# 鳥臀目[编辑]

| 鳥臀目 化石时期：侏罗纪到白堊紀
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| 埃德蒙頓龍的骨盆結構（左側） 牛津大學自然歷史博物館
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| 科学分类  |
| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
| 纲： | 蜥形纲 Sauropsida |
| 总目： | 恐龍總目 Dinosauria |
| 目： | **†鸟臀目 Ornithischia** Seeley, 1888 |
| 演化支
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| * †**西里龍科 Silesauridae**? (並系群?)
* †溝牙龍屬 *Alocodon*
* †智利龙属? *Chilesaurus*
* †始奔龙属 *Eocursor*
* †皮萨诺龙属? *Pisanosaurus*
* 拉金塔龍屬 *Laquintasaura*
* †**真鸟臀类 Saphornithischia** Madzia *et al.*, 2021
	+ †**畸齿龙科 Heterodontosauridae**
	+ †**颌齿类 Genasauria**
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| 異名
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| * Predentata Marsh, 1894
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**鳥臀目**（目名**Ornithischia**或**Predentata**）也稱為**鳥盤目**。是一類有喙（外觀類似鳥喙）的植食性恐龍。*ornithischia*之名源自希臘文中表示「鳥的」的*ορνιθειος*（*ornitheos*）與表示「髖關節」的*ισχιον*（*ischion*），意思是「如鳥類般的臀部」。之所以有這種名字，是因為牠們擁有與鳥類相似的骨盆結構。然而，一般認為鳥類實際上是蜥臀目獸腳亞目的後代。鳥臀目恐龍的腹部、胃部都非常的寬大，因為臀部骨骼的原因，在同樣長度、體積的情況下，牠們的胃部容量遠遠大於蜥臀目的所有恐龍，鳥臀目的尾部粗度也是蜥臀目的1.5倍到2倍寬。

## 特徵

鳥臀目的骨盆結構(左側)
恐龍總目被哈利·絲萊（Harry Seeley）於1887年分為兩目：蜥臀目、鳥臀目。這種分法主要根據形狀類似鳥的骨盆（但是鳥類並非鳥臀目的後代）、脊椎骨的細節、以及是否擁有前齒骨。前齒骨是下頜前段的一塊從齒骨額外生長的骨頭，形狀為U形。前齒骨與上頜的前上頜骨互相咬合。它們呈現類似鳥嘴的形狀，可以撕裂植物。

鳥臀目恐龍的恥骨（Pubis）分別指向前方與後方尾巴，往後與坐骨（Ischium）平行，與往前的突出部支撐者下腹部。使骨盆呈現一個四端分岔的結構。蜥臀目恐龍的恥骨則是別指向下方與前方，類似遠古蜥蜴那樣。鳥臀目恐龍眼窩前的洞比蜥臀目恐龍的小，但有較寬廣、穩定的骨盆。類似鳥類的平行骨盆結構，在恐龍中分別獨立演化出三次，分別為鳥臀目、鐮刀龍超科、以及馳龍科。

在鳥臀目中，至少有三個演化支演化成可採四足步態行走。有科學家推測，在鳥臀目的早期演化階段，已經出現往四足步態的演化趨勢。

## 種系發生學

鳥臀目分成兩個演化支：装甲类、角足龙类。装甲类包括劍龍亚目（例如劍龍）與甲龍亚目（例如甲龍）。角足龙类包括頭飾龍類（角龍亚目與厚头龙亚目），以及鳥腳亚目（例如鴨嘴龍科的埃德蒙頓龍）。

以下演化樹取自於R.J. Butler的2005年研究：

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| **鳥臀目** |

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?皮薩諾龍  |
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?法布爾龍科

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| 頜齒類
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **装甲类** |

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小盾龍  |
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| 覆盾甲龍形類
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莫阿大學龍  |
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| 扁腳類
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|  | **剑龙亚目** |
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| Ankylosauromorpha
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腿龍  |
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|  | **甲龙亚目**  |
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| **角足龙类** |

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斯托姆博格龍  |
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靈龍  |
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鹽都龍  |
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畸齒龍科  |
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|  | **鸟脚亚目**  |
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| 頭飾龍類
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|  | **厚头龙亚目**  |
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|  | **角龙亚目**  |
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以下演化樹則是取自於徐星等人的2009年研究：

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **鳥臀目** |

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皮薩諾龍  |
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畸齒龍科  |
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| 頜齒類
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **装甲类** |

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?賴索托龍  |
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小盾龍  |
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莫阿大學龍  |
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腿龍  |
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|  | **剑龙亚目** |
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|  | **甲龙亚目** |
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| **角足龙类** |

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斯托姆博格龍  |
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靈龍  |
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何信祿龍  |
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奧斯尼爾龍  |
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稜齒龍  |
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熱河龍

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鹽都龍  |
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奔山龍  |
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西風龍

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|  | **鸟脚亚目**  |
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| 頭飾龍類
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|  | **厚头龙亚目**  |
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|  | **角龙亚目**  |
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以下演化樹則來自於理查德·巴特勒（Richard J. Butler）在2011年的研究，顯示出稜齒龍、熱河龍與其他鳥臀目恐龍的演化關係。

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **鳥臀目** |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
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皮薩諾龍  |
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| --- | --- |
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畸齒龍科  |
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始奔龍  |
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| 頜齒類
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賴索托龍  |
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| 装甲类
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| --- | --- |
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小盾龍  |
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| --- | --- |
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莫阿大學龍  |
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| --- | --- |
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腿龍  |
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|  | **剑龙亚目**  |
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|  | **甲龙亚目**  |
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| 新鳥臀類
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斯托姆博格龍  |
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| --- | --- |
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靈龍  |
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| --- | --- |
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何信祿龍  |
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| --- | --- |
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奧斯尼爾龍  |
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| 角足龙类
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| --- | --- |
|  | **鸟脚亚目**  |
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| 頭飾龍類
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|  | **厚头龙亚目**  |
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|  | **角龙亚目**  |
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## 參考資料

* Butler, Richard J. The ‘fabrosaurid’ ornithischian dinosaurs of the Upper Elliot Formation (Lower Jurassic) of South Africa and Lesotho. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2005-10, **145** (2)  [2022-07-04]. ISSN 1096-3642. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00182.x. （原始内容存档于2022-06-19） （英语）.
* Sereno, Paul C. Evolution of Bird-Hipped Dinosaurs (Ornithischia). Short Courses in Paleontology. 1989, **2**. ISSN 2475-2630. doi:10.1017/S2475263000000842 （英语）.

* 鳥臀目, from Palæos. (cladogram, characteristics)