# 根瘤菌[编辑]

| 根瘤菌属 |
| --- |
|  |
| 琼脂平皿上的热带根瘤箘。
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| 科学分类  |
| 域： | 细菌域 Bacteria |
| 界： | 假单胞菌界 Pseudomonadati |
| 门： | 假單胞菌門 Pseudomonadota |
| 纲： | α-变形菌纲 Alphaproteobacteria |
| 目： | 根瘤菌目 Rhizobiales |
| 科： | 根瘤菌科 Rhizobiaceae |
| 属： | **根瘤菌属 *Rhizobium Frank, 1889 |
| 模式種
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| *Rhizobium leguminosarum* (Frank, 1879) Frank, 1889
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| Species
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|
See text.

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大豆的根瘤，每一个都含有數十億根瘤菌（Bradyrhizobium）。
**根瘤菌**主要指与豆类作物根部共生形成根瘤并能固氮的细菌，一般指根瘤菌属和慢生根瘤菌属；两属都属于根瘤菌目。

根瘤菌侵入寄主根内，刺激根部皮层和中柱鞘的某些细胞，引起这些细胞的强烈生长，使根的局部膨大形成根瘤；根瘤菌在根内定居，植物供给根瘤菌以矿物养料和能源，根瘤菌固定大气中游离氮气，为植物提供氮素养料，两者在拮抗寄生关系中处于均衡状态而表现共生现象。

根瘤菌细胞呈杆状，有鞭毛和荚膜，鞭毛为正常的活动器官，无芽孢，革兰氏染色阴性，属需氧型。在根瘤中生活的菌体形式多种多样，有梨形、棍棒型或T、X、Y等型，这种变形的菌体成为类菌体；类菌体在豆科植物体内不生长繁殖，却能与豆科植物共同固氮，对豆科植物有良好作用。

每种根瘤菌只能与一种或几种植物建立共生关系，如下表：

| 根瘤菌种类 | 对应共生植物
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| --- | --- |
| 苜蓿根瘤菌 | 苜蓿、草木樨
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| 三叶草根瘤菌 | 三叶草
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| 豌豆根瘤菌 | 豌豆、蚕豆
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| 菜豆根瘤菌 | 菜豆
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| 紫云英根瘤菌 | 紫云英
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| 大豆根瘤菌 | 大豆
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| 豇豆根瘤菌 | 豇豆、花生、绿豆、赤豆、柽麻、扁豆、刀豆等
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此外，还有些微生物能同非豆类植物共同形成根瘤固氮，主要是一些放线菌（如：小头木麻黄、赤杨、杨梅）、蓝绿菌（如：苏铁、竹柏、满江红）。

## 下属物种

根瘤菌属 包括以下物种：

* *Rhizobium acaciae* Hsouna et al. 2023
* *Rhizobium acidisoli* Román-Ponce et al. 2016
* 埃及根瘤菌 *Rhizobium aegyptiacum* Shamseldin et al. 2017
* *Rhizobium aethiopicum* Aserse et al. 2017
* *Rhizobium aggregatum* (Hirsch and Müller 1986) Kaur et al. 2011
* *Rhizobium alamii* Berge et al. 2009
* *Rhizobium alkalisoli* Lu et al. 2009，为*Neorhizobium alkalisoli* (Lu et al. 2009) Mousavi et al. 2015的异名
* *Rhizobium altiplani* Baraúna et al. 2016
* *Rhizobium alvei* Sheu et al. 2015
* 安徽根瘤菌 *Rhizobium anhuiense* Zhang et al. 2015
* *Rhizobium aquaticum* Máthé et al. 2019
* *Rhizobium arenae* Zhang et al. 2017
* *Rhizobium arsenicireducens* Mohapatra et al. 2020
* *Rhizobium azibense* Mnasri et al. 2014
* *Rhizobium azooxidifex* Behrendt et al. 2016
* *Rhizobium bangladeshense* Rashid et al. 2015
* *Rhizobium beringeri* Young et al. 2023
* *Rhizobium binae* Rashid et al. 2015
* *Rhizobium borbori* Zhang et al. 2011，为*Allorhizobium borbori* (Zhang et al. 2011) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名
* *Rhizobium brockwellii* Young et al. 2023
* *Rhizobium calliandrae* Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
* *Rhizobium capsici* Lin et al. 2015
* *Rhizobium cauense* Liu et al. 2015
* *Rhizobium cellulosilyticum* García-Fraile et al. 2007
* *Rhizobium chutanense* Huo et al. 2019
* *Rhizobium ciceri* Nour et al. 1994，为*Mesorhizobium ciceri* (Nour et al. 1994) Jarvis et al. 1997的异名
* *Rhizobium croatiense* Rajnovic et al. 2023
* 大田根瘤菌 *Rhizobium daejeonense* Quan et al. 2005
* *Rhizobium dioscoreae* Ouyabe et al. 2020
* *Rhizobium ecuadorense* Ribeiro et al. 2015
* *Rhizobium endolithicum* Parag et al. 2014
* *Rhizobium endophyticum* López-López et al. 2011
* *Rhizobium esperanzae* Cordeiro et al. 2017
* *Rhizobium etli* Segovia et al. 1993
* *Rhizobium fabae* Tian et al. 2008
* *Rhizobium favelukesii* Torres Tejerizo et al. 2016
* *Rhizobium flavum* Gu et al. 2014
* *Rhizobium fredii* Scholla and Elkan 1984，为*Ensifer fredii (Scholla and Elkan 1984) Young 2003的异名*
* *Rhizobium freirei* Dall'Agnol et al. 2013
* *Rhizobium galegae* Lindström 1989，为*Neorhizobium galegae* (Lindström 1989) Mousavi et al. 2015的异名
* *Rhizobium gallicum* Amarger et al. 1997
* 格氏根瘤菌 *Rhizobium gei* Shi et al. 2016
* *Rhizobium giardinii* Amarger et al. 1997
* *Rhizobium grahamii* López-López et al. 2012
* 海南根瘤菌 *Rhizobium hainanense* Chen et al. 1997
* *Rhizobium halophytocola* Bibi et al. 2012
* *Rhizobium helianthi* Wei et al. 2015
* *Rhizobium herbae* Ren et al. 2011，为*Pararhizobium herbae* (Ren et al. 2011) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名
* *Rhizobium hidalgonense* Yan et al. 2020
* 华氏根瘤菌 *Rhizobium huakuii* Chen et al. 1991，为*Mesorhizobium huakuii* (Chen et al. 1991) Jarvis et al. 1997的异名
* *Rhizobium huautlense* Wang et al. 1998，为*Neorhizobium huautlense* (Wang et al. 1998) Mousavi et al. 2015的异名
* *Rhizobium indigoferae* Wei et al. 2002
* *Rhizobium ipomoeae* Sheu et al. 2016
* *Rhizobium jaguaris* Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
* 日本根瘤菌 *Rhizobium japonicum* (Kirchner 1896) Buchanan 1926，为*Bradyrhizobium japonicum* (Kirchner 1896) Jordan 1982的异名
* *Rhizobium johnstonii* Young et al. 2023
* *Rhizobium laguerreae* Saïdi et al. 2014
* *Rhizobium larrymoorei* (Bouzar and Jones 2001) Young 2004，为*Agrobacterium larrymoorei* Bouzar and Jones 2001的异名
* 豌豆根瘤菌 *Rhizobium leguminosarum* (Frank 1879) Frank 1889
* *Rhizobium lemnae* Kittiwongwattana and Thawai 2014
* *Rhizobium lentis* Rashid et al. 2015
* *Rhizobium leucaenae* Ribeiro et al. 2012
* *Rhizobium loessense* Wei et al. 2003，为*Rhizobium mongolense* subsp. *loessense* (Wei et al. 2003) Hördt et al. 2020的异名
* *Rhizobium loti* Jarvis et al. 1982，为*Mesorhizobium loti* (Jarvis et al. 1982) Jarvis et al. 1997的异名
* *Rhizobium lupini* (Schroeter 1886) Eckhardt et al. 1931，基异名：*Phytomyxa lupini* Schroeter 1886
* *Rhizobium lusitanum* Valverde et al. 2006
* *Rhizobium marinum* Liu et al. 2015
* *Rhizobium mayense* Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
* 地中海根瘤菌 *Rhizobium mediterraneum* Nour et al. 1995，为*Mesorhizobium mediterraneum* (Nour et al. 1995) Jarvis et al. 1997的异名
* *Rhizobium meliloti* Dangeard 1926，为*Ensifer meliloti* (Dangeard 1926) Young 2003的异名
* *Rhizobium mesoamericanum* López-López et al. 2012
* *Rhizobium mesosinicum* Lin et al. 2009
* *Rhizobium metallidurans* Grison et al. 2015
* *Rhizobium miluonense* Gu et al. 2008
* 内蒙根瘤菌 *Rhizobium mongolense* Van Berkum et al. 1998
* *Rhizobium multihospitium* Han et al. 2008
* *Rhizobium naphthalenivorans* Kaiya et al. 2018
* *Rhizobium nepotum* Puławska et al. 2012，为*Agrobacterium nepotum* (Puławska et al. 2012) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名
* *Rhizobium oryzae* Peng et al. 2008，为*Allorhizobium oryzae* (Peng et al. 2008) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名
* 稻生根瘤菌 *Rhizobium oryzicola* Zhang et al. 2015
* *Rhizobium oryziradicis* Zhao et al. 2017，为*Allorhizobium oryziradicis (Zhao et al. 2017) Lin et al. 2020的异名*
* 巴基斯坦根瘤菌 *Rhizobium pakistanense* Khalid et al. 2015，也拼作：*Rhizobium pakistanensis*
* *Rhizobium paknamense* Kittiwongwattana and Thawai 2013
* *Rhizobium paranaense* Dall'Agnol et al. 2014
* *Rhizobium petrolearium* Zhang et al. 2012
* *Rhizobium phaseoli* Dangeard 1926
* *Rhizobium pisi* Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2008
* *Rhizobium populi* Rozahon et al. 2014
* *Rhizobium populisoli* Shen et al. 2022
* *Rhizobium pseudoryzae* Zhang et al. 2011，为*Allorhizobium pseudoryzae* (Zhang et al. 2011) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名
* *Rhizobium puerariae* Boonsnongcheep et al. 2016
* *Rhizobium pusense* Panday et al. 2011，为*Agrobacterium pusense* (Panday et al. 2011) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名
* *Rhizobium radiobacter* (Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Young et al. 2001，为*Agrobacterium radiobacter (Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Conn, 1942 的异名*
* *Rhizobium redzepovicii* Rajnovic et al. 2023
* *Rhizobium rhizogenes* (Riker et al. 1930) Young et al. 2001
* *Rhizobium rhizophilum* Gao et al. 2020
* *Rhizobium rhizoryzae* Zhang et al. 2014
* *Rhizobium rhododendri* Kuzmanović et al. 2023
* *Rhizobium rosettiformans* Kaur et al. 2011
* *Rhizobium rubi* (Hildebrand 1940) Young et al. 2001，为*Agrobacterium rubi* (Hildebrand 1940) Starr and Weiss 1943的异名
* *Rhizobium ruizarguesonis* Jorrin et al. 2020
* *Rhizobium selenitireducens* Hunter et al. 2008，也拼作：*Rhizobium selenireducens*
* *Rhizobium setariae* Kang and Seo 2023
* *Rhizobium skierniewicense* Puławska et al. 2012
* *Rhizobium smilacinae* Zhang et al. 2015
* 土壤根瘤菌 *Rhizobium soli* Yoon et al. 2010
* *Rhizobium sophorae* Jiao et al. 2015
* *Rhizobium sophoriradicis* Jiao et al. 2015
* *Rhizobium sphaerophysae* Xu et al. 2012
* *Rhizobium straminoryzae* Lin et al. 2014
* *Rhizobium subbaraonis* Ramana et al. 2013
* *Rhizobium sullae* Squartini et al. 2002
* 太白山根瘤菌 *Rhizobium taibaishanense* Yao et al. 2012，为*Allorhizobium taibaishanense* (Yao et al. 2012) Hördt et al. 2020的异名
* *Rhizobium tarimense* Turdahon et al. 2013
* 土生根瘤菌 *Rhizobium terricola* Dahal et al. 2023
* 天山根瘤菌 *Rhizobium tianshanense* Chen et al. 1995，为*Mesorhizobium tianshanense* (Chen et al. 1995) Jarvis et al. 1997的异名
* 西藏根瘤菌 *Rhizobium tibeticum* Hou et al. 2009
* *Rhizobium trifolii* Dangeard 1926，为*Rhizobium leguminosarum* (Frank 1879) Frank 1889的异名
* *Rhizobium tropici* Martínez-Romero et al. 1991
* *Rhizobium tubonense* Zhang et al. 2011
* *Rhizobium tumorigenes* Kuzmanović et al. 2019
* *Rhizobium undicola* (de Lajudie et al. 1998) Young et al. 2001，为*Allorhizobium undicola* de Lajudie et al. 1998的异名
* *Rhizobium vallis* Wang et al. 2011
* *Rhizobium vignae* Ren et al. 2011，为*Neorhizobium vignae* (Ren et al. 2011) Hördt et al. 2020的异名
* *Rhizobium viscosum* (Gasdorf et al. 1965) Flores-Félix et al. 2017
* *Rhizobium vitis* (Ophel and Kerr 1990) Young et al. 2001，为*Allorhizobium vitis* (Ophel and Kerr 1990) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名
* 文新根瘤菌 *Rhizobium wenxiniae* Gao et al. 2017，以土壤微生物及细菌分类学家、中国科学院院士陈文新的名字命名
* 梧州根瘤菌 *Rhizobium wuzhouense* Yuan et al. 2018
* 杨凌根瘤菌 *Rhizobium yanglingense* Tan et al. 2001
* 盐亭根瘤菌 *Rhizobium yantingense* Chen et al. 2015
* *Rhizobium zeae* Celador-Lera et al. 2017

## 参考资料

* Current research on *Rhizobium leguminosarum* （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at the Norwich Research Park
* Video and commentary on root nodules and Rhizobium in White Clover （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）