# 納-德內語系[编辑]

| 納-德內語系 |
| --- |
| 地理分佈 | 北美洲 |
| 谱系学分类 | 德內-葉尼塞語門 (建議中)* **納-德內語系**
 |
| 分支 |
阿薩巴斯卡-埃雅克語族
* 德内语支
* 埃雅克語

特林吉特语

 |
| ISO 639-5 | `xnd` |
| – |
|  |

**納-德內語系**（英语：Na-Dené languages），或作**納-得內語系**、**納-達內語系**或**納-德內諸語言**，都是指北美洲原住民的一個建議中的語系，主要分布於加拿大西南部（包括西北地區、育空地區及其鄰近地域）和美國西北部（阿拉斯加州，加上俄勒岡州西南部和加利福尼亞州北部）。納-德內語系包含了現時的阿薩巴斯卡語系諸語言、埃雅克語、特林吉特语。

納-德內語系的建議在最初提出時，還包括海達語，但有關海達語與其他語言的關聯有爭議。在2008年3月，有語言學家發表一個建議，把納-德內語系與在西伯利亞通行的葉尼塞語系合併成為德內-葉尼塞語系，並確認海達語跟這個新語系內的成員並沒有關連。這個建議，得到相當數量的語言學家支持。

## 名称

“納”（特林吉特语）和“德內”（阿萨巴斯卡语支）都是该语系一些语言对“人”的称呼，“德內”的“內”与“納”同源。“德內”也是一种名为Dëne Sųłiné的阿萨巴斯卡语言。

## 參看

* 德內語支

## 附註

## 參考文獻

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* Leer, Jeff; Hitch, Doug & Ritter, John, Interior Tlingit noun dictionary: The dialects spoken by Tlingit elders of Carcross and Teslin, Yukon, and Atlin, British Columbia, Whitehorse, Yukon Territory: Yukon Native Language Centre, 2001, ISBN 1-55242-227-5 .
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* Manaster Ramer, A., Sapir's Classifications: Haida and the Other Na-Dene Languages, Anthropological Linguistics, 1996, **38** (2): 179–216, doi:10.2307/30028930 .
* Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen, Two problems of the historical phonology of Na-Dene languages, International Journal of American Linguistics, 1962, **28**: 162–166 .
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* Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen, Grundzüge einer historischen Lautlehre des Tlingit, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1966 （德语） . （德文）
* Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen, Genetic relationships versus borrowing in Na-Dene, International Journal of American Linguistics, 1968a, **34** (3): 194–203, doi:10.1086/465015 .
* Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen, Sprachhistorische Studien zur Verbstammvariation im Tlingit, Orbis, 1968b, **17**: 509–531 （德语） . Template:De-icon
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* Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen, Geschichte der Na-Dene-Forschung, Indiana Beihefte **5**, Berlin: Mann, 1976, ISBN 3-7861-3027-2 （德语） . （德文）
* Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen, Das Haida als Na-Dene Sprache, Abhandlungen der völkerkundlichen Arbeitsgemeinschaft **43–46**, Nortorf, Germany: Völkerkundliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft, 1985 （德语） .
* Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen, Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Lichte der Greenberg-Klassifikation [The Na-Déné Languages in Light of Greenberg's Classification] 2nd revised, Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert, 2006a （德语） .
* Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen, Sprachhistorische Untersuchung zur Stellung des Haida als Na-Dene-Sprache, Unveränderte Neuausgabe aus INDIANA 10, Gedenkschrift Gerdt Kutscher. Teil 2 Berlin 1985. Mit einem Anhang: Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Verhältnis zum Tibeto-Chinesischen (Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert), 2006b .
* Rubicz, R.; Melvin, K. L.; Crawford, M. H., Genetic Evidence for the phylogenetic relationship between Na-Dene and Yeniseian speakers, Human Biology, 2002, **74** (6): 743–761, doi:10.1353/hub.2003.0011 .
* Ruhlen, Merritt, The Origin of Language: Tracing the Evolution of the Mother Tongue, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994a, ISBN 0-471-58426-6 .
* Ruhlen, Merritt, The Origin of the Na-Dene, PNAS, 1998, **95** (23): 13994–13996  [2015-08-09], PMC 25007 , PMID 9811914, doi:10.1073/pnas.95.23.13994, （原始内容存档于2020-05-19） .
* Sapir, Edward, The Na-Dene languages: A preliminary report, American Anthropologist, 1915, **17** (3): 534–558, doi:10.2307/660504 .
* Thompson, Chad, The Na-Dene middle voice: An impersonal source of the D-element, International Journal of American Linguistics, 1996, **62** (4): 351–378, doi:10.1086/466304 .
* Vajda, Edward, Kari, James; Potter, Ben , 编, *The Dene–Yeniseian Connection*, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, 2010,, 5 (new series): 33–99  `|chapter=`被忽略 (帮助).

* 《民族語》：Language Family Trees - Na-Dene （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Table of contents and ordering information for *The Dene–Yeniseian Connection.*
* Alaska Native Language Center （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Athabaskan word comparison table （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Dené–Yeniseian / Na-Dené Swadesh lists （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (incomplete)