# GLONASS

GLONASS| Country/ies of origin | *Soviet Union* (now  Russia) |
| Operator(s) | Roscosmos ( Russia) |
| Type | Military, civilian |
| Status | Operational |
| Coverage | Global |
| Accuracy | 2.8–7.38 metres |
| Constellation size |
| Total satellites | 26 (operational 22) |
| Satellites in orbit | 24 |
| First launch | 12 October 1982 |
| Last launch | 7 July 2022 |
| Orbital characteristics |
| Regime(s) | 3 × MEO planes |
| Orbital height | 19,130 km |
| Website | glonass-iac.ru/en |

**GLONASS** (Lō͘-se-a-gí: ГЛОНАСС, IPA: [ɡɫɐˈnas]; gô-gú: Глобальная навигационная спутниковая система, im-i̍k Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema, ti̍t-e̍k 'Tsuân-kiû tō-hâng uī-tsheñ hē-thóng') sī Gôlôsu uī-tsheñ tō-hâng hē-thóng, tsok-uî bô-suàñ-tēn tohang uī-tsheñ ho̍k-bū ê tsi̍t-pòo-hūn ūn-hîng. GLONASS thê-kiong tsuân-kiû tīng-uī hē-thóng (GPS) ê thè-tāi hong-àn, sī tē-2 ê teh tsuân-kiû huān-uî lāi-té ūn-hîng lî-tshiánn tsing-khak-tōo siong-tong ê tō-hâng hē-thóng.

## GLONASS piau-tsún

* ГЛОНАСС: принципы построения и функционирования / Под ред. А. И. Перова, В. Н. Харисова. — 3-е изд., перераб. — М.: Радиотехника, 2005. — 688 с. — 1000 экз. — ISBN 5-93108-076-7. (Gô-gú)
* Шебшаевич В. С., Дмитриев П. П., Иванцев Н. В. и др. Сетевые спутниковые радионавигационные системы / Под ред. В. С. Шебшаевича. — 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. — М.: Радио и связь, 1993. — 408 с. — ISBN 5-256-00174-4. (Gô-gú)

* "GLONASS Interface Control Document, Navigational radio signal in bands L1, L2 (Edition 5.1)" (PDF) (ēng Lō͘-se-a-gí). Russian Space Systems OJSC. 2008. goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī 21 October 2011 hőng khó͘-pih. 2016-10-21 khòaⁿ--ê.

* "GLONASS Interface Control Document, Open CDMA navigational radio signal in L1 band, Edition 1.0" (PDF) (ēng Lō͘-se-a-gí). Russian Space Systems OJSC. 2016. goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī 22 October 2016 hőng khó͘-pih. 2016-10-21 khòaⁿ--ê.
* "GLONASS Interface Control Document, Open CDMA navigational radio signal in L2 band, Edition 1.0" (PDF) (ēng Lō͘-se-a-gí). Russian Space Systems OJSC. 2016. goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī 22 October 2016 hőng khó͘-pih. 2016-10-21 khòaⁿ--ê.
* "GLONASS Interface Control Document, Open CDMA navigational radio signal in L3 band, Edition 1.0" (PDF) (ēng Lō͘-se-a-gí). Russian Space Systems OJSC. 2016. goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī 22 October 2016 hőng khó͘-pih. 2016-10-21 khòaⁿ--ê.
* "GLONASS Interface Control Document, General description of CDMA signals, Edition 1.0" (PDF) (ēng Lō͘-se-a-gí). Russian Space Systems OJSC. 2016. goân-loē-iông (PDF) tī 22 October 2016 hőng khó͘-pih. 2016-10-21 khòaⁿ--ê.

## Tsham-khó bûn-hèn

* *GLONASS Interface Control Document*, Edition 5.1, 2008 (backup)
* *GLONASS Interface Control Document*, Version 4.0, 1998
* "ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ ЦЕЛЕВАЯ ПРОГРАММА "ГЛОБАЛЬНАЯ НАВИГАЦИОННАЯ СИСТЕМА", *FEDERAL SPECIAL-PURPOSE PROGRAM "GLOBAL NAVIGATION SYSTEM"*" (ēng Lō͘-se-a-gí). Russian Federal Government. 2001-08-20. goân-loē-iông tī 27 September 2007 hőng khó͘-pih. 2007-04-10 khòaⁿ--ê.
* "GLONASS constellation status for 18.01.08 under the analysis of the almanac and accepted in IANC (UTC)". Russian Space Agency (RSA). goân-loē-iông tī 24 October 2007 hőng khó͘-pih. 2008-01-18 khòaⁿ--ê.
* "GLONASS Summary". Space and Tech. goân-loē-iông tī 26 April 2007 hőng khó͘-pih. 2007-04-12 khòaⁿ--ê.
* "GLONASS Transmitter Specifications". goân-loē-iông tī 2007-06-13 hőng khó͘-pih. 2007-04-13 khòaⁿ--ê.
* Goebel, Greg. "Navigation Satellites & GPS". pp. Section 2.2. goân-loē-iông tī 22 October 2018 hőng khó͘-pih. 2007-04-10 khòaⁿ--ê.
* "Интегральная доступность навигации наземного потребителя по системе ГЛОНАСС *Integral accessibility of the navigation of ground-based user along the system GLONASS*" (ēng Lō͘-se-a-gí). Russian Space Agency (RSA). goân-loē-iông tī 24 October 2007 hőng khó͘-pih. 2008-01-18 khòaⁿ--ê.
* "India joins Russian GPS system". *The Times of India*. 2007-01-29. 2007-04-12 khòaⁿ--ê.
* "India to Launch 2 Russian GLONASS Satellites". MosNews. 2005-06-27. goân-loē-iông tī 2005-11-21 hőng khó͘-pih. 2007-04-12 khòaⁿ--ê.
* "Joint announcement (in English and Russian)". GPS/GLONASS Interoperability and Compatibility Working Group. 2006-12-14. goân-loē-iông tī 2007-09-19 hőng khó͘-pih. 2007-04-13 khòaⁿ--ê.
* Kramer, Andrew E. (2007-04-07). "Russia Challenges the U.S. Monopoly on Satellite Navigation". *The New York Times*. 2007-04-12 khòaⁿ--ê.
* Miller, Keith M. (October 2000). "A Review of GLONASS". *Hydrographic Society Journal* (98). ISSN 0309-7846. goân-loē-iông tī 2007-10-12 hőng khó͘-pih. 2007-04-13 khòaⁿ--ê.
* "Radical Change in the Air for GLONASS". GPS World. 2007-01-22. goân-loē-iông tī 2007-02-10 hőng khó͘-pih. 2007-04-10 khòaⁿ--ê.
* "Russia Allocates US$380 Million for Global Navigation System in 2007". MosNews. 2007-03-26. goân-loē-iông tī 21 April 2022 hőng khó͘-pih. 2007-04-12 khòaⁿ--ê.
* "Russia Holds First Place in Spacecraft Launches". MosNews. 2007-03-26. goân-loē-iông tī 21 April 2022 hőng khó͘-pih. 2007-04-12 khòaⁿ--ê.
* "Russia Launches New Navigation Satellites into Orbit". Space.com / Associated Press. 2007-12-25. goân-loē-iông tī 28 August 2008 hőng khó͘-pih. 2007-12-28 khòaⁿ--ê.
* "Russian Space Agency Plans Cooperation With India". MosNews. 2004-01-12. goân-loē-iông tī 2005-02-07 hőng khó͘-pih. 2007-04-12 khòaⁿ--ê.
* "Space Policy Project's "World Space Guide: GLONASS"". Federation of American Scientists. goân-loē-iông tī 3 April 2007 hőng khó͘-pih. 2007-04-10 khòaⁿ--ê.
* "Услуги системы ГЛОНАСС будут предоставляться потребителям бесплатно *The services of system GLONASS will be given to users free of charge*" (ēng Lō͘-se-a-gí). RIA Novosti. 2007-05-18. 2007-05-18 khòaⁿ--ê.
* "Три КА "Глонасс-М" взяты на управление *Three KA "GLONASS-M" have taken off*" (ēng Lō͘-se-a-gí). Russian Space Agency (RSA). 2006-12-26. goân-loē-iông tī 2007-09-27 hőng khó͘-pih. 2006-12-29 khòaⁿ--ê.
* "Uragan (GLONASS, 11F654)". Gunter's Space Page. 2007-01-16. 2007-04-10 khòaⁿ--ê.
* "Uragan navsat (11F654)". Russian Space Web. goân-loē-iông tī 3 March 2016 hőng khó͘-pih. 2007-04-12 khòaⁿ--ê.
* "GLONASS News". 2007-07-31 khòaⁿ--ê.

## Tsham-ua̍t

* GLONASS-K2
* GLONASS-K

## Guā-pōo lên-ket

* Official GLONASS web page Archived 2018-07-21 at the Wayback Machine. (Gô-gú) (Eng-gí)