# 松鼠

| 松鼠科 化石时期：晚始新世－現代
 |
| --- |
|  |
| 歐亞紅松鼠 *Sciurus vulgaris* |
| 科学分类  |
| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
| 纲： | 哺乳纲 Mammalia |
| 目： | 啮齿目 Rodentia |
| 亚目： | 松鼠形亚目 Sciuromorpha |
| 科： | **松鼠科 Sciuridae** G. Fischer de Waldheim, 1817 |
| 亞科與族
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| * 巨松鼠亞科 Ratufinae
* 南美俾格米松鼠亞科 Sciurillinae
* 松鼠亞科 Sciurinae
	+ 松鼠族 Sciurini
	+ 鼯鼠族 Pteromyini
* 麗松鼠亞科 Callosciurinae
	+ 麗松鼠族 Callosciurini
	+ 棕櫚松鼠族 Funambulini
* 非洲地松鼠亞科 Xerinae
	+ 非洲地松鼠族 Xerini
	+ 非洲巨松鼠族 Protoxerini
	+ 地松鼠族 Marmotini
 |

**松鼠科**（學名：Sciuridae），是哺乳綱啮齿目一個科，其下包括松鼠亞科（Sciurinae）和非洲地松鼠亞科（Xerinae），特徵是長着毛茸茸的長尾巴。本科和與其親緣關係接近的動物组成松鼠形亞目（Sciuromorpha）。

## 下属分类

本科包括以下属：

* *Aepyosciurus* Wang & Qiu, 2003
* 沟牙鼯鼠属 *Aeretes* G.M.Allen, 1940
* 黑飛鼠屬 *Aeromys* Robinson & Kloss, 1915
* *Albanensia* Daxner-Hock & Mein, 1975
* *Aliveria* de Bruijn, van der Meulen, Katsikatsosan der Meulen & Katsikatsos, 1980

	+ *Aliveria brinkerinki* de Bruijn et al., 1980
	+ *Aliveria mojmiri*
	+ *Aliveria luteyni* de Bruijn et al., 1980
* 羚松鼠屬 *Ammospermophilus* Merriam, 1892
* *Aragoxerus* Cuenca Bescós, 1988
* *Arctomyoides* Bryant, 1945
* *Atlantoxerus* Forsyth Major, 1893
* 毛耳飞鼠属 *Belomys* Thomas, 1908
* 比氏鼯鼠屬 *Biswamoyopterus* Saha, 1981
* *Blackia* Mein, 1970
* 麗松鼠屬 *Callosciurus* Gray, 1867
* *Callospermophilus* Merriam, 1897
* *Cedromus* Wilson, 1949
* *Comtia* Vianey-Liaud, Comte, Marandat, Peigné, Rage & Sudre, 2014
* *Cynomyoides* Korth, 1996
* 草原犬鼠属 *Cynomys* Rafinesque, 1817
* 長吻松鼠屬 *Dremomys* Heude, 1898
* *Drenwmys*
* *Eoglaucomys* A.H.Howell, 1915
* 非洲棕櫚松鼠屬 *Epixerus* Thomas, 1909
* 绒鼯鼠属 *Eupetaurus* Thomas, 1888
* *Eutamias* Trouessart, 1880
* *Euxerus* Thomas, 1909
* *Exilisciurus* Moore, 1958
* *Forsythia* Mein, 1970
* *Freudenthalia* Cuenca Bescós, 1988
* *Funambulus* Lesson, 1835
* 非洲松鼠屬 *Funisciurus* Trouessart, 1880
* *Geosciurus*
* *Getuloxerus* Lavocat, 1961
* *Glaucomas*
* 美洲飞鼠属 *Glaucomys* Thomas, 1908
* 雕松鼠屬 *Glyphotes* Thomas, 1898
* *Guerlinguetus* Gray, 1821
* 太阳松鼠属 *Heliosciurus* Trouessart, 1880
* *Hesperopetes* Emry & Korth, 2007
* *Heteroxerus* Stehlin & Schaub, 1951
* 箭尾飞鼠属 *Hylopetes* Thomas, 1908
* *Hylopetodon* Qiu, 2002
* 長鼻松鼠屬 *Hyosciurus* Archbold & Tate, 1935
* *Ictidomys* J.A.Allen, 1877
* 喜鸣飞鼠属 *Iomys* Thomas, 1908
* *Kherem* Minjin, 2004
* *Kubwaxerus* Cifelli, Ibui, Jacobs & Thorington, 1986
* *Lagrivea* Mein & Ginsburg, 2002
* 線松鼠屬 *Lariscus* Thomas & Wroughton, 1909
* 旱獺屬 *Marmota* Blumenbach, 1779
* *Meinia* Qiu, 1981
* *Menetes* Thomas, 1908
* 倭松鼠属 *Microsciurus* J.A.Allen, 1895
* *Miopetaurista* Kretzoi, 1962
* *Miosciurus* Black, 1963
* *Miospermophilus* Black, 1963
* *Myosciurus* Thomas, 1909
* *Nannosciurus* Trouessart, 1880
* *Neopetes* Daxner-Höck, 2004
* *Neotamias* (Howell, 1929)
* *Notocitellus* A.H.Howell, 1938
* *Notosciurus* Allen, 1914
* *Nototamias* Pratt & Morgan, 1989
* *Oligopetes* Heissig, 1979
* *Oligosciurus* Wang & Qiu, 2004
* *Oligospermophilus* Korth, 1987
* *Oriensciurus* Qiu & Yan, 2005
* *Otospermophilus* Brandt, 1844
* *Paenemarmota* Hibbard & Schultz, 1948
* *Palaearctomys* Douglass, 1903
* *Palaeosciurus* Pomel, 1852
* *Parapaenemarmota* Martin, 1998
* *Parapetaurista* Qiu & Liu, 1986
* *Paratamias* Tedrow, Robison & Korth, 2001
* 非洲條紋松鼠屬 *Paraxerus* Forsyth Major, 1893
* *Petauria* Dehm, 1962
* 小飛鼠屬 *Petaurillus* Thomas, 1908
* 鼯鼠属 *Petaurista* Link, 1795
* *Petauristodon* Engesser, 1979
* 低泡飛鼠屬 *Petinomys* Thomas, 1908
* *Plesiosciurus* Qiu & Liu, 1986
* *Pliopetaurista* Kretzoi, 1962
* *Pliopetes* Kretzoi, 1959
* *Pliosciuropterus* Sulimski, 1964
* *Poliocitellus* A.H.Howell, 1938
* *Prosciurillus* Ellerman, 1947
* *Prospermophilus* Qiu & Storch, 2000
* *Protosciurus* Black, 1963
* *Protospermophilus* Gazin, 1930
* 非洲巨松鼠屬 *Protoxerus* Forsyth Major, 1893
* 欧亚飞鼠属 *Pteromys* G.Cuvier, 1800
* 煙青飛鼠屬 *Pteromyscus* Thomas, 1908
* 巨松鼠屬 *Ratufa* Gray, 1867
* 溪松鼠 *Rheithrosciurus* Gray, 1867
* *Rhinosciurus* Blyth, 1856
* *Rubrisciurus* Ellerman, 1954
* *Sabara* Viriot, Peláez-Campomanes, Vignaud, Andossa, Makaye & Brunet, 2011
* *Sarybulakia* Shevyreva & Baranova, 2003
* *Sciurillus* Thomas, 1914
* *Sciurion* Skwara, 1986
* 岩松鼠屬 *Sciurotamias* Miller, 1901
* 松鼠屬 *Sciurus* Linnaeus, 1758
* *Shuanggouia* Qiu & Liu, 1986
* *Similisciurus* Stevens, 1977
* *Sinotamias* Qiu, 1991
* *Spermophilinus* de Bruijn & Mein, 1968
* *Spermophilopsis* Blasius, 1884
* 黃鼠屬 *Spermophilus* F.Cuvier, 1825
* 馬尾松鼠屬 *Sundasciurus* Moore, 1958
* 山松鼠属 *Syntheosciurus* Bangs, 1902
* 花鼠属 *Tamias* Illiger, 1811
* 美洲紅松鼠屬 *Tamiasciurus* Trouessart, 1880
* 條紋松鼠屬 *Tamiops* J.A.Allen, 1906
* 复齿鼯鼠属 *Trogopterus* Heude, 1898
* *Urocitellus* Obolenskij, 1927
* *Vulcanisciurus* Lavocat, 1973
* *Xerospermophilus* Merriam, 1892
* 非洲地松鼠 *Xerus* Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833

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| **松鼠科Sciuridae** |

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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 松鼠亞科Sciurinae
 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 鼯鼠族Pteromyini
 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *喀什米爾飛鼠屬Eoglaucomys* |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *美洲飛鼠屬Glaucomys* |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *喜鳴飛鼠屬Iomys* |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *箭尾飛鼠屬Hylopetes* |
|  |
|  | *小飛鼠屬Petaurillus* |
|  |
|  | *低泡飛鼠屬Petinomys* |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *鼯鼠屬Petaurista* |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *歐亞飛鼠屬Pteromys* |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *黑飛鼠屬Aeromys* |
|  |
|  | *比氏鼯鼠屬Biswamoyopterus* |
|  |
|  | *絨毛鼯鼠屬Eupetaurus* |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *煙青飛鼠屬Pteromyscus* |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *毛足飛鼠屬Belomys* |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *溝牙鼯鼠屬Aeretes* |
|  |
|  | *複齒鼯鼠屬Trogopterus* |
|  |

 |
|  |

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|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
| 松鼠族Sciurini
 |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *美洲紅松鼠屬Tamiasciurus* |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *溪松鼠屬Rheithrosciurus* |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *松鼠屬Sciurus* |
|  |
|  | *倭松鼠屬Microsciurus* |
|  |
|  | *山松鼠屬Syntheosciurus* |
|  |

 |
|  |

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|  |

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|  |

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|  |

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|  |
|  |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 麗松鼠亞科Callosciurinae
 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 麗松鼠族Callosciurini
 |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *平原矮松鼠屬Exilisciurus* |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *條紋松鼠屬Menetes* |
|  |
|  | *鼩吻松鼠屬Rhinosciurus* |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *麗松鼠屬Callosciurus* |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *矮松鼠屬Nannosciurus* |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *線松鼠屬Lariscus* |
|  |
|  | *馬尾松鼠屬Sundasciurus* |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *長鼻松鼠屬Hyosciurus* |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *西里伯斯松鼠屬Prosciurillus* |
|  |
|  | *紅胸松鼠屬Rubrisciurus* |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *長吻松鼠屬Dremomys* |
|  |
|  | *雕松鼠屬Glyphotes* |
|  |
|  | *花松鼠屬Tamiops* |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
| 棕櫚松鼠族Funambulini
 | *棕櫚松鼠屬Funambulus* |
|  |

 |
|  |
| 非洲地松鼠亞科Xerinae
 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 非洲地松鼠族Xerini
 |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *細趾黃鼠屬Spermophilopsis* |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *旱地松鼠屬Atlantoxerus* |
|  |
|  | *非洲地松鼠屬Xerus* |
|  |

 |
|  |

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|  |

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|  |
|  |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 地松鼠族Marmotini
 |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *岩松鼠屬Sciurotamias* |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *花鼠屬Eutamias* |
|  |
|  | *新花栗鼠屬 Neotamias* |
|  |
|  | *花栗鼠屬Tamias* |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *羚松鼠屬Ammospermophilus* |
|  |
|  | *熱帶地松鼠屬Notocitellus* |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *麗黃鼠屬Callospermophilus* |
|  |
|  | *耳黃鼠屬Otospermophilus* |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *旱獺屬Marmota* |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *黃鼠屬Spermophilus* |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *尾地松鼠屬Urocitellus* |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *鼬地松鼠屬Ictidomys* |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *富蘭克林地松鼠屬Poliocitellus* |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *草原犬鼠屬Cynomys* |
|  |
|  | *旱地黃鼠屬Xerospermophilus* |
|  |

 |
|  |

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|  |

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|  |

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|  |

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|  |

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|  |

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|  |

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| 非洲巨松鼠族Protoxerini
 |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *太陽松鼠屬Heliosciurus* |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
|  | *非洲棕櫚松鼠屬Epixerus* |
|  |
|  | *非洲松鼠屬Funisciurus* |
|  |
|  | *非洲小松鼠屬Myosciurus* |
|  |
|  | *非洲條紋松鼠屬Paraxerus* |
|  |
|  | *非洲巨松鼠屬Protoxerus* |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 南美俾格米松鼠亞科Sciurillinae
 | *南美俾格米松鼠屬Sciurillus* |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |
|  |

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 巨松鼠亞科Ratufinae
 | *巨松鼠屬Ratufa* |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |
|  |

 |

## 分布

广泛分布于除大洋洲和南极洲之外的各大洲。

## 特徵

松鼠一般體形細小，可以小至如非洲小松鼠的7－10厘米長、約10克重，大至如旱獺（土撥鼠）的53－73厘米長、約5－8公斤重。松鼠前後肢間無皮翼，四肢強健，趾有銳爪，爪端呈鉤狀，雌性個體比雄性個體稍重一些。花鼠屬與松鼠屬其臉頰內側有頰囊的構造，能儲存很多食物。尾毛密長而且蓬鬆，四肢及前後足均較長，但前肢比後肢短。耳殼發達，前折時可達眼，冬季耳端具一撮黑色長毛束。

松鼠個體毛色差異較大，為青灰色、灰色、褐灰色、深灰色和黑褐色等等。隨著地區的差異，毛色也有變化，如遼寧松鼠的顏色偏灰，而中國南方的松鼠顏色則較黑。此外，毛色還受季節的影響，冬毛灰或灰褐色，夏毛黑或黑褐色。

## 生活習性

松鼠一般以植食性為主，食物主要是種子和果仁，也會吃鸟蛋，水果如櫻桃、草莓等。部分物種會食昆蟲，其中一些熱帶物種更會為捕食昆蟲而進行遷徙，甚至叼走山雀雛鳥。

松鼠多在春、夏季發情，發情期大約為兩個星期左右。松鼠繁殖的適齡期，雌性為8－9周齡，雄鼠為9－10周齡。在非繁殖季節，雌雄性成體分別佔據一定的地方作為自己生活的活動範圍。在野外，雌性保護一定面積的地盤是為了保護食物，其內不允許其他同種個體進入，對雄性個體也是如此。但是在繁殖季節，則明顯地放鬆對領域範圍的保護，允許雄性個體進入。

松鼠懷孕的時間大約為35－40天，每年能產3胎左右，每次能產4－6隻。初生松鼠體形很小，看不見東西，以母體乳汁作為全部營養需求的來源。松鼠發育很慢，生下將近30天時才睜開眼睛。至一個半月時，小松鼠才願意到室外進行活動。

## 相关文化

* 松鼠在某些地方（如葡萄牙）被视为幸运和丰产的象征。
* 松鼠因外形可爱，部分人将其作为宠物饲养。
* 松鼠（主要为欧亚红松鼠）的毛皮在欧洲、俄罗斯等地区被广泛作为服装材料。
* 美国（尤其南部）、英国、日本北海道等部分地区食用松鼠肉。
* 中国明朝中后期以来的陶器和漆器，多有以松鼠为图案的作品。
* 北欧神话中，世界之树上居住着一只松鼠“拉塔托斯克”（Ratatöskr），喜欢挑拨离间。
* 在松鼠出沒的地區，松鼠常導致部分地區停電。詳見松鼠造成的停電。

### 动画角色

* 松鼠特务
* 松鼠和刺猬
* 小松鼠老友记 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* 珊迪·奇克斯 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* 鼠奎特 (冰川时代)
* 索立 (抢劫坚果店) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* 哈密 (篱笆墙外)
* 酷松鼠洛德 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* 妙酷鼠 (丛林大反攻)
* 蹦蹦 (熊出没)
* 松鼠奇褔 (小松鼠的欢乐生活)

### 漫画角色

* 松鼠绿灯侠 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）：美国DC漫画旗下超级英雄，初次登场于《绿灯侠》（Green Lantern）第148期（1982年1月）。
* 松鼠女孩：美国漫威漫画旗下超级英雄，初次登场于《漫威超级英雄》（Marvel Super-Heroes）第8期（1992年1月）。

### 小说

* 弗罗拉与松鼠侠 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆），美国女作家凯特·迪卡米洛著，于2013年出版；2021年美国迪士尼频道推出同名改编电影 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）。

### 吉祥物

* UC优视（一只橙色松鼠，曾有相关手游《UC松鼠大战》）
* Krita（电子松鼠琪琪）

### 商标

* UC浏览器
* 三只松鼠

### 料理

一些人會獵捕松鼠食用，像在美國很多地方，人們至今依舊獵捕松鼠來吃，就如歷史上所做的一般。

料理松鼠肉的食譜甚至出現在烹飪書上，像是例如《James Beard的美國廚藝》（James Beard's American Cookery）以及1997年之前的《廚藝之樂》（The Joy of Cooking）等都有教人製作松鼠肉料理的內容。

在很多食譜中，松鼠肉都可作為兔肉或雞肉的替代品，且是在美國南方受歡迎的不倫瑞克燉肉的原始材料之一。其他類似的使用松鼠肉的燉肉包括了不孤燉肉以及南伊利諾巧達湯等等。

盡管松鼠肉脂肪含量低，但和其他野味不同的是，美國心臟協會的研究認為，松鼠肉膽固醇含量高。

松鼠無限（Squirrels Unlimited）每年都會在美國阿肯色州的本頓維舉辦世界松鼠料理大賽。

1997年，一群來自美國肯德基州的醫生在《柳葉刀》上發表了一篇文章，當中論及了五個庫賈氏症病例與當地食用松鼠腦的傳統之間可能的關聯，而庫賈氏症是一種罕見但嚴重、由普利昂蛋白引發的疾病。盡管作者強調說這只是可能性，而其假說未透過在病人死後對其腦組織進行解剖分析或在松鼠體內找到致病普利昂蛋白等作法證實；然而，《柳葉刀》的該篇文章依舊引發了包括《紐約客》雜誌及《紐約時報》在內的媒體的廣泛關注。一例在2015年發生在匹茲堡一個曾吃過松鼠腦的男人身上的庫賈氏症案例也出現類似的狀況：媒體關注這病患不尋常的飲食習慣，並將他的疾病歸咎於松鼠腦之上。最初對此病例做出報告的醫師之後澄清說他並不認定病因是松鼠肉。之後對病人腦組織的分析排除了他的庫賈氏症來自食物的可能性；而截至2018年為止，人們尚未發現松鼠罹患庫賈氏症的案例，而吃松鼠的習慣與庫賈氏症之間的關聯，迄今為止，也僅僅是臆測。

## 圖集

* 松鼠亞科的加利福尼亞金背黃鼠
* 松鼠亞科的草原犬鼠
* 南非地松鼠（*Xerus inauris*）
* 赤腹松鼠在公園喝水
* 加利福尼亞金背黃鼠進食行山人士留下的蘋果

## 参考资料

* 从小可爱到人人喊打，灰松鼠经历了什么？ （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* 松鼠的大尾巴有妙用 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* 松鼠一般吃什么食物？能活多久？有哪些种类？ （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
* 华盛顿：松鼠的天堂 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）