# 凤梨科[编辑]

| 凤梨科 化石时期：渐新世 - 現代
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| 菠萝（*Ananas comosus*）的头状花序
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| 科学分类  |
| 界： | 植物界 Plantae |
| 演化支： | 维管植物 Tracheophyta |
| 演化支： | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
| 演化支： | 单子叶植物 Monocots |
| 演化支： | 鸭跖草类植物 Commelinids |
| 目： | 禾本目 Poales |
| 科： | **凤梨科 Bromeliaceae** Juss., 1789 |
| 模式属
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| 红心凤梨属 *Bromelia* L., 1753
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| 亞科
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| * 布洛凤梨亚科 Brocchinioideae
* 鳳梨亞科 Bromelioideae
* 华烛之典亚科 Hechtioideae
* 光彩凤梨亚科 Lindmanioideae
* 纳韦凤梨亚科 Navioideae
* 皮氏鳳梨亞科 Pitcairnioideae
* 皇后凤梨亚科 Puyoideae
* 空氣鳳梨亞科 Tillandsioideae
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| 分布範圍
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**凤梨科**（学名：Bromeliaceae）为单子叶植物禾本目的一科，包含76属，近3700种，物种多样性主要集聚于热带美洲，少数原生于美洲亚热带，唯一一种东半球原生的种为艳红凤梨属的西非凤梨。

凤梨科是禾本目中起源最早的支系之一，并且是目内唯一含有下位子房成员的科。

凤梨科物种生境多样，从降水充沛的雨林到干旱的沙漠都有不同的物种分布，但生活型大致可分为地生和附生两种。附生凤梨并非寄生，而是只依附于大型乔木或石壁上，较著名的种包括可用于观赏花卉的松萝凤梨。地生凤梨中最著名的则是作为水果广泛栽培的菠萝。科内株型最大的成员为南美洲的萵氏普亞鳳梨，开花时全株高度可达15米，具有世界上最大的复合花序。

## 形态

多为短茎附生草本，有时为耐旱植物（菠萝）。一般不含生物碱，常积聚番木瓜酶状分解蛋白质物质，有时含甾体皂素。器官中有粘液道、针晶体囊、硅质体。

叶互生，在短茎上形成叶丛，有时散生于稍长茎h上，狭具平行脉，时具刺齿，表皮极厚。近直立或弯展、表面凹入，以致宽叶鞘形成集水器，基部有时红色。

花两性，有时单性，规则或微不规则，3基数下位至全部上位，穗状，总状或头状花序，常有艳色苞片或稀为单花。萼与花瓣各3，分离或微联合，在花瓣基部边缘常有一对鳞片状密腺。雄蕊6，2轮，分离或偶连合，或附于分离的花被片上，3心皮联合成3室，上位子房、部分下位，具一顶生3裂花柱。粉状胚乳丰富。大多數觀賞鳳梨的花序，最明顯的部分是色彩艷麗且多樣的苞片，苞片壽命有時可長達數月之久，正是賞花型觀賞鳳梨的最大賣點，真正的花通常不大，而且壽命短暫。

浆果、蒴果、稀为肉质多花果（凤梨），种子有时具翅或羽状冠毛。花粉双核。染色体基数＝8～28，常为25。

## 分類

**凤梨科**约有44-46属2000餘种，是一个大科，大部分原产于美洲热带地区，少部分源于非洲中西部的几内亚湾沿岸国家，其他地区都是引进的。克朗奎斯特分类法单独分出一个凤梨目，只有一科。1998年根据基因亲缘关系分类的APG 分类法将凤梨科列入禾本目，香蒲科（Typhaceae）是其最亲近的姐妹群。

本科植物种类繁多，有生长在海拔4200米以上区域的，有生长在热带雨林中的，也有生长在沙漠区域的。而且叶和花的颜色鲜艳各异。

本科与禾本目各科的亲疏关系如下（节点有“†”标志的分支表示其自助法支持率介于60-80%之间，无标志者为80%以上）：

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二柱草科 Ecdeiocoleaceae

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拟苇科 Joinvilleaceae

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禾本科 Poaceae

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须叶藤科 Flagellariaceae

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帚灯草科 Restionaceae

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刺鳞草科 Centrolepidaceae

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苞穗草科 Anarthriaceae

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莎草科 Cyperaceae

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灯心草科 Juncaceae

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梭子草科 Thurniaceae

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苔草科 Mayacaceae

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黄眼草科 Xyridaceae

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谷精草科 Eriocaulaceae

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偏穗草科 Rapateaceae

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| 香蒲科 Typhaceae
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香蒲属 *Typha* |
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黑三棱属 *Sparganium* |
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凤梨科 Bromeliaceae

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### 内部分类

根据基因分子学的研究，本科植物可分为八个亚科，凤梨科各亚科的亲缘关系如下（节点有“\*”标志的分支表示其自助法支持率介于50-80%之间，无标志者为80%以上）：

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| 凤梨科 Bromeliaceae
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凤梨亚科 Bromelioideae

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|  | 皇后凤梨亚科 Puyoideae

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纳韦凤梨亚科 Navioideae

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空气凤梨亚科 Tillandsioideae

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布罗基凤梨亚科 Brocchinioideae

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其中皇后凤梨亚科、华烛之典亚科、光彩凤梨亚科及布洛凤梨亚科各只有一属。

### 屬列表

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| * 亞菠蘿屬 *Abromeitiella* Mez
* 松毬鳳梨屬 *Acanthostachys* Klotzsch
* 光萼荷屬 *Aechmea* Ruiz & Pav.
* 帝王鳳梨屬 *Alcantarea*
* 鳳梨屬 *Ananas* Mill.
* 安氏鳳梨屬 *Andrea* Mez
* 鱗蕊鳳梨屬 *Androlepis* Brongn ex Houllet
* 多穗鳳梨屬 *Araeococcus* Brongn
* 委內瑞拉鳳梨屬 *Ayensua* L.B.Sm.
* 水塔花屬 *Billbergia* Thunb.
* 布魯鳳梨屬 *Brewcaria* L.B.Sm., Steyerm. & H.Rob
* 布洛鳳梨屬 *Brocchinia* Schult.f.
* 紅心鳳梨屬 *Bromelia* L.
* 擬心花鳳梨屬 *Canistropsis*
* 心花鳳梨屬 *Canistrum* E.Morren
 | * 嘉寶鳳梨屬 *Catopsis* Griseb.
* 點頭鳳梨屬 *Connellia* N.E.Br.
* 卡田鳳梨屬 *Cottendorfia* Schult.f.
* 姬鳳梨屬 *Cryptanthus* Otto & A.Dietr.
* 戴氏鳳梨屬 *Deinacanthon*
* 德氏鳳梨屬 *Deuterocohnia* Mez
* 臥花鳳梨屬 *Disteganthus* Lem.
* 劍山之縞屬 *Dyckia* Schult.f.
* 埃氏鳳梨屬 *Edmundoa*
* 思口鳳梨屬 *Encholirium* Mart. ex Schult.f.
* 束花鳳梨屬 *Fascicularia* Mez
* 費氏鳳梨屬 *Fernseea* Baker
* 伏氏鳳梨屬 *Fosterella* L.B.Sm.
* 傘鳳梨屬 *Glomeropitcairnia* Mez
* 頭花鳳梨屬 *Greigia* Regel
 | * 果子蔓屬 *Guzmania* Ruiz & Pav.
* 華燭之典屬 *Hechtia* Klotzsch
* 球花鳳梨屬 *Hohenbergia* Schult.f.
* 擬球花鳳梨屬 *Hohenbergiopsis*  L.B.Sm. & Read
* 光彩鳳梨屬 *Lindmania* Mez
* 異多穗鳳梨屬 *Lymania* Read
* 麥穗鳳梨屬 *Mezobromelia* L.B.Sm
* 納韋鳳梨屬 *Navia* Schult.f.
* 蘆狀鳳梨屬 *Neoglaziovia* Mez
* 五彩鳳梨屬 *Neoregelia* L.B.Sm.
* 鳥巢鳳梨屬 *Nidularium* Lem.
* 奧卡鳳梨屬 *Ochagavia* Phil.
* 莪蘿鳳梨屬 *Orthophytum*
* 異翠鳳梨屬 *Pepinia*
* 皮氏鳳梨屬 *Pitcairnia* L'Her.
 | * 星果鳳梨屬 *Portea* K. Koch
* 擬蜻蜓鳳梨屬 *Pseudaechmea* L.B.Sm. & Read
* 擬鳳梨屬 *Pseudananas* Hassl. ex Harms
* 皇后鳳梨屬 *Puya* Molina
* 魁氏鳳梨屬 *Quesnelia* Gaudich.
* 拉辛鳳梨屬 *Racinaea*
* 倫貝鳳梨屬 *Ronnbergia* E.Morren & Andre
* 史氏菠蘿屬 *Steyerbromelia* L.B.Sm
* 扭萼鳳梨屬 *Streptocalyx*
* 空氣鳳梨屬 *Tillandsia* L.
* 麗穗鳳梨屬 *Vriesia* Lindl.
* 瓦奧鳳梨屬 *Werauhia* J.R.Grant
* 韋氏鳳梨屬 *Wittrockia* Lindm.
* 爾蘇鳳梨屬 *Ursulaea*
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## 圖片

* 墨西哥，悬挂在枝条上的松萝凤梨
* 水塔花属的花序，花瓣尖呈靛蓝色
* 无需土壤便可存活、作为居家绿植的铁兰属空气凤梨
* 台湾國立自然科學博物館植物園栽培的条纹水塔花
* 星果鳳梨的花序
* 普亚凤梨属具有蓝绿色花的自然杂交种——Puya alpestris
* 智利普亞鳳梨
* 豔紅苞鳳梨
* 紅筆鳳梨
* 果子蔓属的观赏花卉品种——金鑽擎天鳳梨
* 虎紋小鳳梨
* 五彩鳳梨

* （英文） Bromeliad Society International（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 國際鳳梨協會
* （英文） 'Uncle Derek Says' - Puya raimondii *Puya raimondii* 的圖片