# 薩利什語系[编辑]

| Salishan |
| --- |
| 地理分佈 | 加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚，美国华盛顿州 |
| 谱系学分类 | 美洲原住民語言 |
| 分支 |
貝拉庫拉語族
海岸薩利什語族
內陸薩利什語族

 |
| 语言代码 |
| ISO 639-2 / 5 | `sal` |
| – |
|  Pre-contact distribution of Salishan languages（紅色） |

**萨利什语系**（英語：Salishan languages）是北美原住民的一个语系，一共包括23种语言，現時分為以下三個分支：貝拉庫拉語族、海岸薩利什語族及內陸薩利什語族。

萨利什语言分布在美国华盛顿州以及加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省環萨利什海一带。

这些语言最显著的特征之一是其极为复杂的辅音结构，例如努哈尔克语（Nuxálk）单词 xłp̓x̣ʷłtłpłłskʷc̓ （国际音标：[xɬpʼχʷɬtʰɬpʰɬːskʷʰt͡sʼ]）“他曾经有过一棵草茱萸”有连续13个辅音，中间没有元音。

## 分支

薩利什語系總共有23種語言，下列為這個語系所包括的所有語言、方言及次方言。這個分類表純粹照語言學的角度來分類，不涉及政治分界上的考慮。若依照當地原住民社群的意願，不少方言都被認為應視作獨立的語言。

Flathead Indians（1903年）
### 貝拉庫拉語族（Bella Coola）

1. **努哈尔克语** (Nuxálk，又名 Bella Coola, Salmon River)
* Kimsquit
* 貝拉庫拉語
* Kwatna
* Tallheo

### 海岸薩利什語族（Coast Salish）

A. 中部海岸薩利什語 (a.k.a. Central Salish)
2. **Comox Island Comox (a.k.a. Qʼómox̣ʷs)
* Sliammon (Homalco-Klahoose-Sliammon) (a.k.a. ʔayʔaǰúθəm)

3. **哈爾魁梅林語**
Island (a.k.a. Hulʼq̱ʼumiʼnumʼ, həl̕q̓əmín̓əm̓)
* Cowichan
* Snuneymuxw/Nanaimo

Downriver (a.k.a. Hunqʼumʔiʔnumʔ)
* Musqueam

Upriver (a.k.a. Upper Sto:lo, Halqʼəméyləm)
* Katzie
* Kwantlen
* Chehalis (Canada)
* Chilliwack
* Tait
* Skway

4. **Lushootseed** (a.k.a. Puget Salish, Skagit-Nisqually, Dxʷləšúcid)
Northern
* Skagit (a.k.a. Skaǰət)
* Snohomish (a.k.a. Sduhubš)

Southern
* Duwamish-Suquamish (a.k.a. Dxʷduʔabš)
* Puyallup (a.k.a. Spuyaləpubš)
* Nisqually (a.k.a. Sqʷaliʔabš)

5. **Nooksack** (a.k.a. Nooksack ɬə́čələsəm, ɬə́čælosəm) *(†)*
6. **Pentlatch** (a.k.a. Pənƛ̕áč) *(†)*
7. **Sháshíshálh** (a.k.a. Sechelt, Seshelt, Shashishalhem, šášíšáɬəm)
8. **Squamish** (a.k.a. Sḵwx̱wú7mesh snichim, Sḵwx̱wú7mesh, Sqwxwu7mish, sqʷx̣ʷúʔməš)
i. Straits Salish group (a.k.a. Straits)
9. **Klallam** (a.k.a. Clallam, Nəxʷsƛ̕áy̓emúcən)
* Becher Bay
* Eastern
* Western

10. **北方海峽薩利什語** (a.k.a. Straits)
* Lummi (a.k.a. Xwlemiʼchosen, xʷləmiʔčósən) *(†)*
* Saanich (a.k.a. SENĆOŦEN, sənčáθən, sénəčqən)
* Samish (a.k.a. Siʔneməš)
* Semiahmoo (a.k.a. Tah-tu-lo) *(†)*
* Sooke (a.k.a. Tʼsou-ke, c̓awk) *(†)*
* Songhees (a.k.a. Lək̓ʷəŋín̓əŋ) *(†)*

11. **Twana** (a.k.a. Skokomish, Sqʷuqʷúʔbəšq, Tuwáduqutšad) *(†)*
* Quilcene
* Skokomish (a.k.a. Sqʷuqʷúʔbəšq)

B. Tsamosan (a.k.a. Olympic)
i. Inland
12. **Cowlitz** (a.k.a. Lower Cowlitz, Sƛ̕púlmš) *(†)*
13. **Upper Chehalis** (a.k.a. Q̉ʷay̓áyiɬq̉) *(†)*
* Oakville Chehalis
* Satsop
* Tenino Chehalis

ii. Maritime
14. **Lower Chehalis** (a.k.a. ɬəw̓ál̕məš) *(†)*
* Humptulips
* Westport-Shoalwater
* Wynoochee

15. **Quinault** (a.k.a. Kʷínayɬ)
* Queets
* Quinault

C. Tillamook
16. **Tillamook** (a.k.a. Hutyéyu) *(†)*
Siletz
* Siletz

Tillamook
* Garibaldi-Nestucca
* Nehalem

### 內陸薩利什語族（Interior Salish）

A. 北部（Northern）
17. **Shuswap** (在 Ubuntu 作 Secwepemctsín，*səxwəpməxcín*)
東部方言
* Kinbasket
* Shuswap Lake

西部方言
* Canim Lake
* Chu Chua
* Deadman's Creek–Kamloops
* Fraser River
* Pavilion-Bonaparte

18. **Stʼatʼimcets** (a.k.a. Lillooet, Lilloet, St'át'imcets)
* Lillooet-Fountain
* Mount Currie–Douglas

19. **Thompson River Salish** (a.k.a. Nlakaʼpamux, Ntlakapmuk, nɬeʔkepmxcín, Thompson River, Thompson Salish, Thompson, known in frontier times as the Hakamaugh, Klackarpun, Couteau or Knife Indians)
* Lytton
* Nicola Valley
* Spuzzum–Boston Bar
* Thompson Canyon

B. 南部（Southern）
20. **Coeur d’Alene** (a.k.a. Snchitsuʼumshtsn, snčícuʔumšcn)
21. **Columbia-Moses** (a.k.a. Columbia, Nxaʔamxcín)
* Chelan
* Entiat
* Columbian
* Wenatchee (a.k.a. Pesquous)

22. **Colville-Okanagan** (a.k.a. Okanagan, Nsilxcín, Nsíylxcən, ta nukunaqínxcən)
Northern
* Quilchena & Spaxomin
* Arrow Lakes
* Penticton
* Similkameen
* Vernon

Southern
* Colville-Inchelium
* Methow
* San Poil–Nespelem
* Southern Okanogan

23. **Spokane-Kalispel-Bitterroot Salish-Upper Pend d'Oreille Salish (a.k.a. Séliš, Bitterroot Salish, Flathead)
* Kalispel (a.k.a. Qalispé)

* Chewelah
* Kalispel (a.k.a. Qlispé, Lower Pend d'Oreille, Lower Kalispel)
* Upper Pend d’Oreile (a.k.a. Čłqetkʷmcin, Qlispé)

* Spokane (a.k.a. Npoqínišcn)

Pentlatch, Nooksack, Twana, Lower Chehalis, Upper Chehalis, Cowlitz, 及 Tillamook 等多個語言現時均已消亡。此外，北方海峽的 Lummi, Semiahmoo, Songhees 及 Sooke 等方言亦同樣已消亡。

## 参考资料

### 參考文獻

* Boas, Franz, et al. (1917). *Folk-Tales of Salishan and Sahaptin Tribes*. Memoirs of the American Folk-lore Society, 11. Lancaster, Pa: American Folk-Lore Society.
* Czaykowska-Higgins, Ewa; & Kinkade, M. Dale (Eds.). (1997). *Salish languages and linguistics: Theoretical and descriptive perspectives*. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-015492-7.
* Flathead Culture Committee. (1981). *Common Names of the Flathead Language*. St. Ignatius, Mont: The Committee.
* Kroeber, Paul D. (1999). *The Salish language family: Reconstructing syntax*. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press in cooperation with the American Indian Studies Research Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington.
* Kuipers, Aert H. (2002).*Salish Etymological Dictionary*. Missoula, MT: Linguistics Laboratory, University of Montana. ISBN 1879763168
* Liedtke, Stefan. (1995). *Wakashan, Salishan and Penutian and Wider Connections Cognate Sets*. Linguistic data on diskette series, no. 09. Munchen: Lincom Europa,z\v1995.
* Pilling, James Constantine. (1893). *Bibliography of the Salishan Languages*. Washington: G.P.O..
* Pilling, James Constantine (2007). *Bibliography of the Salishan Languages*. Reprint by Gardners Books. ISBN 9781430469278
* Thompson, Laurence C. (1973). The northwest. In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), *Linguistics in North America* (pp. 979–1045). Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hague: Mouton.
* Thompson, Laurence C. (1979). Salishan and the northwest. In L. Campbell & M. Mithun (Eds.), *The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment* (pp. 692–765). Austin: University of Texas Press.

*  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Bibliography of Materials on Salishan Languages （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (YDLI)
* University of Montana Occasional Papers in Linguistics (UMOPL) (Native languages of the Northwest)
* Coast Salish Culture: an Outline Bibliography
* Coast Salish Collections
* International Conference on Salish and Neighboring Languages （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* The Salishan Studies List (Linguist List)
* Okanagan language resources （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (includes sound files)
* Native Peoples, Plants & Animals: Halkomelem （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Saanich (Timothy Montler's site)
* Klallam (Timothy Montler's site)
* A Bibliography of Northwest Coast Linguistics
* Classification of the Salishan languages reflecting current scholarship （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Ethnologue classification for Salishan （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Nkwusm Salish Language Institute