# 语用学

**語用學**（英語：Pragmatics）是語言學的一個分支學科，與符號學理論相互交叉、滲透，研究語境對語言含義產生的影響與做出的貢獻。語用學包括言語行為理論、對話內涵義、交流中的對話，以及從哲學、社會學、語言學及人類學等角度解析人類語言行為的研究。

語用學分析研究語言行為（如招呼、回答、勸說）的文化準繩與發言規則。語用學還研究語言用於成事的方式。

不同的文化之間皆有約定俗成、客套的對話，為了避免跨文化交流之中，因為語言規範的差異而在交談之中產生誤解，社會語言學的知識與務實能力是語言學習者所不能忽視的。

* 語義學 · 語法學 · 句法學
* 語言學 · 符號學
* 應用語言學

## 參考文獻

* Austin, J. L. (1962) *How to Do Things With Words*. Oxford University Press.
* Ariel, Mira (2008), *Pragmatics and Grammar*, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Ariel, Mira. Defining Pragmatics. Cambridge University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-521-73203-1.
* Brown, Penelope, and Stephen C. Levinson. (1978) *Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage*. Cambridge University Press.
* Carston, Robyn (2002) *Thoughts and Utterances: The Pragmatics of Explicit Communication*. Oxford: Blackwell.
* Clark, Herbert H. (1996) "Using Language". Cambridge University Press.
* Cole, Peter, ed.. (1978) *Pragmatics*. (Syntax and Semantics, 9). New York: Academic Press.
* Dijk, Teun A. van. (1977) *Text and Context. Explorations in the Semantics and Pragmatics of Discourse*. London: Longman.
* Grice, H. Paul. (1989) *Studies in the Way of Words*. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press.
* Laurence R. Horn and Gregory Ward. (2005) *The Handbook of Pragmatics*. Blackwell.
* Leech, Geoffrey N. (1983) *Principles of Pragmatics*. London: Longman.
* Levinson, Stephen C. (1983) *Pragmatics*. Cambridge University Press.
* Levinson, Stephen C. (2000). Presumptive meanings: The theory of generalized conversational implicature. MIT Press.
* Lin, G. H. C., & Perkins, L. (2005). Cross-cultural discourse of giving and accepting gifts. International Journal of Communication, 16,1-2, 103-12 (ERIC Collections in ED 503685
* Mey, Jacob L. (1993) *Pragmatics: An Introduction*. Oxford: Blackwell (2nd ed. 2001).
* Kepa Korta and John Perry. (2006) *Pragmatics*（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
* Potts, Christopher. (2005) *The Logic of Conventional Implicatures*. Oxford Studies in Theoretical Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Robinson, Douglas. (2003). *Performative Linguistics: Speaking and Translating as Doing Things With Words*. London and New York: Routledge.
* Robinson, Douglas. (2006). *Introducing Performative Pragmatics*. London and New York: Routledge.
* Sperber, Dan and Wilson, Deirdre. (2005) Pragmatics（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. In F. Jackson and M. Smith (eds.) Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Philosophy. OUP, Oxford, 468-501. (Also available here.)
* Thomas, Jenny (1995) *Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics*. Longman.
* Verschueren, Jef. (1999) *Understanding Pragmatics*（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. London, New York: Arnold Publishers.
* Verschueren, Jef, Jan-Ola Östman, Jan Blommaert, eds. (1995) *Handbook of Pragmatics*. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
* Watzlawick, Paul, Janet Helmick Beavin and Don D. Jackson (1967) *Pragmatics of Human Communication: A Study of Interactional Patterns, Pathologies, and Paradoxes*. New York: Norton.
* Wierzbicka, Anna (1991) *Cross-cultural Pragmatics. The Semantics of Human Interaction*. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
* Yule, George (1996) *Pragmatics* (Oxford Introductions to Language Study). Oxford University Press.
* Silverstein, Michael. 1976. "Shifters, Linguistic Categories, and Cultural Description," in Meaning and Anthropology, Basso and Selby, eds. New York: Harper & Row
* Wardhaugh, Ronald. (2006). "An Introduction to Sociolinguistics". Blackwell.
* Duranti, Alessandro. (1997). "Linguistic Anthropology". Cambridge University Press.
* Carbaugh, Donal. (1990). "Cultural Communication and Intercultural Contact." LEA.

* International Pragmatics Association (IPrA)
* Journal of Pragmatics（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* "What is Pragmatics?" (eprint) by Shaozhong Liu
* European Communicative Strategies (ECSTRA), a (wiki)project in comparative pragmatics directed by Joachim Grzega.