# 波斯語語法

**波斯語語法**（波斯語：دستور زبان فارسی (Dastur-e Zaban-e Farsi)；Persian grammar）是波斯語的語法。波斯語方言變體在伊朗、阿富汗、烏茲別克斯坦（撒馬爾罕、布哈拉以及蘇爾漢河州地區）與塔吉克斯坦等地使用。 波斯語類似於許多其他的印歐語言。 而波斯語在中古波斯語時期成為一種更具分析性的語言；語法上格位的使用減少，並且摒棄了語法性別的區分。 現代波斯語中的語法創新仍然持續存在，波斯語是為數不多的缺乏語法性別區分表達的印歐語言之一。

## 語序

* کتاب آبی را دیدم *ketāb-e ābi-rā did**am  'I saw the blue book'
* کتاب آبی را دیدید *ketāb-e ābi-rā did**id  'you (all) saw the blue book'

* به من گفت که امروز نمی آمد *be man goft ke emruz nemi āmad* 'he told me that he wasn't coming today'

* کتاب آبی را از کتابخانه گرفت *ketāb-e ābi-rā az ketābxāne gereft* 'she got the blue book from the library'

## 冠詞

* 文學: کتاب روی میز است *ketāb ru-ye miz ast* 'the book is on the table'.
* 口語: کتابه روی میزه *ketābe ru-ye miz 'e* 'the book is on the table'

## 參考文獻

* Abrahams, Simin (2005). *Modern Persian: A Course-Book*. Routledge.
* Bleeck, Arthur Henry (1857). *A Concise Grammar of the Persian Language*.
* Brookshaw, Dominic Parviz (2010). *The Routledge Introductory Persian Course: Farsi Shirin Ast*. Routledge.
* Boyle, John Andrew (1966). *Grammar of Modern Persian*. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.
* Dahlen, Ashk (2010). *Modern persisk grammatik* (2nd edition 2014) (Swedish)
* Doctor, Sorabshaw Byramji (1875). *A New Grammar Of The Persian Tongue, Part 1, Accidence: For The Use Of The Higher Classes In Schools And Colleges* (reprinted 2010).
* Elwell-Sutton, L.P. (1963). *Elementary Persian Grammar*.
* Forbes, B. (1985). *A Grammar of the Persian Language* (reprinted 2003).
* Forbes, Duncan (1869). *A Grammar of the Persian Language* (4th edition).
* Ibrahim, Meerza Mohammad (1841). *A Grammar Of The Persian Language: To Which Are Subjoined Several Dialogues; With An Alphabetical List Of The English And Persian Terms Of Grammar*.
* Johnson, Edwin Lee (1917). *Historical Grammar of the Ancient Persian Language*.
* Jones, Sir William (1771). *A Grammar of the Persian Language*.
* Kent, Roland G. (1950). *Old Persian: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon*.
* Lambton, Ann K.S. (1953) *Persian Grammar*. Cambridge University Press.
* Lazard, Gilbert; Lyon, Shirley A. (1993). *A Grammar of Contemporary Persian* (Persian Studies, No 14) (paperback).
* Mace, John (2003). *Persian Grammar: For Reference and Revision*. Routledge Curzon.
* Mahootian, Shahrzad (1997). *Persian* (Descriptive Grammars).
* Obolensky, Serge; Yazdan Panah, Kambiz; Khaje Nouri, Fereidoun (1963). *Persian Basic Course* units 1-12. Foreign Service Institute, Washington. (Republished as *Spoken Persian* in 1973.)
* Phillott, D. C. (1919) *Higher Persian Grammar: For The Use Of The Calcutta University*, vols, 1 and 2. (reprinted 2008)
* Rafiee, Abdi (1975). *Colloquial Persian*. Routledge.
* Rosen, Friedrich (reprinted 2010). *Modern Persian Colloquial Grammar: Containing a Short Grammar, Dialogues and Extracts from Nasir-Eddin Shah's Diaries, Tales, Etc., and a Vocabulary* (originally written in German in 1890).
* St. Clair-Tisdall, William (1902). *Modern Persian Conversation-Grammar; With Reading Lessons, English-Persian Vocabulary and Persian Letters*.
* Stilo, Donald L.; Clinton Jerome (1994). *Modern Persian: Spoken and Written*.
* Thackston, Wheeler M. (1993) *An Introduction to Persian* (3rd edition). IBEX.
* Windfuhr, Gernot L. (1979). *Persian Grammar: History and State of Its Study* (Trends in Linguistics State of the Art Reports, No 12).
* Windfuhr, Gernot L. (1980). *Modern Persian: Intermediate level 1*. University of Michigan Press.
* Yousef, Saeed & Torabi, Hayedeh (2012): *Basic Persian: A Grammar and Workbook*. Routledge.
* Yousef, Saeed & Torabi, Hayedeh (2013): *Intermediate Persian: A Grammar and Workbook*. Routledge.

## 延伸閲讀

* Perry, John R. "Persian morphology." Morphologies of Asia and Africa 2 (2007): 975-1019.
* Paul, Ludwig. Persian grammar. Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (编). Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Brill Online. 2018. ISSN 1873-9830.
* Windfuhr, Gernot L. Persian grammar: History and state of its study. Vol. 12. Walter de Gruyter, 2011.

## 參閲

* 塔吉克語字母

* Persian Grammar by Navid Fazel （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (English （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）; German) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Persian Grammar and Resources （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Introduction to Persian grammar (in Persian) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Learning Persian grammar: an introduction (in Persian) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* A brief Persian grammar course written by Ahmad Shamlou (in Persian) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* BBC's complete guide to Persian grammar (in Persian) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* *Grammar and Its Standards* （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） is a manuscript, in Arabic, about Persian grammar. It dates from 1553.
* دستور زبان پارسی نگارش دکتر نوید فاضل （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） （波斯文）
* آموزش دستور زبان فارسی،چالش‌ها و راهکارها （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） （波斯文）

### 在線波斯語動詞變位

* Persian verb conjugator - Online conjugation of Persian verbs （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）