Rikunarita-ORG/Wikinium huggingface dataset:
# Costa Rica

| Costa Rica Kiōng-hô-kokRepública de Costa Rica |
| --- |
|
kok-kî

kok-hui

 |
| **Kok-koa:** Himno Nacional de Costa Rica "Costa Rica Kok-koa"  |
|  |
| Siú-to͘ kap siāng-tōa siâⁿ-chhī | San José |
| Koaⁿ-hong gí-giân | Se-pan-gâ-gí |
| Sêng-jīn ê tē-hng gí-giân | Limón Creole-gí, Bribri-gí, Jamaica Creole-gí |
| Chèng-hú | tan-it-chè, chóng-thóng-chè, kiōng-hô-kok |
|  |
| • chóng-thóng  | Carlos Alvarado |
| • tē-it hù-chóng-thóng  | Epsy Campbell Barr |
| • tē-jī hù-chóng-thóng  | Marvin Rodríguez |
|  |
| Li̍p-hoat ki-kò͘ | Li̍p-hoat Gī-hoē |
| Bīn-chek |
| • Lóng-chóng | 51,100 km2 (19,700 sq mi) (tē 126 miâ) |
| • Chúi-he̍k (%) | 1.05 |
| Jîn-kháu |
| • 2020 nî kó͘-kè | 5,094,118 (tē 123 miâ) |
| • Bi̍t-tō͘ | 220/km2 (569.8/sq mi) (tē 107 miâ) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2020 nî kó͘-kè |
| • Lóng-chóng | $95.791 cha̍p-ek |
| • Pêng-kin | $18,651 |
| GDP (bêng-gī) | 2020 nî kó͘-kè |
| • Lóng-chóng | $65.179 cha̍p-ek |
| • Pêng-kin | $12,690 |
| Gini (2020 nî) |  49.7 ko |
| HDI (2019 nî) |  0.810 chin ko · tē 62 miâ |
| Hoè-pè | Costa Rica colón (CRC) |
| Sî-khu | UTC-6 (CST) |
| Khui-chhia hong-hiòng | iū |
|  tiān-oē khu-hō | +506 |
| ISO 3166 tāi-hō | CR |
| Siōng-téng domain | .cr |

**Costa Rica** ("Óa-im: "*ko-su-tah lí-kah*""), chèng-sek hō **Costa Rica Kiōng-hô-kok** (Se-pan-gâ-gí: República de Costa Rica), sī Tiong Bí-chiu oá Thài-pêng-iûⁿ kap Carib-hái ê kok-ka. I pak-hong sī Nicaragua, tang-lâm-pêng sī Panama.

## Le̍k-sú

Sian Columbus sî-tāi (*pre-Columbian era*) ê Costa Rica sī le̍k-sú-ka só͘ kóng Tiong-kan Tē-khu (*Intermediate Area*), tiō sī Mesoamerica kap Andes bûn-hòa lóng ū éng-hióng ê só͘-chāi.

Tī Se-pan-gâ-gí, *la costa rica* sī "hù-jū hái-kîⁿ" ê ì-sù. Chiàu chi̍t kóa kóng-hoat chit-ê miâ tāi-seng sī Christopher Columbus kóng--ê, in tī 1502 nî kiâⁿ-chûn kòe Costa Rica tang hái-hōaⁿ khòaⁿ tio̍h chāi-tē ê lâng kòa kim-á. Gil González Dávila mā ū khó-lêng sī chit-ê miâ ê goân-thâu, i sī 1522 nî tī se-hái-hōaⁿ chiūⁿ-lio̍k, tú-tio̍h chāi-tê-lâng, tùi in hia tit tio̍h kim-á.

Se-pan-gâ sî-tāi tōa-pō͘-hūn sî-kan Costa Rica sī Guatemala Chóng Ka-pi-tan-kok (se. *Capitanía General de Guatemala*) ê siōng lâm-pêng séng-hūn, sǹg Sin Se-pan-gâ chi̍t pō͘-hūn. Hit-tang-chūn ê Costa Rica te̍k-pia̍t sàn-chia̍h, goân-in chi it sī siū Se-pan-gâ hoat-lu̍t kìm-chí kap hū-kīn ê Panama chò bō͘-e̍k.

1821 nî, Se-pan-gâ tī Be̍k-se-ko To̍k-li̍p Chiàn-cheng tang-tiong sit-sè, Guatemala ê chèng-khoân soan-pò͘ Tiong Bí-chiu ê to̍k-li̍p. Chit-ê ji̍t-chí mā sī Costa Rica ê To̍k-li̍p Ji̍t. 1838 nî, hit chūn Tiong Bí-chiu Liân-pang Kiōng-hô-kok í-keng khang-khak chin kú ah, Costa Rica chiah chèng-sek soan-pò͘ i-ê chú-khoân.

## Tē-lí

## Hêng-chèng-khu

* Alajuela Séng
* Cartago Séng
* Guanacaste Séng
* Heredia Séng
* Limón Séng
* Puntarenas Séng
* San José Séng

## Chham-chiàu
# Colombia

| Colombia Kiōng-hô-kokRepública de Colombia |
| --- |
|
kok-kî

kok-hui

 |
| **Chu-kù:**Libertad y Orden "Chū-iû kap tia̍t-sū" |
| **Kok-koa:** Himno Nacional de la República de Colombia "Colombia Kiōng-hô-kok Kok-koa" 時長：2 分，41 秒。2:41 |
|  |
| Siú-to͘ kap siāng-tōa siâⁿ-chhī | Bogotá |
| Koaⁿ-hong gí-giân | Se-pan-gâ-gí |
| Sêng-jīn ê tē-hng gí-giân | Eng-gí, Phû-tô-gâ-gí kap kî-thaⁿ 66 chéng gí-giân |
| Chèng-hú | tan-it-chè, chóng-thóng-chè, kiōng-hô-kok |
|  |
| • chóng-thóng  | Iván Duque Márquez |
| • hù-chóng-thóng  | Marta Lucía Ramírez |
| • Goân-ló-īⁿ gī-tiúⁿ  | Lidio García Turbay |
| • Choè-ko hoat-īⁿ īⁿ-tiúⁿ  | José Luis Barceló |
|  |
| Li̍p-hoat ki-kò͘ | Kiōng-hô-kok Gī-hoē |
| • Siōng-īⁿ | Goân-ló-īⁿ |
| • Hā-īⁿ | Tāi-gī-īⁿ |
| Bīn-chek |
| • Lóng-chóng | 1,141,748 km2 (440,831 sq mi) (tē 25 miâ) |
| • Chúi-he̍k (%) | 2.1 |
| Jîn-kháu |
| • 2020 nî kó͘-kè | 50,372,424 (tē 28 miâ) |
| • Bi̍t-tō͘ | 42.23/km2 (109.4/sq mi) (tē 173 miâ) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2020 nî kó͘-kè |
| • Lóng-chóng | $827.662 cha̍p-ek (tē 31 miâ) |
| • Pêng-kin | $16,264 |
| GDP (bêng-gī) | 2020 nî kó͘-kè |
| • Lóng-chóng | $343.177 cha̍p-ek (tē 38 miâ) |
| • Pêng-kin | $6,744 |
| Gini (2019 nî) |  51.3 ko |
| HDI (2019 nî) |  0.767 ko · tē 83 miâ |
| Hoè-pè | Colombia peso (COP) |
| Sî-khu | UTC-5 (COT) |
| Sî-kan keh-sek | dd-mm-yyyy (CE) |
| Khui-chhia hong-hiòng | iū |
|  tiān-oē khu-hō | +57 |
| ISO 3166 tāi-hō | CO |
| Siōng-téng domain | .co |

**Colombia Kiōng-hô-kok** tī Lâm Bí-chiu sai-pak-pêng. Pak kap sai-pak ū Carib-hái, tang ū Venezuela kap Pa-se, lâm ū Perú kap Ecuador, sai ū Panama kap Thài-pêng-iûⁿ.

## Tē-lí

## Hêng-chèng-khu

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| * Amazonas
* Antioquia
* Arauca
* Atlántico
* Bolívar
* Boyacá
* Caldas
* Caquetá
* Casanare
* Cauca
* Cesar
* Chocó
* Cundinamarca
* Córdoba
* Guainía
* Guajira
 | * Guaviare
* Huila
* Magdalena
* Meta
* Nariño
* Norte de Santander
* Putumayo
* Quindío
* Risaralda
* San Andrés
* Santander
* Sucre
* Tolima
* Valle del Cauca
* Vaupés
* Vichada
 |  |
# Caribe Hái

Tiong Bí-chiu kap Caribe tē-tài
**Caribe Hái** sī tiàm-tī Tāi-se-iûⁿ piⁿ--a, Be̍k-se-ko Oan tang-lâm ê 1-ê jia̍t-tài chúi-thé. I ê bīn-chek pau-koah Caribe Tē-pang ê tōa pō·-hūn. Lâm-hōaⁿ óa Venezuela, Colombia, Panamá; sai-hōaⁿ oá Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, Belize, kap Be̍k-se-ko ê Yucatán pòan-tó; pak-hōaⁿ óa Tōa Antilles kûn-tó (Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico); tang-hōaⁿ óa Sió Antilles.

Carib-hái sī sè-kài siāng tōa ê 1-ê kiâm-chúi-hái. Bīn-chek iok-lio̍k ū 2,754,000 km². Siāng chhim ê tiám tī Cayman Hái-kau (Cuba kap Jamaica tiong-kan), chhim-tō· hái-poa̍t ē-kha 7,686 m.

## Siong-koan ê bûn-chiuⁿ

* Antilles
# Panama Chhī

|  |
| --- |
| **Panama Chhī Ciudad de Panamá** |
| tóng-àn:PanamaCityPostcard2.JPG |
|

|  |
| --- |
| Panama Chhī ê ìn-á **Ìn-á** |

 |
| Keng-hūi-tō͘: ﻿ / ﻿ |
| Kok-ka
  | Panama
 |
| Séng
  | Panama
 |
| **Chèng-hú** |
|  - Chhī-tiúⁿ
 | Juan Carlos Navarro  |
| **Bīn-chek** |
|  - Chhī-khu
  | 275 km2 |
|  - To͘-chhī-khian |
2,560.8 km2 |
| **Koân-tō͘** |
576 m |
| **Jîn-kháu** (2000) |
|  - Chhī-khu | 813,097 lâng |
|  - Bi̍t-tō͘ |
2,750/km2 |
|  - To͘-chhī-khian | 1,063,000 |
| Bāng-chām |  |

**Panama Chhī** sī Panama ê siú-to͘.
# 16 sè-kí

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| **Sè-kí:** | 15 sè-kí · **16 sè-kí** · 17 sè-kí |
| **Nî-tāi:** | 1500 nî-tāi 1510 nî-tāi 1520 nî-tāi 1530 nî-tāi 1540 nî-tāi 1550 nî-tāi 1560 nî-tāi 1570 nî-tāi 1580 nî-tāi 1590 nî-tāi |

**16 sè-kí** sī tùi 1501 nî kàu 1600 nî chia̍h ê 100 tang.

## Nî-tāi kap nî

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **1500 nî-tāi** | 1500 | 1501 | 1502 | 1503 | 1504 | 1505 | 1506 | 1507 | 1508 | 1509 |
| **1510 nî-tāi** | 1510 | 1511 | 1512 | 1513 | 1514 | 1515 | 1516 | 1517 | 1518 | 1519 |
| **1520 nî-tāi** | 1520 | 1521 | 1522 | 1523 | 1524 | 1525 | 1526 | 1527 | 1528 | 1529 |
| **1530 nî-tāi** | 1530 | 1531 | 1532 | 1533 | 1534 | 1535 | 1536 | 1537 | 1538 | 1539 |
| **1540 nî-tāi** | 1540 | 1541 | 1542 | 1543 | 1544 | 1545 | 1546 | 1547 | 1548 | 1549 |
| **1550 nî-tāi** | 1550 | 1551 | 1552 | 1553 | 1554 | 1555 | 1556 | 1557 | 1558 | 1559 |
| **1560 nî-tāi** | 1560 | 1561 | 1562 | 1563 | 1564 | 1565 | 1566 | 1567 | 1568 | 1569 |
| **1570 nî-tāi** | 1570 | 1571 | 1572 | 1573 | 1574 | 1575 | 1576 | 1577 | 1578 | 1579 |
| **1580 nî-tāi** | 1580 | 1581 | 1582 | 1583 | 1584 | 1585 | 1586 | 1587 | 1588 | 1589 |
| **1590 nî-tāi** | 1590 | 1591 | 1592 | 1593 | 1594 | 1595 | 1596 | 1597 | 1598 | 1599 |
| **1600 nî-tāi** | 1600 | 1601 | 1602 | 1603 | 1604 | 1605 | 1606 | 1607 | 1608 | 1609 |

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
# Tōa Colombia

**Tōa Colombia** (Se-pan-gâ-gí: *Gran Colombia*) sī chí goân-té niá Lâm Bí-chiu pak-pêng kap chió hūn Tiong Bí-chiu lâm-pêng ê **Colombia Kiōng-hô-kok**, sî-kan sī 1819 nî kàu 1831 nî, ē-té hâm kin-á-ji̍t ê Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama, Peru pak-pō͘, Guyana sai-pō͘, kap Brazil sai-pak-pō͘.
# Ecuador

| Ecuador Kiōng-hô-kokRepública del Ecuador |
| --- |
|
kok-kî

kok-hui

 |
| **Chu-kù:**Dios, patria y libertad Pro Deo, Patria et Libertate "Siōng-tè, chó͘-kok kap chū-iû" |
| **Kok-koa:** Salve, Oh Patria "Bān-soè, o͘h chó͘-kok"  |
|  |
| Siú-to͘ kap siāng-tōa siâⁿ-chhī | Quito |
| Koaⁿ-hong gí-giân | Se-pan-gâ-gí |
| Sêng-jīn ê kok-ka gí-giân | Kichwa-gí, Shuar-gí kap kî-thaⁿ goân-chū-bîn gí-giân |
| Chèng-hú | tan-it-chè, chóng-thóng-chè, kiōng-hô-kok |
|  |
| • chóng-thóng  | Daniel Noboa |
| • hù-chóng-thóng  | Verónica Abad Rojas |
|  |
| Li̍p-hoat ki-kò͘ | Kok-bîn Gī-hoē |
| Bīn-chek |
| • Lóng-chóng | 256,370 km2 (98,990 sq mi) (tē 76 miâ) |
| • Chúi-he̍k (%) | 5 |
| Jîn-kháu |
| • 2021 nî kó͘-kè | 17,715,822 (tē 66 miâ) |
| • Bi̍t-tō͘ | 67/km2 (173.5/sq mi) (tē 151 miâ) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2019 nî kó͘-kè |
| • Lóng-chóng | $202.043 cha̍p-ek |
| • Pêng-kin | $11,701 |
| GDP (bêng-gī) | 2019 nî kó͘-kè |
| • Lóng-chóng | $106.289 cha̍p-ek |
| • Pêng-kin | $6,155 |
| Gini (2014 nî) |  45.4 tiong |
| HDI (2019 nî) |  0.759 ko · tē 86 miâ |
| Hoè-pè | Bí-kim (USD) |
| Sî-khu | UTC-5 / -6 (ECT/GALT) |
| Khui-chhia hong-hiòng | iū |
|  tiān-oē khu-hō | +593 |
| ISO 3166 tāi-hō | EC |
| Siōng-téng domain | .ec |

**Ecuador Kiōng-hô-kok** tī Lâm Bí-chiu sai-pak-pêng. Pak ū Colombia, tang/lâm ū Perú, sai ū Thài-pêng-iûⁿ. Niá-thó͘ pau-koah Thài-pêng-iûⁿ Galápagos Kûn-tó (lī tāi-lio̍k 965 km hn̄g). Chhiah-tō keng-kòe Ecuador, chit-ê miâ tī Se-pan-gâ-gí ê ì-sù tō sī "chhiah-tō".

## Chham-khó

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat

* Ecuador Archived 2011-08-08 at the Wayback Machine.
# Panama Ūn-hô

Panama Ūn-hô
Ūn-hô chhng koè Panama
Tiàm tī Tiong Bí-chiu ê **Panama Ūn-hô** (Se-pan-gâ-gí: *Canal de Panamá*) sī thàng Panamá Tē-kiap ê ūn-hô. I ê sai-pak chhùi chiap Tāi-se-iûⁿ (Carib-hái), tang-lâm chhùi chiap Thài-pêng-iûⁿ. Í-chá boē oân-sêng chìn-chêng, chûn-chiah tiāⁿ-tio̍h kiâⁿ hn̄g lō͘ se̍h tùi Hoorn Kak (Capo de Hornos) hit-tah-á ê Drake Hái-kiap, ùi hia se̍h Lâm Bí-chiu boé. Ūn-hô phah thong liáu-āu, pún-té ùi New York kàu Kū-kim-soaⁿ ê chúi-lō͘ (22500 km) chhun 9500 km.

Panamá Ūn-hô ê khí-chō sī chêng kaù taⁿ siōng kài toā koh siōng chia̍h-la̍t ê kang-têng chi it.

## Chham-khó chu-liāu

## Goā-pō͘ liân-kiat

* Live webcams Panama Canal
# Káu-hiā

| ?Káu-hiā |
| --- |
|  |
| *Formica rufa* kang-hiā |
| **Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hun-lūi** |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Kài: | Animalia  |
| Mn̂g: | Arthropoda  |
| A-mn̂g: | Hexapoda  |
| Kong: | Insecta  |
| A-kong: | Pterygota  |
| Ē-kong: | Neoptera  |
| Chhiau-bo̍k: | Endopterygota  |
| Bo̍k: | Hymenoptera  |
| A-bo̍k: | Apocrita  |
| Chhiau-kho: | Vespoidea  |
| Kho: | **Formicidae** Latreille 1809 |

 |
| Subfamilies |
| * Aenictinae
* Aenictogitoninae
* Aneuretinae
* Apomyrminae
* Cerapachyinae
* Dolichoderinae
* Dorylinae
* Ecitoninae
* Formicinae
* Leptanillinae
* Leptanilloidinae
* Myrmeciinae
* Myrmicinae
* Nothomyrmeciinae
* Ponerinae
* Pseudomyrmecinae
 |

**Káu-hiā** sī tōng-bu̍t lāi-té 1 chióng hoat-tián kah chin sêng-kong ê khun-thiông. Káu-hiā sī siā-hoē-sèng khun-thiông, khiā-khí ê siū sī chióng chin ū cho͘-chit ê si̍t-bîn-tē, 1 ê siū hoān-sè ū kúi-nā pah-bān chiah. Ū koá bô kāng chéng ê chhim-lio̍k-sèng káu-hiā (invasive ant) koh ē saⁿ ha̍p-chok, kā chin khoah ê thó͘-tē lóng pìⁿ-chiâⁿ in ê chhiau-si̍t-bîn-tē (super-colonies). Káu-hiā-siū (ant colony) ná-chhiūⁿ 1 ê kò-thé leh ūn-chok, tiāⁿ hông tòng-chò 1 khoán chhiau-seng-bu̍t (superorganism).
# Ai-ki̍p ê kim-jī-thah

Giza ê Kim-jī-thah
**Ai-ki̍p ê kim-jī-thah** siong-thoân sī Kó͘-tāi Ai-ki̍p Hoat-ló ê bōng, m̄-koh khó-kó͘-ha̍k-chiá chiông-lâi m̄-bat tī kim-jī-thah lāi-té hoat-hiān kòe Hoat-ló ê bo̍k-nái-i. Kim-jī-thah kiàn-tio̍k chú-iàu tī Ai-ki̍p Kó͘ Ông-kok sî-tāi liû-hêng. Ai-ki̍p ê kim-jī-thah ê té-chō sī sù-hong-chhioh, piⁿ-á 4 ê bīn sī chiàⁿ saⁿ-kak-hêng, ùi chi̍t bīn khòaⁿ--kòe-khì chhan-chhiūⁿ hàn-jī "kim" (金) ê hêng. Ai-ki̍p ê kim-jī-thah sī kó͘-chá sè-kài ê put-khó-su-gī chi it.
# Po-lê

Po-lê kan-á
**Po-lê** (玻璃) sī chi̍t khoán bû-tēng-hêng kò͘-thé, it-poaⁿ sī thò͘-bêng, sī phó͘-phiàn chhái-ēng ê châi-liāu. Siāng phó͘-thóng ê po-lê chú-iàu sêng-hun sī jī-sng-hòa ke-sò͘, iā-chiō-sī soa-chio̍h ê ki-pún sêng-hun.
# Hip-siòng

Hip-siōng
**Hip-siòng**, **hip-siōng**, he̍k-chiá **siá-chin**, ia̍h **lia̍p-iáⁿ**, sī lī-ēng tùi kng, ia̍h kî-tha sìn-hō (pí-lūn tiān-chú) ê kì-lio̍k lâi sán-seng iáⁿ-siōng ê koè-têng, sán-bu̍t kiò siòng-phìⁿ. Iáⁿ-phìⁿ ê ki-pún goân-lí un-ná sī liân-soà ê hip-siōng.
# Niau

| ?Niau |
| --- |
|  |
| **Seng-bu̍t-ha̍k hun-lūi** |
|

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| Kài: | Animalia  |
| Mn̂g: | Chordata  |
| Kong: | Mammalia  |
| Bo̍k: | Carnivora  |
| Kho: | Felidae  |
| Sio̍k: | *Felis*  |
| Chéng: | F. silvestris  |

 |
| Ha̍k-miâ |
| Felis silvestris catus Schreber, 1775 |
| Siâng-ì-miâ |
| *Felis lybica* *Felis catus*  |

**Niau-á** (*Felis silvestris catus*), iá-niau (*Felis silvestris*) ê a-chéng, ū-ê hun-lūi mā to̍k-li̍p chi̍t chéng Felis catus, sī 1 chióng jîn-lūi kúi-ā-chheng nî lâi poê-ióng hō͘ lo̍h-sèng ê sió-hêng bah-si̍t tōng-bu̍t. It-poaⁿ jīn-ûi siōng chhin ê iá-seng chéng sī Hui-chiu iá-niau (*Felis silvestris lybica*).

Niau sī thong-sè-kài siāng phó͘-ki̍p ê thióng-bu̍t chi it.
# San Marino

| San Marino Kiōng-hô-kokRepubblica di San Marino |
| --- |
|
kok-kî

kok-hui

 |
| **Chu-kù:**Libertas "Chū-iû" |
| **Kok-koa:** Inno Nazionale della Repubblica "Kiōng-hô-kok Kok-koa"  |
|  |
| Siú-to͘ | San Marino Chhī |
| Siāng-tōa siâⁿ-chhī | Dogana |
| Koaⁿ-hong gí-giân | Í-tāi-lī-gí |
| Chèng-hú | tan-it-chè, gī-hoē-chè, jī-thâu chèng-tī, kiōng-hô-kok |
|  |
| • Chip-chèng-koan  | Denise Bronzetti & Italo Righi |
|  |
| Li̍p-hoat ki-kò͘ | Tāi-phêng-gī-hōe |
| Bīn-chek |
| • Lóng-chóng | 61.2 km2 (23.6 sq mi) (tē 190 miâ) |
| • Chúi-he̍k (%) | 0 |
| Jîn-kháu |
| • 2021 nî kó͘-kè | 33,600 (tē 221 miâ) |
| • Bi̍t-tō͘ | 520/km2 (1,346.8/sq mi) (tē 23 miâ) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2017 nî kó͘-kè |
| • Lóng-chóng | $2.09 cha̍p-ek (tē 175 miâ) |
| • Pêng-kin | $60,651 (tē 11 miâ) |
| GDP (bêng-gī) | 2017 nî kó͘-kè |
| • Lóng-chóng | $1.55 cha̍p-ek (tē 174 miâ) |
| • Pêng-kin | $44,947 (tē 13 miâ) |
| HDI (2013 nî) | 0.875 chin ko · tē 26 miâ |
| Hoè-pè | Euro (€) |
| Sî-khu | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Hā-sî-kan (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Khui-chhia hong-hiòng | iū |
|  tiān-oē khu-hō | +378 |
| ISO 3166 tāi-hō | SM |
| Siōng-téng domain | .sm |

**Siāng Pêng-an ê San Marino Kiōng-hô-kok** (Í-tāi-lī-gí: Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino, kán-chheng **San Marino**) sī 1 ê chiok sè ê kok-ka, tiàm tī lâm Au-chiu. I oân-choân hō͘ Í-tāi-lī pau tiâu leh.

## Tē-lí

San Marino hō· Í-tāi-lī pau tī lāi-té, tī Í-tāi-lī tiong-pak-pō· ê Emilia-Romagna khu kap Marche khu tiong-ng. I tiàm tī Appennini soaⁿ-me̍h, chú-iàu sī soaⁿ-lūn ê tē-hêng.

San Marino bīn-chek 61 km², sī thong Au-chiu tē-3 sè ê kok-ka, kan-taⁿ Monaco hâm Vaticano koh-khah sè. I ê kok-kài lóng-chóng sī 39 kong-lí tn̂g, pí marathon pí-sài chi̍t-pái ài cháu ê tn̂g-tō· koh khah-té--tām-po̍h-á.

## Keng-chè

San Marino ê kok-lāi seng-sán chóng-gia̍h ū chhiau-kè 50% sī ùi koan-kong-gia̍p lâi--ê; ta̍k-nî lóng ū 300-goā-bān lâng khì hia chhit-thô. Koan-kong-gia̍p lia̍h-goā, khah tiōng-iàu ê hâng-gia̍p ū kim-hiông, tiān-chú kap hûi-á.

## Chèng-tī

San Marino jîn-bîn múi gō·-tang soán chi̍t-pái Toā-gī-hōe (*Consiglio Grande e Generale*) ê gī-oân. Chiah-ê gī-oân koh tùi in tang-tiong soán-chhut nn̄g-ê chip-chèng-koan (*Capitani Reggenti*) chò kok-ka ê thâu-lâng. Chip-chèng-koan chi̍t-pái jīm-kî la̍k-kò-ge̍h, tùi ta̍k-nî ê sì--ge̍h kap cha̍p--ge̍h khai-sí.

## Hêng-chèng tan-ūi

San Marino hun-chò 9-ê siâⁿ-chhī (*castello*, ho̍k-sò· *castelli*):

* Acquaviva
* Borgo Maggiore
* Chiesanuova
* Domagnano
* Faetano
* Fiorentino
* Montegiardino
* San Marino Siâⁿ
* Serravalle
# 7 goe̍h 17 ji̍t

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| << | **7 goe̍h** | >> |
|

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| LP | P1 | P2 | P3 | P4 | P5 | P6 |
|  |  |  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
| 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 |
| 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
| 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

 |
| 2026 nî--ê ji̍t-chì |

**7 goe̍h 17 ji̍t**, ia̍h sī kóng **7 goe̍h 17 hō**, sī Gregorius Le̍k-hoat lāi-bīn chi̍t tang ê tē 198 kang (lūn-nî tē 199 kang), lī nî-té iáu ū 167 kang.

## Cheh-ji̍t

## Sū-kiāⁿ

* 1453 nî: Hoat-kok tī Castillon phah iâⁿ Eng-lân, Pah-nî Chiàn-cheng kiat-sok. Eng-lân tû-liáu Calais í-goā tī Au-chiu tāi-lio̍k léng-thó͘ choân-pō͘ hō͘ Hoat-kok chiàm-niá.
* 1791 nî: Hoat-kok Kek-bēng: Pa-lí hoat-seng Champ de Mars Tô͘-sat sū-kiāⁿ.
* 1793 nî: Hoat-kok Kek-bēng: Chìn-chêng àm-sat Jean-Paul Marat ê Charlotte Corday hông chhù sí-hêng.
* 1863 nî: Bí-kok Lōe-chiàn: Ha̍p-chiòng-kok kap Pang-liân-kok tī Oklahoma khí Honey Springs Chiàn-tò͘.

## Chhut-sì

## Kòe-sin

## Gōa-pō͘ liân-kiat
# Kok-Kiōng Lāi-chiàn

Kok-Kiōng Lāi-chiàn
**Kok-Kiōng Lāi-chiàn** (國共內戰), mā kiò choè **Kok-Kiōng Chiàn-cheng** (國共戰爭), sī 20 sè-kí Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok chèng-hú (iû Tiong-kok Kok-bîn-tóng léng-tō) kap Tiong-kok Kiōng-sán-tóng ê chiàn-cheng.

Kok-Kiōng Lāi-chiàn ū nn̄g chhù: Tē-it-chhù Kok-Kiōng Lāi-chiàn kap Tē-jī-chhù Kok-Kiōng Lāi-chiàn.
# Sûi-su

| Jī-si̍p-sù-sú |
| --- |
| Chhù-sū | Chheh-miâ | Chok-chiá |
| 1 | *Sú-kì* | Su-má Chhian |
| 2 | *Hàn-su* | Pan Kò͘ |
| 3 | *Hiō Hàn-su* | Hoān Ia̍p |
| 4 | *Sam-kok-chì* | Tân Siū |
| 5 | *Chìn-su* | Pâng Hiân-lêng |
| 6 | *Sòng-su* | Sím Iok |
| 7 | *Lâm Chê-su* | Siau Chú-hián |
| 8 | *Liông-su* | Iâu Su-liâm |
| 9 | *Tân-su* | Iâu Su-liâm |
| 10 | *Gūi-su* | Gūi Siu |
| 11 | *Pak Chê-su* | Lí Pek-io̍k |
| 12 | *Chiu-su* | Lēng-ko͘ Tek-hun |
| 13 | *Sûi-su* | Gūi Teng |
| 14 | *Lâm-sú* | Lí Iân-siū |
| 15 | *Pak-sú* | Lí Iân-siū |
| 16 | *Kū Tông-su* | Lâu Hi |
| 17 | *Sin Tông-su* | Au-iông Siu, Sòng Kî |
| 18 | *Kū Ngó͘-tāi-sú* | Sih Ku-chèng |
| 19 | *Sin Ngó͘-tāi-sú* | Au-iông Siu |
| 20 | *Sòng-sú* | Thoat-thoat |
| 21 | *Liâu-sú* | Thoat-thoat |
| 22 | *Kim-sú* | Thoat-thoat |
| 23 | *Goân-sú* | Sòng Liâm |
| 24 | *Bêng-sú* | Tiuⁿ Têng-gio̍k |
| Jī-si̍p-lio̍k-sú |
| 25 | *Sin Goân-sú* | Koa Siāu-bîn |
| 26 | *Chheng-sú-kó* | Koa Siāu-bîn |

Sûi-su (隋書) sī Tiong-kok Jī-si̍p-sù-sú chi-it, iû Tông-tiâu ê Gūi Teng téng lâng só͘ siá. Lōe-iông kì-chài tio̍h Bûn-tè kàu Kiong-tè lóng-chóng 38 tang ê Sûi-tiâu le̍k-sú.
# Kun-chú

**Kun-chú** (Hàn-jī: 君主), ia̍h sī **kun-ông** (君王), sī kun-chú-chè ê kok-ka léng-siù, ū chin chē bô kâng ê chheng-hō, chhan-chhiūⁿ ông, kong, hông-tè téng-téng.
# Chin-pêng-ông

**Chin-pêng Ông** (Hàn-jī: 真平王; Ko-lê-jī: 진평왕; ?- 632 nî), pún-miâ **Kim Pe̍k-chēng**(金白淨); 579 nî kàu 632 nî chāi-ūi, chêng-āu lóng-chóng 54 tang.

Chin-pêng sī Sin-lô ê tē-26 tāi kok-ông, sī Chin-heng Ông ê sun kah Chin-tì Ông ê sun-á. 624 nî, Tông Ko-chó͘ chheh-hong i chòe **Lo̍k-lōng Kūn-ông**(樂浪郡王) kah **Sin-lô-ông**.

Chin-pêng Ông chāi-ūi kî-kan, Sin-lô kiàn-li̍p oân-pī ê koaⁿ-chè kahHoa-lông ê chè-tō͘. Kòe-sin liáu-āu, iû cha-bó͘-kiáⁿ Siān-tek Lú-ông kè-uī.

|  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **Chêng-jīm**:  **Chin-tì Ông**  | Tē-26 tāi **Sin-lô-ông** 579 nî — 632 nî | **Āu-jīm**:  **Siān-tek Lú-ông**  |
# Hông-tō (Tông)

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 弘道**Hông-tō**

|  |
| --- |
| 683 nî ~ 683 nî |

 |
| **Kok-ka** | Tông-tiâu |
| **Kun-chú** | Ko-chong |
| **Tn̂g-té** | 1 kò-goe̍h |

**Hông-tō** (弘道; 683 nî ~ 683 nî) sī Tông-tiâu Ko-chong ê liân-hō; chêng-āu 1 kò-goe̍h.

## Tōa Tāi-chì

## Chham sin-le̍k kap kan-chi ê tùi-chiàu-pió

## Siong-koan

* Tiong-kok ê liân-hō

|  |
| --- |
| **Hông-tō (Tông)** |
| Chiap-sio̍k Éng-sûn | **Tông-tiâu ê liân-hō** | Kè-sio̍k Sū-sèng |
# Kong-the̍k (Tông)

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 光宅**Kong-the̍k**

|  |
| --- |
| 684 nî ~ 684 nî |

 |
| **Kok-ka** | Tông-tiâu |
| **Kun-chú** | Jōe-chong |
| **Tn̂g-té** | 4 kò-goe̍h |

**Kong-the̍k** (光宅; 684 nî ~ 684 nî) sī Tông-tiâu Jōe-chong ê liân-hō; chêng-āu 4 kò-goe̍h.

## Tōa Tāi-chì

## Chham sin-le̍k kap kan-chi ê tùi-chiàu-pió

## Siong-koan

* Tiong-kok ê liân-hō

|  |
| --- |
| **Kong-the̍k (Tông)** |
| Chiap-sio̍k Bûn-bêng | **Tông-tiâu ê liân-hō** | Kè-sio̍k Sûi-kióng |
# Thian-pó (Tông)

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 天寶**Thian-pó**

|  |
| --- |
| 742 nî ~ 756 nî |

 |
| **Kok-ka** | Tông-tiâu |
| **Kun-chú** | Hiân-chong |
| **Tn̂g-té** | 15 tang |

**Thian-pó** (天寶; 742 nî ~ 756 nî) sī Tông-tiâu Hiân-chong ê liân-hō; chêng-āu 15 tang.

## Tōa Tāi-chì

## Chham sin-le̍k kap kan-chi ê tùi-chiàu-pió

## Siong-koan

* Tiong-kok ê liân-hō

|  |
| --- |
| **Thian-pó (Tông)** |
| Chiap-sio̍k Khai-goân | **Tông-tiâu ê liân-hō** | Kè-sio̍k Chì-tek |
# Pó-èng (Tông)

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 寶應**Pó-èng**

|  |
| --- |
| 762 nî ~ 763 nî |

 |
| **Kok-ka** | Tông-tiâu |
| **Kun-chú** | Siok-chong |
| **Tn̂g-té** | 2 tang |

**Pó-èng** (寶應; 762 nî ~ 763 nî) sī Tông-tiâu Siok-chong ê liân-hō; chêng-āu 2 tang.

## Tōa Tāi-chì

## Chham sin-le̍k kap kan-chi ê tùi-chiàu-pió

## Siong-koan

* Tiong-kok ê liân-hō

|  |
| --- |
| **Pó-èng (Tông)** |
| Chiap-sio̍k Siōng-goân | **Tông-tiâu ê liân-hō** | Kè-sio̍k Kóng-tek |
# Kiàn-tiong (Tông)

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 建中**Kiàn-tiong**

|  |
| --- |
| 780 nî ~ 783 nî |

 |
| **Kok-ka** | Tông-tiâu |
| **Kun-chú** | Tek-chong |
| **Tn̂g-té** | 4 tang |

**Kiàn-tiong** (建中; 780 nî ~ 783 nî) sī Tông-tiâu Tek-chong ê liân-hō; chêng-āu 4 tang.

## Tōa Tāi-chì

## Chham sin-le̍k kap kan-chi ê tùi-chiàu-pió

## Siong-koan

* Tiong-kok ê liân-hō

|  |
| --- |
| **Kiàn-tiong (Tông)** |
| Chiap-sio̍k Tāi-le̍k | **Tông-tiâu ê liân-hō** | Kè-sio̍k Heng-goân |
# Éng-sin (Tông)

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 永新**Éng-sin**

|  |
| --- |
| 820 nî ~ 820 nî |

 |
| **Kok-ka** | Tông-tiâu |
| **Kun-chú** | Bo̍k-chong |
| **Tn̂g-té** | 1 tang |

**Éng-sin** (永新; 820 nî ~ 820 nî) sī Tông-tiâu Bo̍k-chong ê liân-hō; chêng-āu 1 tang.

## Tōa Tāi-chì

## Chham sin-le̍k kap kan-chi ê tùi-chiàu-pió

## Siong-koan

* Tiong-kok ê liân-hō

|  |
| --- |
| **Éng-sin (Tông)** |
| Chiap-sio̍k Goân-hô | **Tông-tiâu ê liân-hō** | Kè-sio̍k Tiông-khèng |
# Goân-hô (Tông)

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 元和**Goân-hô**

|  |
| --- |
| 806 nî ~ 820 nî |

 |
| **Kok-ka** | Tông-tiâu |
| **Kun-chú** | Hiàn-chong |
| **Tn̂g-té** | 15 tang |

**Goân-hô** (元和; 806 nî ~ 820 nî) sī Tông-tiâu Hiàn-chong ê liân-hō; chêng-āu 15 tang.

## Tōa Tāi-chì

## Chham sin-le̍k kap kan-chi ê tùi-chiàu-pió

## Siong-koan

* Tiong-kok ê liân-hō

|  |
| --- |
| **Goân-hô (Tông)** |
| Chiap-sio̍k Éng-cheng | **Tông-tiâu ê liân-hō** | Kè-sio̍k Éng-sin |
# Khai-sêng (Tông)

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 開成**Khai-sêng**

|  |
| --- |
| 836 nî ~ 840 nî |

 |
| **Kok-ka** | Tông-tiâu |
| **Kun-chú** | Bûn-chong |
| **Tn̂g-té** | 5 tang |

**Khai-sêng** (開成; 836 nî ~ 840 nî) sī Tông-tiâu Bûn-chong ê liân-hō; chêng-āu 5 tang.

## Tōa Tāi-chì

## Chham sin-le̍k kap kan-chi ê tùi-chiàu-pió

## Siong-koan

* Tiong-kok ê liân-hō

|  |
| --- |
| **Khai-sêng (Tông)** |
| Chiap-sio̍k Tāi-hô | **Tông-tiâu ê liân-hō** | Kè-sio̍k Hōe-chhiong |
# Kóng-bêng (Tông)

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 廣明**Kóng-bêng**

|  |
| --- |
| 880 nî ~ 881 nî |

 |
| **Kok-ka** | Tông-tiâu |
| **Kun-chú** | Hi-chong |
| **Tn̂g-té** | 2 tang |

**Kóng-bêng** (廣明; 880 nî ~ 881 nî) sī Tông-tiâu Hi-chong ê liân-hō; chêng-āu 2 tang.

## Tōa Tāi-chì

## Chham sin-le̍k kap kan-chi ê tùi-chiàu-pió

## Siong-koan

* Tiong-kok ê liân-hō

|  |
| --- |
| **Kóng-bêng (Tông)** |
| Chiap-sio̍k Khiân-hû | **Tông-tiâu ê liân-hō** | Kè-sio̍k Tiong-hô |
# Bûn-tek (Tông)

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 文德**Bûn-tek**

|  |
| --- |
| 888 nî ~ 889 nî |

 |
| **Kok-ka** | Tông-tiâu |
| **Kun-chú** | Hi-chong |
| **Tn̂g-té** | 11 kò-goe̍h |

**Bûn-tek** (文德; 888 nî ~ 889 nî) sī Tông-tiâu Hi-chong ê liân-hō; chêng-āu 11 kò-goe̍h.

## Tōa Tāi-chì

## Chham sin-le̍k kap kan-chi ê tùi-chiàu-pió

## Siong-koan

* Tiong-kok ê liân-hō

|  |
| --- |
| **Bûn-tek (Tông)** |
| Chiap-sio̍k Kong-khé | **Tông-tiâu ê liân-hō** | Kè-sio̍k Liông-kí |
# Kong-hòa (Tông)

|  |  |
| --- | --- |
| 光化**Kong-hòa**

|  |
| --- |
| 898 nî ~ 901 nî |

 |
| **Kok-ka** | Tông-tiâu |
| **Kun-chú** | Chiau-chong |
| **Tn̂g-té** | 4 tang |

**Kong-hòa** (光化; 898 nî ~ 901 nî) sī Tông-tiâu Chiau-chong ê liân-hō; chêng-āu 4 tang.

## Tōa Tāi-chì

## Chham sin-le̍k kap kan-chi ê tùi-chiàu-pió

## Siong-koan

* Tiong-kok ê liân-hō

|  |
| --- |
| **Kong-hòa (Tông)** |
| Chiap-sio̍k Khiân-lêng | **Tông-tiâu ê liân-hō** | Kè-sio̍k Thian-ho̍k |