# 阿布·贝克尔·拉齐[编辑]

| 阿布·贝克尔·拉齐 |
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| 出生 | 854 CE 波斯雷伊 |
| 逝世 | 932或925 CE 波斯雷伊 |
| 国籍 | 伊朗 |
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| 时代 | 伊斯蘭黃金時代 |
| 地区 | 伊斯兰哲学 |
| 学派 | Persian science, Islamic medicine |
| 主要领域 | 化學, 医学, 哲学 |
| 著名思想 | Discovered alcohol (ethanol) in its pure form, the first to produce 酸 such as 硫酸, writing up limited or extensive notes on diseases such as 天花 and 水痘, a pioneer in 眼科学, author of first book on pediatrics, making leading contributions in 无机化合物 and 有机化学, also the author of several philosophical works |
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**阿布·贝克尔·穆罕默德·扎卡里亚·拉齐**（波斯語：ابوبكر محمّد زکرياى رازى，*Abūbakr Mohammad-e Zakariā-ye Rāzī*；865年—925年），波斯医师、炼金术师、化学家、哲学家。他博学多才，为早期医学、化学、音乐和哲学领域做出很大贡献。医学方面，他发现天花与麻疹是两种不同的疾病，并最早阐明了过敏和免疫的原理。化学上，他发现乙醇，并认为元素嬗变为金银是可能的。他创立了完善的蒸馏和提取方法，并通过蒸馏绿矾（油）和石油，分别发现硫酸和煤油。一生著有200部书籍和文章，记载了他在各领域的探索。

## 参考文獻

## 擴展閱讀

### 第一手文獻

#### 拉齊所作

* Arberry, A.J. The Spiritual Physick of Rhazes (PDF). The Wisdom of the East Series. The Liberty Fund. 1950  [2014-10-19]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-01-28）.
* See C. Brockelmann for the manuscript of Razi's extant books in general, see Brockelmann, GAL, I, pp. 268–71 (second edition), Suppl., Vol. I, pp. 418–21.
* Paul Kraus, *Abi Bakr Mohammadi Filii Zachariae Raghensis: Opera Philosophica, fragmentaque quae superssunt*. Pars Prior. Cairo 1939. Note: this is the only edition of Al-Razi's philosophical books and fragments still extant. Only the first volume was published since Kraus's suicide prevented the publication of the second volume for which he already had gathered a great amount of material. This material was transferred, after his death, to the Institut Francais d'Archeologie Orientale, in Cairo; it still remains to be published.
* Abdul Latif Muhammad al-Abd. Al-ṭibb al-rūḥānī li Abū Bakr al-Rāzī. Cairo: Maktabat al-Nahḍa al-Miṣriyya. 1978.

#### 他人所作

* Ibn Al-Nadim, *Fihrist*, (ed. Flugel), pp. 299 et sqq.
* Sa'id al-Andalusi, *Tabaqat al-Umam*, p. 33
* Ibn Juljul, *Tabaqat al-Atibba w-al-Hukama*, (ed. Fu'ad Sayyid), Cairo, 1355/1936, pp. 77–78
* J. Ruska, *Al-Biruni als Quelle fur das Leben und die Schriften al-Razi's, Isis*, Vol. V, 1924, pp. 26–50.
* Al-Biruni, *Epitre de Beruni, contenant le repertoire des ouvres de Muhammad* ibn *Zakariya ar-Razi*, publiee par P. Kraus, Paris, 1936
* Al-Baihaqi, *Tatimmah Siwan al-Hikma*, (ed. M. Ghafi), Lahore, 1351/1932
* Al-Qifti,*Tarikh al-Hukama*, (ed. Lippert), pp. 27–177
* Ibn Abi Usaibi'ah,*Uyun al-Anba fi Tabaqat al-Atibba*, Vol. I, pp. 309–21
* Abu Al-Faraj ibn al-'Ibri (Bar-Hebraeus),*Mukhtasar Tarikh al-Duwal*, (ed. A. Salhani), p. 291
* Ibn Khallikan, *Wafayat al-A'yan*, (ed. Muhyi al-Din 'Abd al-Hamid), Cairo, 1948, No. 678, pp. 244–47
* Al-Safadi, *Nakt al-Himyan*, pp. 249–50
* Ibn Al-'Imad, *Shadharat al-Dhahab*, Vol. II, p. 263
* Al-'Umari, *Masalik al-Absar*, Vol. V, Part 2, ff. 301-03 (photostat copy in Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyyah).

### 第二手文獻

* G. S. A. Ranking, *The Life and Works of Rhazes*, in Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Congress of Medicine, London, 1913, pp. 237–68.
* *Al-Razi als Bahnbrecher einer neuer Chemie, Deutsche Literaturzeitung*, 1923, pp. 118–24.
* *Die Alchemie al-Razi's der Islam*, Vol. XXII,pp. 283–319.
* *Uber den gegenwartigen Stand der Razi-Forschung*, Archivio di stori della scienza, 1924, Vol. V, pp. 335–47
* H. H. Shader, ZDMG, 79, pp. 228–35 (see translation into Arabic by Abdurrahman Badawi in *al-Insan al-Kamil*,Islamica, Vol. XI, Cairo, 1950, pp. 37–44).
* E. O. von Lippmann, *Entstehung und Ausbreitung der Alchemie*, Vol. II, p. 181.
* S. Pines, *Die Atomenlehre ar-Razi's in Beitrage zur islamischen Atomenlehre*, Berlin, 1936, pp. 34–93.
* Dr. Mahmud al-Najmabadi, Shah Hal Muhammad ibn Zakariya, (1318/1900)
* Gamil Bek, *Uqud al-Jauliar*, Vol. I, pp. 118–27.
* Izmirli Haqqi, *Ilahiyat*, Fak. Macm., Vol. I, p. 151; Vol. II, p. 36, Vol. III, pp. 177 et seq.
* Abdurrahman Badawi, *Min Tarlkh al-Ilhad fi al-Islam Islamica*, Vol. II, Cairo, 1945, pp. 198–228.
* Hirschberg,*Geschichte der Augenheilkunde*, p. 101.
* E. G.Browne, *Arabian Medicine*, Cambridge, 1921, pp. 44–53.
* M. Meyerhof, *Legacy of Islam*, pp. 323 et seq.
* F. Wüstenfeld, *Geschichte der Arabischen Arzte und Naturforscher*, ftn. 98.
* L. Leelerc, *Histoire de la medicine arabe*, Paris, 1876, Vol. I, pp. 337–54.
* H. P. J. Renaud, *A propos du millenaire de Razes*, in bulletin de la Societe Irancaise d'Histoire de la medicine, Mars-avril, 1931, pp. 203 et seq.
* A. Eisen, *Kimiya al-Razi*, RAAD, DIB, 62/4.
* Aldo Mieli, *La science arabe*, Leiden, 1938, pp. 8, 16.
* Nasr, *Science and Civilization in Islam*, see. Razes: *The Secret of Secrets*, p. 273, also pp. 197–200, and Anawati: *L'Alchemie arabe in Rased.*
* Browne, Edward Granville. Islamic Medicine. Goodword Books Pvt. Ltd. 2001. ISBN 81-87570-19-9.
* M. M. Sharif, *A History of Muslim Philosophy*
* Walker, P. "The Political Implications of al-Razi's Philosophy", in C. Butterworth (ed.) *The Political Aspects of Islamic Philosophy*, Cambridge, MA: 哈佛大学出版社, 61-94.(1992)
* Motazed, K. *Mohammad Zakaria Razi*

#### 百科全書

* Richter-Bernburg, Lutz. AL-ḤĀWI. Encyclopaedia Iranica **1**. ISBN 0-933273-54-1. （原始内容存档于2021-01-13）.
* *Encyclopaedie des Islams*, s. v. (by Ruska).

* al-Razi on Islamic Philosophy Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, encyclopedic article about al-Razi by the foremost academic expert Paul E. Walker.
* Levity.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Payvand.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* Google Books Search （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, "Doubt: A History" p. 229
* "Lives of the Physicians" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, dating from 1882, features a biography, in Arabic, about Rhazes.