# 放線菌門[编辑]

| 放线菌门 |
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|  |
| 衣氏放线菌（*Actinomyces israelii*）的扫描电子显微图像
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| 科学分类  |
| 域： | 细菌域 Bacteria |
| 界： | 芽孢杆菌界 Bacillati |
| 门： | **放线菌门 Actinomycetota** Goodfellow 2021 |
| 模式属
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| 放线菌属 *Actinomyces* Harz 1877 (1980年批准名单)
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| 纲
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| * 酸微菌纲 Acidimicrobiia
* 放线菌纲 Actinomycetes
* “水产殖菌纲” "Aquicultoria"
* 红蝽菌纲 Coriobacteriia
* “地热微菌纲” "Geothermincolia"
* “地腐殖质微菌纲” "Humimicrobiia"
* 解腈杆菌纲 Nitriliruptoria
* 红色杆形菌纲 Rubrobacteria
* ？“互养脂肪菌纲” ?"Syntrophaliphaticia"
* 热嗜油菌纲 Thermoleophilia
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| 異名
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| * "Actinobacteraeota" Oren *et al*. 2015
* "Actinobacteria" Goodfellow 2012
* "Actinobacteria" Margulis 1974 *ex* Cavalier-Smith 2020
* "Actinobacteria" Stackebrandt, Rainey & Ward-Rainey 1997
* "Actinobacteriota" Whitman *et al*. 2018
* "Actinomycetes" Krasil'nikov 1949
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**放线菌门**（学名：Actinomycetota，旧名Actinobacteria）是一類革蘭氏陽性細菌，可棲息於水中或陸地上，雖然一開始被認定為土壤菌，但淡水中的种类可能比陸地上的更豐富，它們具有分支的纖維和孢子，依靠孢子繁殖，表面上和屬於真核生物的真菌類似。曾經由於放线菌的形態，人们認爲它们是介於細菌和黴菌之間的物种，因此原来它们被分類爲「放線菌目」（Actinomycetes）。但因爲放線菌沒有核膜，且細胞壁由肽聚糖組成，和其它細菌一樣。目前透過分子生物學方法，放線菌被確定爲細菌的一個大分支。放線菌用革蘭氏染色可染成紫色（陽性），和另一類革蘭氏陽性菌——厚壁菌門相比，放線菌的GC含量較高。但2012年的研究顯示，一些淡水的放線菌的GC含量較低，這些淡水放線菌的GC比可以低至 42% 。

放線菌門是重要的細菌門之一，其下包含了最大的屬－鏈黴菌屬。系統發生學的分析可以以谷氨酰胺合成酶序列。

虽然一些最大的、最复杂的菌细胞是放线菌，但是海洋中生活的放线菌已经被描述为具有最小的自由生活的原核细胞。

放线菌大部分是腐生菌，普遍分布于土壤中，一般都是好气性，有少数是和某些植物共生的，也有是寄生菌，可致病，寄生菌一般是厭氧菌。放线菌有一种土霉味，使水和食物变味，有的放线菌也能和霉菌一样使棉毛制品或纸张霉变。
放线菌在培养基中形成的菌落比较牢固，长出孢子后，菌落有各种颜色的粉状外表，和细菌的菌落不同，但不能扩散性的向外生长，和霉菌的也不同。放线菌有菌丝，菌丝直径有1μ，和细菌的宽度相似，但菌丝内没有横隔，和霉菌又不同。
放线菌主要能促使土壤中的动物和植物遗骸腐烂，最主要的致病放线菌是结核分枝杆菌和痲瘋分枝杆菌，可导致人类的结核病和痲瘋病。
放线菌最重要的作用是可以产生、提炼抗生素，目前世界上已经发现的2000多種抗生素中，大约有56%是由放线菌（主要是鏈黴菌屬）产生的，如链霉素、土霉素、四环素、庆大霉素等都是由放线菌产生的。此外有些植物用的农用抗生素和维生素等也是由放线菌中提炼的。

下雨后空气中出现的特殊味道与放线菌有很大关系：潮湿的空气携带部分放线菌的孢子四处飘散，人吸入后闻到使人愉快的气味。但除此之外，影响雨后空气气味的因素还有：弱酸性的雨水和地表的物质反应，可能产生芳香气味，不过产生较难闻的气味更多；雨后植物挥发的精油，往往令人闻到香味。

## 一般特徵

大多数医学或经济上的放线菌亚纲的重要作用，都离不开放线菌目。在许多这一目的细菌中，只有链霉菌属是值得注意的抗生素来源。

在那些放线菌亚纲而不是放线菌目的细菌中，加德纳菌是受到研究最多的细菌之一。加德纳菌的医学分级是有争议的，而且医学主题词把它分类为既是革兰氏阳性细菌也是革兰氏阴性细菌的生物。
放线菌亚纲，尤其是链霉菌属，被公认为是许多医学上对于人类有用的生物活性代谢物的制造者，例如抗细菌药物、抗真菌药物、抗血栓药、免疫调节剂、抗肿瘤药和酶抑制剂；在农业上，它的用途包括杀虫剂、除草剂、杀菌剂和动植物生长促进剂。医学上重要的放线菌来源的抗生素包括氨基糖苷类药物、蒽环类药物、氯霉素、大环内酯类药物、四环素类药物等等。

链霉菌属和其他放线菌属生物主要有助于土壤的生物缓冲作用并在作物生产的有机物分解导电中扮演着一定作用。

## 下属分类

放线菌门包括以下纲：

* Acidimicrobiia Norris 2013
* 放线菌纲 Actinomycetes Krassilnikov 1949
* Aquicultoria Jiao et al. 2021
* Aquicultoria Jiao et al. 2021
* Coriobacteriia König 2013
* Geothermincolia Jiao et al. 2021
* Humimicrobiia Jiao et al. 2021
* 腈基降解菌纲 Nitriliruptoria Ludwig et al. 2013

	+ *Egibacterales* Zhang et al. 2016
	+ *Egicoccales* Zhang et al. 2016
	+ *Euzebyales* Kurahashi et al. 2010
	+ 腈基降解菌目 *Nitriliruptorales* Sorokin et al. 2009
		- 腈基降解菌科 Nitriliruptoraceae Sorokin et al. 2009
			* 腈基降解菌属 *Nitriliruptor* Sorokin et al. 2009
			* *Profundirhabdus* Liu et al. 2023
				+ *Profundirhabdus halotolerans* Liu et al. 2023
	+ *Salsipaludibacterales* Almeida et al. 2022
	+ *Stomatohabitantales* Yang et al. 2024
* Rubrobacteria Suzuki 2013
* Thermoleophilia Suzuki and Whitman 2013

放線菌重要的屬有：

* 放線菌屬（*Actinomyces*）
* 節桿菌屬（*Arthrobacter*）
* 棒桿菌屬（*Corynebacterium*）
* 弗蘭克氏菌屬（*Frankia*）
* 微球菌屬（*Micrococcus*）
* 微單孢菌屬（*Micromonospora*）
* 分枝杆菌属（*Mycobacterium*）
* 諾卡氏菌屬（*Nocardia*）
* 丙酸桿菌屬（*Propionibacterium*）
* 鏈黴菌屬（*Streptomyces*）

**放線菌綱**的亞綱或目：

* ?*Candidatus* Planktophila Jezbera *等人*. 2009
* ?*Cathayosporangium* ♠ Runmao *等人*. 1995
* ?*Tonsillophilus suis* ♠ Azuma and Bak 1980
* 酸微菌亚纲 Stackebrandt *等人*. 1997 emend. Zhi *等人*. 2009
	+ 酸微菌目 Stackebrandt *等人*. 1997 emend. Zhi *等人*. 2009
* 红蝽杆菌亚纲 Stackebrandt *等人*. 1997 emend. Zhi *等人*. 2009
	+ 红蝽杆菌目 Stackebrandt *等人*. 1997 emend. Zhi *等人*. 2009
* 腈基降解菌亚纲 Kurahashi *等人*. 2010
	+ 腈基降解菌目 Sorokin *等人*. 2009
	+ 尤泽比氏菌目 Kurahashi *等人*. 2010
* 红色杆菌亚纲 Rainey *等人*. 1997 emend. Zhi *等人*. 2009
	+ Gaiellales Albuquerque *等人*. 2012
	+ 红色杆菌目 Rainey *等人*. 1997 emend. Zhi *等人*. 2009
	+ 土壤红杆菌目 Reddy 和 Garcia-Pichel 2009
	+ 嗜热油菌目 Reddy 和 Garcia-Pichel 2009
* 放线菌亚纲 Stackebrandt *等人*. 1997 emend. Zhi *等人*. 2009
	+ 双栖杆菌目 Stackebrandt *等人*. 1997 emend. Zhi *等人*. 2009
	+ 放线菌目 Buchanan 1917 emend. Zhi *等人*. 2009

## 系统发育

为大多数人所接受的分类是以以系统命名法命名的原核生物名单（LPSN）和美国国家生物技术信息中心（NCBI）的资料为基础的，系统发生是以全部物种的生命树项目（The all-Species Living Tree Project)发布的基于16S rRNA的第106版脂质转移蛋白为基础的。

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?*暂定* Planktophila limnetica Jezbera *等人*. 2009 |
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?*Cathayosporangium alboflavum* ² Runmao *等人*. 1995 |
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?*猪嗜扁桃体菌（Tonsillophilus suis）* ² Azuma 和 Bak 1980 |
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|  | *红色杆菌亚纲* 铃木 *等人*. 1989 |
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|   嗜热油菌目
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|  | *Gaiella occulta* Albuquerque *等人*. 2012 |
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|  | *嗜热油菌属* Zarilla 和佩里 1986 |
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土壤红杆菌目

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红蝽杆菌亚纲

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酸微菌目

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|  腈基降解菌亚纲
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|  | *尤泽比氏菌目* Kurahashi *等人*. 2010 |
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|  | *腈基降解菌目（Nitriliruptor alkaliphilus）* Sorokin *等人*. 2009 |
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|   放线菌目
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?*Boyliae praeputiale* ² Yates *等人*. 2002 |
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?*Frankia alni* ¹ (Woronin 1866) Von Tubeuf 1895 |
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?*Motilibacter peucedani* Lee 2012 |
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|  | *Acidothermus cellulolyticus* Mohagheghi *等人*. 1986 |
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江氏菌科

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小单孢菌科

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丙酸桿菌亞目

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|  | *泰国放线短链孢菌* Thawai *等人*. 2006 emend. Seo 和 Lee 2009 |
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糖霉菌科

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链孢囊菌亚目

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假诺卡氏菌科 [包括 *放线多孢菌属*]

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棒杆菌亚目

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细链孢菌亚目

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|  | *链霉菌属* Waksman 和 Henrici 1943 改进. Witt 和 Stackebrandt 1991 [包括*北里孢菌属* 以及 *链嗜酸菌属*]

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|  | *鱼孢菌属* Lechevalier *等人*. 1968 |
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隐孢囊菌科

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地嗜皮菌科

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中村氏菌科

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动球菌亚目

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|  | *动球菌属* Yokota *等人*. 1993 |
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|  | *Angustibacter luteus* Tamura *等人*. 2010 |
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微球菌亚目[包含放线菌科和双歧杆菌]

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註：

¹ 無法單獨培養的原核生物

² 資料取自美国国家生物技术信息中心（NCBI）。

## 延伸閱讀

* Pandey, B.; Ghimire, P.; Agrawal, V.P. Studies on the antibacterial activity of the Actinomycetes isolated from the Khumbu Region of Nepal (PDF). International Conference on the Great Himalayas: Climate, Health, Ecology, Management and Conservation. Kathmandu. January 12–15, 2004. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-08-10）.
* Baltz, R.H. Antibiotic discovery from actinomycetes: Will a renaissance follow the decline and fall?. SIM News. 2005, **55**: 186–196.
* Baltz, R.H. Antimicrobials from Actinomycetes: Back to the Future. Microbe. 2007, **2** (3): 125–131. （原始内容存档于2013-12-31）.

* 細菌分類表
* 革蘭氏陽性菌

* 微生物免疫學-Actinomyces species（放射線菌屬） （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* 放線菌基因體資料庫 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

## 延伸阅读

* Baltz RH. Antibiotic discovery from Actinomycetes: Will a renaissance follow the decline and fall?. SIM News. 2005, **55**: 186–196.
* Baltz RH. Antimicrobials from Actinomycetes: Back to the Future. Microbe. 2007, **2** (3): 125–131. （原始内容存档于2013-12-31）.
* Pandey B, Ghimire P, Agrawal VP. Studies on the antibacterial activity of the Actinomycetes isolated from the Khumbu Region of Nepal (PDF). International Conference on the Great Himalayas: Climate, Health, Ecology, Management and Conservation. Kathmandu. January 12–15, 2004. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-08-10）.

* 放线菌纲基因组数据库