# 可薩猶太人陰謀論[编辑]

**可薩猶太人陰謀論**是一套關於阿什肯納茲猶太人歷史起源的反猶太主義及反錫安主義陰謀論。該理論聲稱，大量可薩人曾皈依猶太教；可薩汗國滅亡後，可薩裔猶太人逃往東歐，成為東歐猶太人口的絕大多數；現今的阿什肯納茲猶太人多為可薩人的後裔。信奉該理論的人士通常相信，「可薩猶太人」、共濟會及錫安主義者之間存在「秘密聯盟」，意圖「統治世界」。

絕大多數歷史學、系譜學及宗教學學者認為該理論缺乏事實基礎及證據支持。遺傳學研究結果亦與該假說相抵觸。

## 可薩汗國

普遍認為，歷史上可薩人主要由來自東方的鐵勒部落以及一些講波斯語的部落、北高加索人及斯拉夫人組成。

7至9世紀期間，拜占庭帝國試圖強迫猶太人改宗基督教，許多猶太人故此從中東逃往北高加索。可薩汗國便位於此處。該國君主為可汗，通常居住在宮殿。該國尊重宗教信仰並給予所有宗教同等地位，同時允許國內不同宗教群體（包括猶太人、基督徒、穆斯林、騰格里信徒等）擁有自己的法官及獨立法庭。

8世紀，以可汗為首的可薩貴族精英接受了猶太教。該國大多數民眾對於猶太教仍是知之甚少。

10世紀，可薩汗國的勢力因基輔羅斯人的攻擊而削弱。最終，基輔羅斯奪取了可薩汗國的所有土地，可薩汗國滅亡。

## 理論產生

蘇聯曾盛行各種反猶太主義陰謀論，例如「猶太人控制世界」陰謀論及「猶太醫生害死高官」陰謀論。

俄羅斯根深蒂固的反猶太主義在1960年演變為反錫安主義，指控「全球錫安主義者」試圖接管世界。同時，蘇聯宣傳人員認為「這種邪惡」是由美國及以色列引導的，只有蘇聯才能領導抵抗錫安主義並帶領世界走向美好未來。施納勒曼認為，反猶太主義在俄羅斯民族主義的形成中發揮了基礎性作用。

20世紀70年代，「猶太人源於可薩人皈依」的理論開始在俄羅斯及東歐流行。後來俄羅斯東正教民族主義者及公共媒體開始擔心該理論的傳播，並試圖否認可薩汗國的存在，因為他們憂慮該理論可能令俄羅斯猶太人有理由聲索俄羅斯南部地區的主權。

## 世界傳播

該理論在全球得到傳播，在各國極端政治勢力以及原教旨主義群體中尤為盛行，為新納粹主義的興起奠定了基礎。

蘇聯反猶宣傳家瓦列里·叶梅利亚诺夫將該理論與「世界錫安主義」陰謀論及「猶太共濟會控制世界」陰謀論相結合，並以阿拉伯語傳播，在阿拉伯國家及伊斯蘭國家大受歡迎，對這些國家內反猶太主義及反錫安主義的發展產生了深遠影響。叶梅利亚诺夫聲稱，弗拉基米爾一世是猶太人後裔，因此他故意抹去了俄羅斯雅利安人的歷史、觀念及文化，並引入基督教的歷史、觀念及文化以取代；錫安主義是「世界上一切邪惡的根源」，「只有透過雅利安人摧毀基督教才能夠挫敗錫安主義陰謀」。

中東地區文獻開始將所謂「可薩猶太人」描繪成「伊斯蘭教及阿拉伯人的敵人」（因可薩人為爭奪高加索曾多次與阿拉伯人作戰）。

至今仍有眾多反錫安主義者使用該理論試圖否定古以色列人與今猶太人之間的繼承關係，儘管該理論並沒有提到塞法迪猶太人及米茲拉希猶太人（共佔以色列猶太人口約50%）。美國種族主義者（包括學者洛斯羅普·斯托達德及三K黨分子）、俄羅斯民族主義者等群體中亦仍有不少人利用該理論傳播反猶太主義。在阿拉伯世界，該理論一直遊走在反錫安主義、反猶太主義及其相交地帶。

近年來，社交媒體的普及進一步推動了該理論及其他反猶太陰謀論的傳播。

## 學術觀點

學術上，「大多數猶太人源於可薩人皈依」的假說早已被否定，自20世紀50年代末期便不再被提起。

學者凱文·艾倫·布洛克認為該假說無法成立，並表示完全無法贊同該理論，其研究卻經常被支持該理論的人士斷章取義地引用。

在20世紀下半葉，以色列學者阿巴·埃文、彼得·戈爾登、勞埃德·加特納、諾曼·戈盧布及奧姆利安·普里茨克認為，歷史上確實可能有少數可薩人與猶太人通婚，並成為阿什肯納茲猶太人的祖源的一小部分。

1987年，歷史學者伯納德·劉易斯指出，「歐洲猶太人不是古以色列人後裔，而是可薩人後裔」的假說沒有任何證據支持，早已被所有嚴謹的學者放棄，包括阿拉伯學者；該理論只是偶爾出現在阿拉伯人反錫安主義的政治論戰中。

2000年，科普作家尼古拉斯·韋德引用一篇關於阿什肯納茲猶太人Y染色體譜系的遺傳學論文，駁斥「阿什肯納茲猶太人大多數是皈依者或可薩人後裔」的理論。

2013年，多倫·貝哈爾等遺傳學家研究認為，猶太人與可薩人之間基本上不可能有強聯繫；由於可薩人的現代後裔不明，「猶太可薩人」假說難以用遺傳學方法檢驗；在阿什肯納茲猶太人中沒有發現任何遺傳標記可將他們與高加索或可薩民族聯繫起來；相反，阿什肯納茲猶太人在基因上最接近其他猶太群體以及非猶太中東及歐洲人群。

2022年，凱文·艾倫·布洛克出示證據表明，阿什肯納茲猶太人約有50%的基因與中東地區有關。

基因研究的共識是，全球猶太人（包括阿什肯納茲猶太人）擁有源自古代中東共同祖先的大量遺傳基因，阿什肯納茲猶太人沒有可追溯至可薩人的遺傳基因。

* 陰謀論
* 納粹主義
* 反猶太主義
* 反錫安主義
* 雅弗理論
* 日猶同祖論
* 猶太-美生陰謀論
* 被認定是偽科學的主題列表

## 參考

## 來源

* Aderet, Ofer. Jews are not descended from Khazars, Hebrew University historian says. Haaretz. 26 June 2014  [2023-11-23]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-01）.
* Atzmon, G.; Hao, L.; Pe'er, I.; Velez, C.; Pearlman, A.; Palamara, P. F.; Morrow, B.; Friedman, E; Oddoux, C.; Burns, E.; Ostrer, H. Abraham's children in the genome era: major Jewish diaspora populations comprise distinct genetic clusters with shared Middle Eastern Ancestry. American Journal of Human Genetics. June 2010, **86** (6): 850–9. PMC 3032072 . PMID 20560205. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.04.015.
* Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole. Israël chez les Nations (PDF) 11. Calman-Lévy. 1893.
* Behar, Doron M.; Metspalu, Mait; Baran, Yael; Kopelman, Naama M.; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Gladstein, Ariella; Tzur, Shay; Sahakyan, Havhannes; Bahmanimehr, Ardeshir; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Tambets, Kristiina; Khusnutdinova, Elza K.; Kusniarevich, Aljona; Balanovsky, Oleg; Balanovsky, Elena; Kovacevic, Lejla; Marjanovic, Damir; Mihailov, Evelin; Kouvatsi, Anastasia; Traintaphyllidis, Costas; King, Roy J.; Semino, Ornella; Torroni, Antonio; Hammer, Michael F.; Metspalu, Ene; Skorecki, Karl; Rosset, Saharon; Halperin, Eran; Villems, Richard; Rosenberg, Noah A. No Evidence from Genome-Wide Data of a Khazar Origin for the Ashkenazi Jews. Human Biology. 2013, **85** (41): 859–900  [2023-11-23]. doi:10.1353/hub.2013.a548065. （原始内容存档于2017-05-17）.
* Beider, Alexander. Origins of Yiddish Dialects. Oxford University Press. 2015. ISBN 978-0-191-05981-0.
* Dunlop, Douglas Morton. History of the Jewish Khazars. Schocken Books. 1954  [10 February 2013].
* Efron, John M. Commentary: Jewish Genetic Origins in the Context of Past Historical and Anthropological Inquiries. Human Biology. December 2013, **85** (6): 901–918  [2023-11-23]. JSTOR 10.13110/humanbiology.85.6.0901. PMID 25079124. doi:10.13110/humanbiology.85.6.0901. （原始内容存档于2023-06-15）.
* Elhaik, Eran. The missing link of Jewish European ancestry: contrasting the Rhineland and the Khazarian hypotheses. Genome Biology and Evolution. 2013, **5** (1): 61–74. PMC 3595026 . PMID 23241444. doi:10.1093/gbe/evs119.
* Epstein, Lawrence J. Converts to Judaism: Stories from Biblical Times to Today. Rowman & Littlefield. 2015. ISBN 978-1-442-23468-0.
* Golden, Peter B. Khazar Studies: Achievements and Perspectives. Golden, Peter B.; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; Róna-Tas, András (编). The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Handbook of Oriental Studies **17**. BRILL: 7–57. 2007a  [13 February 2013]. ISBN 978-90-04-16042-2.
* Golden, Peter B. The Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism. Golden, Peter B.; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; Róna-Tas, András (编). The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Handbook of Oriental Studies **17**. BRILL: 123–162. 2007b  [13 February 2013]. ISBN 978-90-04-16042-2.
* Jacobs, Joseph. On the Racial Characteristics of Modern Jews. Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 1886, **15**: 23–62. JSTOR 2841906. doi:10.2307/2841906.
* Kizilov, Mikhail. National Inventions: The Imperial Emancipation of the Karaites from Jewishness. Cvetkovski, Roland; Hofmeister, Alexis (编). An Empire of Others: Creating Ethnographic Knowledge in Imperial Russia and the USSR. Central European University Press. 2014: 369–393. ISBN 978-6-155-22576-5.
* Koestler, Arthur. The Thirteenth Tribe: The Khazar Empire and Its Heritage. Random House. 1976  [2023-11-23]. ISBN 978-0-394-40284-0. （原始内容存档于2023-11-23） （英语）.
* Loeb, Isidore. Reflections on the Jews. Hart, Mitchell B. (编). Jews and Race: Writings on Identity and Difference, 1880-1940. Brandeis University Press. 2011: 12–20. ISBN 978-1-584-65717-0.
* Neumann, Karl. Die Völker des südlichen Russlands in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung (PDF) 2. Teubner. 1855 [1847].
* Raisin, Jacob S. The Haskalah Movement in Russia (PDF). The Jewish Publication Society of America. 1913.
* Renan, Ernest. Le Judaïsme come race et comme religion. Roman, Joël (编). Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?. Presses Pocket. 1992: 200–220 [1883]. ISBN 2-266-05063-X.
* Rossman, Vadim Joseph. Russian Intellectual Antisemitism in the Post-Communist Era. University of Nebraska Press. 2002. ISBN 978-0-803-23948-7.
* Rossman, Vadim Joseph. Anti-Semitism in Eurasian Historiography: The Case of Lev Gumilev. Shlapentokh, Dmitry (编). Russia Between East and West: Scholarly Debates on Eurasianism. BRILL. 2007. ISBN 978-9-004-15415-5.
* Schama, Simon. The Story of the Jews **1**. Vintage Books. 2014 [2011]. ISBN 978-0-099-54668-9.
* Scholz, Birgit. Von der Chronistik zur modernen Geschichtswissenschaft: die Warägerfrage in der russischen, deutschen und schwedischen Historiographie. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 2000. ISBN 978-3-447-04342-7.
* Schnirelmann, Victor A. The story of a euphemism: The Khazars in Russian Nationalist Literature 353-372. Golden, Peter B.; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; Róna-Tas, András (编). The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Handbook of Oriental Studies **17**. BRILL: 353–372. 2007a  [2023-11-23]. ISBN 978-90-04-16042-2. （原始内容存档于2023-11-23）.
* Singerman, Robert. The Jew as Racial Alien:The Genetic Component of American Anti-Semitism. Gurock, Jeffrey S. (编). Anti-Semitism in America. American Jewish History. Taylor & Francis. 1998: 343–367  [13 January 2014]. ISBN 978-0-415-91929-6.
* Singerman, Robert. Contemporary Racist and Judeophobic Ideology Discovers the Khazars, or, Who Really Are the Jews?. Rosaline and Myer Feinstein Lecture Series 2004. 2004  [1 March 2014]. （原始内容存档于2023-11-23）.
* Stampfer, Shaul. Did the Khazars Convert to Judaism? (PDF). Jewish Social Studies. Spring–Summer 2013, **19** (3): 1–72. S2CID 161320785. doi:10.2979/jewisocistud.19.3.1.
* Thomsen, Vilhelm Ludvig Peter. The Relations Between Ancient Russia and Scandinavia, and the Origin of the Russian State: Three Lectures Delivered at the Taylor Institution. Oxford, in May, 1876'. Cambridge University Press. 2015 [2010]. ISBN 978-1-330-41418-7.
* van Straten, Jits. The Origin of Ashkenazi Jewry: The Controversy Unravelled. Walter de Gruyter. 2011. ISBN 978-3-110-23605-7.
* Venton, Danielle. Highlight: Out of Khazaria—Evidence for "Jewish Genome" Lacking. Genome Biology and Evolution. January 2013, **5** (1): 75–6. PMC 3595031 . PMID 23325386. doi:10.1093/gbe/evs129.

* von Kutschera, Hugo Freiherrn. Die Chasaren. Historische Studie (PDF). Vienna: Adolf Holzhausen. 1909.
* Vucinich, Alexander. 'Science in Russian Culture: A History to 1860' **1**. Stanford University Press. 1963. ISBN 978-0-804-70157-0.
* Weinreich, Max. Glasser, Paul , 编. History of the Yiddish language **1**. YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. 2008 [1980]  [2023-11-23]. ISBN 978-0-300-10960-3. （原始内容存档于2023-11-23）.
* Weissenberg, Samuel. Die südrussischen Juden: Eine anthropometrische Studie mit Berücksichtigung der allgemeinen Entwickelungsgesetze (PDF). Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn. 1895.
* Wexler, Paul. Explorations in Judeo-Slavic Linguistics. BRILLl. 1987. ISBN 978-9-004-07656-3.
* Xue, J.; Lencz, T.; Darvasi, A.; Pe'er, I.; Carmi, S. The time and place of European admixture in Ashkenazi Jewish history. PLOS Genetics. April 2017, **13** (4): e1006644. PMC 5380316 . PMID 28376121. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006644 .
* Zhivkov, Boris. Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries. BRILL. 2015. ISBN 978-9-004-29448-6.
* Zubok, Vladislav. Zhivago's Children. Harvard University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-674-03344-3.
* Barkun, Michael. Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement. UNC Press. 1997  [26 July 2013]. ISBN 978-0-8078-4638-4.
* Barkun, Michael. Anti-Semitism from Outer Space: The *Protocols* in the UFO Subculture. Landes, Richard Allen; Katz, Steven T. (编). The Paranoid Apocalypse: A Hundred-year Retrospective on the Protocols of the Elders of Zion. NYU Press. 2012: 163–171  [1 September 2013]. ISBN 978-0-8147-4945-6.
* Baron, Salo Wittmayer. A Social and Religious History of the Jews **3** 2. Columbia University Press. 1957  [12 February 2013].
* Behar DM, Thomas MG, Skorecki K, Hammer MF, Bulygina E, Rosengarten D, Jones AL, Held K, Moses V, Goldstein D, Bradman N, Weale ME. Multiple origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y chromosome evidence for both Near Eastern and European ancestries. American Journal of Human Genetics. October 2003, **73** (4): 768–79. PMC 1180600 . PMID 13680527. doi:10.1086/378506.
* Boller, Paul F. Memoirs of an Obscure Professor: And Other Essays. TCU Press. 2013 [1992]  [26 July 2013]. ISBN 978-0-875-65557-4.
* Brook, Kevin Alan. The Jews of Khazaria 1st. Jason Aronson. 1999. ISBN 0-7657-6032-0.
* Brook, Kevin Alan. The Jews of Khazaria 2nd. Rowman & Littlefield. 2009 [2006]  [10 February 2013]. ISBN 978-0-7425-4982-1. （原始内容存档于2023-04-17）.
* Brook, Kevin Alan. The Jews of Khazaria 3rd. Rowman & Littlefield. 2018. ISBN 978-1-5381-0342-5.
* Costa MD, Pereira JB, Pala M, Fernandes V, Olivieri A, Achilli A, Perego UA, Rychkov S, Naumova O, Hatina J, Woodward SR, Eng KK, Macaulay V, Carr M, Soares P, Pereira L, Richards MB. A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages. Nature Communications. 8 October 2013, **4**: 2543. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2543C. PMC 3806353 . PMID 24104924. doi:10.1038/ncomms3543.
* Falk, Raphael. Zionism and the Biology of Jews. Springer. 2017. ISBN 978-3-319-57345-8.
* Freedman, Benjamin. Facts Are Facts: The Truth about the Khazars. Princeton University Press. 1954  [10 April 2014]. ISBN 978-0-945-00180-5.
* Gilman, Sander L. Freud, Race, and Gender. Princeton University Press. 1995  [13 January 2014]. ISBN 978-0-691-02586-5.
* Gardell, Matthias. Black and White Unite in Fight?. Kaplan, Jeffrey; Lööw, Heléne (编). The Cultic Milieu: Oppositional Subcultures in an Age of Globalization. Rowman Altamira. 2002: 152–192  [13 January 2014]. ISBN 978-0-759-10204-0.
* Goldstein, Eric L. The Price of Whiteness: Jews, Race, and American Identity. Princeton University Press. 2006  [26 July 2013]. ISBN 0691121052.
* Goldstein, David B. Jacob's Legacy: A Genetic View of Jewish History. Yale University Press. 2008  [11 November 2013]. ISBN 978-0-300-12583-2.
* Goodman, David G.; Miyazawa, Masanori. Jews in the Japanese Mind: The History and Uses of a Cultural Stereotype. Lexington Books. 2000 [1995]  [26 July 2013]. ISBN 978-0-7391-0167-4.
* Gow, Andrew Colin. The " Red Jews": Antisemitism in the Apocalyptic Age 1200–1600. BRILL. 1995  [26 July 2013]. ISBN 978-90-04-10255-2.
* Harkabi, Yehoshafat. Contemporary Arab Anti-Semitism: its Causes and Roots. Fein, Helen (编). The Persisting Question: Sociological Perspectives and Social Contexts of Modern Antisemitism. Walter de Gruyter. 1987: 412–427 [1968]. ISBN 978-3-11-010170-6.
* Kizilov, Mikhail. The Karaites of Galicia: An Ethnoreligious Minority Among the Ashkenazim, the Turks, and the Slavs, 1772-1945. BRILL. 2009  [13 January 2014]. ISBN 978-9-004-16602-8.
* Lewis, Bernard. Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry Into Conflict and Prejudice. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 1987 [1986]  [10 February 2013]. ISBN 978-0-393-30420-6.  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link)
* Liberles, Robert. Salo Wittmayer Baron:Architect of Jewish History Robert Liberles. New York University Press. 1995  [11 November 2013]. ISBN 978-0-814-75088-9.
* Litman, Jacob. The Economic Role of Jews in Medieval Poland: The Contribution of Yitzhak Schipper. University Press of America. 1984  [26 July 2013]. ISBN 9780819142443. （原始内容存档于2023-03-11）.
* Luttwak, Edward N. The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire. Harvard University Press. 2009  [10 February 2013]. ISBN 978-0-674-03519-5.
* Malkiel, David. Reconstructing Ashkenaz: The Human Face of Franco-German Jewry, 1000–1250. Stanford University Press. 2008  [21 August 2013]. ISBN 978-0-8047-8684-3.
* Morris, Benny. The Road to Jerusalem: Glubb Pasha, Palestine and the Jews. I. B. Tauris. 2003 [2002]  [1 March 2014]. ISBN 978-1-860-64989-9.
* Nathans, Benjamin. On Russian- Jewish Historiography. Sanders, Thomas (编). Historiography of Imperial Russia: The Profession and Writing of History in a Multinational State. M. E. Sharpe. 1999: 397–432  [13 January 2014]. ISBN 978-1-563-24684-5.
* Nebel A, Filon D, Brinkmann B, Majumder PP, Faerman M, Oppenheim A. The Y chromosome pool of Jews as part of the genetic landscape of the Middle East. American Journal of Human Genetics. November 2001, **69** (5): 1095–112. PMC 1274378 . PMID 11573163. doi:10.1086/324070.
* Nebel A, Filon D, Faerman M, Soodyall H, Oppenheim A. Y chromosome evidence for a founder effect in Ashkenazi Jews. European Journal of Human Genetics. March 2005, **13** (3): 388–91. PMID 15523495. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201319 .
* Ostrer, Harry. Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People. Oxford University Press. 2012  [12 February 2013]. ISBN 978-0-199-97638-6.
* Poliakov, Léon. The History of Anti-semitism: From the time of Christ to the court Jews. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2005 [1955/1975]  [20 October 2013]. ISBN 978-0-8122-1863-3.
* Polonsky, Antony; Basista, Jakub; Link-Lenczowski, Andrzej (编). The Jews in Old Poland: 1000–1795. I. B. Tauris. 1993. ISBN 978-1-85043-342-2.
* Pound, Ezra; Zukofsky, Louis. Ahearn, Barry , 编. Pound/Zukofsky: Selected Letters of Ezra Pound and Louis Zukofsky. New Directions. 1987  [10 April 2014]. ISBN 978-0-811-21013-3.
* Réthelyi, Mari. Hungarian Jewish Stories of Origin: Samuel Kohn, the Khazar Connection and the Conquest of Hungary. Hungarian Cultural Studies: e-Journal of the American Hungarian Educators Association. 2021, **14**: 52–64  [2023-11-23]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-19）.
* Sand, Shlomo. The Invention of the Jewish People. London: Verso Books. 2010 [2009]  [10 February 2013]. ISBN 978-1-84467-623-1. （原始内容存档于2023-11-23）.
* Shnirelman, Victor A. The Story of a Euphemism:The Khazars in Russian Nationalist Literature. Golden, Peter B.; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; Róna-Tas, András (编). The World of the Khazars:New Perspectives. Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies **17**. BRILL. 2007: 353–372. ISBN 978-90-04-16042-2.
* Spolsky, Bernard. The Languages of the Jews;A Sociolinguistic History. Cambridge University Press. 2014  [10 May 2016]. ISBN 9781139917148.
* Toch, Michael. The Economic History of European Jews: Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages. Études sur le Judaïsme Médiéval **56**. Leiden: BRILL. 2012  [10 February 2013]. ISBN 978-90-04-23534-2.
* Wade, Nicholas. YChromosome Bears Witness to Story of the Jewish Diaspora. New York Times. 9 May 2000  [11 November 2013]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-01）.
* Wade, Nicholas. In DNA, New Clues to Jewish Roots. New York Times. 14 May 2002  [11 November 2013]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-26）.
* Wald, James. The New Replacement Theory: Anti-Zionism, Antisemitism, and the Denial of History. Rosenfeld, Alvin H. (编). 'Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism: The Dynamics of Delegitimization. Indiana University Press. 2019: 3–29  [27 May 2021]. ISBN 978-0-253-03874-6.
* Wells, H. G. The Outline of History: The Roman Empire to the Great War **2**. Barnes & Noble. 1973 [1921]. ISBN 978-0-7607-5867-0.
* Wexler, Paul. Yiddish Evidence for the Khazar Component in the Ashkenazic ethnogenesis. Golden, Peter B.; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; Róna-Tas, András (编). The World of the Khazars:New Perspectives. Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies **17**. BRILL. 2007: 387–398  [19 October 2013]. ISBN 978-90-04-16042-2. （原始内容存档于2023-11-17）.

## 延伸閱讀

* Victor Shnirelman. 2002. *The Myth of the Khazars and Intellectual Antisemitism in Russia, 1970s-1990s*. The Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

* Rory Miller(2020) The anti-Zionist 'Jewish Khazar' syndrome in the official British mind （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Fishberg, Maurice (1911): The Jews: A Study of Race and Environment.
* The Kievan Letter scan in the Cambridge University Library collection.
* Khazaria.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Resources - Medieval Jewish History - The Khazars The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
* Khazar Historic Maps
* The Kitab al-Khazari of Judah Hallevi, full English translation at sacred-texts.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Ancient lost capital of the Khazar kingdom found （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）