Boas, Franz. 1917. *Grammatical notes on the language of the Tlingit Indians.* (University Museum Anthropological Publications 8.1). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
* California Indian Library Collections Project （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. California Athapaskan Bibliography （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Campbell, Lyle. 1997. *American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America*. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
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* Cook, Eung-Do. 1992. Athabaskan languages. In William Bright (ed.), *International encyclopedia of linguistics*, 122–128. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505196-3.
* Cook, Eung-Do & Keren Rice. 1989. Introduction. In Eung-Do Cook & Keren Rice (eds.), *Athapaskan linguistics: Current perspectives on a language family*, 1–61. (Trends in Linguistics, State-of-the-art Reports 15). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 0-89925-282-6.
* Golla, Victor. 2011. *California Indian Ianguages*. Berkeley: University of California Press.
* Hoijer, Harry. 1938. The southern Athapaskan languages. *American Anthropologist* 40(1). 75–87.
* Hoijer, Harry. 1956. The Chronology of the Athapaskan languages. *International Journal of American Linguistics* 22(4). 219–232.
* Hoijer, Harry. 1963. The Athapaskan languages. In Harry Hoijer (ed.), *Studies in the Athapaskan languages*, 1–29. Berkeley: University of California Press.
* Hoijer, Harry (ed.). 1963. *Studies in the Athapaskan languages*. (University of California publications in linguistics 29). Berkeley: University of California Press.
* Hoijer, Harry. 1971. The position of the Apachean languages in the Athpaskan stock. In Keith H. Basso & M. E. Opler (eds.), *Apachean culture history and ethnology*, 3–6. (Anthropological papers of the University of Arizona 21). Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
* Hymes, Dell H. 1957. A note on Athapaskan glottochronology. *International Journal of American Linguistics* 23(4). 291–297.
* Kari, James. 1989. Affix positions and zones in the Athapaskan verb complex: Ahtna and Navajo. *International Journal of American Linguistics* 55(4). 424-454.
* Kari, James, James A. Fall, & Shem Pete. 2003. *Shem Pete’s Alaska: The territory of the Upper Cook Inlet Denaʼina.* Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska Press. ISBN 1-889963-56-9 (cloth); ISBN 1-889963-57-7 (pbk.).
* Kari, James and Ben A. Potter. (2010). *The Dene–Yeniseian Connection,* ed. by J. Kari and B. Potter, 1–24. *Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska*, new series, vol. 5. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Fairbanks, Department of Anthropology.
* Kibrik, Andrej A. 1993. Transitivity increase in Athabaskan languages. In Bernard Comrie & Maria Polinsky (eds.), *Causatives and Transitivity*, 47–68. (Studies in Language Comparison Series 23). Philadelphia: John Benjamins. ISBN 978-1-55619-375-0 (hbk).
* Kibrik, Andrej A. 1996. Transitivity decrease in Navajo and Athabaskan: Actor-affecting propositional derivations. In Eloise Jelinek, Sally Midgette, Keren Rice, & Leslie Saxon (eds.) *Athabaskan language studies: Essays in honor of Robert W. Young*, 259–304. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico. ISBN 0-8263-1705-7 (cloth).
* Kibrik, Andrej A. 2001. A typologically oriented portrait of the Athabaskan language family. Presented at ALT-IV, Santa Barbara, CA.
* Krauss, Michael E. 1964. The proto-Athapaskan–Eyak and the problem of Na-Dene, I: The phonology. *International Journal of American Linguistics* 30(2). 118–131.
* Krauss, Michael E. 1965. The proto-Athapaskan–Eyak and the problem of Na-Dene, II: The morphology. *International Journal of American Linguistics* 31(1). 18–28.
* Krauss, Michael E. 1968. Noun-classification systems in the Athapaskan, Eyak, Tlingit and Haida verbs. *International Journal of American Linguistics* 34(3). 194–203.
* Krauss, Michael E. 1969. *On the classification in the Athapascan, Eyak, and the Tlingit verb*. Baltimore: Waverly Press, Indiana University.
* Krauss, Michael E. 1973. Na-Dene. In Thomas A. Sebeok (ed.), *Linguistics in North America*, 903–978. (Current trends in linguistics 10). The Hague: Mouton. (Reprinted as Krauss 1976).
* Krauss, Michael E. 1976*a*. Na-Dene. In Thomas A. Sebeok (ed.), *Native languages of the Americas*, 283–358. New York: Plenum. Reprint of Krauss 1973.
* Krauss, Michael E. 1976*b*. Proto-Athabaskan–Eyak fricatives and the first person singular. Unpublished manuscript.
* Krauss, Michael E. 1979. Na-Dene and Eskimo. In Lyle Campbell & Marianne Mithun (eds.), *The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment*. Austin: University of Texas Press.
* Krauss, Michael E. 1979. Athabaskan tone. Unpublished manuscript. Published with revisions as Krauss 2005.
* Krauss, Michael E. 1981. *On the history and use of comparative Athapaskan linguistics*. Unpublished manuscript.
* Krauss, Michael E. 1986. Edward Sapir and Athabaskan linguistics. In W. Cowan, M. Foster, & K. Koerner (eds.), *New perspectives in language, culture, and personality*, 147–190. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
* Krauss, Michael E. 1987. *The name Athabaskan*. In Peter L. Corey (ed.), *Faces, Voices & Dreams: A celebration of the centennial of the Sheldon Jackson Museum, Sitka, Alaska, 1888–1988*, 105–08. Sitka, AK: Division of Alaska State Museums and the Friends of the Alaska State Museum. PDF version available from the Alaska Native Language Center （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
* Krauss, Michael E. 2005. Athabaskan tone. In Sharon Hargus & Keren Rice (eds.), *Athabaskan Prosody*, 51–136. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Revision of unpublished manuscript dated 1979.
* Krauss, Michael E. & Victor Golla. 1981. Northern Athapaskan languages. In J. Helm (ed.), *Subarctic*, 67–85. (Handbook of North American Indians 6). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
* Krauss, Michael E. & Jeff Leer. 1981. *Athabaskan, Eyak, and Tlingit sonorants*. (Alaska Native Language Center research papers 5). Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska, Alaska Native Language Center.
* Leer, Jeff. 1979. *Proto-Athabaskan verb stem variation I: Phonology*. (Alaska Native Language Center research papers 1). Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Native Language Center.
* Leer, Jeff. 1982. *Navajo and comparative Athabaskan stem list*. Unpublished manuscript. ANLA CA965L1982 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Leer, Jeff. 1990. Tlingit: A portmanteau language family? In Philip Baldi (ed.), *Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology*, 73–98. (Trends in Linguistics: Studies and monographs 45). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-011908-4.
* Leer, Jeff. 2005. How stress shapes the stem-suffix complex in Athabaskan. In Sharon Hargus & Keren Rice (eds.), *Athabaskan Prosody*, 278–318. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
* Leer, Jeff. 2008. Recent advances in AET comparison. ANLA CA965L2008b （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Leer, Jeff. 2010. The Palatal Series in Athabascan-Eyak-Tlingit, with an Overview of the Basic Sound Correspondences. In *The Dene–Yeniseian Connection*, ed. by J. Kari and B. Potter, XX-XX. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, new series, vol. 5. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Fairbanks, Department of Anthropology.
* Mithun, Marianne. 1999. *The languages of Native North America*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X (pbk).
* Naish, Constance & Gillian Story. 1973. *Tlingit verb dictionary*. Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Native Language Center. ISBN 0-933769-25-3.
* Rice, Keren. 1997. A reexamination of Proto-Athabaskan y. *Anthropological Linguistics* 39(3). 423–426.
* Rice, Keren. 2000. *Morpheme order and semantic scope: Word formation in the Athapaskan verb*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-58354-1 (hbk); ISBN 978-0-521-02450-1 (pbk).
* Sapir, Edward. 1915. The Na-Dene languages, a preliminary report. *American Anthropologist* 17(3). 534–558.
* Sapir, Edward. 1916. *Time perspective in aboriginal American culture: A study in method*. (Anthropology series 13; Memoirs of the Canadian Geological Survey 90). Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau.
* Sapir, Edward. 1931. The concept of phonetic law as tested in primitive languages by Leonard Bloomfield. In S. A. Rice (ed.), *Methods in social science: A case book*, 297–306. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
* Sapir, Edward. 1936. Linguistic evidence suggestive of the northern origin of the Navaho. *American Anthropologist* 38(2). 224–235.
* Sapir, Edward, & Victor Golla. 2001. *Hupa Texts, with Notes and Lexicon.* In Victor Golla & Sean O'Neill (eds.), *Collected Works of Edward Sapir,* vol. 14, *Northwest California Linguistics*, 19-1011. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
* Saville-Troike, Muriel. 1985. On variable data and phonetic law: A case from Sapir's Athabaskan correspondences. *International Journal of American Linguistics* 51(4). 572–574.
* Sturtevant, William C. (ed.). 1978–present. *Handbook of North American Indians*, vols. 1-20. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Vols. 1–3, 16, 18–20 not yet published.
* Vajda, Edward. 2010. A Siberian Link with Na-Dene Languages. In *The Dene–Yeniseian Connection*, ed. by J. Kari and B. Potter, 33-99. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, new series, vol. 5. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Fairbanks, Department of Anthropology.
* Vajda, Edward J. (2011).  *Oxford Bibliographies Online: Dene-Yeniseian Languages* *（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.*

## 參閲

* 塔穹語（Tutchone language）

* Athapascan Bibliography （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Athabaskan Satellites & ASL Ion-Morphs
* Alaska Native Language Center （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Yukon Native Language Center
* California Athapascan （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Don Macnaughtan. Bibliography and Discography on the Chetco, Tututni and other Athapaskans of Southwest Oregon.  [2012-09-04]. （原始内容 (Lane Community College Library)存档于2013-04-12）.
* ATHAPBASCKAN-L mailing list for Athabaskan linguistics