# 禪宗

禪宗嘅代表符號 — 圓相
**禪宗**（粵拼：sim4 zung1），係漢傳佛教嘅一個主要宗派，屬大乘佛教，源自印度佛教。

## 歷史同譜系

宗寶本《六祖法寶壇經》記錄嘅禪宗祖師（南宗譜系）：菩提達摩，慧可，僧璨，道信，弘忍，惠能。
杜朏《傳法寶紀》記錄嘅禪宗祖師（北宗譜系）：菩提達摩，惠可，僧璨，道信，弘忍，法如，神秀。
李華《故左溪大師碑》記錄嘅禪宗源流：
菩提達摩禪師，傳楞伽法。八世到東京聖善寺弘正禪師，即係而家嘅北宗。
又達摩六世到大通禪師，大通再傳大智禪師，傳到長安山北寺融禪師，係北宗嘅一個源頭。
又達摩五世到璨禪師（應該係「忍禪師」），璨（應為「忍」）再傳能禪師，即係而家嘅南宗。
又達摩四世到信禪師，信再傳融禪師，住牛頭山，而家徑山禪師係佢嘅後人。
現存禪宗最早嘅西天法統講法紀錄，來自689年嘅《唐中嶽沙門釋法如禪師行狀》。文中引用〈盧山出修行方便禪經統序〉話佛陀傳法畀阿難，阿難傳末田地，末田地傳舍那婆斯。行狀又話菩提達摩繼承呢個宗派，入魏傳授呢個法門。

### 譜系

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| 禪宗衍生宗派 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 初祖 達摩 （？－？） |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 二祖 慧可 （487－593） |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 三祖 僧璨 （？－606） |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 四祖 道信 （580－651） |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 五祖 弘忍 （602－675） |  | 牛頭法融 （594－657） 牛頭宗 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 南宗六祖 慧能 （638－713） |  | 北宗六祖 神秀 （606－706） |  |
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| 永嘉玄覺 | 青原行思 | 南嶽懷讓 | 南陽慧忠 | 南宗七祖 **真宗**菏澤神會 菏澤宗 | 北宗七祖 **大慧**普寂 | 義福 |
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|  |  |  | 石頭希遷 石頭宗 |  | 馬祖道一
洪州宗 |  |  | 南印 |  | 一行 真言宗 | 道璿 |  |  |  |
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| 藥山惟儼 | 招提慧朗 | 天皇道悟 | 南泉普願 |  | 百丈懷海 |
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| 雲巖曇晟 |  |  |  | 龍潭崇信 | 趙州從諗 |  | 溈山靈祐
溈仰宗 |  | 黃蘗希運 |
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| 洞山良价
曹洞宗 |  |  |  | 德山宣鑑 |  |  |  |  | 仰山慧寂 |  | 臨濟義玄
臨濟宗 |  |
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| 曹山本寂 |  |  |  | 雪峰義存 |  |  |  |  | 南塔光涌 |  | 興化存獎 | 普化
普化宗 |
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|  |  |  | 雲門文偃
雲門宗 | 玄沙師備 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 南院慧顒 |  |
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|  |  |  | 香林澄遠 | 羅漢桂琛 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 風穴延沼 |  |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  | 清涼文益
法眼宗 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 首山省念 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  | 天台德韶 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 汾陽善昭 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 石霜楚圓 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 楊岐方會
楊岐宗 |  | 黃龍慧南
黃龍宗 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 白雲守端 |  | 東林常總 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 五祖法演 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 圜悟克勤 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 大慧宗杲 |  | 虎丘紹隆 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 佛照德光 |  | 天童曇華 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 大日房能忍
日本達磨宗 |  | 密庵咸傑 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 佛地房覺晏 |  | 東山覺晏 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 破庵祖先 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 無準師範 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 雪岩祖欽 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 高峰原妙 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 中峰明本 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 千巖元長 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 萬峰時蔚 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 海舟普慈 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 寶峰明瑄 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 天奇本瑞 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 無聞明聰 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 笑岩德寶 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 幻有正傳 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 密雲圓悟 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 牧雲通門 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 隱元隆琦
黃檗宗 |
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|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 木庵性瑫 |
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## 宗義概述

禪宗初祖菩提達摩像，上面嘅字係禪宗理念「直指人心，見性成佛」，由日本書法家白隱慧鶴畫
禪宗嘅「禪」字由梵語「禪那」（dhyāna）音譯而來。禪那係六波羅蜜之一，意思翻譯做「靜慮」、「思維修」。定（三摩地）係指修行者高度集中精神，專注一個對象去思考，從而達到心一境性。禪那呢個詞係指色界各個定嘅境界。
有兩種方法入禪那境界，就係奢摩他（Śamatha，寂、止，屬於定學）同毘婆舍那（vipaśyanā，照、觀，屬於慧學）。禪宗將禪睇做定、慧嘅通稱，係修悟佛性（原本自性清淨心）嘅方法。
禪宗祖師為咗令學人悟入第一義諦（真如佛性、自性清淨心），會用特別嘅教學方法引導，叫做「機鋒」。佢嘅要旨係：「教外別傳，不立文字；直指人心，見性成佛」，意思係禪宗喺教門之外另有傳承，唔靠文字，直指清淨本心，令人見到佛性而開悟。不過「見性」唔係完事，而係啱啱踏入佛道嘅「無門之門」，真正明白「空性」嘅真義，由此「悟後起修」，一直到淨除二障：煩惱障同所知障之後，先成就佛果。

### 印度源流

達摩禪法，以學《楞伽經》為主，同印度嘅如來藏學派有好深嘅關係。
說一切有部嘅修行觀
佛教由釋迦牟尼開始，就追求點樣脫離輪迴，進入無苦惱嘅自由境界（涅槃）嘅方法。能夠達到呢個境界，就叫做證悟，又叫做菩提，或者覺（bodhi）。證悟又分做聲聞弟子嘅初步證悟，同佛陀嘅最終證悟〈正等正覺，samyak-saṃbodhi〉等唔同嘅位階。
說一切有部將聽聞、思考佛陀講嘅教理，叫做聞慧同思慧。喺聞慧同思慧之後，要真真正正實踐同體驗佛陀嘅教理，呢個過程叫做修慧。修行過程中，會得到唔同程度嘅證悟，分成須陀洹（得法眼淨）、斯陀含、阿那含、阿羅漢等。到咗最後，脫離一切煩惱嘅最終證悟，叫做阿羅漢果或者無學果，得呢個證悟嘅聖者就係阿羅漢，又叫做漏盡者。
透過修行五停心、四念住，進入禪那，觀察五蘊無我，斷除煩惱，得證悟。

### 中觀學派嘅修行觀

以龍樹為開端嘅中觀派，觀察一切法——生滅嘅、唔生滅嘅，世間嘅、出世間嘅，都係如幻如化。如幻如化嘅一切法，只係假名（假施設義），靠緣起相待而有，而自性始終係空。
唯識學派嘅修行觀
唯識派主張「境空識有，萬法唯識」，一切現象都以阿賴耶識為依靠，因三自性而變化顯現。修行方法係依妄分別識嘅有，否認外境嘅非有；再依外境嘅非有，明白識都唔可得——最終境空心寂，契入真如。
唯識學分真心同妄心兩派。真心派特別強調如來藏嘅作用，喺中國最早出現嘅唯識派傳承，就係地論師，同真心派相似，主張心性本來清淨，但因為外在煩惱所以唔清淨。透過修行淨除煩惱，就能搵回呢個本來清淨嘅真心。妄心派主張心性係帶有煩惱嘅雜染，唯妄唔真，清淨法嘅無漏種子係附屬嘅。成佛嘅因——無漏種子要不斷熏習，逐步修行，先至轉識成智，得證悟。

### 如來藏學派嘅修行觀

如來藏學派主張有一個靈明常住唔空嘅體，叫做如來藏，係一切眾生本有、與佛同等、本自清淨嘅心性，所以又叫做佛性。修行就係搵回呢個心性本淨嘅狀態。

## 參考

* 摩訶迦葉
* 達摩
* 慧能