# 乍得语族[编辑]

| 乍得语族 |
| --- |
| 地理分佈 | 尼日利亞、尼日爾、乍得、中非共和國及喀麥隆 |
| 谱系学分类 | 亚非语系* **乍得语族**
 |
| 分支 |
比烏-曼達拉語支
東乍得語支
马萨Masa語支
西乍得語支

 |
| ISO 639-5 | `cdc` |
| – |
|  查德語族在非洲的分布 |

**乍得语族**(**Chadic languages**)是亞非語系（閃含語系）之下的語族之一，語言人口主要分布於中、西非的尼日利亞北部、尼日爾、乍得、中非共和國及喀麥隆。乍得語族大致上可以分為比烏-曼達拉語支、東乍得語支、西乍得語支和马萨Masa語支四個語支。

豪薩語是乍得語族中語言人口分布最廣泛的語言，屬於西乍得語支，亦是西非的非官方通用語。

## 分支

* 比乌-曼达拉语支 (Biu-Mandara)
	+ Biu-Mandara A
		- Biu-Mandara A.1
			* Biu-Mandara Eastern A.1
				+ Boga (bvw)
				+ Ga'anda (gqa)
				+ Hwana (hwo)
			* Biu-Mandara Western A.1
				+ Jara (jaf)
				+ 特拉语 Tera (ttr)
		- Biu-Mandara A.2
			* Nggwahyi (ngx)
			* Biu-Mandara A.2 1
				+ Bura-Pabir (bwr)
				+ Cibak (ckl)
				+ Kofa (kso)
				+ Putai (mfl)
			* Biu-Mandara A.2 2
				+ Huba (hbb)
				+ 南马尔吉语 Marghi South (mfm)
				+ 中马尔吉语 Marghi Central (mrt)
		- Biu-Mandara A.3
			* Bana (bcw)
			* Hya (hya)
			* Kamwe (hig)
			* Psikye (kvj)
		- Biu-Mandara A.4
			* Lamang
				+ Hdi (xed)
				+ Lamang (hia)
				+ Vemgo-Mabas (vem)
			* 纯正曼达拉 Mandara Proper
				+ Glavda
					- Cineni (cie)
					- Dghwede (dgh)
					- Glavda (glw)
					- Guduf-Gava (gdf)
					- Gvoko (ngs)
				+ 曼达拉语 Mandara
					- Wandala (mfi)
				+ Podoko
					- Parkwa (pbi)
		- Biu-Mandara A.5
			* Baldemu (bdn)
			* Cuvok (cuv)
			* Dugwor (dme)
			* 北吉西加语 Giziga, North (gis)
			* 南吉西加语 Giziga, South (giz)
			* Mada (mxu)
			* Mafa (maf)
			* Matal (mfh)
			* Mbuko (mqb)
			* Mefele (mfj)
			* Merey (meq)
			* Mofu, North (mfk)
			* Mofu-Gudur (mif)
			* Moloko (mlw)
			* Muyang (muy)
			* Vame (mlr)
			* Wuzlam (udl)
			* Zulgo-Gemzek (gnd)
		- Biu-Mandara A.6
			* Sukur (syk)
		- Biu-Mandara A.7
			* Buwal (bhs)
			* 达巴语 Daba (dbq)
			* Gavar (gou)
			* Mazagway (dkx)
			* Mbedam (xmd)
			* Mina (hna)
		- Biu-Mandara A.8
			* Bacama (bcy)
			* 巴塔语 Bata (bta)
			* Fali (fli)
			* Gude (gde)
			* Gudu (gdu)
			* Holma (hod)
			* Jimi (jim)
			* Ngwaba (ngw)
			* Nzanyi (nja)
			* Sharwa (swq)
			* Tsuvan (tsh)
			* Zizilivakan (ziz)
	+ Biu-Mandara B
		- Biu-Mandara B.1
			* Jilbe (jie)
			* 布杜马语 Buduma
				+ 布杜马语 Buduma (bdm)
			* Jina
				+ Jina (jia)
				+ Majera (xmj)
			* 纯正科托科语 Kotoko Proper
				+ Afade (aal)
				+ Lagwan (kot)
				+ Malgbe (mxf)
				+ Maslam (msv)
				+ Mpade (mpi)
				+ Mser (kqx)
		- Biu-Mandara B.2
			* Mbara (mpk)
			* Musgu (mug)
			* Muskum (mje)
	+ Biu-Mandara C
		- Gidar (gid)
* 东乍得语支 (East Chadic)
	+ East Chadic A
		- East Chadic A.1
			* Buso (bso)
			* East Chadic A.1 1
				+ Mire (mvh)
				+ Ndam (ndm)
				+ Somrai (sor)
				+ Tumak (tmc)
			* East Chadic A.1 2
				+ Boor (bvf)
				+ Gadang (gdk)
				+ Miltu (mlj)
				+ Sarua (swy)
		- East Chadic A.2
			* East Chadic A.2 1
				+ Kimré (kqp)
				+ Lele (lln)
				+ 南歇雷语 Nancere (nnc)
			* East Chadic A.2 2
				+ Gabri (gab)
				+ Kabalai (kvf)
				+ Tobanga (tng)
		- East Chadic A.3
			* Kera (ker)
			* Kwang (kvi)
	+ East Chadic B
		- East Chadic B.1
			* East Chadic B.1 1
				+ Bidiyo (bid)
				+ 丹加利特语 Dangaléat (daa)
				+ Jonkor Bourmataguil (jeu)
				+ Mabire (muj)
				+ Mawa (mcw)
				+ Migaama (mmy)
				+ Mogum (mou)
				+ Ubi (ubi)
			* East Chadic B.1 2
				+ Birgit (btf)
				+ Kajakse (ckq)
				+ Masmaje (mes)
				+ 穆比语 Mubi (mub)
				+ Toram (trj)
				+ Zirenkel (zrn)
		- East Chadic B.2
			* Mukulu (moz)
		- East Chadic B.3
			* Barein (bva)
			* Saba (saa)
			* 索科罗语 Sokoro (sok)
			* Tamki (tax)
* 马萨语支 Masa
	+ Herdé (hed)
	+ Marba (mpg)
	+ Masana (mcn)
	+ Mesme (zim)
	+ Musey (mse)
	+ Ngete (nnn)
	+ Pévé (lme)
	+ Zumaya (zuy)
* 西乍得语支 (West Chadic)
	+ Luri (ldd)
	+ West Chadic A
		- Daza (dzd)
		- West Chadic A.1
			* 关达拉语 Gwandara (gwn)
			* 豪萨语（Hausa）(hau)
		- West Chadic A.2
			* Bole
				+ Bure (bvh)
				+ Bole Proper
					- Beele (bxq)
					- Bole (bol)
					- Deno (dbb)
					- Galambu (glo)
					- Gera (gew)
					- Geruma (gea)
					- Giiwo (kks)
					- Kholok (ktc)
					- Kubi (kof)
					- Maaka (mew)
					- 恩加莫语 Ngamo (nbh)
					- Nyam (nmi)
				+ 卡雷卡雷语 Karekare
					- 卡雷卡雷语 Karekare (kai)
			* 坦加勒 Tangale
				+ Dera
					- Dera (kna)
				+ 纯正坦加勒 Tangale Proper
					- Kushi (kuh)
					- Kutto (kpa)
					- Kwaami (ksq)
					- Pero (pip)
					- Piya-Kwonci (piy)
					- 坦加勒语 Tangale (tan)
		- West Chadic A.3
			* 纯正安加斯 Angas Proper
				+ Angas Proper 1
					- Cakfem-Mushere (cky)
					- Jorto (jrt)
					- Kofyar (kwl)
					- Miship (mjs)
					- Mwaghavul (sur)
					- Ngas (anc)
				+ Angas Proper 2
					- Goemai (ank)
					- Koenoem (kcs)
					- Montol (mtl)
					- Pyapun (pcw)
					- Tal (tal)
			* Yiwom
				+ Yiwom (gek)
		- West Chadic A.4
			* Fyer
				+ Fyer (fie)
				+ Tambas (tdk)
			* 纯正罗恩 Ron Proper
				+ Duhwa (kbz)
				+ Kulere (kul)
				+ Mundat (mmf)
				+ 罗恩语 Ron (cla)
				+ Sha (scw)
	+ West Chadic B
		- West Chadic B.1
			* Auyokawa (auo)
			* 纯正巴德 Bade Proper
				+ 巴德语 Bade (bde)
				+ 恩吉津语 Ngizim (ngi)
				+ Teshenawa (twc)
			* Duwai
				+ Duwai (dbp)
		- West Chadic B.2
			* Ajawa (ajw)
			* Ciwogai (tgd)
			* Diri (dwa)
			* Kariya (kil)
			* Mburku (bbt)
			* Miya (mkf)
			* Pa'a (pqa)
			* Siri (sir)
			* Warji (wji)
			* Zumbun (jmb)
		- West Chadic B.3
			* Dass (dot)
			* Boghom
				+ Boghom (bux)
				+ Kir-Balar (kkr)
				+ Mangas (zns)
			* Guruntum
				+ Guruntum-Mbaaru (grd)
				+ Ju (juu)
				+ Tala (tak)
				+ Zangwal (zah)
			* West Chadic B.3 Eastern
				+ Jimi (jmi)
			* Zaar Proper
				+ Geji (gji)
				+ Polci (plj)
				+ Saya (say)
				+ Zari (zaz)
				+ Zeem (zua)

## 參考文獻

* Ethnologue entry for Chadic languages （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Lukas, Johannes (1936) 'The linguistic situation in the Lake Chad area in Central Africa.' *Africa*, 9, 332–349.
* Newman, Paul (1977) 'Chadic classification and reconstructions.' *Afroasiatic Linguistics* 5, 1, 1–42.
* Newman, Paul (1978) 'Chado-Hamitic 'adieu': new thoughts on Chadic language classification', in Fronzaroli, Pelio (ed.), *Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazionale di Linguistica Camito-Semitica*. Florence: Instituto de Linguistica e di Lingue Orientali, Università di Firenze, 389–397.
* Newman, Paul (1980) *The Classification of Chadic within Afroasiatic.* Leiden: Universitaire Pers Leiden.
* Newman, Paul and Ma, Roxana (1966) 'Comparative Chadic: phonology and lexicon.' *Journal of African Languages*, 5, 218–251.
* Schuh, Russell (2003) 'Chadic overview', in M. Lionel Bender, Gabor Takacs, and David L. Appleyard (eds.), *Selected Comparative-Historical Afrasian Linguistic Studies in Memory of Igor M. Diakonoff*, LINCOM Europa, 55–60.

* Chadic Newsletter Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）