# 孟加拉文[编辑]

| 孟加拉文  |
| --- |
|  |
| 类型 | 元音附標文字 |
| 使用时期 | 11世紀到現在 |
| 书写方向 | 從左至右  |
| 区域 | 印度和尼泊爾 |
| 语言 | 孟加拉語、梅泰语、比什奴普莱利亚－曼尼浦尔语 |
| 相关书写系统 |
| 母系统 | 婆羅米文* 北婆罗米文
	+ 笈多文
		- 悉曇文字
			* 孟加拉文
 |
| ISO 15924 |
| ISO 15924 | Beng (325), ​Bengali (Bangla) |
| Unicode |
| 别名 | Bengali |
| 范围 | U+0980–U+09FF |
|

**孟加拉文**（孟加拉語：বাংলা লিপি，羅馬化：vāṃlā lipi)，古称**佛迦羅書**（南朝梁译，孟加拉語：বঙ্গ লিপ，羅馬化：vaṅga lipi），是用於孟加拉語的东城文變體。尽管它和天城文二者都派生自古代城文，东城文存在明显的悉昙文影响。它是元音附標文字，它比天城文更加圓曲。

## 字母

### 元音

孟加拉文當前總計有11個元音字母，用來表示孟加拉語中的七個主要元音音素和一些雙元音。所有這些元音都用於使用這種文字的主要語言孟加拉語和阿薩姆語二者。一些元音字母依賴詞語而有不同發音，而書寫系統中保留的一些元音區分在現代孟加拉語和阿薩姆語中不再如此發音。例如孟加拉文對元音音素[i]有兩個符號對元音音素[u]也有兩個符號。這種冗余根源於這種文字用於書寫梵語的時代，梵語有短[i]和長[iː]，有短[u]和長[uː]。這些字母在孟加拉文中被保留了，并有著傳統名字hrôshsho i（短i）和dirgho i（長i）等，儘管事實上在日常講話中它們不再有發音區別。

元音符號同輔音符號合寫一起來改變輔音的發音（後面用ক kô作為例子）。在不寫元音的使用，通常假定元音অ(ô或o)。要指示元音缺席，可在輔音下寫hôshonto（্）。

本表反映現代孟加拉文系統，它排除了三個傳統元音, rii, li和lii，傳統上它們位於ri和e之間。

**元音**
| 字母 | 字母名字 | IPA | 作為[kɔ]（ক） 的元音附標 | 元音附標名字 | 轉寫 | IPA
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| অ | shôro ô (shôre ô) | /ɔ/ 和 /o/ |  ক （無） | （無） | kô 和 ko | /kɔ/ 和 /ko/ |
| আ | shôro a （shôre a） | /a/ | কা
 | akar | ka | /ka/ |
| ই | hrôshsho i （hrôshsho i） | /i/ | কি
 | hrôshsho ikar （roshshikar） | ki | /ki/ |
| ঈ | dirgho i | /i/ | কী
 | dirgho ikar （dirghikar） | ki | /ki/ |
| উ | hrôshsho u （rôshsho u） | /u/ | কু
 | hrôshsho ukar （roshshukar） | ku | /ku/ |
| ঊ | dirgho u | /u/ | কূ
 | dirgho ukar （dirghukar） | ku | /ku/ |
| ঋ | ri | /ri/ | কৃ
 | rikar/rifôla | kri | /kri/ |
| এ | e | /e/ 和 /æ/ | কে
 | ekar | kê 和 ke | /kæ/ 和 /ke/ |
| ঐ | oi | /oj/ | কৈ
 | oikar | koi | /koj/ |
| ও | o | /o/ | কো
 | okar | ko | /ko/ |
| ঔ | ou | /ow/ | কৌ
 | oukar | kou | /kow/ |

### 變音符號

**其他變音符號**
| 作為[kɔ]（ক） 的變音符號 | 名字 | 功能 | 轉寫 | IPA
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ক্
 | hôshonto | 抑制固有元音 | k | /k/ |
| কৎ
 | khônđo tô | 結尾不送氣齒音[t̪]（ত） | kôt | /kɔt̪/ |
| কং
 | ônushshôr | 結尾軟腭鼻音 | kôņ | /kɔŋ/ |
| কঃ
 | bishôrgo
 | 1.發音為音節尾清聲門擦音，比如উঃ
2.不發音，但延長隨後的輔音，比如দুঃসময়
3.根本就不發音，比如দুঃস্থ

 | -
 | 1. [uh]
2. [d̪uʃːomɔj]
3. [d̪ustʰo] |
| কঁ
 | chôndrobindu | 元音鼻音化 | kôñ | /kɔ̃/ |

### 輔音

孟加拉文中輔音的名字典型的就是這個輔音的發音加上固有元音ô。因為固有元音是假定的而不寫出來的，多數字母的名字看起來一致於字母自身（比如字母ঘ的名字是自身ঘ ghô）。在現代孟加拉語中失去了獨特發音的一些字母有更詳細的名字。例如，因為輔音音位/n/可以寫為ন, ণ或ঞ（依賴於特定詞語的拼寫），這些字母不能簡單的叫做nô；它們分別叫做দন্ত্য ন donto nô（齒音n）, মূর্ধন্য ণ murdhonno nô（頭音n），和ঞীয়/ইঙ niô/ingô。類似的，音位/ʃ/可以寫為শ talobbo shô（硬腭音s）, ষ murdhonno shô（頭音s）或স donto shô（齒音s），依賴於詞語。因為輔音ঙ /ŋ/不出現在孟加拉語詞語的詞首，它的名字不是ঙ ngô而是উঙ ungô(某些人發音為উম umô或উঁঅ ũô)。類似的，因為半元音（[j], [w], [e̯], [o̯]）不出現在孟加拉語詞語的詞首，半元音e̯ য়的名字不是অন্তঃস্থ য় ôntostho e̯ô而是অন্তঃস্থ অ ôntostho ô。

現代孟加拉字母表排除了一些傳統字母，特別是在lo之后的第二bo(ôntostho bô)。這個bo最初表示v或w音素，在孟加拉語中合并於b(borgio bô)，并用在字母表中占據兩個位置的同一個符號來表示。

**輔音**
| 字母 | 字母名字 | 轉寫 | IPA
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ক | kô | k | /k/ |
| খ | khô | kh | /kʰ/ |
| গ | gô | g | /ɡ/ |
| ঘ | ghô | gh | /ɡʱ/ |
| ঙ | ungô, umô | ņ | /ŋ/ |
| চ | chô | ch | /tʃ/ |
| ছ | chhô | chh | /tʃʰ/ |
| জ | borgio jô （burgijjô） | j | /dʒ/ |
| ঝ | jhô | jh | /dʒʱ/ |
| ঞ | ingô, niô | n | /n/ |
| ট | ţô | ţ | /ʈ/ |
| ঠ | ţhô | ţh | /ʈʰ/ |
| ড | đô | đ | /ɖ/ |
| ঢ | đhô | đh | /ɖʱ/ |
| ণ | murdhonno nô （moddhennô） | n | /n/ |
| ত | tô | t | /t̪/ |
| থ | thô | th | /t̪ʰ/ |
| দ | dô | d | /d̪/ |
| ধ | dhô | dh | /d̪ʱ/ |
| ন | donto nô （dontennô） | n | /n/ |
| প | pô | p | /p/ |
| ফ | phô | ph | /pʰ/ |
| ব | bô | b | /b/ |
| ভ | bhô | bh | /bʱ/ |
| ম | mô | m | /m/ |
| য | ôntostho jô （ontostejô） | j | /dʒ/ |
| র | （bôe shunno）rô | r | /ɾ/ |
| ল | lô | l | /l/ |
| ব | ôntostho bô （不出現在孟加拉語 孟加拉字母表中） | b | /b/ |
| শ | talobbo shô （taleboshshô） | sh 和 s | /ʃ/ 和 /s/ |
| ষ | murdhonno shô （muddhennoshshô） （peţ kaţa shô） | sh | /ʃ/ |
| স | donto shô （donteshshô） | sh 和 s | /ʃ/ 和 /s/ |
| হ | hô | h | /h/ |
| য় | ôntostho ô （ontosteô） | e 和 - | /e̯/ 和 -
 |
| ড় | đôe shunno/bindu ŗô | ŗ | /ɽ/ |
| ঢ় | đhôe shunno/bindu ŗô | ŗh | /ɽ/ |

### 輔音合寫

輔音合寫ndrô : ন（n）綠色，দ（d）藍色而র（r）紅色。
最多四個連續的不被元音分隔的輔音可以在正字法上被表示為“輔音合寫”（孟加拉語：যুক্তাক্ষর juktakkhor或যুক্তবর্ণ juktobôrno）。典型的在合寫中第一個輔音在隨後輔音的上面和/或左邊。很多輔音在充當合寫的一部分的時候以縮略或緊縮形式出現。其他簡化產生合寫中的例外形式，與基本字母不太或根本不相像。

通常，輔音合寫實際上不按各個單獨成員的發音所暗示的那樣發音。例如，在孟加拉文中在শ shô下增加ল lô產生合寫শ্ল，它在孟加拉語中不發音為shlô而是發音為slô。很多合寫表示梵語音素，在講現代孟加拉語千年之前就消失了，比如জ্ঞ，它是জ jô和ঞ niô的合并，但是不發音為jnô。它在孟加拉語中反而發音為ggõ。

### 數字

孟加拉文有十個數字對應於所謂的阿拉伯數字。

**數字**
| 阿拉伯數字
 | 0
 | 1
 | 2
 | 3
 | 4
 | 5
 | 6
 | 7
 | 8
 | 9
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 孟加拉數字
 | ০
 | ১
 | ২
 | ৩
 | ৪
 | ৫
 | ৬
 | ৭
 | ৮
 | ৯
 |
| 孟加拉語名字
 | shunno
 | êk
 | dui
 | tin
 | char
 | pãch
 | chhôe
 | shat
 | aţ
 | nôe
 |
| শূন্য
 | এক
 | দুই
 | তিন
 | চার
 | পাঁচ
 | ছয়
 | সাত
 | আট
 | নয়
 |

## 轉寫

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|

元音
| 符號 | NLK | ITRANS | HK | IPA
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| অ
 | a | a | a | [ɔ]/[o] |
| আ
 | ā | A~aa | A | [a]
 |
| ই
 | i | i | i | [i]
 |
| ঈ
 | ī | I~ii | I | [i]
 |
| উ
 | u | u | u | [u]
 |
| ঊ
 | ū | U~uu | U | [u]
 |
| ঋ
 | ṛ | RRi~R^i | R | [ri] |
| এ
 | ē | e | e | [æ]/[e] |
| ঐ
 | ai | ai | ai | [oj]
 |
| ও
 | ō | o | o | [o]
 |
| ঔ
 | au | au | au | [ow]
 |

 |

輔音
| 符號 | NLK | ITRANS | HK | IPA
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ক
 | k | k | k | [k]
 |
| খ
 | kh | kh | kh | [kʰ] |
| গ
 | g | g | g | [ɡ] |
| ঘ
 | gh | gh | gh | [ɡʱ] |
| ঙ
 | ṅ | ~N | G | [ŋ]
 |
| চ
 | c | ch | c | [tʃ] |
| ছ
 | ch | Ch | ch | [tʃʰ] |
| জ
 | j | j | j | [dʒ] |
| ঝ
 | jh | jh | jh | [dʒʱ] |
| ঞ
 | ñ | ~n | J | [n]
 |
| ট
 | ṭ | T | T | [ʈ] |
| ঠ
 | ṭh | Th | Th | [ʈʰ] |
| ড
 | ḍ | D | D | [ɖ] |
| ড়
 | ḍ | .D | P | [ɽ] |
| ঢ
 | ḍh | Dh | Dh | [ɖʱ] |
| ঢ়
 | ḍh | .Dh | Ph | [ɽ] |
| ণ
 | ṇ | N | N | [n]
 |
| ত
 | t | t | t | [t̪] |
| থ
 | th | th | th | [t̪ʰ] |
| দ
 | d | d | d | [d̪] |
| ধ
 | dh | dh | dh | [d̪ʱ] |
| ন
 | n | n | n | [n]
 |
| প
 | p | p | p | [p]
 |
| ফ
 | ph | ph | ph | [pʰ]
 |
| ব
 | b | b | b | [b]
 |
| ভ
 | bh | bh | bh | [bʱ] |
| ম
 | m | m | m | [m]
 |
| য
 | ẏ | y | y | [dʒ] |
| য়
 | y | Y | Y | [e]/-
 |
| র
 | r | r | r | [r] |
| ল
 | l | l | l | [l]
 |
| শ
 | ś | sh | z | [ʃ]/[s] |
| ষ
 | ṣ | Sh | S | [ʃ] |
| স
 | s | s | s | [ʃ]/[s] |
| হ
 | h | h | h | [ɦ] |

 |

雜類
| 符號 | NLK | ITRANS | HK | IPA
 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ঃ
 | ḥ | H | H | 多樣 |
| ং
 | ṃ | .m | M | [ŋ]
 |
| ঁ
 | ṃ | .N | ~ | [~]
 |
| ্য
 | y | y | y | 多樣 |
| ্ব
 | v | v | v | 多樣 |
| ক্ষ
 | kṣ | x | kS | [kʰː]/[kʰ] |
| জ্ঞ
 | jñ | GY | Jj | [ɡː]/[ɡ] |
| শ্র
 | śr | shr | zr | [sr] |

 |

## Unicode編碼

孟加拉文的Unicode編碼范圍是U+0980 - U+09FF。

|  |
| --- |
| **孟加拉文Bengali**[1][2] Unicode Consortium 官方碼表 (PDF)
 |
|  | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F
 |
| U+098x
 | ঀ
 | ঁ
 | ং
 | ঃ
 |  | অ
 | আ
 | ই
 | ঈ
 | উ
 | ঊ
 | ঋ
 | ঌ
 |  |  | এ
 |
| U+099x
 | ঐ
 |  |  | ও
 | ঔ
 | ক
 | খ
 | গ
 | ঘ
 | ঙ
 | চ
 | ছ
 | জ
 | ঝ
 | ঞ
 | ট
 |
| U+09Ax
 | ঠ
 | ড
 | ঢ
 | ণ
 | ত
 | থ
 | দ
 | ধ
 | ন
 |  | প
 | ফ
 | ব
 | ভ
 | ম
 | য
 |
| U+09Bx
 | র
 |  | ল
 |  |  |  | শ
 | ষ
 | স
 | হ
 |  |  | ়
 | ঽ
 | া
 | ি
 |
| U+09Cx
 | ী
 | ু
 | ূ
 | ৃ
 | ৄ
 |  |  | ে
 | ৈ
 |  |  | ো
 | ৌ
 | ্
 | ৎ
 |  |
| U+09Dx
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ৗ
 |  |  |  |  | ড়
 | ঢ়
 |  | য়
 |
| U+09Ex
 | ৠ
 | ৡ
 | ৢ
 | ৣ
 |  |  | ০
 | ১
 | ২
 | ৩
 | ৪
 | ৫
 | ৬
 | ৭
 | ৮
 | ৯
 |
| U+09Fx
 | ৰ
 | ৱ
 | ৲
 | ৳
 | ৴
 | ৵
 | ৶
 | ৷
 | ৸
 | ৹
 | ৺
 | ৻
 | ৼ
 | ৽
 | ৾
 |  |
| **注釋**
1.**^** 依據 Unicode 14.0
2.**^** 灰色區域表示未被分配的碼位 |

## 註釋及引用

## 參考書目

* Ashraf, Syed Ali; Ashraf, Asia, Bengali Diphthongs, Dil A. S. (编), Shahidullah Presentation Volume, Lahore: Linguistic Research Group of Pakistan: 47–52, 1966
* Chatterji, Suniti Kumar, Vasha-prakash Bangala Vyakaran (A Grammar of the Bengali Language), Calcutta: University of Calcutta, 1939
* Chowdhury, Munier, Shahitto, shônkhatôtto o bhashatôtto（Literature, statistics and linguistics）, Bangla Academy Potrika (Dhaka), 1963, **6** (4): 65–76
* Kostic, Djordje; Das, Rhea S., A Short Outline of Bengali Phonetics, Calcutta: Statistical Publishing Company, 1972
* Hai, Muhammad Abdul, Dhvani Vijnan O Bangla Dhvani-tattwa (Phonetics and Bengali Phonology), Dhaka: Bangla Academy, 1964
* Jones, William, Orthography of Asiatick Words in Roman Letters (PDF), Asiatick Researches (Calcutta: Asiatick Society), 1801
* Sarkar, Pabitra, Bangla Dishôrodhoni (Bengali Diphthongs), Bhasha (Calcutta), 1987, **4–5**: 10–12

* Omniglot - Bengali Alphabet（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

數字編碼和呈現
* Free IAST Compliant Bangla Typing Software（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Free IAST Bangla Computing Solutions（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Free Bangla IAST Fonts（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Ankur - Supporting Bangla (Bengali) on GNU/Linux
* Open source Bangla Transliteration Library